The Bell Curve - Knowledge

1534:. Genetic determination and heritability are not interchangeable as there are traits that are genetically determined but not heritable, and vice versa. For example, the number of fingers on a human hand are genetically determined as genes code for five fingers in nearly everybody. However, the heritability of the number of fingers is very low, as variations in numbers of fingers are usually environmentally caused. The aforementioned earring example quoted by Chomsky is an instance where the opposite is true: high heritability, but not genetic determination. Given that genetic determination and heritability are not equivalent, Block contends that IQ is one such trait that is heritable but not genetically determined. Finally, Block contends that utilizing twin studies to randomize the environment automatically fail: Black twins will always bring a part of their environment with them as they are both Black and will be treated as such. 1830:

causes of differences between population means. In reference to the comparison of African-American with European-American IQ scores, the text states that only a common garden experiment, in which the two groups are raised in an environment typically experienced by European-Americans, would allow one to see if the difference is genetic. This kind of experiment, routine with plants and animals, cannot be conducted with humans. Nor is it possible to approximate this design with adoptions into families of the different groups, because the children would be recognizable and possibly be treated differently. The text concludes: "There is no way to assess whether genetics has anything to do with the difference in IQ score between ethnic groups."

981:

those with low intelligence. Discussing a possible future political outcome of an intellectually stratified society, the authors stated that they "fear that a new kind of conservatism is becoming the dominant ideology of the affluent—not in the social tradition of an Edmund Burke or in the economic tradition of an Adam Smith but 'conservatism' along Latin American lines, where to be conservative has often meant doing whatever is necessary to preserve the mansions on the hills from the menace of the slums below." Moreover, they fear that increasing welfare will create a "custodial state" in "a high-tech and more lavish version of the Indian reservation for some substantial minority of the nation's population." They also predict increasing

1654:

that many of the subtests are only weakly correlated with each other, and that the best predictor of earnings is only weakly correlated with their "g-loaded" score, only heightens doubts that a single-ability model is a satisfactory description of human intelligence. It also drives home the point that the "g-loading" so strongly emphasized by Murray and Herrnstein measures only agreement among tests—not predictive power for socioeconomic outcomes. By the same token, one could also argue that the authors have biased their empirical analysis against the conclusions they obtain by disregarding the test with the greatest predictive power.

1821:

appeared. Actually, African-Americans have excelled in virtually every enriched environment they have been placed in, most of which they were previously barred from, and this in only the first decade or two of improved but still not equal opportunity. It is likely that the real curves for the two races will one day be superimposable on each other, but this may require decades of change and different environments for different people. Claims about genetic potential are meaningless except in light of this requirement.

1718:. Chomsky criticized the assumptions that people only seek occupations based on material gain. He argued that Herrnstein would not want to become a baker or lumberjack even if he could earn more money that way. He also criticized the assumption that such a society would be fair with pay based on value of contributions. He argued that because there are already substantial inequalities, people will often be paid at levels that preserve such inequalities rather than commensurately with their contribution to society. 1602:

single-parent family structure at age 14). As a result, their analysis gives an exaggerated impression of the importance of IQ relative to parents' SES, and relative to family background more generally. Estimates based on a variety of methods, including analyses of siblings, suggest that parental family background is at least as important, and may be more important than IQ in determining socioeconomic success in adulthood."

2018:

that are opposed by a strong scientific consensus to the contrary. ... Despite the veneer of modern science, RHR psychologists' recent efforts merely repeat discredited racist ideas of a century ago. The issue is truly one of scientific standards; if psychology embraced the scientific practices of evolutionary biology and genetics, current forms of RHR would not be publishable in reputable scholarly journals.

415:

in college attendance, a more efficient recruitment of cognitive ability, and the sorting of cognitive ability by selective colleges are identified as important drivers of this evolution. Herrnstein and Murray propose that the cognitive elite has been produced by a more technological society which offers enough high skill jobs for those with a higher intelligence to fill. They also propose that by removing

1955:

is a helpful indicator as to whether a person is likely to hold certain capabilities. Even if we assume the presented data trends are sound, the book leaves the reader on his or her own to deduce how to best put these insights to use. The net effect is to tacitly condone the prejudgment of individuals based on race." Similarly, Howard Gardner accused the authors of engaging in "scholarly

1221: 884: 254: 1504:, "some years ago when only women wore earrings, the heritability of having an earring was high because differences in whether a person had an earring was due to a chromosomal difference, XX vs. XY." No one has yet suggested that wearing earrings, or ties, is "in our genes," an inescapable fate that environment cannot influence, "dooming the liberal notion." 807:

that IQ tests do not tend to underpredict the school or job performance of black individuals and that the gap is larger on apparently culturally neutral test items than on more culturally loaded items. The authors also note that adjusting for socioeconomic status does not eliminate the black-white IQ gap. However, they argue that the gap is narrowing.

1002: 1959:", arguing that "Whether concerning an issue of science, policy, or rhetoric, the authors come dangerously close to embracing the most extreme positions, yet in the end shy away from doing so ... Scholarly brinkmanship encourages the reader to draw the strongest conclusions, while allowing the authors to disavow this intention." 1861:, Murray responded that the book "draws its evidence from more than a thousand scholars" and among the researchers mentioned in Lane's list "are some of the most respected psychologists of our time and that almost all of the sources referred to as tainted are articles published in leading refereed journals". 1845:, the media "paints a picture of Blacks and other people of color as collective biological illiterates—as not only intellectually unfit but evil and criminal as well", thus providing, he says "the logic and justification for those who would further disenfranchise and exclude racial and ethnic minorities". 1749:. These groups repeatedly tested below average on the mental tests of the World War I era, both in the army and in civilian life. For Jews, it is clear that later tests showed radically different results—during an era when there was very little intermarriage to change the genetic makeup of American Jews. 1954:

blog that the book "endorses prejudice by virtue of what it does not say. Nowhere does the book address why it investigates racial differences in IQ. By never spelling out a reason for reporting on these differences in the first place, the authors transmit an unspoken yet unequivocal conclusion: Race

1732:

One part of the controversy concerned the parts of the book which dealt with racial group differences on IQ and the consequences of this. In chapter 13, the authors state: "It seems highly likely to us that both genes and the environment have something to do with racial differences." The introduction

1653:

Ironically, the authors delete from their composite AFQT score a timed test of numerical operations because it is not highly correlated with the other tests. Yet it is well known that in the data they use, this subtest is the single best predictor of earnings of all the AFQT test components. The fact

1086:

argued that critics had narrowly focused their attention on the book's arguments regarding race and intelligence while ignoring other contents of the book, but added that "the book may have fared even worse had the discussion of race and genetics not distracted attention from some serious problems of

769:

According to Herrnstein & Murray the "Middle Class Values Index" was intended "to identify among the NLSY population, in their young adulthood when the index was scored, those people who are getting along with their lives in ways that fit the middle-class stereotype." To score "Yes" on the index,

414:

In the first part of the book Herrnstein and Murray chart how American society was transformed in the 20th century. They argue that America evolved from a society where social origin largely determined one's social status to one where cognitive ability is the leading determinant of status. The growth

1701:

write that Herrnstein and Murray provide scant evidence of growth in cognitive sorting. Using data from the General Social Survey, they tested each of these hypotheses using a short verbal ability test which was administered to about 12,500 American adults between 1974 and 1994; the results provided

1693:

and Thomas Rotolo found that the more the written, IQ-like, examinations are used as screening devices for occupational access, the stronger the relationship between IQ and income. Thus, rather than higher IQ leading to status attainment because it indicates skills needed in a modern society, IQ may

1471:

for breaking "a taboo by showing that differences in ability existed and predicted a variety of socioeconomic outcomes" and for playing "a very important role in raising the issue of differences in ability and their importance" and stated that he was "a bigger fan of than you might think." However,

1350:

shows that environmental factors can produce differences of at least this magnitude, but that effect is mysterious in its own right. Several culturally based explanations of the Black/White IQ differential have been proposed; some are plausible, but so far none has been conclusively supported. There

370:

and other early advances in research on intelligence are discussed along with a consideration of links between intelligence testing and racial politics. The 1960s are identified as the period in American history when social problems were increasingly attributed to forces outside the individual. This

1820:

This book presented strong evidence that genes play a role in intelligence but linked it to the unsupported claim that genes explain the small but consistent black-white difference in IQ. The juxtaposition of good argument with a bad one seemed politically motivated, and persuasive refutations soon

1706:

purports to show that people with IQs above 120 have become "rapidly more concentrated" in high-IQ occupations since 1940. But Robert Hauser and his colleague Min-Hsiung Huang retested the data and came up with estimates that fell "well below those of Herrnstein and Murray." They add that the data,

980:

Herrnstein and Murray argued the average genetic IQ of the United States is declining, owing to the tendency of the more intelligent having fewer children than the less intelligent, the generation length to be shorter for the less intelligent, and the large-scale immigration to the United States of

346:, published in 1994, was written by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray to explain the variations in intelligence in American society, warn of some consequences of that variation, and propose social policies for mitigating the worst of the consequences. The book's title comes from the bell-shaped 827:

If the reader is now convinced that either the genetic or environmental explanation has won out to the exclusion of the other, we have not done a sufficiently good job of presenting one side or the other. It seems highly likely to us that both genes and environment have something to do with racial

463:

Herrnstein and Murray argue that intelligence is a better predictor of individuals' outcomes than parental socioeconomic status. This argument is based on analyses where individuals' IQ scores are shown to better predict their outcomes as adults than the socioeconomic status of their parents. Such

2017:

Recent articles claim that the folk categories of race are genetically meaningful divisions, and that evolved genetic differences among races and nations are important for explaining immutable differences in cognitive ability, educational attainment, crime, sexual behavior, and wealth; all claims

806:

This part of the book discusses ethnic differences in cognitive ability and social behavior. Herrnstein and Murray report that Asian Americans have a higher mean IQ than white Americans, who in turn outscore black Americans. The book argues that the black-white gap is not due to test bias, noting

427:

as criteria (via the establishment of free primary education and the prohibition of discrimination) the main criteria of success in academic and professional life is becoming primarily based on cognitive ability. Increased occupational sorting by cognitive ability is discussed. They maintain that

1829:

by Herron and Freeman devoted an entire chapter to debunking what they termed the "Bell Curve fallacy", saying that "Murray and Herrnstein's argument amounts to little more than an appeal to personal incredulity" and that it is a mistake to think that heritability can tell us something about the

1601:

there is evidence of substantial bias due to measurement error in their estimates of the effects of parents' socioeconomic status. In addition, Herrnstein and Murray's measure of parental socioeconomic status (SES) fails to capture the effects of important elements of family background (such as

869:

Herrnstein and Murray offer a pessimistic portrait of America's future. They predict that a cognitive elite will further isolate itself from the rest of society, while the quality of life deteriorates for those at the bottom of the cognitive scale. As an antidote to this prognosis, they offer a

1871:, but express their own critiques of various aspects of the book, including the research methods used, the alleged hidden biases in the research and the policies suggested as a result of the conclusions drawn by the authors. Fraser writes that "by scrutinizing the footnotes and bibliography in 1857:, a journal of anthropology founded in 1960 in Edinburgh, which has been viewed as supporting the theory of the genetic superiority of white people. David Bartholomew reports Murray's response as part of the controversy over the Bell Curve. In his afterword to the 1996 Free Press edition of 1744:

When European immigrant groups in the United States scored below the national average on mental tests, they scored lowest on the abstract parts of those tests. So did white mountaineer children in the United States tested back in the early 1930s ... Strangely, Herrnstein and Murray refer to

440:

The second part describes how cognitive ability is related to social behaviors: high ability predicts socially desirable behavior, low ability undesirable behavior. The argument is made that group differences in social outcomes are better explained by intelligence differences rather than

1578:

can become dramatically larger, by as much as 61 percent for whites and 74 percent for blacks. According to the authors, Herrnstein and Murray's finding that IQ predicts poverty much better than socioeconomic status is substantially a result of the way they handled the statistics.

1081:

criticized the media response, saying that "While many of these discussions included sharp criticisms of the book, media accounts showed a disturbing tendency to accept Murray and Herrnstein's premises and evidence even while debating their conclusions". A 1995 article by the

843:

At the close of Part III, Herrnstein and Murray discuss the relation of IQ to social problems. Using the NLSY data, they argue that social problems are a monotonically decreasing function of IQ, in other words at lower IQ scores the frequency of social problems increases.

1100:, said that later reviews showed the book was "full of mistakes ranging from sloppy reasoning to mis-citations of sources to outright mathematical errors." Lemann said that "Unsurprisingly, all the mistakes are in the direction of supporting the authors' thesis." 985:: "It is difficult to imagine the United States preserving its heritage of individualism, equal rights before the law, free people running their own lives, once it is accepted that a significant part of the population must be made permanent wards of the states." 1055:

received a great deal of media attention. The book was not distributed in advance to the media, except for a few select reviewers picked by Murray and the publisher, which delayed more detailed critiques for months and years after the book's release.

1679:

s theories on the role of intelligence in the social stratification of postindustrial America." Nicholas Lemann described the notion of a cognitive elite as "a sociological cartoon with political uses, not a phenomenon to be accepted at face value."

1648:

Heckman observed that the AFQT was designed only to predict success in military training schools and that most of these tests appear to be achievement tests rather than ability tests, measuring factual knowledge and not pure ability. He continues:

814:

within races does not necessarily mean that the cause of differences between races is genetic. On the other hand, they discuss lines of evidence that have been used to support the thesis that the black-white gap is at least partly genetic, such as

835:

In Part III, the authors also repeat many of the analyses from Part II, but now compare whites to blacks and Hispanics in the NLSY dataset. They find that after controlling for IQ, many differences in social outcomes between races are diminished.

207:. They also argue that those with high intelligence, the "cognitive elite", are becoming separated from those of average and below-average intelligence, and that this separation is a source of social division within the United States. 431:

Herrnstein and Murray argue that due to increasing returns to cognitive ability, a cognitive elite is being formed in America. They argue that this elite is getting richer and progressively more segregated from the rest of society.

1175:. It was sent to 131 researchers whom Gottfredsen described as "experts in intelligence and allied fields". Of these, 52 signed the statement, 48 returned the request with an explicit refusal to sign, and 31 ignored the request. 405:

of inferring things about individuals based on the aggregate data presented in the book. They also assert that intelligence is just one of many valuable human attributes and one whose importance among human virtues is overrated.

49: 839:

The authors discuss the possibility that high birth rates among those with lower IQs may exert a downward pressure on the national distribution of cognitive ability. They argue that immigration may also have a similar effect.

218:(IQ) differences between racial and ethnic groups are at least partly genetic in origin, a view that is now considered discredited by mainstream science. Many of the references and sources used in the book were advocates for 1665:

Herrnstein and Murray report that conditional on maternal "intelligence" (AFQT scores), child test scores are little affected by variations in socio-economic status. Using the same data, we demonstrate their finding is very

1745:"folklore" that "Jews and other immigrant groups were thought to be below average in intelligence." It was neither folklore nor anything as subjective as thoughts. It was based on hard data, as hard as any data in 464:

results are reported for many outcomes, including poverty, dropping out of school, unemployment, marriage, divorce, illegitimacy, welfare dependency, criminal offending, and the probability of voting in elections.

475:

scores and those IQ test scores was .81). Participants were later evaluated for social and economic outcomes. In general, Herrnstein and Murray argued, IQ/AFQT scores were a better predictor of life outcomes than

2387:, 36(2), June 1995, pp. 762–776. "HM and their publishers have done a disservice by circumventing peer review.... a process of scientific review is now under way. But, given the process to date, peer review of 1972:, described the book as "a scabrous piece of racial pornography masquerading as serious scholarship". "Mr. Murray can protest all he wants", wrote Herbert; "his book is just a genteel way of calling somebody a 2562:

Neisser, Ulric; Boodoo, Gwyneth; Bouchard, Thomas J. Jr.; Boykin, A. Wade; Brody, Nathan; Ceci, Stephen J.; Halpern, Diane F.; Loehlin, John C.; Perloff, Robert; Sternberg, Robert J.; Urbina, Susana (1996).

1609:, a group of social scientists and statisticians analyzes the genetics-intelligence link, the concept of intelligence, the malleability of intelligence and the effects of education, the relationship between 794:

Excluded from the analysis were never-married individuals who satisfied all other components of the index, and men who were not in the labor force in 1989 or 1990 due to disability or still being in school.

233:

Shortly after its publication, many people rallied both in criticism and in defense of the book. A number of critical texts were written in response to it. Several criticisms were collected in the book

1629:. This work argues that much of the public response was polemic, and failed to analyze the details of the science and validity of the statistical arguments underlying the book's conclusions. 199:

is substantially influenced by both inherited and environmental factors and that it is a better predictor of many personal outcomes, including financial income, job performance, birth out of

870:

vision of society where differences in ability are recognized and everybody can have a valued place, stressing the role of local communities and clear moral rules that apply to everybody.

3014: 1351:

is even less empirical support for a genetic interpretation. In short, no adequate explanation of the differential between the IQ means of Blacks and Whites is presently available.

381:

All standardized tests of academic aptitude or achievement measure this general factor to some degree, but IQ tests expressly designed for that purpose measure it most accurately.

855:

Evidence for experimental attempts to raise intelligence is reviewed. The authors conclude that currently there are no means to boost intelligence by more than a modest degree.

1867:

is a collection of articles published in reaction to the book. Edited by Steven Fraser, the writers of these essays do not have a specific viewpoint concerning the content of

3750: 1733:

to the chapter, however, provides the caveat that "The debate about whether and how much genes and environment have to do with ethnic differences remains unresolved".

1727: 471:(ASVAB), a battery of ten tests taken by all who apply for entry into the armed services. (Some had taken an IQ test in high school, and the median correlation of the 3156: 2039: 3673: 2905:

Wilson, Frank Harold (1995). "For Whom Does the Bell Toll?: Meritocracy, the Cognitive Elite, and the Continuing Significance of Race in Postindustrial America".

480:

background. Similarly, after statistically controlling for differences in IQ, they argued that many outcome differences between racial-ethnic groups disappeared.

1346:

The cause of that differential is not known; it is apparently not due to any simple form of bias in the content or administration of the tests themselves. The

1488:, criticized the book and its assumptions on IQ. He takes issue with the idea that IQ is 60% heritable, arguing that the "statement is meaningless" because 460:

are included in the analyses so as to demonstrate that the relationships between cognitive ability and social behavior are not driven by race or ethnicity.

3842:

The Bell Curve Debate: History, Documents, Opinions – 81 articles by 81 academics and journalists from the full spectrum of political views on title topic

4424: 2354: 1783: 1642: 472: 468: 828:

differences. What might the mix be? We are resolutely agnostic on that issue; as far as we can determine, the evidence does not yet justify an estimate.

1887:

Since the book provided statistical data making the assertion that blacks were, on average, less intelligent than whites, some people have argued that

4419: 4150: 1645:(AFQT) "which is not an IQ test but designed to predict performance of certain criterion variables". The AFQT covers subjects such as trigonometry. 1329:

to publish an investigative report focusing solely on the research presented in the book, not the policy recommendations that it made. The report, "

819:. They also discuss possible environmental explanations of the gap, such as the observed generational increases in IQ, for which they coin the term 1926:

as an example of racist science, containing all the types of errors in the application of scientific method that have characterized the history of

1907:. Murray criticized the characterization of the Pioneer Fund as a racist organization, arguing that it has as much relationship to its founder as " 1508:

He goes on to say there is almost no evidence of a genetic link, and greater evidence that environmental issues are what determine IQ differences.

4384: 264: 1661:

and Duncan Thomas presented evidence suggesting AFQT scores are likely better markers for family background than "intelligence" in a 1999 study:

1201:

In subsequent years, both the substance and the interpretation of this letter have received widespread criticism from the scientific community.

4389: 1790:

correlates highly with measures of literacy, and argues that the ASVAB test in fact is not a measure of general intelligence but of literacy.

4409: 4139: 4113: 4099: 4069: 3918: 3863: 3702: 3569: 3372: 3345: 3303: 3096: 2965: 2206: 2179: 416: 3060:

Flynn, J. R. (1999). "Evidence against Rushton: The Genetic Loading of the Wisc-R Subtests and the Causes of Between-Group IQ Differences".

1875:, readers can more easily recognize the project for what it is: a chilly synthesis of the work of disreputable race theorists and eccentric 1541:

concurs with Block that twin studies fail to draw conclusions about heritability, and as a result Murray's work is methodologically flawed.

4399: 3586: 3008: 1583: 192: 66: 2847:

Korenman, Sanders and Winship, Christopher, "A Reanalysis of The Bell Curve" (August 1995). NBER Working Paper Series, Vol. w5230, 1995.

2835:

Claude S. Fischer, Michael Hout, Martín Sánchez Jankowski, Samuel R. Lucas, Ann Swidler, and Kim Vos. Princeton University Press, 1996.

4353: 4294: 2608: 1675:

The cognitive elite concept has been widely criticized. Frank Wilson refuted "as cultural superstition and social science pornography

1570:, but weighting them differently. They found that if IQ scores are adjusted, as Herrnstein and Murray did, to eliminate the effect of 1322: 1179: 1148: 1138: 1074: 1070:" and said that the "authors omit facts, misuse statistical methods, and seem unwilling to admit the consequence of their own words." 384:

IQ scores match, to a first degree, whatever it is that people mean when they use the word intelligent, or smart in ordinary language.

2980:"IQ and Stratification: An Empirical Evaluation of Herrnstein and Murray's Social Change Argument". Charles R. Tittle, Thomas Rotolo 3762: 3742: 1330: 1304: 1210: 1087:

analysis and logic in its main arguments. There are indeed some useful messages in the book. But there is also much wrong with it."

967: 449: 136: 2858: 4394: 4340: 4123: 3405: 17: 1707:

properly used, "do not tell us anything except that selected, highly educated occupation groups have grown rapidly since 1940."

852:

In this final chapter, the authors discuss the relevance of cognitive ability for understanding major social issues in America.

4404: 4379: 3254: 3774: 1285: 1242: 1235: 948: 905: 898: 322: 279: 2063:"How White nationalists mobilize genetics: From genetic ancestry and human biodiversity to counterscience and metapolitics" 2031: 1257: 1129:, a common practice to allow potential reviewers and media professionals an opportunity to prepare for the book's arrival. 920: 866:

policies in colleges and workplaces, arguing that their goal should be equality of opportunity rather than equal outcomes.

294: 210:

The book has been, and remains, highly controversial, especially where the authors discussed purported connections between

4256: 3212: 1694:

reflect the same test-taking abilities used in artificial screening devices by which status groups protect their domains.

1472:

he also maintained that Herrnstein and Murray overestimated the role of heredity in determining intelligence differences.

1090:

After reviewers had more time to review the book's research and conclusions, more significant criticisms began to appear.

445: 4131: 3112:

Marks, D. F. (2010). "IQ variations across time, race, and nationality: an artifact of differences in literacy skills".

2678: 2281: 1899:, which aims to advance the scientific study of heredity and human differences, and which has been accused of promoting 374:

The introduction states six of the authors' assumptions, which they claim to be "beyond significant technical dispute":

158: 2465: 4298: 2470: 1264: 1187: 927: 301: 35: 3639: 1597:

argued that measurement error was not properly handled by Herrnstein and Murray. Korenman and Winship concluded: "...

4237: 2641: 2230:

Herrnstein & Murray (1994) pp. 171, 158, 163, 174, 230, 180, 132, 194, 247–248, 194, 146, 264 respectively.

4429: 4033: 3754: 1779: 453: 1121:

before publication, an omission many have seen as incompatible with their presentation of it as a scholarly text.

988:

The authors recommended the elimination of welfare policies which they claim encourage poor women to have babies.

4218: 1848: 1271: 934: 308: 832:

The authors also stress that regardless of the causes of differences, people should be treated no differently.

367: 2994: 1441:

The factors that explain wages receive different weights than the factors that explain test scores. More than

816: 758:

Values are the percentage of each IQ sub-population, among non-Hispanic whites only, fitting each descriptor.

390:

Properly administered IQ tests are not demonstrably biased against social, economic, ethnic, or racial groups.

371:

egalitarian ethos, Herrnstein and Murray argue, cannot accommodate biologically based individual differences.

4252: 3874: 3036: 2764: 2729: 1066:, said that the book "contains no new arguments and presents no compelling data to support its anachronistic 4414: 3906: 2646: 1401: 1231: 1153: 1024: 894: 2564: 1253: 916: 290: 4003: 3041: 1622: 1172: 1168: 1159: 1012: 90: 214:

and suggested policy implications based on these purported connections. The authors claimed that average

3620: 2715: 2359: 1768: 1759: 1517: 1335: 1105: 1083: 351: 236: 215: 211: 1740:

criticized some of its aspects, including some of its arguments about race and the malleability of IQ:

1683: 3952: 1851:

pointed out that 17 of the researchers whose work is referenced by the book have also contributed to

1562: 1414: 204: 4008: 3697:, Handbook of racial and ethnic minority psychology (ed. Guillermo Bernal), SAGE, pp. 357–374, 3157:"The Flynn Effect and IQ Disparities Among Races, Ethnicities, and Nations: Are There Common Links?" 362:

The book starts with an introduction that appraises the history of the concept of intelligence from

2409: 1594: 1032: 1020: 347: 31: 3978: 3827: 3791: 3711: 3644: 3235: 3137: 2922: 2813: 2695: 2100: 1968: 1772: 1590: 1183: 863: 811: 457: 402: 378:

There is such a difference as a general factor of cognitive ability on which human beings differ.

196: 188: 62: 1891:

could be used by extremists to justify genocide and hate crimes. Much of the work referenced by

4329: 3855: 4135: 4109: 4083: 4075: 4065: 4021: 3970: 3914: 3859: 3819: 3758: 3738: 3698: 3565: 3525: 3505: 3378: 3368: 3341: 3299: 3295: 3262: 3129: 3092: 2961: 2949: 2941: 2805: 2432: 2405: 2289: 2202: 2175: 2117:

Rosenthal, S. J. (1995). The Pioneer Fund: PROD. The American Behavioral Scientist, 39(1), 44.

2092: 2008: 1927: 1904: 1900: 1853: 1754: 1610: 1549: 1538: 1485: 1371: 1164: 1057: 223: 143: 131: 2009:"Confronting Scientific Racism in Psychology: Lessons from Evolutionary Biology and Genetics" 441:

socioeconomic status, a perspective, the authors argue, that has been neglected in research.

4162: 4057: 4013: 3960: 3886: 3811: 3783: 3769: 3723: 3682: 3668: 3561: 3517: 3287: 3227: 3121: 3069: 2953: 2914: 2797: 2687: 2579: 2424: 2317: 2082: 2074: 1919: 1809: 1698: 1278: 1095: 1067: 941: 859: 315: 169: 3335: 2341:"Racism Resurgent: How Media Let The Bell Curve's Pseudo-Science Define the Agenda on Race" 1702:

no support for any of the trend hypotheses advanced by Herrnstein and Murray. One chart in

1688: 4283: 4049: 3018: 2340: 1986: 1912: 1816:

a "deliberate assault on efforts to improve the school performance of African-Americans":

1191: 1122: 1091: 982: 4299:

Racism Resurgent: How Media Let The Bell Curve's Pseudo-Science Define the Agenda on Race

3714:(1996), "Unresolved Issues in Measurement Validity : An Autobiographical Overview", 3956: 4095: 4053: 3936: 3611: 2163: 2087: 2062: 1062: 363: 219: 3890: 3397: 3073: 2428: 4373: 4305: 4266: 4041: 3910: 3840: 3802:

Harrington, Gordon M. (1997), "Psychological testing, IQ, and evolutionary fitness",

3554: 3362: 3288: 2817: 2699: 2355:"Does The Bell Curve Ring True? A Closer Look at a Grim Portrait of American Society" 2168: 2104: 2032:"There's still no good reason to believe black-white IQ differences are due to genes" 1838: 1793: 1737: 1418: 1326: 1078: 401:

At the close of the introduction, the authors warn the reader against committing the

3992:"Heritability estimates versus large environmental effects: the IQ paradox resolved" 3671:(2003), "The science and nonscience of psychologists' responses to The Bell Curve", 3141: 1186:, only ten of those who signed were actual experts in intelligence measurement. The 858:

The authors criticize the "levelling" of general and secondary education and defend

4198: 3982: 3847: 3831: 3615: 3453: 1956: 1896: 1797: 1711: 1658: 1553: 1531: 1489: 1481: 1347: 1195: 1126: 1028: 820: 674: 630: 477: 424: 394: 227: 80: 76: 4151:"The Funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund (review)" 2887:"The Intergenerational Transmission of 'Intelligence' Down the Slippery Slopes of 4037: 3772:; Johnson, Amanda (1995), "The Pseudoscience of Psychometry and The Bell Curve", 2957: 2196: 4233: 4105: 4017: 3991: 3851: 3635: 3521: 3480:"Moral Courage: Is defending The Bell Curve an example of intellectual honesty?" 2637: 1963: 1946:

Bold policy recommendations that are consistent with those advocated by racists.

1876: 1715: 1618: 1557: 1426: 1396: 1220: 1118: 883: 253: 4061: 3686: 2785: 4345: 4309: 4262: 3727: 3125: 2831: 2801: 2583: 2030:

Turkheimer, Eric; Harden, Kathryn Paige; Nisbett, Richard E. (June 15, 2017).

1908: 1801: 387:

IQ scores are stable, although not perfectly so, over much of a person's life.

4227: 4223: 4182: 4087: 3529: 3382: 3266: 2871: 2809: 2436: 2293: 1566:

recalculated the effect of socioeconomic status, using the same variables as

1378:

rests on four unsupported, and mostly false, assumptions about intelligence:

444:

The analyses reported in this part of the book were done using data from the

4210: 1834: 1805: 1586: 1571: 1523: 1501: 1457: 115: 111: 4166: 4025: 3899: 3133: 2096: 1325:'s Board of Scientific Affairs established a special task force chaired by 4245: 3974: 3823: 3428: 1342:

Regarding explanations for racial differences, the APA task force stated:

48: 2651: 2353:

T. Dickens, William; L. Schultze, Charles; J. Kane, Thomas (1995-06-01).

1841:'s famous study on the achievement gap, and Herrnstein and Murray's book 1493: 200: 150: 3695:

Assessment of psychometric intelligence for racial and ethnic minorities

1775:

did not indicate a genetic origin to group differences in intelligence.

1492:

does not have to be genetic. Chomsky gives the example of women wearing

4128:

The funding of scientific racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund

3815: 3795: 3735:

Intelligence, Genes, and Success: Scientists Respond to The Bell Curve.

3239: 2926: 2078: 1575: 1530:

misleads about intelligence as it conflates genetic determination with

1385:

Intelligence must be capable of rank ordering people in a linear order.

2170:

Intelligence, Genes, and Success: Scientists Respond to The Bell Curve

1607:

Intelligence, Genes, and Success: Scientists Respond to The Bell Curve

271: 30:

For the principal, mathematical meaning of the term "bell curve", see

4205: 2786:"Why twin studies really don't tell us much about human heritability" 1973: 1626: 420: 4364: 3787: 3231: 2918: 1464:

or IQ are totally immutable or the only factors affecting outcomes.

1433:

cannot be manipulated. Heckman's reanalysis of the evidence used in

1421:

considers two assumptions made in the book to be questionable: that

3479: 2691: 2379:

Arthur S. Goldberger and Charles F. Manski (1995) "Review Article:

2007:

Bird, Kevin; Jackson, John P.; Winston, Andrew S. (November 2023).

1943:

No mention of theories and data that conflict with core assumptions

1714:

questioned Herrnstein's idea that society was developing towards a

1518:

Race and intelligence § heritability within and between groups

1190:

reports that 20 of the signers were recipients of funding from the

4079: 3965: 3940: 3364:

The Bell Curve Wars: Race, Intelligence, and the Future of America

3337:

The Bell Curve Wars: race, intelligence, and the future of America

3213:"Social Darwinism, scientific racism, and the metaphysics of race" 2844: 1865:

The Bell Curve Wars: Race, Intelligence, and the Future of America

1358:

subsequently published eleven critical responses in January 1997.

1143:

An opinion statement endorsing a number of the views presented in

2859:

A Review of the Bell Curve: Bad Science Makes for Bad Conclusions

2745: 2198:

The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life

397:, apparently no less than 40 percent and no more than 80 percent. 184:

The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life

18:

The bell curve: intelligence and class structure in American life

1614: 446:

National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience of Youth

428:

cognitive ability is the best predictor of worker productivity.

770:

a NLSY subject had to meet all four of the following criteria:

4253:'The Bell Curve' 20 years later: A Q&A with Charles Murray 2769: 1452:

contribute to social performance, and they can be manipulated.

1214: 995: 877: 247: 2061:

Panofsky, Aaron; Dasgupta, Kushan; Iturriaga, Nicole (2021).

203:, and involvement in crime than are an individual's parental 144: 4325:- critique of Murray and Herrnstein's statistical techniques 3183:

The Tangled Wing: Biological Constraints on the Human Spirit

1937:

Errors in calculation that invariably support the hypothesis

456:

tracking thousands of Americans starting in the 1980s. Only

3587:"The Real Problem with Charles Murray and 'The Bell Curve'" 2995:

Verbal Ability and Socioeconomic Success: A Trend Analysis

2162:

Devlin, Bernie; Fienberg, Stephen E.; Resnick, Daniel P.;

170: 2676:

Heckman, James J. (1995). "Lessons from the Bell Curve".

1757:

released a revised and expanded edition of his 1981 book

4354:"The Real Problem with Charles Murray and The Bell Curve 1429:

across test scores and performance in society, and that

4365:

Critical analysis of Bell Curve statistical methodology

2195:

Herrnstein, Richard J.; Murray, Charles (11 May 2010).

1405:, Murray denied making each of these four assumptions. 275: 4155:

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences

2893:

Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society

549:

Out of labor force more than 1 month out of year (men)

27:

1994 book by Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray

3185:(2nd ed.). Henry Holt and Company. p. 428. 3011:

I.Q. Tests: Building Blocks for the New Class System

1671:

Cognitive sorting and the "cognitive elite" concept

1374:wrote that the "entire argument" of the authors of 1117:Herrnstein and Murray did not submit their work to 168: 156: 142: 130: 122: 106: 96: 86: 72: 58: 3898: 3839: 3751:Inequality by Design: Cracking the Bell Curve Myth 3553: 2832:Inequality by Design: Cracking the Bell Curve Myth 2167: 1382:Intelligence must be reducible to a single number. 1157:in 1994 and subsequently reprinted in the journal 3838:Jacoby, Russell; Glauberman, Naomi, eds. (1995). 3506:"The Pioneer Fund: Financier of Fascist Research" 3294:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 1940:No mention of data that contradict the hypothesis 1388:Intelligence must be primarily genetically based. 3319:Herrnstein, Richard J.; Murray, Charles (1996). 3091:(Rev. and expanded ed.). New York: Norton. 2642:"An Interview with the Author of The Bell Curve" 2489: 2487: 2410:"Mainstream Science on Intelligence (editorial)" 1728:History of the race and intelligence controversy 366:to modern times. Spearman's introduction of the 1934:Claims that are not supported by the data given 1818: 1742: 1663: 1651: 1498: 1344: 1333:", was first released in 1995 and published in 825: 823:. At the close of this discussion, they write: 3674:Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 3398:"Ann Coulter and Charles Darwin. Coultergeist" 1133:"Mainstream Science on Intelligence" statement 609:% of children w/ IQ in bottom decile (mothers) 569:Unemployed more than 1 month out of year (men) 436:Part II. Cognitive Classes and Social Behavior 2550: 2504: 1556:, Martín Sánchez Jankowski, Samuel R. Lucas, 1031:. Please discuss this issue on the article's 810:According to Herrnstein and Murray, the high 8: 280:introducing citations to additional sources 41: 4286:(December 1994). "Race! That Murray Book". 3879:Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 3290:Measuring Intelligence: Facts and Fallacies 2449: 1763:, intended to more directly refute many of 1736:In an article praising the book, economist 1456:In response, Murray argued that this was a 1391:Intelligence must be essentially immutable. 1317:In response to the controversy surrounding 1103:Many criticisms were collected in the book 737:Scored "Yes" on "Middle Class Values Index" 3196:Herron and Freeman, Jon and Scott (2014). 2671: 2669: 2527: 2221:Herrnstein & Murray (1994) pp. 263–264 1125:noted that the book was not circulated in 469:Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery 410:Part I. The Emergence of a Cognitive Elite 47: 40: 4007: 3964: 3255:"The Tainted Sources of 'The Bell Curve'" 2174:. Springer Science & Business Media. 2157: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2086: 2067:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1833:Rutledge M. Dennis suggests that through 1305:Learn how and when to remove this message 968:Learn how and when to remove this message 3875:"Intelligence testing and social policy" 3457:(transcript from ABC World News Tonight) 3155:Kaufman, Scott Barry (August 23, 2010). 2942:"Is There a Cognitive Elite in America?" 2613:: Bad Science Makes for Bad Conclusions" 2596: 2539: 2493: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 1637:William J. Matthews writes that part of 785:In the labor force, even if not employed 482: 270:Relevant discussion may be found on the 2381:The Bell Curve by Herrnstein and Murray 1999: 1178:According to a 1996 response by former 773:Received at least a high-school diploma 762: 4238:"Interview with Charles Murray (1995)" 4222:interview with Charles Murray, 1995 - 3542:Herrnstein & Murray (1994) p. 564. 3062:Personality and Individual Differences 2984:, Vol. 79, No. 1 (Sep. 2000), pp. 1–28 2784:Segalowitz, Sidney J. (October 1999). 2765:"How Heritability Misleads about Race" 2460: 2458: 2343:by Jim Naureckas January/February 1995 2201:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 22–23. 1633:Use of Armed Forces Qualification Test 1460:and that the book does not argue that 1241:Please improve this section by adding 904:Please improve this section by adding 473:Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT) 467:All participants in the NLSY took the 4101:Race: The Reality of Human Difference 3478:Metcalf, Stephen (October 17, 2005). 3454:"The Bell Curve and the Pioneer Fund" 2758: 2756: 2754: 2516: 2311: 2309: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 1467:In a 2005 interview, Heckman praised 484:Economic and social correlates of IQ 7: 3560:. Rutgers University Press. p. 3467:– via Hartford Web Publishing. 3323:. New York: Free Press. p. 564. 3200:. Boston: Pearson. pp. 360–363. 2391:is now an exercise in damage control 1584:National Bureau of Economic Research 862:. They offer a critical overview of 791:Never gave birth outside of marriage 776:Never interviewed while incarcerated 34:. For other senses of the term, see 4188:read by Murray, (Internet Archive). 3990:Dickens WT, Flynn JR (April 2001). 3748:Fischer, Claude S., et al. (1996). 3211:Dennis, Rutledge M. (Summer 1995). 2565:"Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns" 1771:, and argued that the evidence for 779:Still married to one's first spouse 697:Chronic welfare recipient (mothers) 393:Cognitive ability is substantially 222:, whose research was funded by the 187:is a 1994 book by the psychologist 4295:Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting 4046:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism 3427:Naureckas, Jim (January 1, 1995). 2856:William J. Matthews, Ph.D. (1998) 1323:American Psychological Association 1180:American Psychological Association 1149:Mainstream Science on Intelligence 1139:Mainstream Science on Intelligence 1075:Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting 25: 4425:Race and intelligence controversy 2316:Gould, Stephen Jay (1994-11-28). 1331:Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns 1211:Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns 1198:, including Gottfredson herself. 450:United States Department of Labor 448:(NLSY), a study conducted by the 3009:"Chomsky on IQ and inequality". 2946:Intelligence, Genes, and Success 2042:from the original on May 4, 2021 1621:, pathways to racial and ethnic 1219: 1015:to read and navigate comfortably 1000: 882: 263:relies largely or entirely on a 252: 195:in which the authors argue that 4420:Collaborative non-fiction books 4149:Andrew S. Winston (July 2003). 3733:Devlin, Bernie, et al. (1997). 3693:Armour-Thomas, Eleanor (2003), 3585:Siegel, Eric (April 12, 2017). 3408:from the original on 2009-04-30 3396:Coyne, Jerry (August 2, 2006). 2845:http://ssrn.com/abstract=225294 2713:August 1995 letter exchange in 2280:Lemann, Nicholas (1997-01-18). 1643:Armed Forces Qualification Test 1574:, the ability of IQ to predict 1163:. The statement was drafted by 4385:Books about human intelligence 3775:The Journal of Negro Education 3640:"In America; Throwing a Curve" 3286:Bartholomew, David J. (2004). 2948:. Springer New York. pp. 2907:The Journal of Negro Education 2875:James J. Heckman. March 1995. 2763:Block, Ned (January 6, 1996). 2733:. Douglas Clement. June 2005. 2385:Journal of Economic Literature 1445:is required to explain either. 1367:Criticism by Stephen Jay Gould 802:Part III. The National Context 368:general factor of intelligence 1: 4390:Books about the United States 4257:American Enterprise Institute 3897:Montagu, Ashley, ed. (1999). 3891:10.1016/S0193-3973(96)90023-4 3510:American Behavioral Scientist 3504:Rosenthal, Steven J. (1995). 3074:10.1016/s0191-8869(98)00149-4 2790:Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2429:10.1016/s0160-2896(97)90011-8 1786:test used in the analyses of 1243:secondary or tertiary sources 906:secondary or tertiary sources 354:(IQ) scores in a population. 4410:Free Press (publisher) books 4334:Journal of Political Economy 4288:The Rothbard-Rockwell Report 4132:University of Illinois Press 3361:Fraser, Steven, ed. (1995). 3259:The New York Review of Books 3253:Lane, Charles (1994-12-01). 2958:10.1007/978-1-4612-0669-9_14 2730:Interview with James Heckman 2679:Journal of Political Economy 1484:, a founder in the field of 191:and the political scientist 4400:Books by Richard Herrnstein 4341:"Revisiting the Bell Curve" 4330:Lessons from the Bell Curve 4018:10.1037/0033-295X.108.2.346 3522:10.1177/0002764295039001006 3334:Steven Fraser, ed. (1995). 3087:Gould, Stephen Jay (1996). 2895:, Vol. 38, No. 3, July 1999 2471:Southern Poverty Law Center 1800:and associate professor of 1641:s analysis is based on the 1560:, and Kim Voss in the book 1188:Southern Poverty Law Center 1023:content into sub-articles, 36:Bell curve (disambiguation) 4446: 4062:10.4135/9781412965811.n211 3755:Princeton University Press 3687:10.1037/0735-7028.34.3.287 3616:"Cracking Open the IQ Box" 3552:Graves, Joseph L. (2001). 3220:Journal of Negro Education 2282:"The Bell Curve Flattened" 1725: 1515: 1500:To borrow an example from 1409:Criticism by James Heckman 1208: 1136: 509:US population distribution 454:Bureau of Labor Statistics 53:Cover of the first edition 29: 4214:, aired December 4, 1994. 4199:Interview with Murray on 4038:"Murray, Charles (1943–)" 3728:10.1037/1040-3590.8.4.363 3556:The Emperor's New Clothes 3340:. New York: Basic Books. 3126:10.2466/pr0.106.3.643-664 2998:Hauser R. M.; Huang M. H. 2940:Lemann, Nicholas (1997). 2802:10.1017/s0140525x99442207 2584:10.1037/0003-066X.51.2.77 2505:Graves & Johnson 1995 1950:Eric Siegel wrote on the 1476:Criticism by Noam Chomsky 1395:In a 1995 interview with 46: 4358:Scientific American blog 3941:"The heritability of IQ" 3716:Psychological Assessment 1990:(2020) by Charles Murray 1362:Criticism of assumptions 1060:, reviewing the book in 4395:Books by Charles Murray 4301:(January/February 1995) 4267:Waking Up Podcast – #73 3907:Oxford University Press 3873:Laosa, Luis M. (1996), 3181:Konnor, Melvin (2003). 3035:Sowell, Thomas (1995). 3025:: 24–30. pp. 26–28, 30. 2647:Skeptic (U.S. magazine) 1918:Evolutionary biologist 1782:has suggested that the 1154:The Wall Street Journal 4405:English-language books 4380:1994 non-fiction books 4339:Reifman, Alan (2000). 4269:- interview of Murray. 4259:blog, October 16, 2014 4193:Interviews with Murray 3042:The American Spectator 3007:Chomsky, Noam. 1972. " 1823: 1751: 1668: 1656: 1625:, and the question of 1623:inequalities in health 1537:Canadian psychologist 1512:Criticism by Ned Block 1506: 1448:Other factors besides 1437:found contradictions: 1353: 1230:relies excessively on 1173:University of Delaware 1169:educational psychology 893:relies excessively on 874:Policy recommendations 830: 4352:Siegel, Eric (2017). 4048:. Thousand Oaks, CA: 3935:Devlin B, Daniels M, 3621:The American Prospect 3198:Evolutionary Analysis 3114:Psychological Reports 3089:The mismeasure of man 2572:American Psychologist 2406:Gottfredson, Linda S. 2360:Brookings Institution 2013:American Psychologist 1883:Allegations of racism 1827:Evolutionary Analysis 1769:race and intelligence 1760:The Mismeasure of Man 1722:Race and intelligence 1697:Min-Hsiung Huang and 1589:Sanders Korenman and 1356:American Psychologist 1336:American Psychologist 1205:APA task force report 1106:The Bell Curve Debate 1084:Brookings Institution 817:Spearman's hypothesis 352:intelligence quotient 237:The Bell Curve Debate 216:intelligence quotient 212:race and intelligence 189:Richard J. Herrnstein 63:Richard J. Herrnstein 4248:on February 5, 2005. 4167:10.1093/jhmas/jrg016 4056:. pp. 344–345. 2551:Armour-Thomas (2003) 1903:views, particularly 1563:Inequality by Design 1415:Nobel Memorial Prize 276:improve this article 205:socioeconomic status 4284:Rothbard, Murray N. 3957:1997Natur.388..468D 3712:Campbell, Donald T. 3591:Scientific American 3459:. November 22, 1994 2654:on February 5, 2005 2466:"Linda Gottfredson" 1952:Scientific American 1767:s claims regarding 1595:Christopher Winship 1545:Statistical methods 1417:-winning economist 1151:" was published in 1113:Lack of peer review 717:High school dropout 589:Divorced in 5 years 485: 458:non-Hispanic whites 348:normal distribution 43: 32:Normal distribution 4124:Tucker, William H. 4096:Sarich, Vincent M. 3816:10.1007/bf02259515 3737:Copernicus Books, 3645:The New York Times 3429:"Racism Resurgent" 3037:"Ethnicity and IQ" 3017:2011-05-11 at the 2748:Noam Chomsky, 1995 2617:David Boles, Blogs 2530:, pp. 116–118 2507:, pp. 279–280 2079:10.1002/ajpa.24150 1969:The New York Times 1895:was funded by the 1825:The 2014 textbook 1773:heritability of IQ 1591:Harvard University 1073:A 1995 article by 864:affirmative action 812:heritability of IQ 483: 403:ecological fallacy 197:human intelligence 4430:Scientific racism 4363:Krenz, Claudia - 4308:(March 1, 1995). 4141:978-0-252-07463-9 4115:978-0-8133-4086-9 4071:978-1-4129-6580-4 3951:(6641): 468–471. 3920:978-0-19-510220-8 3865:978-0-8129-2587-6 3770:Graves, Joseph L. 3704:978-0-7619-1965-0 3571:978-0-8135-2847-2 3374:978-0-465-00693-9 3347:978-0-465-00693-9 3305:978-0-521-54478-8 3098:978-0-393-31425-0 2967:978-0-387-94986-4 2746:Rollback, Part II 2208:978-1-4391-3491-7 2181:978-0-387-94986-4 1928:scientific racism 1905:scientific racism 1901:white supremacist 1854:Mankind Quarterly 1755:Stephen Jay Gould 1684:Charles R. Tittle 1611:cognitive ability 1550:Claude S. Fischer 1539:Sidney Segalowitz 1486:cognitive science 1372:Stephen Jay Gould 1315: 1314: 1307: 1289: 1194:organization the 1192:white-supremacist 1167:, a professor of 1165:Linda Gottfredson 1058:Stephen Jay Gould 1050: 1049: 978: 977: 970: 952: 756: 755: 529:Married by age 30 341: 340: 326: 224:white supremacist 180: 179: 16:(Redirected from 4437: 4328:Heckman, James " 4324: 4322: 4320: 4291: 4249: 4244:. Archived from 4242:Skeptic Magazine 4170: 4145: 4119: 4091: 4029: 4011: 3986: 3968: 3924: 3904: 3893: 3869: 3845: 3834: 3810:(2–3): 113–123, 3798: 3730: 3707: 3689: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3652: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3559: 3549: 3543: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3458: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3331: 3325: 3324: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3293: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3273: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3217: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3161:Psychology Today 3152: 3146: 3145: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3032: 3026: 3005: 2999: 2991: 2985: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2902: 2896: 2885: 2879: 2868: 2862: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2760: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2726: 2720: 2711: 2705: 2703: 2686:(5): 1091–1120. 2673: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2650:. Archived from 2634: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2624: 2605: 2599: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2569: 2559: 2553: 2548: 2542: 2537: 2531: 2525: 2519: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2491: 2482: 2481: 2479: 2478: 2462: 2453: 2452:, pp. 17–20 2450:Gottfredson 1997 2447: 2441: 2440: 2414: 2402: 2396: 2394: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2368: 2367: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2328: 2313: 2304: 2303: 2301: 2300: 2277: 2258: 2255: 2249: 2246: 2240: 2237: 2231: 2228: 2222: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2173: 2159: 2118: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2090: 2058: 2052: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2027: 2021: 2020: 2004: 1920:Joseph L. Graves 1810:Emory University 1699:Robert M. Hauser 1692: 1600: 1582:In August 1995, 1310: 1303: 1299: 1296: 1290: 1288: 1254:"The Bell Curve" 1247: 1223: 1215: 1068:social Darwinism 1045: 1042: 1036: 1004: 1003: 996: 973: 966: 962: 959: 953: 951: 917:"The Bell Curve" 910: 886: 878: 860:gifted education 795: 767: 653:Lives in poverty 486: 336: 333: 327: 325: 291:"The Bell Curve" 284: 256: 248: 176:BF431 .H398 1994 172: 146: 98:Publication date 51: 44: 21: 4445: 4444: 4440: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4435: 4434: 4370: 4369: 4336:, October 1995. 4318: 4316: 4304: 4282: 4279: 4232: 4195: 4179: 4148: 4142: 4122: 4116: 4094: 4072: 4032: 4009:10.1.1.139.2436 3989: 3934: 3931: 3929:Further reading 3921: 3896: 3872: 3866: 3837: 3801: 3788:10.2307/2967209 3768: 3710: 3705: 3692: 3667: 3664: 3659: 3650: 3648: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3614:(Winter 1995). 3612:Gardner, Howard 3610: 3609: 3605: 3595: 3593: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3572: 3551: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3537: 3503: 3502: 3498: 3488: 3486: 3477: 3476: 3472: 3462: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3437: 3435: 3426: 3425: 3421: 3411: 3409: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3375: 3367:. Basic Books. 3360: 3359: 3355: 3348: 3333: 3332: 3328: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3306: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3271: 3269: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3232:10.2307/2967206 3215: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3180: 3179: 3175: 3165: 3163: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3099: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3059: 3058: 3054: 3034: 3033: 3029: 3019:Wayback Machine 3006: 3002: 2992: 2988: 2979: 2975: 2968: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2919:10.2307/2967207 2904: 2903: 2899: 2886: 2882: 2869: 2865: 2855: 2851: 2843: 2839: 2829: 2825: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2762: 2761: 2752: 2744: 2740: 2727: 2723: 2712: 2708: 2675: 2674: 2667: 2657: 2655: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2622: 2620: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2597:Alderfer (2003) 2595: 2591: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2556: 2549: 2545: 2540:Alderfer (2003) 2538: 2534: 2528:Harrington 1997 2526: 2522: 2515: 2511: 2503: 2499: 2492: 2485: 2476: 2474: 2464: 2463: 2456: 2448: 2444: 2412: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2392: 2378: 2374: 2365: 2363: 2352: 2351: 2347: 2339: 2335: 2326: 2324: 2315: 2314: 2307: 2298: 2296: 2279: 2278: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2216: 2209: 2194: 2193: 2189: 2182: 2164:Roeder, Kathryn 2161: 2160: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2060: 2059: 2055: 2045: 2043: 2029: 2028: 2024: 2006: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1987:Human Diversity 1982: 1913:Ford Foundation 1885: 1796:, professor of 1765:The Bell Curve' 1730: 1724: 1686: 1677:The Bell Curve' 1673: 1639:The Bell Curve' 1635: 1598: 1547: 1520: 1514: 1478: 1411: 1369: 1364: 1311: 1300: 1294: 1291: 1248: 1246: 1240: 1236:primary sources 1224: 1213: 1207: 1184:Donald Campbell 1141: 1135: 1123:Nicholas Lemann 1115: 1092:Nicholas Lemann 1046: 1040: 1037: 1018: 1005: 1001: 994: 983:totalitarianism 974: 963: 957: 954: 911: 909: 903: 899:primary sources 887: 876: 850: 848:Living Together 804: 799: 798: 768: 764: 438: 412: 360: 337: 331: 328: 285: 283: 269: 257: 246: 161: 107:Media type 99: 79: 65: 54: 42:The Bell Curve 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4443: 4441: 4433: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4415:Genetics books 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4372: 4371: 4368: 4367: 4361: 4350: 4337: 4326: 4310:"Cracked Bell" 4306:Heckman, James 4302: 4292: 4278: 4276:The Bell Curve 4272: 4271: 4270: 4265:(April 2017). 4260: 4250: 4230: 4215: 4201:The Bell Curve 4194: 4191: 4190: 4189: 4185:The Bell Curve 4178: 4177:External links 4175: 4174: 4173: 4172: 4171: 4161:(3): 391–392. 4140: 4120: 4114: 4092: 4070: 4054:Cato Institute 4042:Hamowy, Ronald 4034:Doherty, Brian 4030: 4002:(2): 346–369. 3987: 3930: 3927: 3926: 3925: 3919: 3894: 3885:(2): 155–173, 3870: 3864: 3835: 3799: 3782:(3): 277–294, 3766: 3746: 3731: 3722:(4): 363–368, 3708: 3703: 3690: 3681:(3): 287–293, 3669:Alderfer, C.P. 3663: 3660: 3658: 3657: 3638:(1994-10-26). 3627: 3603: 3577: 3570: 3544: 3535: 3496: 3470: 3445: 3419: 3388: 3373: 3353: 3346: 3326: 3321:The Bell Curve 3311: 3304: 3278: 3245: 3226:(3): 243–252. 3203: 3188: 3173: 3147: 3120:(3): 643–664. 3104: 3097: 3079: 3068:(2): 373–393. 3052: 3027: 3000: 2986: 2973: 2966: 2932: 2913:(3): 253–266. 2897: 2889:The Bell Curve 2880: 2863: 2849: 2837: 2823: 2796:(5): 904–905. 2776: 2750: 2738: 2721: 2706: 2692:10.1086/262014 2665: 2629: 2611:The Bell Curve 2600: 2589: 2554: 2543: 2532: 2520: 2509: 2497: 2483: 2454: 2442: 2397: 2389:The Bell Curve 2372: 2345: 2333: 2322:The New Yorker 2305: 2259: 2250: 2241: 2232: 2223: 2214: 2207: 2187: 2180: 2119: 2110: 2073:(2): 387–398. 2053: 2022: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1991: 1981: 1978: 1966:, writing for 1948: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1924:The Bell Curve 1893:The Bell Curve 1889:The Bell Curve 1884: 1881: 1873:The Bell Curve 1869:The Bell Curve 1859:The Bell Curve 1843:The Bell Curve 1837:of works like 1788:The Bell Curve 1747:The Bell Curve 1723: 1720: 1704:The Bell Curve 1672: 1669: 1634: 1631: 1568:The Bell Curve 1546: 1543: 1528:The Bell Curve 1513: 1510: 1477: 1474: 1469:The Bell Curve 1454: 1453: 1446: 1435:The Bell Curve 1410: 1407: 1393: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1376:The Bell Curve 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1319:The Bell Curve 1313: 1312: 1227: 1225: 1218: 1209:Main article: 1206: 1203: 1145:The Bell Curve 1137:Main article: 1134: 1131: 1114: 1111: 1063:The New Yorker 1053:The Bell Curve 1048: 1047: 1041:September 2024 1027:it, or adding 1008: 1006: 999: 993: 990: 976: 975: 890: 888: 881: 875: 872: 849: 846: 803: 800: 797: 796: 793: 792: 786: 780: 777: 774: 761: 760: 754: 753: 750: 747: 744: 741: 738: 734: 733: 730: 727: 724: 721: 718: 714: 713: 710: 707: 704: 701: 698: 694: 693: 690: 687: 684: 681: 678: 670: 669: 666: 663: 660: 657: 654: 650: 649: 646: 643: 640: 637: 634: 633:baby (mothers) 626: 625: 622: 619: 616: 613: 610: 606: 605: 602: 599: 596: 593: 590: 586: 585: 582: 579: 576: 573: 570: 566: 565: 562: 559: 556: 553: 550: 546: 545: 542: 539: 536: 533: 530: 526: 525: 522: 519: 516: 513: 510: 506: 505: 502: 499: 496: 493: 490: 437: 434: 411: 408: 399: 398: 391: 388: 385: 382: 379: 364:Francis Galton 359: 356: 344:The Bell Curve 339: 338: 274:. Please help 260: 258: 251: 245: 242: 220:racial hygiene 193:Charles Murray 178: 177: 174: 166: 165: 162: 157: 154: 153: 148: 140: 139: 134: 128: 127: 124: 120: 119: 108: 104: 103: 100: 97: 94: 93: 88: 84: 83: 74: 70: 69: 67:Charles Murray 60: 56: 55: 52: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4442: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4366: 4362: 4360:, April 2017. 4359: 4355: 4351: 4348: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4319:September 20, 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4300: 4296: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4280: 4277: 4274:Responses to 4273: 4268: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4254: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4220: 4219:The Open Mind 4216: 4213: 4212: 4207: 4203: 4202: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4187: 4186: 4183:Audiobook of 4181: 4180: 4176: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4147: 4146: 4143: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4102: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3967: 3966:10.1038/41319 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3939:(July 1997). 3938: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3902: 3895: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3843: 3836: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3764: 3763:0-691-02898-2 3760: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3747: 3744: 3743:0-387-94986-0 3740: 3736: 3732: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3706: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3675: 3670: 3666: 3665: 3661: 3647: 3646: 3641: 3637: 3631: 3628: 3623: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3604: 3592: 3588: 3581: 3578: 3573: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3557: 3548: 3545: 3539: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3500: 3497: 3485: 3481: 3474: 3471: 3455: 3449: 3446: 3434: 3430: 3423: 3420: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3392: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3370: 3366: 3365: 3357: 3354: 3349: 3343: 3339: 3338: 3330: 3327: 3322: 3315: 3312: 3307: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3291: 3282: 3279: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3214: 3207: 3204: 3199: 3192: 3189: 3184: 3177: 3174: 3162: 3158: 3151: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3108: 3105: 3100: 3094: 3090: 3083: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3056: 3053: 3048: 3044: 3043: 3038: 3031: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3013: 3012: 3004: 3001: 2997: 2996: 2990: 2987: 2983: 2982:Social Forces 2977: 2974: 2969: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2901: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2874: 2873: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2860: 2853: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2838: 2834: 2833: 2827: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2780: 2777: 2772: 2771: 2766: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2732: 2731: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2717: 2710: 2707: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2680: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2653: 2649: 2648: 2643: 2639: 2633: 2630: 2618: 2614: 2612: 2609:"A Review of 2604: 2601: 2598: 2593: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2578:(2): 77–101. 2577: 2573: 2566: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2536: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2494:Campbell 1996 2490: 2488: 2484: 2473: 2472: 2467: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2446: 2443: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2411: 2407: 2401: 2398: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2376: 2373: 2362: 2361: 2356: 2349: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2334: 2323: 2319: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2254: 2251: 2245: 2242: 2236: 2233: 2227: 2224: 2218: 2215: 2210: 2204: 2200: 2199: 2191: 2188: 2183: 2177: 2172: 2171: 2165: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2114: 2111: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2057: 2054: 2041: 2038:. Vox Media. 2037: 2033: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2010: 2003: 2000: 1994: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1983: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1958: 1953: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1828: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1794:Melvin Konner 1791: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1778:Psychologist 1776: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1750: 1748: 1741: 1739: 1738:Thomas Sowell 1734: 1729: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1678: 1670: 1667: 1662: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1627:public policy 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1585: 1580: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1564: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1519: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1503: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1451: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1439: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1425:accounts for 1424: 1420: 1419:James Heckman 1416: 1408: 1406: 1404: 1403: 1398: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1366: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1352: 1349: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1337: 1332: 1328: 1327:Ulric Neisser 1324: 1320: 1309: 1306: 1298: 1295:December 2019 1287: 1284: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1270: 1266: 1263: 1259: 1256: – 1255: 1251: 1250:Find sources: 1244: 1238: 1237: 1233: 1228:This section 1226: 1222: 1217: 1216: 1212: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1161: 1156: 1155: 1150: 1146: 1140: 1132: 1130: 1128: 1127:galley proofs 1124: 1120: 1112: 1110: 1108: 1107: 1101: 1099: 1098: 1094:, writing in 1093: 1088: 1085: 1080: 1079:Jim Naureckas 1076: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1044: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1016: 1014: 1009:This section 1007: 998: 997: 991: 989: 986: 984: 972: 969: 961: 958:December 2019 950: 947: 943: 940: 936: 933: 929: 926: 922: 919: – 918: 914: 913:Find sources: 907: 901: 900: 896: 891:This section 889: 885: 880: 879: 873: 871: 867: 865: 861: 856: 853: 847: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 824: 822: 818: 813: 808: 801: 790: 787: 784: 781: 778: 775: 772: 771: 766: 763: 759: 751: 748: 745: 742: 739: 736: 735: 731: 728: 725: 722: 719: 716: 715: 711: 708: 705: 702: 699: 696: 695: 691: 688: 685: 682: 679: 676: 672: 671: 667: 664: 661: 658: 655: 652: 651: 647: 644: 641: 638: 635: 632: 628: 627: 623: 620: 617: 614: 611: 608: 607: 603: 600: 597: 594: 591: 588: 587: 583: 580: 577: 574: 571: 568: 567: 563: 560: 557: 554: 551: 548: 547: 543: 540: 537: 534: 531: 528: 527: 523: 520: 517: 514: 511: 508: 507: 503: 500: 497: 494: 491: 488: 487: 481: 479: 474: 470: 465: 461: 459: 455: 451: 447: 442: 435: 433: 429: 426: 422: 418: 409: 407: 404: 396: 392: 389: 386: 383: 380: 377: 376: 375: 372: 369: 365: 357: 355: 353: 349: 345: 335: 332:December 2019 324: 321: 317: 314: 310: 307: 303: 300: 296: 293: – 292: 288: 287:Find sources: 281: 277: 273: 267: 266: 265:single source 261:This section 259: 255: 250: 249: 243: 241: 239: 238: 231: 229: 226:organization 225: 221: 217: 213: 208: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 185: 175: 173: 171:LC Class 167: 163: 160: 159:Dewey Decimal 155: 152: 149: 147: 141: 138: 137:0-02-914673-9 135: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 95: 92: 89: 85: 82: 78: 75: 71: 68: 64: 61: 57: 50: 45: 37: 33: 19: 4357: 4344: 4333: 4317:. Retrieved 4313: 4287: 4275: 4246:the original 4241: 4234:Miele, Frank 4217: 4209: 4200: 4184: 4158: 4154: 4127: 4100: 4045: 3999: 3995: 3948: 3944: 3900: 3882: 3878: 3848:Random House 3841: 3807: 3803: 3779: 3773: 3749: 3734: 3719: 3715: 3694: 3678: 3672: 3649:. Retrieved 3643: 3636:Herbert, Bob 3630: 3619: 3606: 3594:. Retrieved 3590: 3580: 3555: 3547: 3538: 3516:(1): 44–61. 3513: 3509: 3499: 3487:. Retrieved 3483: 3473: 3461:. Retrieved 3448: 3436:. Retrieved 3432: 3422: 3410:. Retrieved 3401: 3391: 3363: 3356: 3336: 3329: 3320: 3314: 3289: 3281: 3270:. Retrieved 3258: 3248: 3223: 3219: 3206: 3197: 3191: 3182: 3176: 3164:. Retrieved 3160: 3150: 3117: 3113: 3107: 3088: 3082: 3065: 3061: 3055: 3046: 3040: 3030: 3022: 3010: 3003: 2993: 2989: 2981: 2976: 2945: 2935: 2910: 2906: 2900: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2876: 2872:Cracked Bell 2870: 2866: 2857: 2852: 2840: 2830: 2826: 2793: 2789: 2779: 2768: 2741: 2734: 2728: 2724: 2714: 2709: 2683: 2677: 2658:November 26, 2656:. Retrieved 2652:the original 2645: 2638:Miele, Frank 2632: 2621:. Retrieved 2619:. 1998-03-23 2616: 2610: 2603: 2592: 2575: 2571: 2557: 2546: 2535: 2523: 2512: 2500: 2475:. Retrieved 2469: 2445: 2420: 2417:Intelligence 2416: 2400: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2364:. Retrieved 2358: 2348: 2336: 2325:. Retrieved 2321: 2297:. Retrieved 2285: 2257:pp. 548–549. 2253: 2248:p. 526. 2244: 2239:p. 518. 2235: 2226: 2217: 2197: 2190: 2169: 2113: 2070: 2066: 2056: 2044:. Retrieved 2035: 2025: 2016: 2012: 2002: 1985: 1967: 1961: 1957:brinkmanship 1951: 1949: 1923: 1917: 1911:and today's 1897:Pioneer Fund 1892: 1888: 1886: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1863: 1858: 1852: 1849:Charles Lane 1847: 1842: 1832: 1826: 1824: 1819: 1813: 1798:anthropology 1792: 1787: 1777: 1764: 1758: 1752: 1746: 1743: 1735: 1731: 1712:Noam Chomsky 1709: 1703: 1696: 1682: 1676: 1674: 1664: 1659:Janet Currie 1657: 1652: 1647: 1638: 1636: 1606: 1605:In the book 1604: 1593:sociologist 1581: 1567: 1561: 1554:Michael Hout 1548: 1536: 1532:heritability 1527: 1526:argues that 1522:Philosopher 1521: 1507: 1499: 1490:heritability 1482:Noam Chomsky 1479: 1468: 1466: 1461: 1455: 1449: 1442: 1434: 1430: 1422: 1412: 1400: 1394: 1375: 1370: 1355: 1354: 1348:Flynn effect 1345: 1341: 1334: 1318: 1316: 1301: 1292: 1282: 1275: 1268: 1261: 1249: 1229: 1200: 1196:Pioneer Fund 1177: 1160:Intelligence 1158: 1152: 1144: 1142: 1116: 1104: 1102: 1096: 1089: 1072: 1061: 1052: 1051: 1038: 1010: 987: 979: 964: 955: 945: 938: 931: 924: 912: 892: 868: 857: 854: 851: 842: 838: 834: 831: 826: 821:Flynn effect 809: 805: 788: 782: 765: 757: 675:incarcerated 631:illegitimate 478:social class 466: 462: 443: 439: 430: 413: 400: 373: 361: 358:Introduction 343: 342: 329: 319: 312: 305: 298: 286: 262: 235: 232: 228:Pioneer Fund 209: 183: 182: 181: 164:305.9/082 20 81:Social class 77:Intelligence 4263:Harris, Sam 4106:Basic Books 3996:Psychol Rev 3909:. pp. 3901:Race and IQ 3854:. pp. 3852:Times Books 2735:The Region. 2318:"Curveball" 1964:Bob Herbert 1877:eugenicists 1780:David Marks 1716:meritocracy 1687: [ 1619:meritocracy 1558:Ann Swidler 1427:correlation 1397:Frank Miele 1119:peer review 1029:subheadings 789:Women only: 4374:Categories 4346:Psycoloquy 4314:Reason.com 4080:2008009151 3651:2007-01-09 3402:TalkReason 3272:2016-09-10 2716:Commentary 2623:2016-09-10 2517:Laosa 1996 2477:2018-02-11 2366:2022-09-25 2327:2016-09-10 2299:2016-09-10 1995:References 1962:Columnist 1922:described 1909:Henry Ford 1835:soundbites 1814:Bell Curve 1802:psychiatry 1726:See also: 1516:See also: 1265:newspapers 1232:references 1182:president 1025:condensing 928:newspapers 895:references 302:newspapers 91:Free Press 4211:Booknotes 4126:(2007) . 4088:750831024 4004:CiteSeerX 3530:0002-7642 3383:782205959 3267:0028-7504 2818:143865688 2810:0140-525X 2700:153463195 2437:0160-2896 2423:: 13–23. 2294:1091-2339 2105:222163480 1812:, called 1806:neurology 1753:In 1996, 1710:In 1972, 1587:economist 1572:education 1524:Ned Block 1502:Ned Block 1480:In 1995, 1458:straw man 1339:in 1996. 1033:talk page 1021:splitting 1019:Consider 992:Reception 783:Men only: 395:heritable 272:talk page 116:paperback 112:hardcover 87:Publisher 4236:(1995). 4098:(2004). 4036:(2008). 4026:11381833 3937:Roeder K 3804:Genetica 3406:Archived 3142:12179547 3134:20712152 3015:Archived 2719:magazine 2640:(1995). 2408:(1997). 2166:(1997). 2097:32986847 2046:29 April 2040:Archived 1980:See also 1666:fragile. 1494:earrings 1147:called " 1013:too long 504:>125 244:Synopsis 151:30913157 4349:11, #99 4204:, from 4044:(ed.). 3983:4313884 3975:9242404 3953:Bibcode 3832:9866526 3824:9463067 3796:2967209 3662:Sources 3240:2967206 3023:Rampart 2950:315–325 2927:2967207 2088:9909835 1576:poverty 1402:Skeptic 1279:scholar 1171:at the 1077:writer 1011:may be 942:scholar 629:Had an 501:110–125 316:scholar 201:wedlock 110:Print ( 73:Subject 59:Authors 4290:: 1–9. 4228:Part 2 4224:Part 1 4206:C-SPAN 4138: 4112: 4086: 4078: 4068: 4024: 4006: 3981: 3973: 3945:Nature 3917: 3862: 3830: 3822: 3794: 3761: 3741: 3701: 3596:May 4, 3568: 3528: 3489:May 4, 3463:May 4, 3438:May 4, 3412:May 4, 3381: 3371: 3344: 3302: 3265: 3238: 3166:May 4, 3140: 3132: 3095: 2964: 2925: 2877:Reason 2816: 2808: 2698: 2435: 2393: 2292: 2205: 2178: 2103: 2095: 2085: 1974:nigger 1839:Jensen 1599: 1321:, the 1281: 1274: 1267: 1260: 1252: 944: 937: 930: 923: 915: 498:90–110 492:<75 421:gender 318: 311: 304: 297: 289: 4040:. In 3979:S2CID 3828:S2CID 3792:JSTOR 3484:Slate 3236:JSTOR 3216:(PDF) 3138:S2CID 2923:JSTOR 2814:S2CID 2696:S2CID 2568:(PDF) 2413:(PDF) 2286:Slate 2101:S2CID 1784:ASVAB 1691:] 1615:wages 1286:JSTOR 1272:books 1097:Slate 949:JSTOR 935:books 677:(men) 673:Ever 495:75–90 425:class 323:JSTOR 309:books 123:Pages 4321:2021 4136:ISBN 4110:ISBN 4084:OCLC 4076:LCCN 4066:ISBN 4050:SAGE 4022:PMID 3971:PMID 3915:ISBN 3860:ISBN 3820:PMID 3759:ISBN 3739:ISBN 3699:ISBN 3598:2020 3566:ISBN 3526:ISSN 3491:2020 3465:2020 3440:2020 3433:FAIR 3414:2020 3379:OCLC 3369:ISBN 3342:ISBN 3300:ISBN 3263:ISSN 3168:2020 3130:PMID 3093:ISBN 3049:(2). 2962:ISBN 2806:ISSN 2660:2019 2433:ISSN 2395:..." 2290:ISSN 2203:ISBN 2176:ISBN 2093:PMID 2048:2021 1804:and 1617:and 1413:The 1258:news 921:news 417:race 295:news 145:OCLC 132:ISBN 114:and 102:1994 4332:", 4208:'s 4163:doi 4058:doi 4014:doi 4000:108 3961:doi 3949:388 3911:496 3887:doi 3856:720 3812:doi 3784:doi 3724:doi 3683:doi 3518:doi 3228:doi 3122:doi 3118:106 3070:doi 3021:." 2954:doi 2915:doi 2891:". 2798:doi 2770:NYU 2688:doi 2684:103 2580:doi 2425:doi 2383:", 2083:PMC 2075:doi 2071:175 2036:Vox 1976:." 1915:". 1879:". 1808:at 1399:of 1234:to 897:to 752:74 729:0.4 564:10 544:67 452:'s 423:or 350:of 278:by 126:845 4376:: 4356:, 4343:, 4312:. 4297:, 4255:, 4240:. 4226:, 4159:58 4157:. 4153:. 4134:. 4130:. 4108:. 4104:. 4082:. 4074:. 4064:. 4052:; 4020:. 4012:. 3998:. 3994:. 3977:. 3969:. 3959:. 3947:. 3943:. 3913:. 3905:. 3883:17 3881:, 3877:, 3858:. 3846:. 3826:, 3818:, 3808:99 3806:, 3790:, 3780:64 3778:, 3757:, 3718:, 3679:34 3677:, 3642:. 3618:. 3589:. 3564:. 3524:. 3514:39 3512:. 3508:. 3482:. 3431:. 3404:. 3400:. 3377:. 3298:. 3296:10 3261:. 3257:. 3234:. 3224:64 3222:. 3218:. 3159:. 3136:. 3128:. 3116:. 3066:26 3064:. 3047:28 3045:. 3039:. 2960:. 2952:. 2944:. 2921:. 2911:64 2909:. 2812:. 2804:. 2794:22 2792:. 2788:. 2767:. 2753:^ 2694:. 2682:. 2668:^ 2644:. 2615:. 2576:51 2574:. 2570:. 2486:^ 2468:. 2457:^ 2431:. 2421:24 2419:. 2415:. 2357:. 2320:. 2308:^ 2288:. 2284:. 2262:^ 2122:^ 2099:. 2091:. 2081:. 2069:. 2065:. 2034:. 2015:. 2011:. 1930:: 1689:de 1613:, 1552:, 1496:: 1245:. 1109:. 908:. 749:67 746:50 743:30 740:16 732:0 723:35 720:55 712:0 703:17 700:31 692:0 668:2 659:16 656:30 648:2 639:17 636:32 624:– 615:17 612:39 604:9 601:15 598:23 595:22 592:21 584:2 575:10 572:12 561:14 558:15 555:19 552:22 541:72 538:81 535:81 532:72 524:5 521:20 518:50 515:20 489:IQ 419:, 240:. 230:. 4323:. 4169:. 4165:: 4144:. 4118:. 4090:. 4060:: 4028:. 4016:: 3985:. 3963:: 3955:: 3923:. 3889:: 3868:. 3850:/ 3814:: 3786:: 3765:. 3745:. 3726:: 3720:8 3685:: 3654:. 3624:. 3600:. 3574:. 3562:8 3532:. 3520:: 3493:. 3442:. 3416:. 3385:. 3350:. 3308:. 3275:. 3242:. 3230:: 3170:. 3144:. 3124:: 3101:. 3076:. 3072:: 2970:. 2956:: 2929:. 2917:: 2820:. 2800:: 2773:. 2704:. 2702:. 2690:: 2662:. 2626:. 2586:. 2582:: 2480:. 2439:. 2427:: 2369:. 2330:. 2302:. 2211:. 2184:. 2107:. 2077:: 2050:. 1462:g 1450:g 1443:g 1431:g 1423:g 1308:) 1302:( 1297:) 1293:( 1283:· 1276:· 1269:· 1262:· 1239:. 1043:) 1039:( 1035:. 1017:. 971:) 965:( 960:) 956:( 946:· 939:· 932:· 925:· 902:. 726:6 709:2 706:8 689:1 686:3 683:7 680:7 665:3 662:6 645:4 642:8 621:7 618:6 581:7 578:7 512:5 334:) 330:( 320:· 313:· 306:· 299:· 282:. 268:. 118:) 38:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.