732:. The Three Guards' main force was also defeated, and Guanshu Xian and Huoshu Chu were captured, while Caishu Du fled into exile or was banished. Guanshu was executed and Huoshu stripped of his titles and demoted to a commoner. Despite his victory, the Duke of Zhou pressed on and further campaigned against the eastern rebel allies that were located beyond the Zhou kingdom's borders. Shortly after the Three Guards' defeat, the loyalists advanced into Shandong, with the Duke of Zhou personally commanding the conquest of Feng and Pugu. Yan was also attacked by loyalist forces, but managed to hold out. In the war's third year, the Zhou royal army led by King Cheng and the Duke of Zhou conducted a punitive expedition against the Huai peoples and thereupon attacked Yan again, finally defeating it. Overall, Dan's forces brought several peoples of the eastern seaboard under Zhou rule, expanding the kingdom greatly.
47:
787:, an ancient cultural center of the Shang people. In line with the creation of several new states, a program of rapid colonization was initiated by settling Zhou people and building new cities in the East in order to subjugate the hostile Dongyi and Huaiyi. As result, the Rebellion of the Three Guards began the military conflict between the Zhou dynasty and the independent tribes and states of the East, which would last until the fall of the
746:
322:
291:
852:, the revolt against his regency was consequently vilified. The Three Guards were considered as "evil men of old", over whom Duke Dan's virtue had triumphed. This interpretation dominated moralistic renditions of the civil war for centuries. Despite the generally negative view towards the rebels, there have been scholars who attempted a reassessment of the Three Guards.
491:
820:, while Duke Shi believed that the power should remain with the royal family to prevent usurpation. Possibly as result of this debate, the Duke of Zhou finally retired from court politics in 1036 BC, returning the official power to King Cheng and leaving the Duke of Shao as the most powerful man in the kingdom.
782:
were dissolved, though the latter was later revived. The territories of Yan and Pugu were annexed into the newly founded states of Lu and Qi, respectively. The Shang royal domain at Yin was dismantled and integrated into Wey, which was given to
Kangshu Feng, a loyalist uncle of King Cheng. Meanwhile,
765:
system in order to consolidate the Zhou rule and to stabilize the kingdom. The vassal states of the Zhou kingdom were reorganized: Two thirds of the states were bestowed to members of the royal family and families loyal to them, while members of the house of Shang and their allies were transferred to
815:
961–957 BC. The triumvirate of Duke Dan of Zhou, King Cheng, and Duke Shi of Shao continued to rule the Zhou kingdom for three more years after the civil war. Eventually, however, Dan and his half-brother Shi fell out about the right form of government. Duke Dan, his own position as royal chancellor
807:
The land redistribution, government reform, and colonization program strengthened and stabilized the Zhou government, while the Duke of Zhou expounded the
Mandate of Heaven in response to the rebellion. As a propaganda tool, the Mandate was used to legitimize the new dynasty morally and spiritually.
634:
The two rebellious brothers quickly convinced Huoshu of the rightfulness of their cause, uniting the Three Guards against the Duke of Zhou. They and the Shang loyalists were soon joined by many independent-minded nobles, especially from the southeast. Large swaths of the Zhou dynasty's eastern realm
589:
were "Shang strongholds" with strong cultural and political ties to the fallen regime, as they had served as the late dynasty's allies and vassals for over two centuries. Among them, only the state of Xue in southern
Shandong welcomed the rise of the Zhou dynasty, as it had long fought the Shang for
716:
valley and deploy them on the eastern plain. As result, the rebels remained largely unchallenged for almost a year. After the long preparations, however, the dukes of Zhou and Shao finally launched the second "eastern campaign" to put down the rebellion. Bronze inscriptions of the time suggest that
613:
with himself as de facto leader. In the East, however, the Duke of Zhou's takeover caused great resentment among the Three Guards, as
Guanshu and Caishu suspected their brother of usurpation. Furthermore, Guanshu was older than Dan, and the traditional line of seniority would have favored him as
608:
King Wu died around 1043 BC, leaving the throne to his eldest son, Song, to be known as King Cheng of Zhou. The Duke of Zhou, however, claimed that King Cheng was too young to rule, which was probably untrue. Either way, he declared himself regent for Cheng and took over the court. Despite some
703:
in an attempt to determine whether or not to attack his uncles. The oracles regarding such an attack were auspicious, but the king's advisors all urged him to disregard them in the face of the difficulty of an offensive and the unrest among the people. The king acknowledged this difficulty and
823:
At the same time, the failure of Wu Geng's rebellion and the following dismantlement of the Shang state ended any realistic chances for the Shang dynasty's restoration. Despite this and the proclamation of the
Mandate of Heaven which delegitimized the Shang rule, militant Shang loyalism and
840:. The latter were reportedly supported by Shang diehards under the Earl of Ge, and possibly fought for the restoration of the Shang dynasty. Nevertheless, such uprisings remained local and weak, so that Shang loyalism never again posed a serious threat to the Zhou dynasty.
794:
The Duke of Zhou also recognized that the kingdom was too large to be ruled from the western court at
Fenghao, so that he decided that "the construction of an eastern administrative center seemed inevitable if were to maintain their rule in the east". The second capital
446:, declared himself regent and took over the court. This aroused the anger of the Three Guards who suspected Dan of usurpation and believed that they should serve as regents. The Three Guards allied with many separatist eastern nobles, Shang loyalists under Prince
553:
The Zhou dynasty supplanted the old Shang rule, but uncertainty and unrest remained. Most of the eastern vassal states remained loyal to the fallen Shang dynasty and resented the new "barbarian" rulers. King Wu recognized this, and appointed the last Shang king
460:) states in rebellion. The Duke of Zhou then launched a second "eastern campaign" to put down the rebellion, and defeated the rebels in three years, killing or disempowering their leaders. In doing so, he also further expanded the authority of Zhou kingdom into
766:
distant fiefs where they could not pose a threat to the central kingdom. The fiefs that were given to members of the royal family were generally placed at strategic points all along the two main geographic axes of north China, the
558:'s son Wu Geng as the deputy ruler of the east. He hoped that by doing so, the Zhou could rule the eastern lands through a Shang prince. Still wary of possible revolts against his rule, King Wu left his three brothers
2642:
945:
Sarah Allan notes that epigraphic evidence lacks specifics of the nature of the celestial phenomenon announcing King Wen's receipt of the
Mandate. David Pankenier, crediting the planetary conjunction, notes that
711:
At first, the remaining loyalist states in the East had to bear the bulk of the fighting, as the government needed not only much time to mobilize its forces, but also at least two months to move them out of the
609:
initial criticism, Dan managed to win over the most important court members, and firmly established his position at the capital. Together with his half-brother Duke of Shao and King Cheng, he formed a ruling
2607:
682:
under the
Marquis Ke, son of the Duke of Shao. Among the eastern loyalists was also the aforementioned Dongyi state of Xue, which had no desire for the restoration of the Shang dynasty. The
626:
and the new leadership in the capital." In 1042 BC, the second year of the Duke of Zhou's regency, Guanshu and Caishu finally instigated Wu Geng and his followers to rise in rebellion.
824:
resistance against the Zhou regime persisted well after the
Rebellion of the Three Guards. Around 979 BC, sixty years after the rebellion, war broke out between the Zhou kingdom under
972:, states that the Three Guards – whom it does not name – were killed by the Shang rebels rather than assisting them. This alternative account is distinct to all received sources.
538:
broke away from his previous overlords, the Shang dynasty, and launched a war for dominance over China. The Zhou consolidated the territories surrounding their homeland in the
728:, the loyalists exterminated the Shang loyalists in the second year of the rebellion after hard fighting that saw the complete destruction of Yin and the death of Prince
860:
period, wrote an essay about
Guanshu and Caishu, in which he argued that the rebellious brothers had "sincere reasons to doubt the wisdom" of Duke Dan's regency. As a
2306:
On the Periphery of a Great "Empire": Secondary Formation of States and Their Material Basis in the Shandong Peninsula during the Late Bronze Age, ca. 1000-500 B.C.E
581:) as the "Three Overseers" of the newly conquered lands and ordered them to watch over Wu Geng and the other eastern nobles. But not only the states of the
2317:
Fang, Hui (2013). "The Eastern Territories of the Shang and Western Zhou: Military Expansion and Cultural Assimilation". In Anne P. Underhill (ed.).
2637:
663:, powerful Shang sympathizers, most of the Dongyi polities of Shandong rallied to the rebel cause. Even some Huaiyi tribes, which controlled the
2512:
Khayutina, Maria (2015). "King Wen, a Settler of Disputes or Judge? The "Yu–Rui case" in the Historical Records and its Historical Background".
927:
The involvement of Huoshu is disputed. Some scholars like Cui Shu and Liu Qiyu maintain that only two brothers - Guanshu and Caishu - rebelled.
2334:
2295:
2269:
2239:
959:
Not all scholars agree that the Duke of Zhou was the half-brother of the Duke of Shao, who may have descended from a separate branch lineage.
918:. The state of Yan (奄) was alternatively known as "Gai" (盖). The two words had very similar shapes in the early form of the written language.
774:. The "Fengjian enfeoffment system would become the foundation of Zhou rule and the dynasty's crowning achievement". The rebel states of
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rose against the official government at Fenghao, including some states that controlled crucial passes and routes. The rebel state of
2592:
2412:
2361:
2216:
2197:
2167:
618:, communication in the Western Zhou period would also take forty to sixty days to traverse the difficult mountain roads in western
2612:
808:
Greatly empowered, the Zhou dynasty entered an era of prosperity and expansion that lasted until it was severely weakened by the
31:
2667:
684:
605:, royal chancellor and "Grand Protector", respectively. These two quickly became the two most powerful figures at the court.
400:
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and Huoshu as the "Three Guards" of the East to secure the newly conquered Shang lands. After his death and his young son
392:
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region and had little connection to either the Zhou or the Shang, joined the rebel forces. Among them was the state of
2387:
887:
408:
2261:
2155:
2373:"Searching for Shang's Beginnings: Great City Shang, City Song, and Collaborative Archaeology in Shangqui, Henan"
2372:
783:
Weizi Qi, who was Wu Geng's uncle but had remained loyal throughout the revolt, was enfeoffed with the state of
796:
2438:(2007). "On the identity of Shang Di 上帝 and the origin of the concept of a Celestial Mandate (Tian Ming 天命)".
848:
As the Duke of Zhou was later "revered as paragon of wisdom and humility" and respected as "great example" by
622:, causing "a problem of miscommunication and therefore mistrust between the Zhou commanders stationed on the
503:
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were visible in the northwestern sky over northern China, grouped closely together. This was taken by the
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1283:
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region". Furthermore, the rebels were able to gain several external allies. Led by the states of
555:
439:
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571:
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2530:"The Xinian: an ancient historical text from the Qinghua University collection of bamboo books"
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868:, regarding the rebels as dutiful men fighting against usurping regents (the Duke of Zhou and
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771:
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799:) was located near Luoyang, though it is still unclear if a single or two cities were built.
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campaign as commander, further disproving the later claim that he was a child at the time.
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Landscape and Power in Early China: The Crisis and Fall of the Western Zhou 1045-771 BC
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708:. The Duke of Zhou, eager to regain the east, probably supported the king's decision.
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The Cambridge History of ancient China - From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C
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Pankenier, David W. (1995). "The cosmo-political background of Heaven's Mandate".
2060:
2229:
2435:
2346:
Writing Against the State: Political Rhetorics in Third and Fourth Century China
2142:(1999). "Western Zhou History". In Michael Loewe; Edward L. Shaughnessy (eds.).
1251:"Chinese History - Political History of the Zhou Dynasty 周 (11th cent.-221 BCE)"
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as sign of great importance, showcasing that their ruler had been granted the "
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63:(light blue), and loyalist campaigns against last rebel strongholds (purple).
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2234:(Reprint with corrections ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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reported the existence of two more loyalist states in Shandong at the time,
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107:
17:
911:
762:
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After ordering the eastern lands, King Wu returned west to his capital
519:
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307:
884:, a Western Zhou bronze vessel whose inscription records the rebellion
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wanted to restore the Shang dynasty. Many Dongyi tribes and states of
490:
2349:
833:
523:
451:
378:
272:
206:
671:, which would grow into one of the Zhou dynasty's greatest enemies.
699:
After being informed of the revolt, King Cheng allegedly performed
1079:"Persons in Chinese History - Shao Gong Shi 召公奭, the Duke of Shao"
744:
619:
547:
511:
498:'s seizure of power was one of the major causes for the rebellion.
489:
185:
133:
110:
and conquers western Shandong; several rebel states are dismantled
2182:
Before Confucius: Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics
546:
defeated the Shang dynasty and conquered the latter's capital of
55:
loyalist (green) and rebel control (red). Loyalist reconquest of
915:
705:
674:
Some vassal states in the east remained loyal, however, such as
660:
515:
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loyalists, vassal states and other non-Zhou peoples against the
217:
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loyalist he linked the Rebellion of the Three Guards with the
761:
Following the rebellion, the Duke of Zhou established the new
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1049:"Persons in Chinese History - Zhou Gong 周公, the Duke of Zhou"
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that has come to be seen as defining moment not only for the
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disquietude, but refused to go against the apparent will of
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Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Asia
1984:
1982:
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An excavated manuscript first studied in 2008, part of the
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dynasty but for the entire history of Chinese statecraft".
1737:
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Also called the "Three Overseers", or "Three Governors".
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1572:"Chinese History - Song 宋 (Zhou period feudal state)"
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1887:"Chinese History - Cai 蔡 (Zhou period feudal state)"
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1325:"Chinese History - Jin 晉 (Zhou period feudal state)"
1139:"Chinese History - Yan 燕 (Zhou period feudal state)"
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valley under King Wen. Following his death, his son
2608:
Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Asia
1494:"Chinese History - Qi 齊 (Zhou period feudal state)"
1012:
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1008:
2483:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 121–176.
2397:Imperial Chinese Military History: 8000 BC-1912 AD
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992:
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597:, where he appointed his other brothers, Dan, the
2540:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 53–109.
1284:"Persons in Chinese History - Zhou Chengwang 周成王"
639:, for example, "was located near the exit of the
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
2446:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 1–46.
2371:Murowchick, Robert E.; Cohen, David J. (2001).
1937:
1073:
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1069:
464:, transforming it into an empire using the new
39:
162:Three Guards, separatists and Shang loyalists
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8:
2520:. München: Ruhr-Universität Bochum: 261–276.
434:had appointed his younger brothers Guanshu,
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2048:
2024:
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1610:
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1181:"Inscriptional Records of the Western Zhou"
1043:
1041:
1039:
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1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
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2231:Early China: A Social and Cultural History
411:, instigated by an alliance of discontent
36:
2545:
2390:: The Review of Archaeology, Inc.: 47–61.
1753:
1634:
27:c. 1042–1039 BC war in Zhou dynasty China
2111:
1551:
2312:: Columbia University Academic Commons.
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1109:"Persons in Chinese History - Weizi 微子"
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717:King Cheng himself participated in the
647:plain and right at the entrance to the
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1988:
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2514:Bochum Yearbook of East Asian Studies
2424:Dynastic China: An Elementary History
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1539:
1488:
1486:
1133:
1131:
1129:
651:, controlling the road to the middle
430:After the fall of the Shang dynasty,
59:(dark red), Zhou conquest of western
7:
1709:
1697:
1222:
427:'s regency in late 11th century BC.
2096:
2319:A Companion to Chinese Archaeology
2190:State University of New York Press
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2012:
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1973:
1961:
1949:
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1400:
1371:
1348:
1234:
1016:
724:Aided by the military strategists
25:
442:'s coronation, King Wu's brother
2063:(Expoited by the presence of...)
910:, this state was located in the
844:Later reception of the rebellion
816:and regent in mind, opted for a
320:
289:
45:
2638:Wars involving the Zhou dynasty
32:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
2209:China to 1850: A short history
685:Records of the Grand Historian
502:In 1059 BC, an extremely rare
404:
396:
383:
374:
366:
1:
2211:, Stanford University Press,
1938:Murowchick & Cohen (2001)
950:also appeared that same year.
828:, Chang's successor, and the
359:Rebellion of the Three Guards
40:Rebellion of the Three Guards
866:Three Rebellions in Shouchun
240:Many other tribes and states
2430:: The Other Press Sdn. Bhd.
2395:Whiting, Marvin C. (2002).
2388:Williamstown, Massachusetts
2252:(2006). Axel Menges (ed.).
2207:Hucker, Charles O. (1978),
888:List of rebellions in China
643:valley connecting with the
534:". Declaring himself king,
2684:
2588:11th-century BC rebellions
2344:Declercq, Dominik (1998).
2262:Cambridge University Press
2156:Cambridge University Press
741:Reform of the Zhou kingdom
29:
2583:11th-century BC conflicts
2489:10.1017/S0362502800004466
2452:10.1017/S0362502800001796
2380:The Review of Archaeology
856:, a famous author of the
456:
350:
345:
246:
118:
67:
44:
2593:11th century BC in China
906:Not to be confused with
757:system's implementation.
474:called the rebellion "a
387:), or less commonly the
51:Approximate areas under
30:Not to be confused with
2613:Civil wars of antiquity
2286:The Authentic Confucius
1237:, pp. 65, 306–308.
701:turtle shell divination
2422:Tan, Koon San (2014).
2178:Shaughnessy, Edward L.
2140:Shaughnessy, Edward L.
758:
499:
247:Commanders and leaders
2668:Zhou dynasty nobility
1780:, pp. 64, 70–71.
970:Tsinghua Bamboo Slips
749:The territory of the
748:
614:regent. According to
504:planetary conjunction
493:
472:Edward L. Shaughnessy
444:Dan, the Duke of Zhou
423:government under the
346:Casualties and losses
326:Marquis of Yan (
156:Other loyalist states
106:Zhou dynasty secures
2329:. pp. 292–351.
2114:, pp. 409, 410.
1864:, pp. 311, 312.
1852:, pp. 314, 315.
1804:, pp. 306, 307.
1744:, pp. 121, 123.
1712:, pp. 484, 485.
1613:, pp. 310, 311.
1523:, pp. 336, 337.
1437:, pp. 307, 308.
914:region, centered at
678:under Weizi Qi, and
2633:Rebellions in China
2618:Jin (Chinese state)
2603:Civil wars in China
2323:Hoboken, New Jersey
2027:, pp. 313–317.
1828:, pp. 323–325.
1661:, pp. 120–121.
1649:, pp. 117–120.
401:traditional Chinese
371:traditional Chinese
334:Elder of Feng
319:Ruler of Tang
2547:10.1017/eac.2016.2
2304:Wu, Minna (2013).
2075:, pp. 60, 61.
2073:Shaughnessy (1997)
2049:Shaughnessy (1999)
2025:Shaughnessy (1999)
1991:, pp. 33, 34.
1976:, pp. 65, 66.
1964:, pp. 96–138.
1952:, pp. 75, 76.
1914:Shaughnessy (1997)
1862:Shaughnessy (1999)
1850:Shaughnessy (1999)
1826:Shaughnessy (1999)
1816:, pp. 96, 97.
1766:Shaughnessy (1999)
1727:Shaughnessy (1997)
1611:Shaughnessy (1999)
1478:Shaughnessy (1999)
1416:Shaughnessy (1999)
1282:Theobald, Ulrich.
759:
719:counter-insurgency
500:
393:simplified Chinese
363:simplified Chinese
269:Viscount Qi of Wey
257:King Cheng of Zhou
202:Other rebel states
2336:978-1-4443-3529-3
2297:978-0-7432-4618-7
2271:978-0-521-85272-2
2241:978-0-521-71981-0
872:, respectively).
778:, Yan, Pugu, and
772:Taihang Mountains
532:Mandate of Heaven
476:succession crisis
389:Wu Geng Rebellion
384:Sān Jiàn zhī Luàn
355:
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299:Huoshu Chu (
129:Zhou royal domain
114:
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57:North China Plain
16:(Redirected from
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1754:Khayutina (2015)
1751:
1745:
1739:
1730:
1724:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1635:Pankenier (1995)
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1568:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1524:
1518:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1490:
1481:
1475:
1438:
1432:
1419:
1413:
1404:
1398:
1375:
1369:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1321:
1312:
1306:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1279:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1247:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1185:
1177:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1135:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1105:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1075:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1045:
1020:
1014:
973:
966:
960:
957:
951:
948:Comet 1/P Halley
943:
937:
934:
928:
925:
919:
904:
803:Political impact
580:
459:
458:
406:
398:
385:
376:
368:
340:
330:
324:
316:
303:
293:
271:Grand Invocator
184:Shang domain of
96:loyalist victory
69:
68:
49:
37:
21:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2573:
2572:
2526:Milburn, Olivia
2524:
2511:
2474:
2434:
2421:
2415:
2394:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2343:
2337:
2327:Wiley-Blackwell
2316:
2303:
2298:
2278:
2272:
2248:
2242:
2224:
2219:
2206:
2200:
2176:
2170:
2138:
2135:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2112:Declercq (1998)
2110:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2051:, pp. 317.
2047:
2043:
2039:, p. xvii.
2035:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1987:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1916:, pp. 107.
1912:
1905:
1895:
1893:
1891:Ulrich Theobald
1885:
1884:
1880:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1740:
1733:
1725:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1576:Ulrich Theobald
1570:
1569:
1558:
1552:Declercq (1998)
1550:
1546:
1538:
1527:
1519:
1512:
1502:
1500:
1498:Ulrich Theobald
1492:
1491:
1484:
1476:
1441:
1433:
1422:
1414:
1407:
1399:
1378:
1370:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1329:Ulrich Theobald
1323:
1322:
1315:
1307:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1255:Ulrich Theobald
1249:
1248:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1202:
1192:
1190:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1143:Ulrich Theobald
1137:
1136:
1127:
1117:
1115:
1113:Ulrich Theobald
1107:
1106:
1097:
1087:
1085:
1083:Ulrich Theobald
1077:
1076:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1053:Ulrich Theobald
1047:
1046:
1023:
1015:
986:
982:
977:
976:
967:
963:
958:
954:
944:
940:
935:
931:
926:
922:
905:
901:
896:
878:
846:
805:
743:
738:
632:
574:
544:King Wu of Zhou
488:
432:King Wu of Zhou
336:
333:
325:
318:
312:
306:
298:
294:
281:
279:
277:
276:Duke Ke of Shao
275:
270:
268:
263:
259:
255:
125:Zhou loyalists
102:
85:
84:Northeast China
75:c. 1042–1039 BC
50:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2681:
2679:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2522:
2509:
2472:
2432:
2419:
2413:
2392:
2368:
2362:
2341:
2335:
2314:
2301:
2296:
2280:Chinn, Annping
2276:
2270:
2246:
2240:
2222:
2217:
2204:
2198:
2174:
2168:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2116:
2101:
2089:
2085:Whiting (2002)
2077:
2065:
2053:
2041:
2029:
2017:
2005:
1993:
1978:
1966:
1954:
1942:
1930:
1918:
1903:
1878:
1866:
1854:
1842:
1840:, p. 306.
1830:
1818:
1806:
1794:
1782:
1778:Milburn (2016)
1770:
1768:, p. 313.
1758:
1756:, p. 269.
1746:
1731:
1729:, p. 139.
1714:
1702:
1700:, p. 477.
1690:
1678:
1676:, p. 121.
1663:
1651:
1639:
1637:, p. 129.
1627:
1615:
1603:
1588:
1556:
1554:, p. 409.
1544:
1525:
1510:
1482:
1480:, p. 311.
1439:
1420:
1418:, p. 312.
1405:
1403:, p. 307.
1376:
1374:, p. 123.
1353:
1351:, p. 138.
1341:
1313:
1296:
1267:
1239:
1227:
1225:, p. 487.
1200:
1155:
1125:
1095:
1065:
1021:
983:
981:
978:
975:
974:
961:
952:
938:
929:
920:
898:
897:
895:
892:
891:
890:
885:
877:
874:
858:Three Kingdoms
845:
842:
804:
801:
742:
739:
737:
734:
631:
628:
590:independence.
487:
484:
450:, and several
353:
352:
348:
347:
343:
342:
283:
282:Commander Qian
249:
248:
244:
243:
242:
241:
238:
235:
234:State of Xiong
232:
226:
220:
204:
203:
200:
194:
188:
182:
176:
170:
159:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
142:
136:
130:
121:
120:
116:
115:
112:
111:
104:
98:
97:
91:
87:
86:
83:
81:
77:
76:
73:
65:
64:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2680:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2571:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2428:Petaling Jaya
2425:
2420:
2416:
2414:0-595-22134-3
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2363:90-04-10376-7
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2310:New York City
2307:
2302:
2299:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2218:0-8047-0958-0
2214:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2199:0-7914-3377-3
2195:
2191:
2187:
2186:New York City
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2169:9780521470308
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2147:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2126:, p. 34.
2125:
2124:Hucker (1978)
2120:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2099:, p. 23.
2098:
2093:
2090:
2087:, p. 16.
2086:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2006:
2003:, p. 67.
2002:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1989:Hucker (1978)
1985:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1940:, p. 47.
1939:
1934:
1931:
1928:, p. 67.
1927:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1876:, p. 72.
1875:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1795:
1792:, p. 71.
1791:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1691:
1688:, p. 64.
1687:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1628:
1625:, p. 38.
1624:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1601:, p. 33.
1600:
1599:Hucker (1978)
1595:
1593:
1589:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1542:, p. 43.
1541:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1311:, p. 32.
1310:
1309:Hucker (1978)
1305:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1285:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1189:
1182:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1019:, p. 65.
1018:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
985:
979:
971:
965:
962:
956:
953:
949:
942:
939:
933:
930:
924:
921:
917:
913:
909:
903:
900:
893:
889:
886:
883:
880:
879:
875:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
843:
841:
839:
836:and northern
835:
831:
827:
821:
819:
814:
811:
802:
800:
798:
792:
790:
786:
781:
777:
773:
769:
764:
756:
752:
747:
740:
735:
733:
731:
727:
722:
720:
715:
709:
707:
702:
697:
695:
691:
687:
686:
681:
677:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
649:Nanyang Basin
646:
642:
638:
629:
627:
625:
624:eastern plain
621:
617:
612:
606:
604:
601:and Shi, the
600:
596:
591:
588:
584:
583:Central Plain
578:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
497:
492:
485:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
467:
463:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
402:
394:
390:
386:
380:
372:
364:
360:
349:
344:
341:
339:
331:
323:
317:
315:
309:
304:
297:
292:
287:
284:
280:Commander Zhi
274:
267:
262:
258:
254:
251:
250:
245:
239:
237:State of Feng
236:
233:
231:
227:
225:
221:
219:
215:
214:
213:
212:
208:
201:
199:
195:
193:
189:
187:
183:
181:
177:
175:
171:
169:
165:
164:
163:
160:
155:
152:
150:State of Lian
149:
147:
143:
141:
137:
135:
131:
128:
127:
126:
123:
122:
117:
109:
108:Central Plain
105:
100:
99:
95:
92:
89:
88:
82:
79:
78:
74:
71:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
2663:Zhou dynasty
2570:
2537:
2533:
2517:
2513:
2480:
2476:
2443:
2439:
2436:Allan, Sarah
2423:
2396:
2383:
2379:
2345:
2318:
2305:
2290:, Scribner,
2285:
2253:
2230:
2208:
2181:
2145:
2133:Bibliography
2119:
2092:
2080:
2068:
2056:
2044:
2032:
2020:
2008:
1996:
1969:
1957:
1945:
1933:
1921:
1894:. Retrieved
1890:
1881:
1869:
1857:
1845:
1833:
1821:
1809:
1797:
1785:
1773:
1761:
1749:
1705:
1693:
1681:
1654:
1642:
1630:
1623:Allan (2007)
1618:
1606:
1579:. Retrieved
1575:
1547:
1540:Chinn (2007)
1501:. Retrieved
1497:
1344:
1332:. Retrieved
1328:
1287:. Retrieved
1258:. Retrieved
1254:
1230:
1193:26 September
1191:. Retrieved
1187:
1146:. Retrieved
1142:
1116:. Retrieved
1112:
1086:. Retrieved
1082:
1056:. Retrieved
1052:
964:
955:
941:
932:
923:
908:Northern Yan
902:
882:Kang Hou gui
847:
822:
806:
793:
789:Western Zhou
768:Yellow River
760:
751:Western Zhou
723:
710:
698:
683:
680:Northern Yan
673:
633:
607:
603:Duke of Shao
599:Duke of Zhou
592:
560:Guanshu Xian
552:
550:in 1046 BC.
506:occurred as
501:
496:Duke of Zhou
480:Western Zhou
470:
454:and Huaiyi (
429:
425:Duke of Zhou
421:Western Zhou
388:
382:
358:
356:
337:
313:
286:Guanshu Xian
278:Duke of Lian
261:Duke of Shao
253:Duke of Zhou
205:
161:
153:State of Xue
146:Northern Yan
124:
119:Belligerents
18:Three Guards
2658:Yan (state)
2648:Wey (state)
2598:Cai (state)
2534:Early China
2477:Early China
2440:Early China
2158:. pp.
2061:一 被剥削者的存在类型
1710:Fang (2013)
1698:Fang (2013)
1223:Fang (2013)
1188:Eno, Robert
818:meritocracy
795:(Chengzhou/
791:in 771 BC.
611:triumvirate
575: [
536:Wen of Zhou
528:Zhou people
101:Territorial
2653:Xu (state)
2628:Qi (state)
2623:Lu (state)
2577:Categories
2097:Tan (2014)
980:References
753:after the
665:Huai River
641:Ying River
568:Huoshu Chu
462:East China
440:King Cheng
2564:232154371
2505:157710102
2468:159662391
2405:iUniverse
2258:Cambridge
2228:(2014) .
2152:Cambridge
2037:Li (2006)
2013:Li (2006)
2001:Wu (2013)
1974:Li (2006)
1962:Li (2006)
1950:Li (2006)
1926:Li (2006)
1896:21 August
1874:Li (2006)
1838:Li (2006)
1814:Li (2006)
1802:Li (2006)
1790:Li (2006)
1742:Li (2014)
1686:Wu (2013)
1674:Li (2014)
1659:Li (2014)
1647:Li (2014)
1581:21 August
1521:Li (2006)
1503:21 August
1435:Li (2006)
1401:Li (2006)
1372:Li (2014)
1349:Li (2014)
1334:21 August
1289:21 August
1260:21 August
1235:Li (2006)
1148:21 August
1118:21 August
1088:21 August
1058:21 August
1017:Li (2006)
850:Confucius
826:King Kang
797:Wangcheng
736:Aftermath
714:Wei River
564:Caishu Du
540:Wei River
415:princes,
409:civil war
407:), was a
296:Caishu Du
228:State of
222:State of
216:State of
196:State of
190:State of
178:State of
172:State of
166:State of
144:State of
138:State of
132:State of
2556:44075753
2528:(2016).
2497:23351765
2460:23354211
2282:(2007),
2250:Li, Feng
2226:Li, Feng
2180:(1997).
912:Shandong
876:See also
810:war with
770:and the
763:Fengjian
755:Fengjian
726:Lü Shang
587:Shandong
468:system.
466:Fengjian
266:Lü Shang
80:Location
61:Shandong
2401:Lincoln
870:Sima Yi
854:Ji Kang
838:Shaanxi
830:Guifang
730:Wu Geng
653:Yangtze
645:Luoyang
616:Li Feng
595:Fenghao
520:Jupiter
508:Mercury
486:Prelude
448:Wu Geng
351:Unknown
338:†
314:†
308:Wu Geng
103:changes
2562:
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2360:
2350:Leiden
2333:
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2162:–351.
834:Shanxi
706:Heaven
566:, and
556:Di Xin
524:Saturn
522:, and
452:Dongyi
436:Caishu
403::
395::
381::
379:pinyin
373::
365::
310:
288:
211:Huaiyi
207:Dongyi
90:Result
2560:S2CID
2552:JSTOR
2501:S2CID
2493:JSTOR
2464:S2CID
2456:JSTOR
2386:(2).
2376:(PDF)
1184:(PDF)
894:Notes
620:Henan
579:]
512:Venus
417:Shang
264:Duke
2409:ISBN
2358:ISBN
2331:ISBN
2292:ISBN
2266:ISBN
2236:ISBN
2213:ISBN
2194:ISBN
2164:ISBN
1898:2015
1583:2015
1505:2015
1336:2015
1291:2015
1262:2015
1195:2015
1150:2015
1120:2015
1090:2015
1060:2015
916:Qufu
785:Song
776:Guan
692:and
676:Song
659:and
657:Pugu
637:Ying
516:Mars
494:The
413:Zhou
405:武庚之亂
397:武庚之乱
375:三監之亂
367:三监之乱
357:The
224:Pugu
209:and
198:Tang
192:Ying
168:Guan
134:Shao
94:Zhou
72:Date
53:Zhou
2542:doi
2485:doi
2448:doi
2160:292
862:Cao
832:of
813:Chu
780:Cai
661:Yan
630:War
572:霍叔處
548:Yin
329:POW
302:POW
273:Qin
218:Yan
186:Yin
180:Huo
174:Cai
140:Wey
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694:Lu
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669:Xu
577:zh
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514:,
510:,
457:淮夷
399:;
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