161:
forestry and remote trading were closely connected. Large pines in the black forest were called "HollÀnder," as they were traded to the
Netherlands. Large timber rafts on the Rhine were 200 to 400m in length, 40m wide and consisted of several thousand logs. The crew consisted of 400 to 500 men, including shelter, bakeries, ovens and livestock stables. Timber rafting infrastructure allowed for large interconnected networks all over continental Europe. The advent of the railroad, steam boat vessels and improvements in trucking and road networks gradually reduced the use of timber rafts. It is still of importance in Finland. In Spain, this method of transport was used in the Ebro, Tajo, JĂșcar, Turia and Segura rivers, mainly and to a lesser extent in the Guadalquivir. There is documentary evidence of these uses as early as the sixteenth century, and its use was extended until the middle of the 20th century. In Russia, the use of elaborate timber rafts called
376:
58:
317:, for example, the maximum width was about forty feet (12 m), that being the widest that could pass between the pilings of railroad bridges. Maximum length was about 250 feet (76 m), that being the longest that could navigate The Narrows, several miles of the river that were not only very narrow but also very crooked. Each raft had two oars forty to fifty feet long, one in the bow, the other at the stern. The oars were for steering, not propelling, the raft. The minimum raft crew was two men, the pilot who usually manned the stern oar, and his bow hand. Rafts usually had a lean-to shack for shelter and a mound of dirt for a hearth to warm by and cook on. The timber rafts on the Altamaha delivered logs to the port of
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465:. Timber imports from Russia stopped, requiring their replacement with more timber to be procured from the upper reaches of Saimaa, while the Finnish truck fleet was however not large enough to accommodate this. Thus, timber rafting took its place. Timber rafting is 20% cheaper than transport by truck or rail. It is also environmentally friendly, with much lower greenhouse gas emissions than truck transport.
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367:, a town at the mouth of the river with a population of perhaps a couple of thousand, was a major international timber port. Reports of exports from Darien were included in the New York Lumber Trade Journal along with reports of exports from such large ports as New Orleans, Mobile, Jacksonville, Savannah, Charleston, and Norfolk.
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Rafts were assembled in sections. Each section was made up of round or squared timbers, all of the same length except for the outside, or âboom logs,â which extended aft a few feet to enclose the following section. Thus the sections were coupled together. A fairly typical raft would be one of three,
229:
Raft construction differs depending on the watercourse. Rocky and windy rivers saw rafts of simple, yet sometimes smart, construction. For example, the front parts of the logs were joined together by wooden bars, while the rear parts were loosely roped together. The resulting slack allowed for easy
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Most rafts were sharp-chute, that is, V-bowed, rather than square-bowed. Raftsmen had learned that with a V-bow a raft was more likely to hold together and glance off if it drifted out of control and hit the river bank. As one old-time raftsman put it: âWith a square bow you were compelled to hold
209:
Timber rafts could be of enormous proportions, sometimes up to 600 metres (2,000 ft) long, 50 metres (160 ft) wide, and stacked 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) high. Such rafts would contain thousands of logs. For the comfort of the raftsmen - which could number up to 500 - logs were also
160:
This practice used to be common in many parts of the world, especially North
America and on all main rivers of Germany. Timber rafting allowed for connecting large continental forests, as in south western Germany, via Main, Neckar, Danube and Rhine with the coastal cities and states. Early modern
358:
Most rafts were made up of squared timbers, either hewn square by hand or sawn square by upcountry sawmills. Some timbers were carefully, smoothly hewn, and there was a demand for them, especially in
England, after steam sawmilling became common. On the Altamaha, for many years during the rafting
241:
These type of constructed log rafts used for timber rafting over long distances by waterways to markets of large populations appeared on the
Atlantic coast about 1883. They were there sometimes referred to as Joggins-Leary log ships because they were financed by businessman James T. Leary and
351:
the raft in or near the middle of the river: if it butted the hill it would come to pieces. The sharp-chute could be put together so it would not come apart. And it saved a lot of hard work. Raftsmen didnât mind letting it go to the hill. Theyâd say: âLetâer shoot out.ââ
85:
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Although, on the
Altamaha, there was rafting to some extent before the Civil War and after World War I, the Altamahaâs rafting era is generally considered to have been the years between those wars. During those years,
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The log driver, a daring tightrope walker of the rivers, was responsible for controlling the free floating of cut tree trunks that were thrown into a watercourse in order to reach a sawmill or a pulp and paper
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to the south, and is a particularly troublesome bend, with associated dangerous currents, where a pilot and crew might lose "their wages, their timber, and occasionally their lives"
84:. Both methods may be referred to as timber floating. The tradition of timber rafting cultivated in Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Latvia, Poland and Spain was inscribed on
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era, most rafts were made up of âscabâ timber, that is, logs roughly squared by broad ax for tighter assembly and for gang sawmills which could cut flat-face timber only.
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as exemples, was responsible for assembling the rafts and piloting the huge wooden train made of squared pine â also called a cage â to a port of embarkation.
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At the time of the great voyages of exploration, the First
Peoples provided assistance essential for Europeans to survive and settle in these lands
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333:. Rivermen assigned colorful names to the various features and hazards along their route down the Atamaha. Among the many "riverman monikers" was
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down rivers declined from the 1960s and mostly ended by the early 21th century, timber rafting has continued to some degree along lakes.
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854:"MetsĂ€teollisuus kaivoi satoja vuosia vanhan kuljetustavan naftaliinista â tĂ€ltĂ€ nĂ€yttÀÀ, kun 938 tukkinippua seilaa Saimaalla jonossa"
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The timber was transported by floating, down the current of the rivers, which required the work of cages and log drivers (
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On the road to the historic motion of the
National Assembly of Quebec: 200 years of exploits: cageux et draveurs
2003:
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76:, which are then drifted or pulled downriver, or across a lake or other body of water. It is arguably, after
1998:
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Running the River: Poleboats, Steamboats & Timber Rafts on the
Altamaha, Ocmulgee, Oconee & Ohoopee.
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618:
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Rafting was a principal method of transporting timber in the southeastern United States but, except on the
2013:
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Available in various
Georgia (U. S.) libraries and from the publisher's website:' 'www.saltmarshpress.com
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as early as
September 14, 1888. Their use on the Pacific coast was first contemplated by the capitalists
1900:
1886:
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181:'s raft, circa 1880. The raftsmen cooked, ate and slept on these rafts as they floated down the river.
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Autumn and winter landscapes, portrayals of Aboriginal people and depictions of life in rural Quebec
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Timber rafts were also used as a means of transportation of people and goods, both raw materials (
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in Standard Freeholder (October 8, 1993) accessed at Cornwall Public Library, Ontario
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560:(1995): "Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World", Johns Hopkins University Press,
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and possibility to make stops. On the other hand, rafting requires wider waterflows.
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four or five sections, each section having timbers twenty to thirty feet in length.
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is a method of transporting felled tree trunks by tying them together to make
818:(in French). BibliothÚque et Archives nationales du Québec. 2021. p. 380
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790:. Department of Canadian Heritage and the Art Gallery of Ontario. p. 15
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adaptation for narrow and windy waterbeds. Wide and quiet rivers, like the
896:
785:"The Painting Materials and Techniques of Cornelius Krieghoff (1815-1867)"
313:, rafts were necessarily smaller than those described above. On Georgiaâs
86:
UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
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U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Old Hell Lake
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525:, novel by Jules Verne about a timber raft trip down the Amazon River.
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The New South Comes to Wiregrass Georgia, 1860-1910 - Timber Is King
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Unlike log driving, which was a dangerous task of floating separate
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612:. Waterbury, Connecticut. August 13, 1888. p. 1 – via
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basin. Timber rafting has experienced a resurgence following the
1716:
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670:. New York, New York. September 22, 1888. p. 5 – via
641:. Newcastle, England. September 14, 1888. p. 2 – via
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Rafting on the Drina River (1951) - BH Film - Official chanal
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timber by way of a huge raft propelled by as many as fifty
390:). The first types of trees cut were â Pin blanc L. â
1739:
1571:
1413:
1104:
1014:
783:Elizabeth A. Moffatt, Marie-Claude Corbeil (2007).
80:, the second cheapest means of transporting felled
394:. â White pine (eastern white pine)., shipped to
751:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 403â404.
698:. Univ. of Tennessee Press. pp. 113â114.
371:In Canada, down the current of Quebec's rivers
246:. They seem also to have been employed on the
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8:
379:Lumber Raft on S. Lawrence river, oil 1867,
27:Letting rafts of tree trunks float downriver
339:, where the river marks the border between
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928:
920:
872:How timber rafts ran the Long Sault rapids
812:"200 years of exploits Cageux et draveurs"
911:with member organizations in 11 countries
909:International Timber-Raftsmen Association
692:Mark V. Wetherington (1 September 2001).
53:Raftsmen in Northern Finland in the 1930s
256:San Francisco and North Pacific Railroad
536:
441:While the more technically challenging
578:Beschreibung eines groĂen RheinfloĂes
7:
1867:
522:Eight Hundred Leagues on the Amazon
238:and even be chained into strings.
234:, allowed huge rafts to travel in
218:. Control of the raft was done by
25:
1216:Global Forest Information Service
719:Delma E. Presley (June 4, 2013).
298:Tug boat pushing a log raft near
278:In the southeastern United States
1972:
1963:
1962:
1950:
1936:
1922:
1908:
1894:
1880:
1866:
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745:John H. Goff (1 December 2007).
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402:The cageux, this Ulysses of the
1973:
453:continue timber rafting in the
381:Cornelius Krieghoff (1815-1872)
1:
264:San Diego and Arizona Railway
664:"To Handle Big Lumber Rafts"
639:The Newcastle Weekly Courant
2030:
1327:Growth and yield modelling
610:Waterbury Evening Democrat
286:Logs rafted for towing in
165:continued into the 1930s.
1901:Earth sciences portal
1887:Climate change portal
1862:
1468:Great Green Wall (Africa)
957:
589:"A Big Raft Comes By Sea"
545:"UNESCO - Timber rafting"
424:Sainte-Anne (Les Chenaux)
1473:Great Green Wall (China)
1046:Close to nature forestry
725:New Georgia Encyclopedia
1507:Million Tree Initiative
568:, p. 4, fn. 2
274:on September 21, 1889.
141:5.8.2) records how the
1929:Environment portal
1361:Sustainable management
1256:Trillion Tree Campaign
606:"The Joggins Log Raft"
383:
370:
306:
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206:
182:
105:
66:
61:Timber rafting on the
54:
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1854:Wood process engineer
1558:Urban forest inequity
904:at Wikimedia Commons
880:Morrison, Carlton A.
748:Placenames of Georgia
378:
297:
285:
266:when they formed the
188:
176:
99:
60:
52:
33:
2009:Forestry occupations
1517:Shifting cultivation
1458:Forest fragmentation
1428:Carbon sequestration
1298:Woodland Carbon Code
1263:Forest certification
1171:Even-aged management
1086:Sustainable forestry
635:"Notes and Comments"
272:Joggins Raft Company
252:James Mervyn Donahue
244:Joggins, Nova Scotia
102:Frances Anne Hopkins
1322:Formally designated
1166:Ecological thinning
1076:Plantation forestry
984:Research institutes
840:"Uittoreittien maa"
463:Russo-Ukrainian War
191:Saint-Maurice River
1915:Ecology portal
1448:Forest degradation
1443:Ecosystem services
1051:Community forestry
721:"Rafting Folklore"
668:The New York Times
384:
319:Brunswick, Georgia
307:
292:
207:
183:
106:
92:Historical rafting
67:
55:
47:
1986:
1985:
1943:Plants portal
1729:green woodworking
900:Media related to
758:978-0-8203-3129-4
705:978-1-57233-168-6
595:, August 25, 1883
566:978-0-8018-5130-8
388:Cajeux - Draveurs
343:to the north and
311:Mississippi River
260:John D. Spreckels
232:Mississippi River
16:(Redirected from
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1495:Invasive species
1383:Tree measurement
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842:. 13 April 2023.
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131:) and man-made.
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856:. 15 July 2022.
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327:Rio de Janeiro
315:Altamaha River
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210:used to build
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45:(August 2006).
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1834:Rubber tapper
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1071:Permaforestry
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877:June 21, 2006
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451:MetsÀhallitus
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396:Great Britain
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392:Pinus strobus
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37:
32:
19:
18:Timber rafter
1948:
1934:
1920:
1906:
1892:
1878:
1871:
1849:Tree planter
1829:Resin tapper
1809:Truck driver
1804:River driver
1553:Tree hugging
1538:
1521:
1488:timber mafia
1478:High grading
1463:Ghost forest
1433:Clearcutting
1356:Silviculture
1332:Horticulture
1176:Fire ecology
1091:Urban forest
1066:Mycoforestry
1026:
1022:Agroforestry
1003:
996:
989:
982:
975:
970:Forest areas
968:
961:
894:
885:
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871:
848:
834:
826:
820:. Retrieved
815:
806:
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792:. Retrieved
778:
767:
747:
740:
728:. Retrieved
714:
694:
687:
667:
658:
638:
629:
609:
600:
592:
584:
573:
553:
539:
520:
516:Wood economy
511:Timber slide
476:Barrier Boat
440:
404:St. Lawrence
385:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:Wayne County
334:
308:
268:Pacific west
240:
228:
208:
169:Construction
159:
139:Hist. Plant.
138:
135:Theophrastus
133:
118:
107:
69:
68:
1873:WikiProject
1797:smokejumper
1777:Firefighter
1740:Occupations
1724:Woodworking
1305:Forestation
1236:restoration
1191:informatics
1056:Ecoforestry
501:Log driving
486:Benson raft
443:log driving
341:Long County
248:Rhine River
177:Cookery on
78:log driving
65:(May 1973).
34:Rafting to
1993:Categories
1819:Lumberjack
1814:Log scaler
1697:engineered
1648:non-timber
1621:sawmilling
1573:Industries
1540:svedjebruk
1251:transition
1231:protection
1221:old-growth
1206:governance
1161:Dendrology
1111:management
977:Ministries
822:2023-12-21
794:2023-12-21
531:References
437:In Finland
408:St-Maurice
305:(May 2012)
195:Shawinigan
179:J.R. Booth
1767:Ecologist
1680:Tree farm
1581:Coppicing
1523:chitemene
1423:Acid rain
1371:allometry
1293:SmartWood
1241:secondary
1226:pathology
1201:inventory
1139:driftwood
1005:Arbor Day
506:Log flume
323:Liverpool
300:Vancouver
145:imported
36:Vancouver
1968:Category
1782:handcrew
1752:Arborist
1747:Forester
1707:mahogany
1653:palm oil
1643:charcoal
1628:Products
1563:Wildfire
1376:breeding
1337:GM trees
1186:dynamics
998:Journals
991:Colleges
951:Forestry
496:Log boom
469:See also
416:Saguenay
412:Batiscan
236:caravans
224:tugboats
147:Corsican
88:in 2022
1978:Outline
1792:lookout
1787:hotshot
1668:tanbark
1638:biomass
1633:biochar
1611:plywood
1596:Logging
1500:wilding
1149:log jam
1106:Ecology
730:25 June
481:Belyana
262:of the
254:of the
216:galleys
163:belyana
104:, 1868.
1824:Ranger
1772:Feller
1757:Bucker
1663:rubber
1606:lumber
1416:topics
1403:volume
1398:height
1344:i-Tree
1181:Forest
1134:coarse
1129:Debris
1028:dehesa
755:
702:
564:
491:Kallai
459:Saimaa
455:Vuoksi
365:Darien
331:Havana
329:, and
303:Canada
288:Alaska
270:coast
212:cabins
205:, 1994
203:Canada
199:Quebec
143:Romans
82:timber
43:Canada
1658:rayon
1393:girth
1388:crown
1349:urban
1246:stand
1154:slash
1144:large
1015:Types
963:Index
788:(PDF)
432:mill.
155:sails
151:masts
74:rafts
1717:teak
1702:fuel
1692:Wood
1512:REDD
1366:Tree
1283:PEFC
1268:ATFS
753:ISBN
732:2020
700:ISBN
562:ISBN
449:and
258:and
220:oars
214:and
153:and
129:game
114:oars
110:logs
1288:SFI
1278:FSC
1273:CFS
1211:law
1196:IPM
1108:and
447:UPM
125:fur
121:ore
1995::
825:.
814:.
797:.
723:.
666:.
637:.
608:.
591:,
422:,
418:,
414:,
410:,
406:,
398:.
325:,
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201:,
197:,
193:,
157:.
127:,
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38:,
943:e
936:t
929:v
761:.
734:.
708:.
681:.
652:.
623:.
547:.
457:-
137:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
