1895:(2024) analysing the relationships of therocephalians and early cynodonts. Their analysis focused on including endocranial characteristics to help resolve the relations of therocephalians and cynodonts to supplement previous analyses that relied almost entirely on superficial cranial and dental characteristics that are subject to convergent evolution, and as such only includes taxa with available applicable data. Of these, only four therocephalians could be included. However, they each represent four major groups within therocephalian phylogeny: the two 'basal therocephalians'
783:
Similarly, various names have been used for therocephalians corresponding to the family
Adkidnognathidae in 20th century literature, including Annatherapsididae, Euchambersiidae (the oldest available name) and Moschorhinidae, and members have often had a confused relationship to whaitsiids. Consensus on the name and contents of Akidnognathidae was only achieved in the 21st century, asserting that a family-level group is established on the oldest referable genus and thus Akidnognathidae takes precedent for this group of non-whaitsioid eutherocephalians.
5270:
3680:
130:
4968:
153:
6489:
518:
4980:
6030:
743:. However, by 1908 he considered its and some other non-therocephalian's inclusions to the group to be doubtful. In 1913, Broom reinstated Gorgonopsia as distinct from Therocephalia, but for many decades after there was still confusion from him and other researchers over which genera belonged to which group. The group's rank also varied from order, suborder and infraorder depending on authors' preferred therapsid systematics.
607:
6618:
5303:
4974:
6023:
4447:
3658:
6017:
6483:
4452:
754:
688:
811:
750:. Bauriamorphs were classified separately from therocephalians for many decades, though were often inferred to have evolved from therocephalians in parallel with cynodonts, each typically from different therocephalian stock. The inclusion of baurioids under Therocephalia was only firmly established in the 1980s, namely by Kemp (1982) and Hopson and Barghusen (1986).
3646:
459:
480:. The earlier therocephalians were, in many respects, as primitive as the gorgonopsians, but they did show certain advanced features. There is an enlargement of the temporal opening for broader jaw adductor muscle attachment and a reduction of the phalanges (finger and toe bones) to the mammalian phalangeal formula. The presence of an incipient
857:
Early phylogenetic analyses of therocephalians, such as that of Hopson and
Barghusen (1986) and van den Heever (1994), recovered and validated many of the therocephalian subtaxa mentioned above in a phylogenetic context. However, the higher-level relationships were difficult to resolve, particularly
848:
are recognised, along with various subclades grouped under
Baurioidea. However, while individual groups of therocephalians are broadly recognised as valid, the interrelationships between them are often poorly supported. As such, there are few higher-level named clades uniting the multiple subclades,
827:
of therocephalian species, which consistently recognises two groups of early therocephalians (the
Lycosuchidae and Scylacosauridae) while more derived therocephalians form the clade Eutherocephalia. Some analyses have found scylacosaurids to be closer to eutherocephalians than to lycosuchids, and so
782:
holds precedent for this group. Furthermore, the scope of 'Pristerognathidae' was unstable and variably was limited to an individual subgroup of early therocephalians (alongside others such as
Lycosuchidae, Alopecodontidae, and Ictidosauridae) to encompassing the entirety of early therocephalians.
1918:
and scylacosaurids in a more basal position, rendering therocephalians as they are traditionally conceived paraphyletic. This differs from previous proposals of a paraphyletic
Therocephalia which typically regarded cynodonts as being closest to derived whaitsiid therocephalians.
766:
Various therocephalian subgroups and clades have been proposed since the group was named, although their contents and nomenclature have often been highly unstable and some previously recognized therocephalian clades have turned out to be artificial or based upon
885:
modified from an analysis published by
Christian A. Sidor, Zoe. T Kulik and Adam K. Huttenlocker in 2022, simplified to illustrate the relationships of the major recognised therocephalian subclades. It is based on the data matrix first published by Huttenlocker
643:
under this hypothesis, however a 2024 study instead found support for a sister relationship between cynodonts and
Eutherocephalia. The oldest known therocephalians first appear in the fossil record at the same time as other major therapsid groups, including the
798:
of this group (including delayed caniniform replacement), and
Lycosuchidae is currently considered a valid basal clade within Therocephalia. However, most genera included in the group have since been declared dubious, and it now only includes
648:, which they resemble in many primitive features. For example, many early therocephalians possess long canine teeth similar to those of gorgonopsians. The therocephalians, however, outlasted the gorgonopsians, persisting into the early-Middle
873:
Later phylogenetic analyses of therocephalians, initiated by
Huttenlocker (2009), emphasise using a broader selection of therocephalian taxa and characters. Such analyses have reinforced Therocephalia as a sister clade to cynodonts, and the
862:. Despite these shortcomings, subsequent discussions of therocephalian relationships relied almost exclusively on these analyses. Later analyses focused on the relationships of early cynodonts, namely Abdala (2007) and Botha
898:(2014), and Liu and Abdala (2022). An example of the lability of these relationships is demonstrated by Liu and Abdala (2023), who recovered an alternative topology with Chthonosauridae nested deeply within Akidnognathidae.
675:, meaning that few new groups appeared after the extinction. Most Triassic therocephalian lineages originated in the Late Permian, and lasted for only a short period of time in the Triassic, going extinct during the late
3478:
Sidor, C. A.; Kulik, Z. T.; Huttenlocker, A. K. (2022). "A new bauriamorph therocephalian adds a novel component to the Lower Triassic tetrapod assemblage of the Fremouw Formation (Transantarctic Basin) of Antarctica".
513:
and even some early mammals arose from a baurioid therocephalian stem. Mammalian characteristics such as this seem to have evolved in parallel among a number of different therapsid groups, even within Therocephalia.
2740:
Tatarinov, L.P. (1994). "On the preservation of rudimentary rostral tubular complex of crossopterygians in theriodonts and on possible development of the electroreceptor systems in some members of this group".
541:
that may have stabilized the eye under the pressure of water and strongly developed cranial joints, which may have supported the skull when consuming large fish and aquatic invertebrates. One therocephalian,
536:
Several more specialized lifestyles have been suggested for some therocephalians. Many small forms, like ictidosuchids, have been interpreted as aquatic animals. Evidence for aquatic lifestyles includes
363:, and this relationship takes evidence in a variety of skeletal features. Indeed, it had been proposed that cynodonts may have evolved from therocephalians and so that therocephalians as recognised are
858:
between the subclades of Eutherocephalia (i.e. Hofmeyriidae, Akidnognathidae, Whaitsiidae and Baurioidea). For example, Hopson and Barghusen (1986) could only recover Eutherocephalia as an unresolved
786:
On the other hand, some groups previously thought to be artificial have turned out to be valid. The aberrant therocephalian family Lycosuchidae, once identified by the presence of multiple functional
739:. The latter's inclusion highlighted Broom's view of therocephalians as 'primitive' and ancestral to other therapsids, believing anomodonts to be descended from a therocephalian-like ancestor such as
746:
At the same time, the small 'advanced' therocephalians now classified under Baurioidea were often regarded as belonging to their own subgroup of therapsids distinct from therocephalians, the
790:, was proposed to represent an unnatural group based on a study of canine replacement in early therocephalians by van den Heever in 1980. However, subsequent analysis has exposed additional
575:
system in aquatic therocephalians. However, it is more likely that these pits are enlarged versions of the ones thought to support whiskers, or holes for blood vessels in a fleshy lip. The
655:
While common ancestry with cynodonts (and, thus, mammals) accounts for many similarities between these groups, some scientists believe that other similarities may be better attributed to
778:
In another example, the name 'Pristerognathidae' was extensively used for a group of basal therocephalians for much of the 20th century, but it has since been recognised that the name
2852:"The origin and evolution of Cynodontia (Synapsida, Therapsida): Reassessment of the phylogeny and systematics of the earliest members of this clade using 3D-imaging technologies"
771:
taxa. This has led to some prevalent names in therocephalian literature, sometimes in use for decades, being replaced by lesser-known names that hold priority. For example, the
2662:
2890:
Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Kammerer, Christian F. (2018). "Non-Mammalian synapsids: the deep roots of the mammalian family tree". In Zachos, Frank E.; Asher, Robert J. (eds.).
2922:(Therapsida: Therocephalia: Akidnognathidae) from the Lower Triassic of South Africa and its implications for theriodont survivorship across the Permo-Triassic boundary".
866:(2007), included some therocephalian taxa and supported the existence of Eutherocephalia, but also found cynodonts to be the sister taxon to the whaitsiid therocephalian
526:
720:. However, his original concept of Therocephalia differed strongly from the modern classification by also including various genera of gorgonopsians (including
3514:
Sigurdsen, T.; Huttenlocker, A. K.; Modesto, S. P.; Rowe, T. B.; Damiani, R. (2012). "Reassessment of the morphology and paleobiology of the therocephalian
509:
from the temporal opening—a condition typical of primitive mammals. These and other advanced features led to the long-held opinion, now rejected, that the
484:
in advanced therocephalians is another feature shared with mammals. The discovery of maxilloturbinal ridges in forms such as the primitive therocephalian
775:
was based on fossils with mostly juvenile characteristics and is likely represented by immature specimens from other disparate therocephalian families.
343:
periods. The therocephalians ("beast-heads") are named after their large skulls, which, along with the structure of their teeth, suggest that they were
5339:
6759:
6754:
426:, which would make them the oldest tetrapods known to have such characteristics. However, the last therocephalians became extinct by the early
3104:
Hopson, J. A.; Barghusen, H (1986). "An analysis of therapsid relationships". In Hotton, N.; MacLean, P. D.; Roth, J. J.; Roth, E. C. (eds.).
668:
407:
3155:
671:; but, while therocephalians soon became extinct, cynodonts underwent rapid diversification. Therocephalians experienced a decreased rate of
6764:
406:
origin for the group, which seems to have spread quickly across Earth. Although almost every therocephalian lineage ended during the great
632:. However, some researchers have proposed that therocephalians are themselves ancestral to cynodonts, which would render therocephalians
3712:
3612:
Liu, J.; Abdala, F. (2023). "Late Permian terrestrial faunal connections invigorated: the first whaitsioid therocephalian from China".
3085:
2899:
832:, while others have suggested they are each other's sister taxa. Within Eutherocephalia, major clades corresponding to the families
2685:
431:
5269:
639:
relative to cynodonts. Historically, cynodonts are often proposed to descend from (or are closest to) the therocephalian family
624:, and have a close relationship to the cynodonts, which includes mammals and their ancestors. They are broadly regarded as the
730:. From 1903 to 1907 Broom added more therocephalian genera, as well as some non-therocephalians, to this group, including the
3175:
from the middle Permian of South Africa and the taxonomy, paleobiogeography, and temporal distribution of the Lycosuchidae".
1914:
Notably, their analyses consistently found cynodonts and eutherocephalians to be sister taxa, with the basal therocephalians
6488:
152:
5332:
4979:
4967:
3670:
3398:(Therapsida, Cynodontia) from the Lower Triassic of South Africa, and the Cladistic Relationships of Eutheriodonts"
3171:
Abdala, F.; Kammerer, C. F.; Day, M. O.; Jirah, S.; Rubidge, B. S. (2014). "Adult morphology of the therocephalian
3045:"An investigation into the cladistic relationships and monophyly of therocephalian therapsids (Amniota: Synapsida)"
3555:"Body Size Reductions in Nonmammalian Eutheriodont Therapsids (Synapsida) during the End-Permian Mass Extinction"
598:
attributed to them have some structures which suggests that these two animals had organs for distributing venom.
6721:
6029:
3791:
3650:
6022:
3818:
3705:
1647:
6749:
6638:
6621:
6016:
5325:
5171:
4973:
4446:
571:(whiskers). In 1994, the Russian paleontologist Leonid Tatarinov proposed that these pits were part of an
890:(2011), and represents the broad topologies found by other iterations of this dataset, such as Sigurdsen
6708:
5078:
5052:
824:
6131:
3142:
van den Heever, J. A. (1994). "The Cranial Anatomy of the Early Therocephalia (Amniota: Therapsida)".
501:
characteristics to a high degree of specialization. For instance, small baurioids and the herbivorous
6695:
6482:
6159:
5136:
5104:
3566:
3409:
2970:
2777:
2633:
944:
656:
530:
352:
248:
5786:
4451:
667:, and some form of a secondary palate in most taxa. Therocephalians and cynodonts both survived the
6215:
5948:
5687:
5194:
3684:
2959:"Diversity and Disparity of Therocephalia: Macroevolutionary Patterns through Two Mass Extinctions"
2343:
6584:
6549:
5853:
5814:
3023:
The comparative and functional cranial morphology of the early Therocephalia (Amniota: Therapsida)
1280:
552:
and may have fed on large animals, including other therocephalians. Other therocephalians such as
6676:
6556:
6362:
5866:
5629:
5622:
5608:
5594:
5430:
5306:
4853:
4712:
4665:
3698:
3662:
3535:
3496:
3427:
3200:
2939:
2827:
2722:
1623:
1295:
920:
664:
147:
5572:
129:
6713:
2705:
Ivakhnenko, M.F. (2011). "Permian and Triassic therocephals (Eutherapsida) of Eastern Europe".
6459:
5828:
4793:
4766:
3594:
3374:
3356:
3311:
3256:
3192:
3151:
3081:
2998:
2895:
2869:
2805:
2638:
2099:
2681:
6535:
6387:
6138:
4823:
4562:
4422:
4065:
3621:
3584:
3574:
3527:
3488:
3458:
3417:
3364:
3346:
3301:
3291:
3246:
3238:
3184:
3056:
2988:
2978:
2931:
2859:
2795:
2785:
2714:
2677:
1600:
849:
with the exceptions of Whaitsiioidea (uniting Hofmeyriidae and Whaitsiidae) and Baurioidea.
572:
517:
481:
447:
443:
6222:
6180:
6110:
6075:
5779:
5763:
5736:
5666:
5643:
5586:
5563:
5517:
4889:
4732:
4672:
4532:
4488:
3776:
2435:
2374:
2114:
2032:
1396:
1251:
1227:
1158:
1145:
1029:
837:
833:
779:
772:
705:
660:
427:
411:
302:
294:
277:
43:
3570:
3413:
2974:
2781:
6452:
6445:
6411:
6355:
6201:
5955:
5842:
5835:
5821:
5702:
5579:
5399:
5217:
5148:
4846:
4775:
4695:
4658:
4616:
4607:
4359:
4263:
4208:
4197:
4154:
4120:
4030:
3905:
3803:
3589:
3554:
3369:
3330:
3306:
3275:
3251:
3222:
2993:
2958:
2800:
2761:
2485:
2047:
2002:
1962:
1211:
1002:
787:
727:
629:
544:
538:
415:
399:
223:
139:
39:
606:
6743:
6521:
6396:
6376:
6208:
6194:
6117:
6103:
5962:
5934:
5886:
5772:
5745:
5716:
5650:
5291:
4919:
4911:
4832:
4782:
4752:
4742:
4679:
4539:
4497:
4294:
4279:
4252:
4231:
4093:
4086:
4002:
3500:
3463:
3446:
3422:
3393:
3204:
3061:
3044:
2943:
2831:
2726:
2251:
2201:
2188:
2065:
1572:
1413:
1173:
1131:
1070:
829:
710:
80:
3539:
3447:"The oldest cynodont: new clues on the origin and diversification of the Cynodontia"
3431:
3120:
6598:
6591:
6570:
6563:
6508:
6431:
6403:
6335:
6308:
6297:
6283:
6274:
6229:
6124:
6082:
5969:
5941:
5877:
5807:
5793:
5552:
5536:
5296:
5286:
5250:
5110:
5067:
5041:
4903:
4839:
4644:
4630:
4623:
4546:
4518:
4245:
4161:
4100:
4044:
4037:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3930:
2823:
2413:
2212:
1930:
1586:
1548:
1524:
1379:
1318:
841:
791:
768:
758:
747:
716:
701:
692:
672:
636:
625:
580:
567:
Many small therocephalians have small pits on their snouts that probably supported
557:
549:
375:
364:
329:
286:
244:
3492:
3121:"On the validity of the therocephalian family Lycosuchidae (Reptilia, Therapsida)"
3579:
3531:
2935:
2790:
6670:
6542:
6528:
6247:
6236:
6173:
6166:
6096:
5918:
5907:
5900:
5752:
5695:
5636:
5615:
5601:
5125:
5093:
4896:
4875:
4651:
4511:
4504:
4469:
4412:
4402:
4330:
4238:
4133:
3961:
3939:
3920:
3227:
in China: a new link in the dispersal of late Permian vertebrates across Pangea"
2502:
2391:
1477:
1333:
989:
967:
845:
645:
640:
586:
560:
have wide teeth with many ridges similar to those of mammals, and may have been
510:
486:
473:
55:
3657:
2983:
6369:
6317:
6187:
6145:
6061:
6048:
5984:
5927:
5724:
5545:
5524:
5510:
5390:
5240:
5230:
5183:
5010:
4997:
4931:
4861:
4809:
4593:
4525:
4372:
4287:
4272:
4182:
4175:
4147:
4072:
4058:
2718:
2301:
2234:
2088:
1984:
1664:
1437:
1364:
1117:
1014:
905:
815:
753:
735:
687:
633:
621:
612:
561:
522:
498:
494:
477:
464:
395:
344:
332:
307:
267:
210:
118:
100:
65:
17:
6661:
3360:
3196:
2957:
Grunert, Henrik Richard; Brocklehurst, Neil; Fröbisch, Jörg (25 March 2019).
6577:
6422:
6290:
6256:
6089:
5893:
5800:
5415:
5381:
5027:
4882:
4583:
4308:
4168:
4079:
4023:
4016:
3954:
3884:
3871:
3830:
3721:
3280:
gen. et sp. nov.) from the Permian Kotelnich locality, Kirov Region, Russia"
2284:
2131:
1945:
1697:
1500:
882:
875:
795:
731:
722:
594:, particularly attract the attention of paleontologists, because the fossil
591:
568:
439:
348:
197:
164:
105:
49:
3598:
3378:
3315:
3260:
3242:
3002:
2873:
2809:
810:
3645:
3331:"The tetrapod fauna of the upper Permian Naobaogou Formation of China: 3.
2918:
Huttenlocker, A.K.; Sidor, C.A.; Smith, R.M.H. (2011). "A new specimen of
490:, suggests that at least some therocephalians may have been warm-blooded.
137:
Life restoration of two representatives of the early therocephalian genus
6687:
6655:
6348:
6324:
5709:
5680:
5372:
4868:
4722:
4637:
4392:
4382:
4315:
4301:
4224:
4217:
3972:
3947:
3751:
3745:
1681:
1454:
859:
708:
to include what he regarded as primitive theriodonts, based primarily on
649:
435:
403:
387:
356:
340:
184:
95:
90:
75:
70:
60:
458:
6263:
4051:
3760:
3626:
3351:
3296:
2452:
676:
553:
360:
336:
322:
110:
85:
628:
to cynodonts by most modern researchers, united together as the clade
6438:
6152:
5366:
5200:
4190:
3739:
2864:
2851:
2164:
1053:
652:
period as small weasel-like carnivores and cynodont-like herbivores.
620:
The therocephalians evolved as one of several lines of non-mammalian
576:
419:
391:
379:
174:
6632:
3188:
6726:
4009:
809:
752:
686:
605:
595:
516:
506:
457:
423:
383:
371:
325:
6700:
3518:(Therapsida), and the phylogenetic relationships of Baurioidea".
5317:
6636:
6505:
6046:
5477:
5359:
5321:
4995:
4467:
3869:
3732:
3694:
878:
of Therocephalia has been supported by subsequent researchers.
2828:"Prehistoric carnivore dubbed 'scarface' discovered in Zambia"
2760:
Benoit, J.; Norton, L.A.; Manger, P.R.; Rubidge, B.S. (2017).
1903:(Scylacosauridae) and two derived members of Eutherocephalia,
434:, along with competition with cynodonts and various groups of
3108:. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 83–106.
3690:
2766:(Therapsida, Therocephalia) using μCT-scanning techniques"
616:, one of the most basal therocephalians identified to date
355:". Therocephalia is the group most closely related to the
476:
and many cynodonts, most therocephalians were presumably
505:
did not have an ossified postorbital bar separating the
3335:
gen. et sp. nov., a large akidnognathid therocephalian"
2663:"Evolutionary patterns among Permo-Triassic therapsids"
422:
belonging to this group are believed to have possessed
3668:
823:
Modern therocephalian taxonomy is instead based upon
5246:
5236:
5226:
5157:
5122:
5090:
5064:
5038:
5023:
4820:
4805:
4763:
4748:
4738:
4728:
4718:
4708:
4604:
4589:
4579:
4485:
4418:
4408:
4398:
4388:
4378:
4368:
4130:
3917:
3901:
2850:
Pusch, L. C.; Kammerer, C. F.; Fröbisch, J. (2024).
2670:
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
299:
291:
283:
273:
263:
6645:
6421:
6386:
6334:
6307:
6273:
6246:
6059:
5983:
5917:
5876:
5852:
5762:
5735:
5664:
5562:
5535:
5490:
5441:
5414:
5215:
5182:
5156:
5147:
5121:
5089:
5063:
5037:
5008:
4930:
4819:
4792:
4762:
4693:
4603:
4560:
4484:
4357:
4329:
4262:
4207:
4129:
4118:
3971:
3929:
3916:
3882:
3829:
3802:
3775:
370:The fossils of therocephalians are numerous in the
700:Therocephalia was first named and conceived of by
493:The later therocephalians included the advanced
3445:Botha, J.; Abdala, F.; Smith, R. M. H. (2007).
3106:The ecology and biology of mammal-like reptiles
870:and thus rendering Therocephalia paraphyletic.
527:University of California Museum of Paleontology
410:, a few representatives of the subgroup called
3078:Mammal-like reptiles and the origin of mammals
2892:Mammalian Evolution, Diversity and Systematics
5333:
3706:
3223:"The emblematic South African therocephalian
398:. Early therocephalian fossils discovered in
335:(mammals and their close relatives) from the
8:
3025:(Ph.D. thesis). University of Stellenbosch.
2762:"Reappraisal of the envenoming capacity of
6633:
6502:
6340:
6067:
6056:
6043:
5858:
5672:
5502:
5498:
5487:
5474:
5420:
5411:
5356:
5340:
5326:
5318:
5153:
5016:
5005:
4992:
4798:
4701:
4572:
4568:
4481:
4477:
4464:
4354:
4139:
4126:
3926:
3894:
3890:
3879:
3866:
3808:
3781:
3772:
3729:
3713:
3699:
3691:
3216:
3214:
351:, therocephalians were once described as "
128:
31:
3625:
3588:
3578:
3462:
3451:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
3421:
3368:
3350:
3305:
3295:
3250:
3060:
3049:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2992:
2982:
2863:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2799:
2789:
1891:Below is a cladogram modified from Pusch
3144:Annals of the University of Stellenbosch
3016:
3014:
3012:
2894:. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 160–162.
2682:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114113
3675:
3099:
3097:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
2913:
2911:
2885:
2883:
2700:
2698:
2650:
3274:Kammerer, C. F.; Masyutin, V. (2018).
2656:
2654:
442:and their close relatives, including
7:
2661:Rubidge, B.S.; Sidor, C.A. (2001).
2477:
2427:
2420:
2366:
2359:
2335:
2276:
2226:
2219:
2208:
2180:
2156:
2106:
2095:
2039:
2028:
1976:
1969:
1937:
1926:
1639:
1615:
1593:
1564:
1540:
1516:
1492:
1470:
1429:
1371:
1311:
1287:
1275:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1165:
1138:
1109:
1045:
1021:
1009:
982:
960:
936:
912:
901:
402:deposits of South Africa support a
3520:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3481:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3125:Annals of the South African Museum
2924:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
696:life restoration, an akidnognathid
25:
408:Permian–Triassic extinction event
6617:
6616:
6487:
6481:
6028:
6021:
6015:
5302:
5301:
5268:
4978:
4972:
4966:
4450:
4445:
3678:
3656:
3644:
3464:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00268.x
3423:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00646.x
3062:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00538.x
669:Permian-Triassic mass extinction
151:
3119:van den Heever, J. A. (1980).
828:have been united as the clade
378:, but have also been found in
1:
6760:Guadalupian first appearances
6755:Fossil taxa described in 1903
3493:10.1080/02724634.2021.2081510
762:head restoration, a whaitsiid
3580:10.1371/journal.pone.0087553
3553:Huttenlocker, A. K. (2014).
3532:10.1080/02724634.2012.688693
3329:Liu, J.; Abdala, F. (2019).
3221:Liu, J.; Abdala, F. (2022).
2936:10.1080/02724634.2011.546720
2791:10.1371/journal.pone.0172047
819:life restoration, a baurioid
6765:Middle Triassic extinctions
3021:Van den Heever, J. (1987).
2619:Traditional therocephalians
1921:
663:in some forms, a mammalian
347:. Like other non-mammalian
27:Extinct order of therapsids
6781:
3080:. London: Academic Press.
2984:10.1038/s41598-019-41628-w
659:, such as the loss of the
367:in relation to cynodonts.
117:Possible descendant taxon
6612:
6516:
6501:
6479:
6343:
6070:
6055:
6042:
6013:
5861:
5675:
5505:
5501:
5486:
5473:
5423:
5410:
5355:
5281:
5266:
5019:
5004:
4991:
4964:
4801:
4704:
4575:
4571:
4480:
4476:
4463:
4443:
4353:
4142:
3897:
3893:
3878:
3865:
3811:
3784:
3771:
3728:
3043:Huttenlocker, A. (2009).
2719:10.1134/S0031030111090012
2499:
2482:
2475:
2449:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2388:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2340:
2333:
2298:
2281:
2274:
2248:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2206:
2185:
2178:
2161:
2154:
2128:
2111:
2104:
2093:
2062:
2044:
2037:
2026:
1999:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1942:
1935:
1695:
1678:
1661:
1644:
1637:
1620:
1613:
1598:
1591:
1569:
1562:
1545:
1538:
1521:
1514:
1497:
1490:
1475:
1468:
1451:
1434:
1427:
1410:
1393:
1376:
1369:
1331:
1316:
1309:
1292:
1285:
1273:
1249:
1225:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1170:
1163:
1143:
1136:
1114:
1107:
1067:
1050:
1043:
1026:
1019:
1007:
987:
980:
965:
958:
941:
934:
917:
910:
468:, an early therocephalian
359:, which gave rise to the
260:
255:
148:Scientific classification
146:
136:
127:
34:
3614:Palaeontologia africana
3396:Platycraniellus elegans
3276:"A new therocephalian (
3177:Journal of Paleontology
2707:Paleontological Journal
1648:Nothogomphodon danilovi
548:, had large sabre-like
462:Head reconstruction of
3243:10.1098/rsbl.2022.0222
2764:Euchambersia mirabilis
1907:(Akidnognathidae) and
820:
763:
697:
617:
533:
469:
454:Anatomy and physiology
6709:Paleobiology Database
3278:Gorynychus masyutinae
2856:The Anatomical Record
2743:Doklady Akademii Nauk
894:(2012), Huttenlocker
825:phylogenetic analyses
813:
756:
690:
609:
520:
497:, which carried some
461:
3653:at Wikimedia Commons
3076:Kemp, T. S. (1982).
2634:Evolution of mammals
945:Titanophoneus potens
657:convergent evolution
610:Fossilized skull of
353:mammal-like reptiles
3571:2014PLoSO...987553H
3414:2007Palgy..50..591A
3392:Abdala, F. (2007).
2975:2019NatSR...9.5063G
2826:(August 13, 2015).
2782:2017PLoSO..1272047B
1899:(Lycosuchidae) and
121:survives to present
3516:Tetracynodon darti
3394:"Redescription of
3352:10.7717/peerj.6463
3297:10.7717/peerj.4933
3173:Simorhinella baini
2963:Scientific Reports
921:Biarmosuchus tener
821:
764:
698:
665:phalangeal formula
618:
590:, dating from the
534:
525:on display in the
470:
430:, possibly due to
414:survived into the
6737:
6736:
6639:Taxon identifiers
6630:
6629:
6608:
6607:
6497:
6496:
6477:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6469:
6468:
6460:Traversodontoides
6132:Jiucaiyuangnathus
6038:
6037:
6011:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6003:
6002:
5979:
5978:
5829:Promoschorhynchus
5660:
5659:
5469:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5315:
5314:
5277:
5276:
5264:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5211:
5210:
4987:
4986:
4962:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4794:Sphenacodontoidea
4767:Palaeohatteriidae
4689:
4688:
4556:
4555:
4459:
4458:
4441:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4349:
4348:
4325:
4324:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4109:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3649:Media related to
3157:978-0-7972-0498-0
2920:Promoschorhynchus
2830:(Press release).
2639:List of synapsids
2625:
2624:
2613:
2612:
2604:
2603:
2595:
2594:
2586:
2585:
2577:
2576:
2568:
2567:
2559:
2558:
2550:
2549:
2541:
2540:
2532:
2531:
2523:
2522:
2514:
2513:
2464:
2463:
2403:
2402:
2322:
2321:
2313:
2312:
2263:
2262:
2143:
2142:
2100:Charassognathidae
2078:
2077:
2015:
2014:
1888:
1887:
1879:
1878:
1870:
1869:
1861:
1860:
1852:
1851:
1843:
1842:
1834:
1833:
1825:
1824:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1806:
1798:
1797:
1789:
1788:
1780:
1779:
1771:
1770:
1762:
1761:
1753:
1752:
1744:
1743:
1735:
1734:
1726:
1725:
1717:
1716:
1708:
1707:
1353:
1352:
1344:
1343:
1262:
1261:
1238:
1237:
1091:
1090:
1082:
1081:
316:
315:
251:
122:
16:(Redirected from
6772:
6730:
6729:
6717:
6716:
6704:
6703:
6691:
6690:
6681:
6680:
6679:
6666:
6665:
6664:
6634:
6620:
6619:
6536:Blattoidealestes
6503:
6492:
6491:
6485:
6388:Ericiolacertidae
6341:
6139:Macroscelesaurus
6068:
6057:
6044:
6033:
6032:
6025:
6019:
5859:
5673:
5503:
5499:
5488:
5475:
5421:
5412:
5405:
5404:
5357:
5342:
5335:
5328:
5319:
5305:
5304:
5272:
5248:
5238:
5228:
5159:
5154:
5124:
5092:
5066:
5040:
5025:
5017:
5006:
4993:
4982:
4976:
4970:
4824:Sphenacodontidae
4822:
4807:
4799:
4765:
4750:
4740:
4730:
4720:
4710:
4702:
4606:
4591:
4581:
4573:
4569:
4563:Haptodontiformes
4487:
4482:
4478:
4465:
4454:
4449:
4423:Protoclepsydrops
4420:
4410:
4400:
4390:
4380:
4370:
4355:
4140:
4132:
4127:
4066:Lalieudorhynchus
3927:
3919:
3903:
3895:
3891:
3880:
3867:
3809:
3782:
3773:
3766:
3765:
3730:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3692:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3674:
3661:Data related to
3660:
3648:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3592:
3582:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3526:(5): 1113–1134.
3511:
3505:
3504:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3425:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3372:
3354:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3309:
3299:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3254:
3218:
3209:
3208:
3183:(6): 1139–1153.
3168:
3162:
3161:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3101:
3092:
3091:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3040:
3027:
3026:
3018:
3007:
3006:
2996:
2986:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2915:
2906:
2905:
2887:
2878:
2877:
2867:
2865:10.1002/ar.25394
2847:
2836:
2835:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2803:
2793:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2702:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2684:. Archived from
2667:
2658:
2478:
2428:
2421:
2367:
2360:
2336:
2277:
2227:
2220:
2209:
2181:
2157:
2107:
2096:
2040:
2029:
1977:
1970:
1938:
1927:
1922:
1640:
1616:
1601:Ericiolacertidae
1594:
1565:
1541:
1517:
1493:
1471:
1430:
1372:
1312:
1288:
1276:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1166:
1139:
1110:
1046:
1022:
1010:
983:
961:
937:
913:
902:
788:caniniform teeth
573:electroreception
482:secondary palate
444:archosauromorphs
301:
293:
285:
275:
265:
243:
238:
156:
155:
132:
116:
115:
52:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
6780:
6779:
6775:
6774:
6773:
6771:
6770:
6769:
6740:
6739:
6738:
6733:
6725:
6720:
6712:
6707:
6699:
6694:
6686:
6684:
6675:
6674:
6669:
6660:
6659:
6654:
6641:
6631:
6626:
6604:
6512:
6493:
6486:
6465:
6417:
6382:
6330:
6303:
6269:
6242:
6223:Silphictidoides
6181:Scalopocephalus
6160:Nanictocephalus
6111:Ictidosuchoides
6076:Homodontosaurus
6064:
6051:
6034:
6027:
5999:
5975:
5913:
5872:
5848:
5780:Annatherapsidus
5764:Akidnognathidae
5758:
5737:Chthonosauridae
5731:
5669:
5667:Eutherocephalia
5656:
5644:Pristerognathus
5587:Biarmosuchoides
5564:Scylacosauridae
5558:
5531:
5518:Porosteognathus
5495:
5482:
5457:
5437:
5406:
5362:
5361:
5351:
5346:
5316:
5311:
5273:
5256:
5207:
5178:
5143:
5117:
5085:
5059:
5033:
5013:
5000:
4983:
4946:
4926:
4890:Secodontosaurus
4815:
4788:
4758:
4733:Hypselohaptodus
4698:
4685:
4673:Remigiomontanus
4599:
4565:
4552:
4533:Stereophallodon
4489:Ophiacodontidae
4472:
4455:
4429:
4345:
4321:
4258:
4203:
4123:
4106:
3967:
3912:
3887:
3874:
3845:
3825:
3798:
3792:Tetrapodomorpha
3777:Tetrapodomorpha
3767:
3735:
3734:
3724:
3719:
3689:
3679:
3677:
3669:
3641:
3636:
3635:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3487:(6): e2081510.
3477:
3476:
3472:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3237:(7): 20220222.
3231:Biology Letters
3220:
3219:
3212:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3158:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3103:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3042:
3041:
3030:
3020:
3019:
3010:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2917:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2889:
2888:
2881:
2849:
2848:
2839:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2776:(2): e0172047.
2759:
2758:
2754:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2713:(9): 981–1144.
2704:
2703:
2696:
2688:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2652:
2647:
2630:
2621:
2620:
2614:
2605:
2596:
2587:
2578:
2569:
2560:
2551:
2542:
2533:
2524:
2515:
2465:
2436:Probainognathus
2404:
2375:Platycraniellus
2323:
2314:
2264:
2144:
2115:Charassognathus
2079:
2033:Eutherocephalia
2016:
1911:(Whaitsiidae).
1889:
1880:
1871:
1862:
1853:
1844:
1835:
1826:
1817:
1808:
1799:
1790:
1781:
1772:
1763:
1754:
1745:
1736:
1727:
1718:
1709:
1397:Ictidosuchoides
1354:
1345:
1263:
1252:Akidnognathidae
1239:
1228:Chthonosauridae
1159:Eutherocephalia
1146:Scylacosauridae
1092:
1083:
1030:Charassognathus
855:
838:Chthonosauridae
834:Akidnognathidae
794:supporting the
780:Scylacosauridae
773:Scaloposauridae
685:
661:postorbital bar
604:
539:sclerotic rings
456:
448:archosauriforms
428:Middle Triassic
412:Eutherocephalia
303:Eutherocephalia
295:Scylacosauridae
278:Porosteognathus
242:
236:
150:
123:
114:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
47:
46:
44:Middle Triassic
36:
35:Therocephalians
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6778:
6776:
6768:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6742:
6741:
6735:
6734:
6732:
6731:
6718:
6705:
6692:
6682:
6667:
6651:
6649:
6643:
6642:
6637:
6628:
6627:
6625:
6624:
6613:
6610:
6609:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6602:
6595:
6588:
6581:
6574:
6567:
6560:
6553:
6546:
6539:
6532:
6525:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6506:
6499:
6498:
6495:
6494:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6474:
6471:
6470:
6467:
6466:
6464:
6463:
6456:
6453:Scalopognathus
6449:
6446:Microgomphodon
6442:
6435:
6427:
6425:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6415:
6412:Silphedosuchus
6408:
6400:
6392:
6390:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6380:
6373:
6366:
6359:
6356:Nothogomphodon
6352:
6344:
6338:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6328:
6321:
6313:
6311:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6301:
6294:
6287:
6279:
6277:
6271:
6270:
6268:
6267:
6260:
6252:
6250:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6240:
6233:
6226:
6219:
6212:
6205:
6202:Scalopolacerta
6198:
6191:
6184:
6177:
6170:
6163:
6156:
6149:
6142:
6135:
6128:
6121:
6114:
6107:
6100:
6093:
6086:
6079:
6071:
6065:
6060:
6053:
6052:
6047:
6040:
6039:
6036:
6035:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6005:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5997:
5996:
5995:
5989:
5987:
5981:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5973:
5966:
5959:
5956:Moschowhaitsia
5952:
5945:
5938:
5931:
5923:
5921:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5911:
5904:
5897:
5890:
5882:
5880:
5874:
5873:
5871:
5870:
5862:
5856:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5846:
5843:Zorillodontops
5839:
5836:Shiguaignathus
5832:
5825:
5822:Olivierosuchus
5818:
5811:
5804:
5797:
5790:
5787:Cerdosuchoides
5783:
5776:
5768:
5766:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5749:
5741:
5739:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5729:
5721:
5713:
5706:
5703:Perplexisaurus
5699:
5692:
5684:
5676:
5670:
5665:
5662:
5661:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5654:
5647:
5640:
5633:
5626:
5619:
5612:
5605:
5598:
5591:
5583:
5580:Alopecognathus
5576:
5568:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5556:
5549:
5541:
5539:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5521:
5514:
5506:
5496:
5491:
5484:
5483:
5478:
5471:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5453:
5447:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5424:
5418:
5408:
5407:
5403:
5402:
5400:Eutheriodontia
5393:
5384:
5375:
5369:
5360:
5353:
5352:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5337:
5330:
5322:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5309:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5244:
5234:
5223:
5221:
5218:Incertae sedis
5213:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5197:
5188:
5186:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5165:
5163:
5151:
5149:Eutheriodontia
5145:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5139:
5130:
5128:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5113:
5107:
5098:
5096:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5072:
5070:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5046:
5044:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5020:
5014:
5009:
5002:
5001:
4996:
4989:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4936:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4916:
4908:
4900:
4893:
4886:
4879:
4872:
4865:
4858:
4850:
4847:Ctenospondylus
4843:
4836:
4828:
4826:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4802:
4796:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4779:
4776:Palaeohatteria
4771:
4769:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4746:
4736:
4726:
4716:
4705:
4699:
4696:Sphenacodontia
4694:
4691:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4662:
4659:Melanedaphodon
4655:
4648:
4641:
4634:
4627:
4620:
4617:Bohemiclavulus
4612:
4610:
4608:Edaphosauridae
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4587:
4576:
4566:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4543:
4536:
4529:
4522:
4515:
4508:
4501:
4493:
4491:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4416:
4406:
4396:
4386:
4376:
4365:
4363:
4360:Incertae sedis
4351:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4335:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4276:
4268:
4266:
4264:Varanodontinae
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4249:
4242:
4235:
4228:
4221:
4213:
4211:
4209:Mesenosaurinae
4205:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4198:Thrausmosaurus
4194:
4187:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4155:Archaeovenator
4151:
4143:
4137:
4124:
4121:Eupelycosauria
4119:
4116:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4031:Cotylorhynchus
4027:
4020:
4013:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3977:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3944:
3935:
3933:
3924:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3906:Diadectomorpha
3898:
3888:
3883:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3835:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3819:Reptiliomorpha
3812:
3806:
3804:Reptiliomorpha
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3785:
3779:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3763:
3754:
3748:
3742:
3733:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3695:
3688:
3687:
3667:
3666:
3665:at Wikispecies
3654:
3640:
3639:External links
3637:
3634:
3633:
3604:
3545:
3506:
3470:
3437:
3408:(3): 591–618.
3384:
3333:Jiufengia jiai
3321:
3266:
3210:
3189:10.1666/13-186
3163:
3156:
3134:
3111:
3093:
3086:
3068:
3055:(4): 865–891.
3028:
3008:
2969:(5063): 5063.
2949:
2930:(2): 405–421.
2907:
2900:
2879:
2837:
2815:
2752:
2732:
2694:
2691:on 2012-03-21.
2649:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2553:
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2544:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2486:Boreogomphodon
2481:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2431:
2426:
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2410:
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2400:
2397:
2396:
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2370:
2365:
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2329:
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2307:
2306:
2297:
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2257:
2256:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2230:
2225:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2207:
2205:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2160:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2094:
2092:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2048:Olivierosuchus
2043:
2038:
2036:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2003:Alopecognathus
1998:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1980:
1975:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1963:Eutheriodontia
1955:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1925:
1905:Olivierosuchus
1901:Alopecognathus
1886:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1212:Perplexisaurus
1207:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1008:
1006:
1003:Eutheriodontia
998:
997:
994:
993:
986:
981:
979:
976:
975:
972:
971:
964:
959:
957:
954:
953:
950:
949:
940:
935:
933:
930:
929:
926:
925:
916:
911:
909:
900:
854:
851:
792:synapomorphies
728:dinocephalians
704:in 1903 as an
684:
681:
630:Eutheriodontia
603:
602:Classification
600:
545:Nothogomphodon
521:Skeleton of a
455:
452:
432:climate change
416:Early Triassic
400:Middle Permian
314:
313:
312:
311:
305:
297:
289:
281:
271:
258:
257:
253:
252:
234:
227:
226:
224:Eutheriodontia
221:
214:
213:
208:
201:
200:
195:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
144:
143:
140:Alopecognathus
134:
133:
125:
124:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
53:
40:Middle Permian
37:
26:
24:
18:Therocephalian
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6777:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6750:Therocephalia
6748:
6747:
6745:
6728:
6727:Therocephalia
6723:
6719:
6715:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6683:
6678:
6677:Therocephalia
6672:
6668:
6663:
6657:
6653:
6652:
6650:
6648:
6647:Therocephalia
6644:
6640:
6635:
6623:
6615:
6614:
6611:
6601:
6600:
6596:
6594:
6593:
6589:
6587:
6586:
6582:
6580:
6579:
6575:
6573:
6572:
6568:
6566:
6565:
6561:
6559:
6558:
6554:
6552:
6551:
6547:
6545:
6544:
6540:
6538:
6537:
6533:
6531:
6530:
6526:
6524:
6523:
6522:Alopecorhinus
6519:
6518:
6515:
6511:
6510:
6504:
6500:
6490:
6484:
6462:
6461:
6457:
6455:
6454:
6450:
6448:
6447:
6443:
6441:
6440:
6436:
6434:
6433:
6429:
6428:
6426:
6424:
6420:
6414:
6413:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6401:
6399:
6398:
6397:Ericiolacerta
6394:
6393:
6391:
6389:
6385:
6379:
6378:
6377:Scaloposaurus
6374:
6372:
6371:
6367:
6365:
6364:
6360:
6358:
6357:
6353:
6351:
6350:
6346:
6345:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6333:
6327:
6326:
6322:
6320:
6319:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6310:
6306:
6300:
6299:
6295:
6293:
6292:
6288:
6286:
6285:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6276:
6272:
6266:
6265:
6261:
6259:
6258:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6249:
6245:
6239:
6238:
6234:
6232:
6231:
6227:
6225:
6224:
6220:
6218:
6217:
6216:Scaloposuchus
6213:
6211:
6210:
6209:Scaloporhinus
6206:
6204:
6203:
6199:
6197:
6196:
6195:Scalopodontes
6192:
6190:
6189:
6185:
6183:
6182:
6178:
6176:
6175:
6171:
6169:
6168:
6164:
6162:
6161:
6157:
6155:
6154:
6150:
6148:
6147:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6136:
6134:
6133:
6129:
6127:
6126:
6122:
6120:
6119:
6118:Ictidosuchops
6115:
6113:
6112:
6108:
6106:
6105:
6104:Ictidognathus
6101:
6099:
6098:
6094:
6092:
6091:
6087:
6085:
6084:
6080:
6078:
6077:
6073:
6072:
6069:
6066:
6063:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6045:
6041:
6031:
6026:
6024:
6018:
5993:
5992:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5986:
5982:
5972:
5971:
5967:
5965:
5964:
5963:Theriognathus
5960:
5958:
5957:
5953:
5951:
5950:
5949:Microwhaitsia
5946:
5944:
5943:
5939:
5937:
5936:
5935:Ictidochampsa
5932:
5930:
5929:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5920:
5916:
5910:
5909:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5898:
5896:
5895:
5891:
5889:
5888:
5887:Gorochovetzia
5884:
5883:
5881:
5879:
5875:
5869:
5868:
5864:
5863:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5851:
5845:
5844:
5840:
5838:
5837:
5833:
5831:
5830:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5812:
5810:
5809:
5805:
5803:
5802:
5798:
5796:
5795:
5791:
5789:
5788:
5784:
5782:
5781:
5777:
5775:
5774:
5773:Akidnognathus
5770:
5769:
5767:
5765:
5761:
5755:
5754:
5750:
5748:
5747:
5746:Chthonosaurus
5743:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5734:
5727:
5726:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5717:Scylacosuchus
5714:
5712:
5711:
5707:
5705:
5704:
5700:
5698:
5697:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5688:Kotelcephalon
5685:
5683:
5682:
5678:
5677:
5674:
5671:
5668:
5663:
5653:
5652:
5651:Scylacosaurus
5648:
5646:
5645:
5641:
5639:
5638:
5634:
5632:
5631:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5620:
5618:
5617:
5613:
5611:
5610:
5606:
5604:
5603:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5592:
5589:
5588:
5584:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5565:
5561:
5555:
5554:
5550:
5548:
5547:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5538:
5534:
5527:
5526:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5508:
5507:
5504:
5500:
5497:
5494:
5493:Therocephalia
5489:
5485:
5481:
5480:Therocephalia
5476:
5472:
5451:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5443:Therocephalia
5440:
5432:
5428:
5427:
5426:
5425:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5401:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5370:
5368:
5364:
5363:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5349:Therocephalia
5343:
5338:
5336:
5331:
5329:
5324:
5323:
5320:
5308:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5292:Phthinosuchia
5290:
5288:
5284:
5283:
5280:
5271:
5253:
5252:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5219:
5214:
5202:
5198:
5196:
5192:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5185:
5181:
5173:
5172:Therocephalia
5169:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5161:Therocephalia
5155:
5152:
5150:
5146:
5138:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5120:
5112:
5108:
5106:
5102:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5088:
5080:
5076:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5069:
5062:
5054:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5043:
5036:
5030:
5029:
5022:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5012:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4994:
4990:
4981:
4977:
4975:
4969:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4933:
4929:
4922:
4921:
4920:Tetraceratops
4917:
4914:
4913:
4912:Tappenosaurus
4909:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4873:
4871:
4870:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4833:Cryptovenator
4830:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4804:
4803:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4783:Pantelosaurus
4780:
4778:
4777:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4753:Tetraceratops
4747:
4745:
4744:
4743:Kenomagnathus
4737:
4735:
4734:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4700:
4697:
4692:
4682:
4681:
4680:Xyrospondylus
4677:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4578:
4577:
4574:
4570:
4567:
4564:
4559:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4540:Stereorhachis
4537:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4498:Archaeothyris
4495:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4466:
4462:
4453:
4448:
4425:
4424:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4352:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4295:Tambacarnifex
4292:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4280:Mycterosaurus
4277:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4255:
4254:
4253:Microvaranops
4250:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4232:Elliotsmithia
4229:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4117:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4094:Ruthenosaurus
4091:
4089:
4088:
4087:Phreatophasma
4084:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4007:
4005:
4004:
4003:Callibrachion
4000:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3907:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3864:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3820:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3716:
3711:
3709:
3704:
3702:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3686:
3676:
3672:
3664:
3663:Therocephalia
3659:
3655:
3652:
3651:Therocephalia
3647:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3608:
3605:
3600:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3565:(2). e87553.
3564:
3560:
3556:
3549:
3546:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3510:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3474:
3471:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3441:
3438:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3402:Palaeontology
3399:
3397:
3388:
3385:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3334:
3325:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3270:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3226:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3115:
3112:
3107:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3087:9780124041202
3083:
3079:
3072:
3069:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3024:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2953:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2901:9783110275902
2897:
2893:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2832:Science Daily
2829:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2765:
2756:
2753:
2749:(2): 278–281.
2748:
2744:
2736:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2616:
2609:
2608:
2600:
2599:
2591:
2590:
2582:
2581:
2573:
2572:
2564:
2563:
2555:
2554:
2546:
2545:
2537:
2536:
2528:
2527:
2519:
2518:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2480:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2430:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2369:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2344:Nanictosaurus
2338:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2318:
2317:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2279:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2252:Progalesaurus
2246:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2229:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2203:
2202:Epicynodontia
2200:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2189:Procynosuchus
2183:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2159:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2109:
2108:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2066:Theriognathus
2060:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2042:
2041:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1979:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1964:
1960:
1959:Therocephalia
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1909:Theriognathus
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1883:
1875:
1874:
1866:
1865:
1857:
1856:
1848:
1847:
1839:
1838:
1830:
1829:
1821:
1820:
1812:
1811:
1803:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1785:
1784:
1776:
1775:
1767:
1766:
1758:
1757:
1749:
1748:
1740:
1739:
1731:
1730:
1722:
1721:
1713:
1712:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1642:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1618:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1573:Scaloposaurus
1567:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1519:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1432:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1414:Ictidosuchops
1408:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1373:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1349:
1348:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1290:
1289:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1174:Scylacosuchus
1168:
1167:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1132:Scylacosauria
1129:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1103:Therocephalia
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1087:
1086:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1071:Procynosuchus
1065:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1004:
1000:
999:
996:
995:
992:
991:
985:
984:
978:
977:
974:
973:
970:
969:
963:
962:
956:
955:
952:
951:
948:
947:
946:
939:
938:
932:
931:
928:
927:
924:
923:
922:
915:
914:
907:
904:
903:
899:
897:
893:
889:
884:
879:
877:
871:
869:
868:Theriognathus
865:
861:
852:
850:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
830:Scylacosauria
826:
818:
817:
812:
808:
806:
802:
797:
793:
789:
784:
781:
776:
774:
770:
761:
760:
755:
751:
749:
744:
742:
738:
737:
733:
729:
725:
724:
719:
718:
713:
712:
711:Scylacosaurus
707:
703:
695:
694:
689:
682:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
653:
651:
647:
642:
638:
635:
634:cladistically
631:
627:
623:
615:
614:
608:
601:
599:
597:
593:
589:
588:
583:
582:
578:
574:
570:
565:
563:
559:
558:nanictidopids
555:
551:
547:
546:
540:
532:
528:
524:
519:
515:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
489:
488:
483:
479:
475:
467:
466:
460:
453:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
331:
327:
324:
320:
319:Therocephalia
309:
306:
304:
298:
296:
290:
288:
282:
280:
279:
272:
270:
269:
262:
261:
259:
254:
250:
246:
241:
240:Therocephalia
235:
232:
229:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
154:
149:
145:
142:
141:
135:
131:
126:
120:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
51:
48:266–242
45:
41:
33:
30:
19:
6722:Tree of Life
6646:
6599:Trochosuchus
6597:
6592:Trochosaurus
6590:
6585:Trochorhinus
6583:
6576:
6571:Scymnosaurus
6569:
6564:Ictidosaurus
6562:
6555:
6550:Hyaenasuchus
6548:
6541:
6534:
6527:
6520:
6509:Nomina dubia
6507:
6458:
6451:
6444:
6437:
6432:Antecosuchus
6430:
6410:
6404:Pedaeosaurus
6402:
6395:
6375:
6368:
6361:
6354:
6347:
6336:Bauriamorpha
6323:
6316:
6309:Regisauridae
6298:Tetracynodon
6296:
6289:
6284:Choerosaurus
6282:
6275:Lycideopidae
6262:
6255:
6235:
6230:Silpholestes
6228:
6221:
6214:
6207:
6200:
6193:
6186:
6179:
6172:
6165:
6158:
6151:
6144:
6137:
6130:
6125:Ictidosuchus
6123:
6116:
6109:
6102:
6095:
6088:
6083:Icticephalus
6081:
6074:
6020:
5970:Viatkosuchus
5968:
5961:
5954:
5947:
5942:Megawhaitsia
5940:
5933:
5926:
5906:
5899:
5892:
5885:
5878:Hofmeyriidae
5865:
5854:Whaitsioidea
5841:
5834:
5827:
5820:
5815:Notaelurodon
5813:
5808:Moschorhinus
5806:
5799:
5794:Euchambersia
5792:
5785:
5778:
5771:
5751:
5744:
5723:
5715:
5708:
5701:
5694:
5686:
5679:
5649:
5642:
5635:
5628:
5621:
5614:
5607:
5600:
5593:
5585:
5578:
5571:
5553:Simorhinella
5551:
5544:
5537:Lycosuchidae
5523:
5516:
5509:
5492:
5479:
5442:
5395:
5386:
5377:
5348:
5297:Theriodontia
5287:Pelycosauria
5251:Niaftasuchus
5249:
5239:
5229:
5216:
5160:
5079:Dinocephalia
5068:Dinocephalia
5053:Biarmosuchia
5042:Biarmosuchia
5026:
4971:
4918:
4910:
4904:Steppesaurus
4902:
4895:
4888:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4852:
4845:
4840:Ctenorhachis
4838:
4831:
4808:
4781:
4774:
4751:
4741:
4731:
4721:
4711:
4678:
4671:
4664:
4657:
4650:
4645:Ianthasaurus
4643:
4636:
4631:Glaucosaurus
4629:
4624:Edaphosaurus
4622:
4615:
4592:
4582:
4547:Varanosaurus
4545:
4538:
4531:
4524:
4519:Echinerpeton
4517:
4510:
4503:
4496:
4421:
4411:
4401:
4391:
4381:
4371:
4358:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4278:
4271:
4251:
4246:Mesenosaurus
4244:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4196:
4189:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4162:Ascendonanus
4160:
4153:
4146:
4101:Trichasaurus
4099:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4045:Ennatosaurus
4043:
4038:Datheosaurus
4036:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4008:
4001:
3996:Arisierpeton
3994:
3989:Angelosaurus
3987:
3982:Alierasaurus
3980:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3938:
3931:Eothyrididae
3904:
3756:
3750:Superclass:
3685:Paleontology
3617:
3613:
3607:
3562:
3558:
3548:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3454:
3450:
3440:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3387:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3324:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3269:
3234:
3230:
3225:Euchambersia
3224:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3105:
3077:
3071:
3052:
3048:
3022:
2966:
2962:
2952:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2891:
2855:
2824:Field Museum
2818:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2755:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2710:
2706:
2686:the original
2673:
2669:
2501:
2500:
2484:
2483:
2451:
2450:
2434:
2433:
2414:Eucynodontia
2390:
2389:
2373:
2372:
2342:
2341:
2300:
2299:
2283:
2282:
2250:
2249:
2233:
2232:
2213:Galesauridae
2187:
2186:
2163:
2162:
2130:
2129:
2113:
2112:
2064:
2063:
2046:
2045:
2001:
2000:
1983:
1982:
1958:
1944:
1943:
1931:Theriodontia
1915:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1696:
1680:
1679:
1663:
1662:
1646:
1645:
1622:
1621:
1599:
1587:Bauriamorpha
1571:
1570:
1549:Tetracynodon
1547:
1546:
1525:Choerosaurus
1523:
1522:
1499:
1498:
1476:
1453:
1452:
1436:
1435:
1412:
1411:
1395:
1394:
1380:Ictidosuchus
1378:
1377:
1332:
1319:Hofmeyriidae
1317:
1294:
1293:
1281:Whaitsioidea
1250:
1226:
1210:
1209:
1172:
1171:
1144:
1116:
1115:
1102:
1069:
1068:
1052:
1051:
1028:
1027:
988:
966:
943:
942:
919:
918:
895:
891:
887:
880:
872:
867:
863:
856:
842:Hofmeyriidae
822:
814:
805:Simorhinella
804:
800:
785:
777:
765:
759:Megawhaitsia
757:
748:Bauriamorpha
745:
740:
734:
721:
717:Ictidosaurus
715:
709:
702:Robert Broom
699:
693:Moschorhinus
691:
673:cladogenesis
654:
637:paraphyletic
626:sister group
619:
611:
585:
581:Euchambersia
579:
566:
550:canine teeth
543:
535:
502:
492:
485:
471:
463:
376:South Africa
369:
365:paraphyletic
330:eutheriodont
318:
317:
287:Lycosuchidae
276:
266:
239:
230:
217:
204:
191:
138:
29:
6671:Wikispecies
6557:Ictidoparia
6543:Dongusaurus
6529:Arnognathus
6363:Notictoides
6248:Karenitidae
6237:Yikezhaogia
6174:Rhigosaurus
6167:Polycynodon
6097:Ictidodraco
5919:Whaitsiidae
5908:Mirotenthes
5901:Ictidostoma
5867:Ophidostoma
5753:Ichibengops
5696:Nanictidops
5637:Pardosuchus
5630:Maraisaurus
5623:Koksharovia
5616:Julognathus
5609:Hyorhynchus
5602:Glanosuchus
5595:Eutheriodon
5137:Gorgonopsia
5126:Gorgonopsia
5111:dicynodonts
5105:Anomodontia
5094:Anomodontia
4897:Sphenacodon
4876:Macromerion
4666:Ramodendron
4652:Lupeosaurus
4512:Clepsydrops
4505:Baldwinonus
4470:Metopophora
4413:Mastersonia
4403:Knoxosaurus
4331:Metopophora
4239:Heleosaurus
4134:Varanopidae
3962:Vaughnictis
3940:Asaphestera
3921:Caseasauria
3627:10539/35706
3457:: 477–492.
2676:: 449–480.
2503:Trirachodon
2392:Thrinaxodon
1624:Notictoides
1478:Karenitidae
1334:Whaitsiidae
1296:Ophidostoma
990:Anomodontia
968:Gorgonopsia
881:Below is a
846:Whaitsiidae
646:Gorgonopsia
641:Whaitsiidae
587:Ichibengops
511:ictidosaurs
487:Glanosuchus
474:Gorgonopsia
6744:Categories
6370:Ordosiodon
6318:Regisaurus
6188:Scalopodon
6146:Malasaurus
6062:Baurioidea
6049:Baurioidea
5994:see below↓
5985:Baurioidea
5928:Dalongkoua
5725:Cynodontia
5573:Alopecodon
5546:Lycosuchus
5525:Cynodontia
5511:Gorynychus
5452:see below↓
5391:Therapsida
5285:See also:
5241:Kamagorgon
5231:Dinosaurus
5195:Cynodontia
5184:Cynodontia
5011:Therapsida
4998:Therapsida
4941:see below↓
4932:Therapsida
4862:Dimetrodon
4810:Shashajaia
4594:Milosaurus
4526:Ophiacodon
4373:Dimacrodon
4340:see below↓
4288:Ruthiromia
4273:Aerosaurus
4183:Nitosaurus
4176:Dendromaia
4148:Apsisaurus
4073:Martensius
4059:Euromycter
3840:see below↓
3131:: 111–125.
2645:References
2302:Cynosaurus
2235:Galesaurus
2089:Cynodontia
1985:Lycosuchus
1916:Lycosuchus
1897:Lycosuchus
1665:Ordosiodon
1438:Regisaurus
1365:Baurioidea
1118:Lycosuchus
1015:Cynodontia
906:Therapsida
816:Regisaurus
801:Lycosuchus
741:Galechirus
736:Galechirus
622:therapsids
613:Gorynychus
562:herbivores
523:lycosuchid
499:theriodont
495:Baurioidea
478:carnivores
465:Lycosuchus
440:archosaurs
396:Antarctica
345:carnivores
333:therapsids
308:Cynodontia
268:Gorynychus
211:Therapsida
119:Cynodontia
6578:Tamboeria
6423:Bauriidae
6291:Lycideops
6257:Karenites
6090:Ictidodon
5894:Hofmeyria
5801:Jiufengia
5431:Synapsida
5416:Synapsida
5382:Synapsida
5365:Kingdom:
5199:includes
5109:includes
5028:Raranimus
4883:Neosaurus
4584:Ianthodon
4309:Varanodon
4169:Eoscansor
4080:Oromycter
4024:Caseopsis
4017:Caseoides
3955:Oedaleops
3885:Synapsida
3872:Synapsida
3831:Synapsida
3752:Tetrapoda
3738:Kingdom:
3722:Synapsida
3620:: 16–35.
3501:250663346
3361:2167-8359
3345:. e6463.
3290:. e4933.
3205:129323281
3197:0022-3360
2944:129242450
2727:128958135
2285:Vetusodon
2132:Abdalodon
1946:Cynariops
1698:Bauriidae
1501:Lycideops
883:cladogram
876:monophyly
853:Phylogeny
796:monophyly
732:anomodont
723:Gorgonops
592:Lopingian
569:vibrissae
472:Like the
438:— mostly
404:Gondwanan
357:cynodonts
349:synapsids
198:Synapsida
171:Kingdom:
165:Eukaryota
6701:42329296
6685:BioLib:
6656:Wikidata
6622:Category
6349:Hazhenia
6325:Urumchia
5710:Purlovia
5681:Caodeyao
5373:Chordata
5371:Phylum:
5367:Animalia
5307:Category
4869:Eosyodon
4854:Cutleria
4723:Haptodus
4713:Cutleria
4638:Gordodon
4393:Gorgodon
4383:Driveria
4316:Watongia
4302:Varanops
4225:Cabarzia
4218:Anningia
3973:Caseidae
3948:Eothyris
3746:Chordata
3744:Phylum:
3740:Animalia
3599:24498335
3559:PLOS ONE
3540:84457790
3432:83999660
3379:30809450
3316:29900076
3261:35857894
3003:30911058
2874:38444024
2810:28187210
2770:PLOS ONE
2628:See also
1682:Hazhenia
1455:Urumchia
860:polytomy
683:Taxonomy
650:Triassic
554:bauriids
531:Berkeley
436:reptiles
388:Tanzania
341:Triassic
256:Subtaxa
185:Chordata
181:Phylum:
175:Animalia
161:Domain:
6662:Q131804
6264:Mupashi
5201:mammals
4052:Eocasea
3761:Amniota
3590:3911975
3567:Bibcode
3410:Bibcode
3370:6388668
3307:5995100
3252:9278400
2994:6433905
2971:Bibcode
2801:5302418
2778:Bibcode
2453:Lumkuia
2416:
2215:
2204:
2102:
2091:
2069:
2051:
2035:
2006:
1988:
1965:
1933:
1589:
1367:
1283:
1161:
1134:
1105:
1017:
1005:
908:
769:dubious
677:Anisian
418:. Some
361:mammals
337:Permian
323:extinct
6439:Bauria
6153:Muchia
4191:Pyozia
3671:Portal
3597:
3587:
3538:
3499:
3430:
3377:
3367:
3359:
3314:
3304:
3259:
3249:
3203:
3195:
3154:
3084:
3001:
2991:
2942:
2898:
2872:
2808:
2798:
2725:
2165:Dvinia
1893:et al.
1585:
1363:
1279:
1157:
1130:
1101:
1054:Dvinia
1013:
1001:
896:et al.
892:et al.
888:et al.
864:et al.
726:) and
596:skulls
577:genera
503:Bauria
420:genera
394:, and
392:Zambia
380:Russia
321:is an
6714:39130
6688:18811
5396:Clade
5387:Clade
5378:Clade
4010:Casea
3757:Clade
3536:S2CID
3497:S2CID
3428:S2CID
3339:PeerJ
3284:PeerJ
3201:S2CID
2940:S2CID
2723:S2CID
2689:(PDF)
2666:(PDF)
706:order
507:orbit
424:venom
384:China
372:Karoo
326:clade
245:Broom
231:Clade
218:Clade
205:Clade
192:Clade
5429:see
5193:see
5170:see
5135:see
5103:see
5077:see
5051:see
3817:see
3790:see
3595:PMID
3375:PMID
3357:ISSN
3312:PMID
3257:PMID
3193:ISSN
3152:ISBN
3082:ISBN
2999:PMID
2896:ISBN
2870:PMID
2806:PMID
803:and
714:and
584:and
556:and
446:and
339:and
249:1903
56:PreꞒ
6696:EoL
3622:hdl
3585:PMC
3575:doi
3528:doi
3489:doi
3459:doi
3455:149
3418:doi
3365:PMC
3347:doi
3302:PMC
3292:doi
3247:PMC
3239:doi
3185:doi
3057:doi
3053:157
2989:PMC
2979:doi
2932:doi
2860:doi
2796:PMC
2786:doi
2747:338
2715:doi
2678:doi
374:of
328:of
6746::
6724::
6711::
6698::
6673::
6658::
5398::
5389::
5380::
3759::
3618:56
3616:.
3593:.
3583:.
3573:.
3561:.
3557:.
3534:.
3524:32
3522:.
3495:.
3485:41
3483:.
3453:.
3449:.
3426:.
3416:.
3406:50
3404:.
3400:.
3373:.
3363:.
3355:.
3341:.
3337:.
3310:.
3300:.
3286:.
3282:.
3255:.
3245:.
3235:18
3233:.
3229:.
3213:^
3199:.
3191:.
3181:88
3179:.
3150:.
3146:.
3129:81
3127:.
3123:.
3096:^
3051:.
3047:.
3031:^
3011:^
2997:.
2987:.
2977:.
2965:.
2961:.
2938:.
2928:31
2926:.
2910:^
2882:^
2868:.
2858:.
2854:.
2840:^
2804:.
2794:.
2784:.
2774:12
2772:.
2768:.
2745:.
2721:.
2711:45
2709:.
2697:^
2674:32
2672:.
2668:.
2653:^
844:,
840:,
836:,
807:.
679:.
564:.
529:,
450:.
390:,
386:,
382:,
247:,
233::
220::
207::
194::
106:Pg
50:Ma
6407:?
5728:?
5720:?
5691:?
5590:?
5528:?
5341:e
5334:t
5327:v
5247:†
5237:†
5227:†
5158:†
5123:†
5091:†
5065:†
5039:†
5024:†
4923:?
4915:?
4907:?
4857:?
4821:†
4806:†
4764:†
4749:†
4739:†
4729:†
4719:†
4709:†
4605:†
4590:†
4580:†
4486:†
4426:?
4419:†
4409:†
4399:†
4389:†
4379:†
4369:†
4283:?
4186:?
4136:?
4131:†
3943:?
3923:?
3918:†
3909:?
3902:†
3714:e
3707:t
3700:v
3673::
3630:.
3624::
3601:.
3577::
3569::
3563:9
3542:.
3530::
3503:.
3491::
3467:.
3461::
3434:.
3420::
3412::
3381:.
3349::
3343:7
3318:.
3294::
3288:6
3263:.
3241::
3207:.
3187::
3160:.
3148:1
3090:.
3065:.
3059::
3005:.
2981::
2973::
2967:9
2946:.
2934::
2904:.
2876:.
2862::
2834:.
2812:.
2788::
2780::
2729:.
2717::
2680::
1961:/
310:?
300:†
292:†
284:†
274:†
264:†
237:†
111:N
101:K
96:J
91:T
86:P
81:C
76:D
71:S
66:O
61:Ꞓ
42:–
20:)
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