6733:
5394:
7164:
6745:
6769:
6757:
48:: a "rhetorical" stage in which calculations are described purely by words, a "syncopated" stage in which quantities and common algebraic operations are beginning to be represented by symbolic abbreviations, and finally a "symbolic" stage, in which comprehensive notational systems for formulas are the norm.
1407:
invents the method of solving indeterminate equations of the second degree and is the first to use algebra to solve astronomical problems. He also develops methods for calculations of the motions and places of various planets, their rising and setting, conjunctions, and the calculation of eclipses of
812:
proved that the value of Ï lies between 3 + 1/7 (approx. 3.1429) and 3 + 10/71 (approx. 3.1408), that the area of a circle was equal to Ï multiplied by the square of the radius of the circle and that the area enclosed by a parabola and a straight line is 4/3 multiplied by the area of a triangle with
2661:
such as Ï. His contribution to decimal fractions is so major that for many years he was considered as their inventor. Although not the first to do so, al-Kashi gave an algorithm for calculating nth roots, which is a special case of the methods given many centuries later by
Ruffini and Horner." He
2378:
followed al-Khayyam's application of algebra to geometry, and wrote a treatise on cubic equations that "represents an essential contribution to another algebra which aimed to study curves by means of equations, thus inaugurating the beginning of algebraic
2641:
1400 â Madhava discovers the series expansion for the inverse-tangent function, the infinite series for arctan and sin, and many methods for calculating the circumference of the circle, and uses them to compute Ï correct to 11 decimal
1997:
4829:
1728:
is the "first person to completely free algebra from geometrical operations and to replace them with the arithmetical type of operations which are at the core of algebra today. He was first to define the
3669:
1825 â Augustin-Louis Cauchy presents the Cauchy integral theorem for general integration pathsâhe assumes the function being integrated has a continuous derivative, and he introduces the theory of
2060:
1535:
5418:
2231:
number systems. His arithmetic explains the division of fractions and the extraction of square and cubic roots (square root of 57,342; cubic root of 3,652,296) in an almost modern manner.
325:
correctly to five decimal places, and contains "the earliest extant verbal expression of the
Pythagorean Theorem in the world, although it had already been known to the Old Babylonians."
1694:
2686:
are an introduction followed by five essays: "On whole number arithmetic", "On fractional arithmetic", "On astrology", "On areas", and "On finding the unknowns ". He also wrote the
5433:
3573:
1811 â Carl
Friedrich Gauss discusses the meaning of integrals with complex limits and briefly examines the dependence of such integrals on the chosen path of integration.
6889:
3778:
2734:
containing work of great depth on decimal fractions. It applies arithmetical and algebraic methods to the solution of various problems, including several geometric ones.
2574:
6807:
1902:
1867:
2602:
2548:
2522:
1804:
1777:
7039:
6874:
6193:
1832:
1497:
4855:
1750:
1721:
modified these methods for pen and paper use. Eventually the advances enabled by the decimal system led to its standard use throughout the region and the world.
3999:
constructs an analytic geometry for
Lobachevski's geometry thereby establishing its self-consistency and the logical independence of Euclid's fifth postulate.
3100:
537:. It also recognises five different types of infinity: infinite in one and two directions, infinite in area, infinite everywhere, and infinite perpetually.
4729:
2859:
2371:
gave a definition of algebra: " with operating on unknowns using all the arithmetical tools, in the same way as the arithmetician operates on the known."
1930:
extended the Indian concepts of sine and cosine to other trigonometrical ratios, like tangent, secant and their inverse functions. Derived the formulae:
2487:, generalized fibonacci sequence, and the first ever algorithm to systematically generate all permutations as well as many new magic figure techniques.
7080:
3085:
2917:
2818:
learns
Tartaglia's method for solving depressed cubics and discovers a method for depressing cubics, thereby creating a method for solving all cubics.
954:
941:
928:
154:
128:
5413:
7106:
6160:
5795:
5768:
5183:
6984:
5283:
4056:
2411:
2298:, which covers the topics of definitions, arithmetical terms, interest computation, arithmetical and geometrical progressions, plane geometry,
1306:, which first introduces the trigonometric functions and methods of calculating their approximate numerical values. It defines the concepts of
474:, author of the Apastamba Sulba Sutra, another Vedic Sanskrit geometric text, makes an attempt at squaring the circle and also calculates the
5579:
5305:
5479:
1933:
6800:
6556:
3792:
are impossible with only a compass and straightedge, as well as the full completion of the problem of constructability of regular polygons.
4358:
4137:
3595:
that is negative at one point and positive at another point must be zero for at least one point in between. Bolzano gives a first formal
1603:
writes the GaáčitasÄrasanÌgraha otherwise known as the Ganita Sara
Samgraha which gives systematic rules for expressing a fraction as the
7101:
6862:
5328:
6077:
3359:
7034:
6999:
6701:
6186:
2702:
6773:
6136:
5979:
5732:
5697:
5670:
5624:
3977:
3447:
2428:, a 12 volume mathematical treatise containing 170 formulas and 696 problems mostly solved by polynomial equations using the method
698:
7142:
7130:
7011:
6964:
6237:
5428:
5407:
3745:
3596:
3104:
2480:
2002:
1717:) because "the methods required moving the numbers around in the calculation and rubbing some out as the calculation proceeded."
45:
7096:
5456:
5205:
5149:
4971:
2135:
1710:
1413:
7193:
7167:
6906:
6793:
6651:
5818:
5089:
3070:
876:
4104:
7188:
6957:
6945:
6749:
5423:
4873:
published solutions for a simplified mathematical model of atmospheric turbulence â generally known as chaotic behaviour and
3796:
3682:
3552:
3488:
3293:
7111:
4537:
3348:
2698:
1908:
of any two of these. He started a school of algebra which flourished for several hundreds of years". He also discovered the
1600:
4843:
to show that neither the continuum hypothesis nor the axiom of choice can be proven from the standard axioms of set theory.
1545:, which introduces systematic algebraic techniques for solving linear and quadratic equations. Translations of his book on
6940:
6879:
6179:
4406:
4060:
3734:
3495:
2220:
1508:
1422:
124:
17:
5567:
7060:
4245:
3622:
3330:
2925:
1201:
1046:
that describes rules for tracking the motions of the Sun and the Moon, and uses geometry and trigonometry for astronomy.
428:
5536:
5134:
4006:
invents what is now called the
Dedekind Cut for defining irrational numbers, and now used for defining surreal numbers.
3175:
6676:
6232:
6028:
5063:
5059:
in knot theory, which leads to other new knot polynomials as well as connections between knot theory and other fields.
5048:
and thereby shows that there are only finitely many whole number solutions for each exponent of Fermat's Last
Theorem.
4249:
4216:
3518:
212:
6109:
3644:
1197:
1157:
2797:
develops a method for solving "depressed" cubic equations (cubic equations without an x term), but does not publish.
2329:), which is the first text to recognize that a positive number has two square roots. Furthermore, it also gives the
1289:
to seven decimal places. This calculation remains the most accurate calculation for Ï for close to a thousand years.
6247:
5212:
4836:
3944:
3671:
3588:
3384:
3381:
3304:
2194:
2120:
1718:
1699:
1181:
751:, which contains the first Indian use of zero as a digit (indicated by a dot) and also presents a description of a
524:
299:
253:
230:
2387:
6972:
6661:
6633:
6270:
5790:
5367:
5290:
5216:
5115:
4014:
3838:
3241:
whom the numbers are named after is believed to have independently discovered the numbers shortly after
Takakazu.
2936:
1438:
1315:
1241:
888:
767:
157:, the smallest unit of measurement used is 1.704 millimetres and the smallest unit of mass used is 28 grams.
146:
4070:
proves that Ï is transcendental and that therefore the circle cannot be squared with a compass and straightedge.
3659:
3499:
3179:
6901:
6706:
6165:
6065:
5800:
5773:
5475:
5119:
4566:
3912:
3908:
3748:
rediscovers and gives the first proof of the divergence theorem earlier described by
Lagrange, Gauss and Green.
3541:
3463:
3279:
2968:
5153:
4399:
3693:
3374:
3008:
2097:
1640:
5917:
2723:
1424 â Ghiyath al-Kashi computes Ï to sixteen decimal places using inscribed and circumscribed polygons.
2447:
methods. He also gave the pair of amicable numbers 17296 and 18416 that have also been jointly attributed to
6935:
6923:
6894:
6591:
6581:
6551:
6485:
5265:
4067:
3890:
3845:
3577:
3530:
3421:
3373:
conjectures that every even number greater than two can be expressed as the sum of two primes, now known as
3285:
1724 â Abraham De Moivre studies mortality statistics and the foundation of the theory of annuities in
3108:
2491:
1256:
1245:
843:
343:, and states "if you remove a part from infinity or add a part to infinity, still what remains is infinity."
109:
6761:
5313:
3666:
or higher equations cannot be solved by a general formula involving only arithmetical operations and roots.
7137:
7055:
6989:
6850:
6816:
6689:
6586:
6566:
6561:
6490:
6215:
5276:
5194:
4818:
4725:
4489:
4126:
4029:
3852:
3800:
3738:
3264:
3260:
3202:
3074:
2627:
of differential calculus, and is also the first mathematician to give the radius of circle with inscribed
2612:
2368:
2262:
2179:
2150:
2112:
1175:
1091:
1088:
985:
41:
5298:
4777:
7149:
7004:
6979:
6911:
6857:
6716:
6646:
6523:
6447:
6386:
6371:
6366:
6343:
6225:
5172:
5067:
4945:
4840:
4692:
4347:
4085:
4018:
3897:
3823:
3819:
3708:
3648:
3618:
3611:
3603:
3470:
3428:
3363:
3334:
3319:
3198:
3161:
3093:
2975:
2706:
2419:
2375:
1905:
1614:: the only surviving fragment of his original work contains a chapter on the solution and properties of
1507:
discovers the Newton-Gauss interpolation formula, and gives the fractional parts of Aryabhata's tabular
1328:
1168:
836:
752:
741:
6732:
5393:
4665:
numerically study a nonlinear spring model of heat conduction and discover solitary wave type behavior.
4173:
3030:
1482:
gives the rule for finding the volume of a sphere and also the formula for solving quadratic equations.
2864:
2855:
2364:
to 5 decimal places, and calculates the time taken for the Earth to orbit the Sun to 9 decimal places.
1500:
translates the Brahma-sphuta-siddhanta into Arabic upon the request of King Khalif Abbasid Al Mansoor.
1355:
7029:
6928:
6696:
6576:
6571:
6495:
6396:
6007:
5872:
4870:
4592:
4459:
4448:
4373:
4286:
4267:
4209:
4141:
4115:
3789:
3730:
3712:
3474:
3455:
3399:
2993:
2763:
2628:
2473:
2455:
2213:
2158:
1434:
1293:
1214:
1193:
923:
760:
677:
643:
575:
488:
445:
5959:
5286:, a collaborative work involving some hundred mathematicians and spanning fifty years, is completed.
7070:
6918:
6869:
6840:
6711:
6621:
6543:
6442:
6376:
6333:
6323:
6303:
6151:
5763:
5759:
5607:
5261:
5164:
4636:
4632:
4503:
4384:
4339:
1929 â Emmy Noether introduces the first general representation theory of groups and algebras.
4282:
4271:
4198:
3926:
3811:
3807:
3592:
3484:
associates vectors with complex numbers and studies complex number operations in geometrical terms.
3315:
3183:
3115:
2783:
2713:
2357:
2183:
2108:
2093:
1619:
1611:
1442:
1371:
1322:
1275:
1269:
1187:
1069:
1011:
901:, which contains work on the theory of numbers, arithmetical operations, geometry, operations with
849:
803:
690:
649:
632:
586:
565:
482:
464:
453:
295:
238:
223:
150:
38:
4930:
813:
equal base and height. He also gave a very accurate estimate of the value of the square root of 3.
7075:
6835:
6737:
6656:
6596:
6528:
6518:
6457:
6432:
6308:
6265:
6260:
6128:
5997:
5898:
5471:
5399:
5309:
5254:
5045:
5037:
proposed the same idea about quantum computations in "Computable and Uncomputable" (in Russian)).
5023:
4934:
4799:
4795:
4647:
4614:
4343:
4110:
1895 â Georg Cantor publishes a book about set theory containing the arithmetic of infinite
4107:
to describe the development of long solitary water waves in a canal of rectangular cross section.
3989:
3985:
3962:
3756:
3548:
3432:
3370:
3308:
3154:
2982:
2894:
2794:
2750:
2720:, which contains work on infinite-series expansions, problems of algebra, and spherical geometry.
2624:
2266:
2146:
2086:
1920:
1703:
1589:
1456:
1430:
1333:
6th century â Aryabhata gives accurate calculations for astronomical constants, such as the
917:
773:
615:
506:
449:
439:
401:
367:
318:
287:
205:
190:
63:
5363:
5078:
4301:
4255:
1912 â Josip Plemelj publishes simplified proof for the Fermat's Last Theorem for exponent
3827:
3752:
3719:
3697:
3607:
3226:
develops a quickly converging inverse-tangent series for Ï and computes Ï to 100 decimal places.
3129:
2811:
independently develops a method for solving depressed cubic equations but also does not publish.
2353:
2349:
2337:
2197:
gave the formula: sin (α + ÎČ) = sin α cos ÎČ + sin ÎČ cos α. Also discussed the quadrature of the
1630:
can be found, (i.e., two numbers such that each is the sum of the proper divisors of the other).
936:
4791:
compute Ï to 100,000 decimal places using an inverse-tangent identity and an IBM-7090 computer.
4361:, which shows that every axiomatic system for mathematics is either incomplete or inconsistent.
2553:
7065:
6452:
6437:
6381:
6328:
6132:
5975:
5890:
5728:
5693:
5666:
5620:
5575:
5512:
5491:
5381:
problem in dimension 8. Subsequent work building on this leads to a solution for dimension 24.
5342:
5198:
5168:
5138:
5004:
4975:
4956:
4901:
4897:
4889:
4874:
4673:
4625:
4621:
4548:
4514:
4496:
4485:
4418:
4148:
4122:
4096:
3863:
3704:
3655:
3633:
3414:
3256:
3234:
3160:
1691 â Gottfried Leibniz discovers the technique of separation of variables for ordinary
3122:
3081:
3001:
2953:
2949:
2887:
2331:
2258:
2127:
1604:
1574:
1056:
756:
719:
571:
541:
397:
356:
168:
82:
6155:
2745:
which is one of the earliest texts to treat trigonometry as a separate branch of mathematics.
1872:
1837:
6952:
6666:
6641:
6513:
6361:
6298:
5942:
5880:
5374:
5272:
5230:
5093:
5056:
4997:
4952:
4941:
4912:
4882:
4878:
4825:
4736:
4643:
4533:
4518:
4452:
4325:
4318:
4275:
4238:
4133:
4048:
4003:
3973:
3922:
3834:
3815:
3675:
3663:
3503:
3388:
3194:
3059:
3023:
2957:
2844:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2727:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2579:
2527:
2501:
2383:
2154:
2078:
1909:
1342:
1126:
1021:
949:
682:
475:
414:
322:
34:
5558:
2439:
gave a new proof of Thabit ibn Qurra's theorem, introducing important new ideas concerning
1782:
1755:
533:, a mathematical text classifying all numbers into three sets: enumerable, innumerable and
6606:
6533:
6462:
6255:
6049:
6024:
5822:
5460:
5246:
5085:
5030:
4859:
4773:
4718:
4714:
4677:
4529:
4522:
4463:
4437:
4365:
4333:
4111:
4100:
4025:
4010:
3955:
3584:
3442:
improves Machin's formula and computes Ï to 140 decimal places, 136 of which were correct.
3238:
3190:
3089:
2997:
2964:
2872:
2671:
2273:
2187:
2116:
1627:
1550:
1515:
1426:
1374:
1076:
1007:
1003:
906:
705:
348:
272:
182:
use a base-60 positional numeral system, and compute the first known approximate value of
6066:
Team announces construction of a formal computer-verified proof of the Kepler conjecture.
4703:
3948:
3726:
1809:
1504:
1349:
791:
6011:
5876:
6684:
6611:
6318:
5724:
5378:
5324:
5019:
4993:
4967:
4963:
4851:
4847:
4769:
4740:
4610:
4573:
4559:
4555:
4481:
4441:
4422:
4395:
4290:
4237:
solves the Riemann problem about the existence of a differential equation with a given
4205:
4194:
4028:
presents his method for finding series solutions to linear differential equations with
3882:
3871:
3785:
3567:
3563:
3556:
3326:
3268:
3062:
shows that the length of a cycloid is four times the diameter of its generating circle.
2848:
2833:
2787:
2484:
2424:
2314:
2299:
2291:
2277:
2246:
2209:
2165:
1735:
1615:
1530:
1222:
1017:
779:
712:
314:
194:
418:
237:
presents one of the first known approximate values of Ï at 3.16, the first attempt at
7182:
6472:
6404:
6356:
6081:
5861:"The Taylor Series: an Introduction to the Theory of Functions of a Complex Variable"
5452:
5356:
5353:
5179:
5130:
5126:
5104:
5097:
5052:
5041:
5015:
4784:
4762:
4758:
4710:
4699:
4688:
4588:
4507:
4474:
4429:
4380:
4354:
4234:
4223:
4162:
3933:
3764:
3626:
3537:
3523:
3481:
3392:
3341:
3249:
3230:
3209:
3168:
3139:
3037:
2738:
2663:
2620:
2616:
2605:
2444:
2440:
2429:
2250:
1623:
1585:
1397:
1338:
1334:
962:
855:
626:
378:
310:
280:
249:
6785:
5815:
1421:
Indian numeral system is fully developed. It also gives rules for manipulating both
6414:
6409:
6313:
5902:
5335:
5250:
5238:
5234:
5145:
5111:
4919:
4863:
4811:
4803:
4669:
4662:
4654:
4584:
4391:
4263:
4074:
4036:
3966:
3878:
3760:
3459:
3410:
3352:
3275:
3245:
3066:
2758:
2495:
2307:
2235:
2104:
1593:
1526:
1252:
1234:
1218:
972:
910:
832:
797:
686:
665:
534:
460:
382:
201:
105:
101:
90:
71:
279:. However, only unit fractions are used (i.e., those with 1 as the numerator) and
5687:
5611:
5141:
that is exponentially faster than any possible deterministic classical algorithm.
6616:
6280:
6203:
6053:
5349:
5294:
4986:
4982:
4807:
4788:
4684:
4599:
4577:
4433:
4329:
4044:
4040:
3996:
3223:
3147:
3048:
3041:
2908:
2658:
2402:
2391:
2228:
1418:
1404:
1384:
1282:
1141:
881:
730:
726:
559:
291:
179:
172:
116:
97:
5746:
Extrait du Fakhri, traité d'AlgÚbre par Abou Bekr Mohammed Ben Alhacan Alkarkhi
3958:
solves the general quintic equation by means of elliptic and modular functions.
2897:
computes Ï to twenty decimal places using inscribed and circumscribed polygons.
6601:
6480:
6275:
5585:
5389:
5320:
5242:
5160:
5034:
4923:
4747:
4658:
4544:
4369:
4311:
4297:
4227:
4089:
4081:
3936:
shows that quaternions can be used to represent rotations in four-dimensional
3856:
3439:
3012:
2942:
2667:
2465:
2461:
1280 â Guo Shoujing and Wang Xun use cubic interpolation for generating sine.
2345:
2319:
2202:
1927:
1714:
1546:
1226:
1164:
1132:
1107:
1097:
1082:
991:
968:
825:
820:
had already begun to use a true zero (a shell glyph) several centuries before
809:
785:
655:
619:
553:
547:
494:
423:
408:
389:
306:
86:
5894:
3171:
prepares the first mortality tables statistically relating death rate to age.
2257:
solutions of cubic equations and laid the foundations for the development of
1072:, Hero, the earliest, fleeting reference to square roots of negative numbers.
362:
c. 600 BC â Greece, the other Vedic "Sulba Sutras" ("rule of chords" in
5074:
4893:
4751:
4470:
4052:
3911:
distinguishes between poles and branch points and introduces the concept of
3143:
2912:
2883:
2868:
which gives proofs of power series expansion of some trigonometry functions.
2804:
explained the use of Arabic digits and their advantages over Roman numerals.
2801:
2436:
2142:
1725:
1634:
1566:
1558:
1490:
1472:
1361:
1299:
1043:
1028:
997:
979:
902:
868:
598:
592:
471:
432:
329:
276:
242:
161:
78:
4580:, the science of communication as it relates to living things and machines.
1341:, computes Ï to four decimal places, and obtains whole number solutions to
6171:
5100:
use iterative modular equation approximations to elliptic integrals and a
4907:
1965 â Martin Kruskal and Norman Zabusky numerically study colliding
2767:; introduces primitive symbolic algebra using "co" (cosa) for the unknown.
1217:, which describes a theory of the infinite containing different levels of
6505:
6424:
6351:
6112:
5606:
Biggs, Norman; Keith Lloyd; Robin Wilson (1995). "44". In Ronald Graham;
5101:
3918:
1850 â George Gabriel Stokes rediscovers and proves Stokes' theorem.
2295:
2283:
12th century â the Arabic numeral system reaches Europe through the
2254:
2198:
2172:
2082:
1916:
1730:
1581:
1570:
1519:
1479:
1468:
1452:
1120:
1112:
864:
512:
393:
363:
340:
67:
30:
6025:"UNH Mathematician's Proof Is Breakthrough Toward Centuries-Old Problem"
5945:(Researches on the curve that a tense cord forms set into vibration),
618:
texts use the Sanskrit word "Shunya" to refer to the concept of "void" (
6290:
5943:"Recherches sur la courbe que forme une corde tenduë mise en vibration"
5537:"Egyptian Mathematical Papyri - Mathematicians of the African Diaspora"
5033:
gives an influential talk "Simulating Physics with Computers" (in 1980
4908:
3901:
3637:
2986:
2790:
which is the first treatment of all 10 cases in spherical trigonometry.
2325:
2224:
2169:
2162:
1913:
1553:
1541:
1486:
1485:
773 â Iraq, Kanka brings Brahmagupta's Brahma-sphuta-siddhanta to
1464:
1263:
1237:
of numbers as large as a million correct to at least 11 decimal places.
1208:
1149:
1136:
1103:
1050:
1035:
1014:
894:
860:
821:
744:
709:
607:
500:
216:
139:
44:. It is divided here into three stages, corresponding to stages in the
5947:
Histoire de l'académie royale des sciences et belles lettres de Berlin
4317:
1921 â Emmy Noether introduces the first general definition of a
2344:
12th century â Bhaskara Acharya develops preliminary concepts of
1992:{\displaystyle \sin \alpha =\tan \alpha /{\sqrt {1+\tan ^{2}\alpha }}}
435:, originally for the purpose of systematizing the grammar of Sanskrit.
6002:
5885:
5860:
4158:
1899 â Georg Cantor discovers a contradiction in his set theory.
3981:
3491:(every polynomial equation has a solution among the complex numbers).
2676:
The Key of arithmetics, Discoveries in mathematics, The Decimal point
2448:
2303:
2131:
1460:
1311:
1230:
734:
672:
226:(Egypt, 19th dynasty) contains a quadratic equation and its solution.
5341:
2014 â Project Flyspeck announces that it completed a proof of
4765:
in his "A New Approach to Linear Filtering and Prediction Problems".
6093:
193:
exhibit a variety of symmetries including all of the symmetries of
6097:
5811:
5809:
5366:
finds that a quasipolynomial complexity algorithm would solve the
4603:
3937:
2284:
1448:
721 â China, Zhang Sui (Yi Xing) computes the first tangent table.
1367:
1318:
and cosine values (in 3.75-degree intervals from 0 to 90 degrees).
817:
722:
works on histories of arithmetic, geometry and astronomy now lost.
602:
518:
336:
333:
234:
135:
120:
5835:
5663:
The Bakhshali Manuscript, An ancient Indian mathematical treatise
3092:
for the logarithm while attempting to calculate the area under a
1556:
number system to the Western world in the 12th century. The term
283:
tables are used to approximate the values of the other fractions.
4959:
of conjectures relating number theory and representation theory.
1307:
579:
298:, describes the motions of the Sun and the Moon, and advances a
6789:
6175:
5972:
Paul Benacerraf and Hilary Putnam, Cambridge University Press,
3770:
1832 â Lejeune Dirichlet proves Fermat's Last Theorem for
2764:
Summa de arithmetica, geometria, proportioni et proportionalitĂ
2615:, a Kerala school mathematician, presents a series form of the
2245:
c. 1100 â Omar KhayyĂĄm "gave a complete classification of
1713:
at first required the use of a dust board (a sort of handheld
4830:
LevenbergâMarquardt nonlinear least squares fitting algorithm
4219:
gives considerably simpler proof of the prime number theorem.
2879:
treatise and uses imaginary numbers to solve cubic equations.
2276:
have been modified by Arab mathematicians to form the modern
370:, contain of a number of geometrical proofs, and approximate
142:
allows indefinite counting by way of introducing new symbols.
5338:
proves the first finite bound on gaps between prime numbers.
4176:, which show where some further mathematical work is needed.
2361:
2055:{\displaystyle \cos \alpha =1/{\sqrt {1+\tan ^{2}\alpha }}}
1286:
1153:
371:
183:
5689:
Information sources in the history of science and medicine
5419:
Timeline of mathematical innovation in South and West Asia
4444:, formalizing the notion of computation and computability.
4088:, serving as the foundation for the modern theory of
3965:, which has strong implications about the distribution of
3685:
and Adrien-Marie Legendre prove Fermat's Last Theorem for
3625:
for integration around the boundary of a rectangle in the
3580:
carries out integrations along paths in the complex plane.
3506:
or higher equations cannot be solved by a general formula.
2935:
1618 â John Napier publishes the first references to
2604:
This theory is now well known in the Western world as the
1637:
had begun to understand what we would write in symbols as
18:
Timeline of mathematical innovation in South and West Asia
3826:
of continuous functions is continuous from Cauchy's 1821
3610:
which purportedly contains an erroneous âproofâ that the
1425:, methods for computing square roots, methods of solving
1370:
mathematicians give zero a numeral representation in the
396:
and vibrating lyre strings; his group also discovers the
66: â South Africa, ochre rocks adorned with scratched
4926:
present an influential fast Fourier transform algorithm.
4466:
can be disproven from the standard axioms of set theory.
2249:
with geometric solutions found by means of intersecting
1417:, where zero is clearly explained, and where the modern
1135:
uses symbols for unknown numbers in terms of syncopated
245:, and knowledge of solving first order linear equations.
233:, copy of a lost scroll from around 1850 BC, the scribe
153:, earliest use of decimal ratios in a uniform system of
4602:
and L.R. Smith compute Ï to 2,037 decimal places using
2269:
using the decimal system (HinduâArabic numeral system).
204:
Babylonian tablet records the oldest known examples of
6078:
Proof confirmed of 400-year-old fruit-stacking problem
4499:
proposes a method for nonlinear least squares fitting.
4165:
presents a set of self-consistent geometric axioms in
3404:
Instituzioni Analitiche ad Uso della Gioventu Italiana
3128:
1675 â Isaac Newton invents an algorithm for the
2335:
which was the first generalized solution of so-called
2190:, and he also made improvements on the decimal system.
5665:. Groningen: Egbert Forsten, 596 pages. p. 363.
5434:
Timeline of women in mathematics in the United States
5219:
of unsolved important classic mathematical questions.
3848:
discovers and presents the Laurent expansion theorem.
3347:
1736 â Leonhard Euler solves the problem of the
2582:
2556:
2530:
2504:
2458:
attempts to develop a form of non-Euclidean geometry.
2360:, proves that division by zero is infinity, computes
2111:, but it is uncertain who discovers it first between
2005:
1936:
1875:
1840:
1812:
1785:
1758:
1738:
1643:
1518:
is built in Baghdad for the translation of Greek and
4915:
and find that they do not disperse after collisions.
4565:
1948 â John von Neumann mathematically studies
3755:
presents a general condition for the solvability of
3125:
also develops his version of infinitesimal calculus.
2974:
1629 â Pierre de Fermat develops a rudimentary
1400:
gives a rational approximation of the sine function.
7120:
7089:
7048:
7022:
6828:
6675:
6632:
6542:
6504:
6471:
6423:
6395:
6342:
6289:
6246:
3533:
for fitting a curve to a given set of observations.
3007:1637 â Pierre de Fermat claims to have proven
1380:
600 â China, Liu Zhuo uses quadratic interpolation.
302:
to synchronize the motions of the Sun and the Moon.
4896:theory as an extension of the classical notion of
3212:calculates Ï to 72 digits but only 71 are correct.
3135:1680s â Gottfried Leibniz works on symbolic logic.
2960:claimed that he also discovered it independently).
2596:
2568:
2542:
2516:
2054:
1991:
1919:, which "was a major factor in the development of
1896:
1861:
1826:
1798:
1771:
1744:
1688:
6110:Solved: 400-Year-Old Maths Theory Finally Proven.
5568:"Plimpton 322: The Earliest Trigonometric Table?"
5249:algorithm to determine whether a given number is
3781:about prime numbers in arithmetical progressions.
3529:1805 â Adrien-Marie Legendre introduces the
3360:homogeneous linear ordinary differential equation
3026:by René Descartes; it was meant to be derogatory.
2989:is three times the area of its generating circle.
2168:. He was "the first who introduced the theory of
4856:FermiâPastaâUlamâTsingou heat conduction problem
2472:, which contains an ancient method of arranging
2306:, methods to solve indeterminate equations, and
2240:Treatise on Demonstration of Problems of Algebra
631:330 BC â China, the earliest known work on
197:, though it is not known if this was deliberate.
5994:Le lemme fondamental pour les groupes unitaires
5009:Les objets fractals, forme, hasard et dimension
4691:in seven dimensions, inaugurating the field of
3904:can arise from a combination of periodic waves.
3632:1822 â Irisawa ShintarĆ Hiroatsu analyzes
1393:, where cubic and quartic equations are solved.
352:, arithmetic, geometric algorithms, and proofs.
5974:Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings,
5574:, Princeton University Press, pp. 30â34,
4821:for all dimensions greater than or equal to 5.
4458:1940 â Kurt Gödel shows that neither the
3358:1739 â Leonhard Euler solves the general
6801:
6187:
4591:prove independently in an elementary way the
4415:Grundbegriffe der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung
3314:1733 â Abraham de Moivre introduces the
1533:mathematician, father of algebra, writes the
664:, which contains the earliest information on
8:
5492:"OLDEST Mathematical Object is in Swaziland"
5410:explains Rhetorical, Syncopated and Symbolic
4869:1963 â meteorologist and mathematician
4411:Basic notions of the calculus of probability
4387: to the broader mathematical community.
3961:1859 â Bernhard Riemann formulates the
3487:1799 â Carl Friedrich Gauss proves the
3103:develops a series expansion for the inverse-
2716:, a Kerala school mathematician, writes the
1345:by a method equivalent to the modern method.
1034:final centuries BC â Indian astronomer
377:second half of 1st millennium BC â The
5786:
5784:
5782:
5107:to compute Ï to 134 million decimal places.
2748:1478 â An anonymous author writes the
2709:for algebra and for mathematics in general.
1489:to explain the Indian system of arithmetic
1145:, one of the earliest treatises on algebra.
6808:
6794:
6786:
6194:
6180:
6172:
5531:
5529:
4289:. This conjecture is later generalized by
3859:and deduces that they are non-commutative.
3040:and Pierre de Fermat create the theory of
1251:300 to 500 â China, a description of
85: â Africa and France, earliest known
6001:
5884:
5000:, completing the program of Grothendieck.
3818:. Uniform convergence is required to fix
2918:Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio
2586:
2581:
2555:
2529:
2503:
2145:writes a book containing the first known
2038:
2026:
2021:
2004:
1975:
1963:
1958:
1935:
1888:
1879:
1874:
1853:
1844:
1839:
1816:
1811:
1790:
1784:
1763:
1757:
1737:
1674:
1661:
1648:
1642:
955:The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art
942:The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art
929:The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art
880:, a mathematical treatise, is written in
5918:"A Gentle Introduction to Taylor Series"
5414:Timeline of ancient Greek mathematicians
4937:in terms of a polynomial in that matrix.
4230:, thus avoiding Cantor's contradictions.
3568:trigonometric decomposition of functions
1689:{\displaystyle x^{n}\cdot x^{m}=x^{m+n}}
385:of order three, was discovered in China.
252:techniques comes from problem 79 of the
6161:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
6094:A formal proof of the Kepler conjecture
5796:MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
5769:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
5721:History of Mathematics: An Introduction
5686:Corsi, Pietro; Weindling, Paul (1983).
5445:
5245:present an unconditional deterministic
4933:presents two methods for computing the
3307:studies what geometry would be like if
2692:Thesis on finding the first degree sine
2253:". He became the first to find general
427:, which contains the use of metarules,
359:has various theorems attributed to him.
286:first half of 1st millennium BC â
5284:classification of finite simple groups
4241:and uses Sokhotsky â Plemelj formulae.
3715:of continuous functions is continuous.
3647:is published in the second edition of
3614:of continuous functions is continuous.
3340:1735 â Leonhard Euler solves the
2412:Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections
5764:"Abu l'Hasan Ali ibn Ahmad Al-Nasawi"
5306:Fundamental lemma (Langlands program)
4817:1961 â Stephen Smale proves the
4635:introduces the idea of thermodynamic
4172:1900 â David Hilbert states his
3777:1835 â Lejeune Dirichlet proves
1163:300 â the earliest known use of
693:; he states the law of reflection in
104:: possibly the earliest reference to
7:
6756:
6115:, 16:39, UK, Tuesday 12 August 2014.
5472:How Menstruation Created Mathematics
4646:et al. publish the complete list of
4073:1882 â Felix Klein invents the
3566:announces his discoveries about the
3114:1671 â James Gregory discovers
3029:1643 â RenĂ© Descartes develops
2470:Precious Mirror of the Four Elements
1389:625 China, Wang Xiaotong writes the
1278:"I wish everything was mathematics."
1167:as a decimal digit is introduced by
733:invent the earliest calculator, the
256:which dates to the 16th century BCE.
46:development of mathematical notation
6768:
6123:David Eugene Smith, 1929 and 1959,
4996:solves the last and deepest of the
4400:BorsukâUlam antipodal-point theorem
4383:brought the abstract study of
3837:discovers but does not publish the
3344:, relating an infinite series to Ï.
3153:1683 â Seki Takakazu develops
3107:function (originally discovered by
3000:9,363,584 and 9,437,056 along with
2649:"contributed to the development of
1471:procedure, and also deals with the
339:, contains the earliest concept of
178:c. 2000 BC â Mesopotamia, the
5916:Saeed, Mehreen (August 19, 2021).
5455:, Sean Henahan, January 10, 2002.
4888:1965 â Iranian mathematician
4778:ReedâSolomon error-correcting code
4328:begins devising the principles of
3887:The Mathematical Analysis of Logic
3788:proves that doubling the cube and
3022:1637 â First use of the term
1411:628 â Brahmagupta writes the
1207:350 â 415 â Eastern Roman Empire,
897:mathematicians in India write the
529:c. 400 BC â India, write the
505:5th century (late) â Greece,
241:, earliest known use of a sort of
25:
5619:. MIT Press. pp. 2163â2188.
5137:, one of the first examples of a
4730:GrothendieckâRiemannâRoch theorem
4138:Charles Jean de la Vallée-Poussin
3448:Thesaurus Logarithmorum Completus
3445:1794 â Jurij Vega publishes
3333:for solving first-order ordinary
1709:953 â The arithmetic of the
922:150 BC â China, A method of
839:to quickly isolate prime numbers.
699:fundamental theorem of arithmetic
7163:
7162:
6767:
6755:
6744:
6743:
6731:
5429:Timeline of women in mathematics
5408:History of mathematical notation
5392:
5329:ErdĆs distinct distances problem
4129:" which started modern topology.
3746:Mikhail Vasilievich Ostrogradsky
3718:1828 â George Green proves
3651:Essai sur la théorie des nombres
3526:treatise, is published in Latin.
3462:can be constructed using only a
2928:discusses decimal logarithms in
2688:Thesis on the sine and the chord
1706:using the Indian numeral system.
346:1046 BC to 256 BC â China,
175:for its mathematical regularity.
160:2700 BC â Egypt, precision
6652:Computational complexity theory
5992:Laumon, G.; NgĂŽ, B. C. (2004),
5816:Various AP Lists and Statistics
3759:, thereby essentially founding
3182:for the computation of certain
3130:computation of functional roots
3071:fundamental theorem of calculus
2996:jointly discovered the pair of
2911:publishes a table of Napierian
2703:Abu'l-Hasan ibn Ali al-Qalasadi
2242:and classifies cubic equations.
2096:first states a special case of
1569:conceived the idea of reducing
1522:mathematical works into Arabic.
877:Book on Numbers and Computation
796:250 BC â 190 BC â Greece,
784:279 BC â 206 BC â Greece,
778:280 BC â 220 BC â Greece,
766:280 BC â 210 BC â Greece,
718:370 BC â 300 BC â Greece,
708:(ancestor of the common modern
654:380 BC â 320 BC â Greece,
648:390 BC â 310 BC â Greece,
642:310 BC â 230 BC â Greece,
591:370 BC â 300 BC â Greece,
585:370 BC â 300 BC â Greece,
558:390 BC â 320 BC â Greece,
552:395 BC â 313 BC â Greece,
546:400 BC â 350 BC â Greece,
540:408 BC â 355 BC â Greece,
523:417 BC â 317 BC â Greece,
517:423 BC â 347 BC â Greece,
511:428 BC â 347 BC â Greece,
499:460 BC â 399 BC â Greece,
493:460 BC â 370 BC â Greece,
478:correct to five decimal places.
444:470 BC â 410 BC â Greece,
355:624 BC â 546 BC â Greece,
89:attempts to quantify time (see
5424:Timeline of mathematical logic
5197:(almost certainly) proves the
5184:BaileyâBorweinâPlouffe formula
4687:discovers the existence of an
4576:begins the study of
3889:, defining what is now called
3797:Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet
3711:âs purported âproofâ that the
3683:Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet
3553:Fundamental theorem of algebra
3489:fundamental theorem of algebra
2317:(Bhaskara Acharya) writes the
1498:Muáž„ammad ibn IbrÄhÄ«m al-FazÄrÄ«
1493:and the Indian numeral system.
1459:, gives the derivation of the
1102:c. 2nd century â Greece,
874:202 BC to 186 BC âChina,
772:280 BC â 220BC â Greece,
755:, along with the first use of
167:2400 BC â Egypt, precise
1:
4624:and John von Neumann present
4419:axiomatization of probability
4407:Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov
4063:, which he published in 1891.
3806:1838 â First mention of
2662:is also the first to use the
1923:based on the decimal system".
1475:to base 2 and knows its laws.
1455:gives explicit rules for the
1423:negative and positive numbers
961:150 BC â 75 BC â Phoenician,
625:4th century BC â China,
470:5th century BC â India,
328:c. 8th century BC â the
248:The earliest recorded use of
6125:A Source Book in Mathematics
6068:August 13, 2014 by Bob Yirk.
5513:"an old Mathematical Object"
5022:use a computer to prove the
4900:and he founded the field of
4246:Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer
3540:discovers the two remaining
3424:proves that Ï is irrational.
3331:integrating factor technique
3073:and develops his version of
2985:shows that the area under a
2451:as well as Thabit ibn Qurra.
2386:demonstrates the utility of
2182:studied a slight variant of
1904:, ... and to give rules for
1221:, shows an understanding of
939:appears in the Chinese text
926:appears in the Chinese text
671:300 BC â Greece,
189:c. 2000 BC â Scotland,
155:ancient weights and measures
6156:"A Mathematical Chronology"
6050:Announcement of Completion.
6029:University of New Hampshire
5206:TaniyamaâShimura conjecture
5150:TaniyamaâShimura conjecture
5064:Louis de Branges de Bourcia
4972:AtiyahâSinger index theorem
4955:formulates the influential
4250:Brouwer fixed-point theorem
4217:Edmund Georg Hermann Landau
4039:proves that the set of all
3822:erroneous âproofâ that the
3519:Disquisitiones Arithmeticae
3349:Seven bridges of Königsberg
2930:Logarithmorum Chilias Prima
2699:Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi
2653:not only for approximating
2136:HinduâArabic numeral system
1711:HinduâArabic numeral system
1068:1st century â Greece,
952:appear in the Chinese text
802:262 -198 BC â Greece,
790:c. 3rd century BC â India,
685:, proves the infinitude of
487:5th century â Greece,
309:, author of the Baudhayana
213:Moscow Mathematical Papyrus
7210:
6702:Films about mathematicians
5871:(3275): 188. August 1932.
5692:. Butterworth Scientific.
5213:Clay Mathematics Institute
4802:independently develop the
4436:create, respectively, the
4359:his incompleteness theorem
4105:Kortewegâde Vries equation
3855:discovers the calculus of
3597:(Δ, Ύ)-definition of limit
3589:intermediate value theorem
3305:Giovanni Gerolamo Saccheri
3201:, the first result in the
2862:mathematician, writes the
2619:that is equivalent to its
2153:. He used it to prove the
1618:. He also generalized the
1539:, later transliterated as
1503:9th century â India,
1478:8th century â India,
1451:8th century â India,
1403:7th century â India,
1396:7th century â India,
984:160 BC â 100 BC â Greece,
978:190 BC â 120 BC â Greece,
967:190 BC â 120 BC â Greece,
887:200 BC â 140 BC â Greece,
459:490 BC â 430 BC â Greece,
231:Rhind Mathematical Papyrus
215:, finding the volume of a
7158:
6725:
6271:Philosophy of mathematics
6211:
5613:Handbook of Combinatorics
5368:Graph isomorphism problem
5217:Millennium Prize Problems
4567:self-reproducing machines
4538:EilenbergâSteenrod axioms
4270:, which shows that every
3988:from the other axioms of
3913:essential singular points
3839:Laurent expansion theorem
3707:gives counterexamples to
3623:Cauchy's integral theorem
3522:, Carl Friedrich Gauss's
3391:problem (one-dimensional
2569:{\displaystyle \arctan x}
2223:writes a treatise on the
1242:Chinese remainder theorem
1213:c. 400 â India, the
1020:), begins development in
990:135 BC â 51 BC â Greece,
916:c. 150 BC â Greece,
909:, quartic equations, and
889:Zenodorus (mathematician)
768:Nicomedes (mathematician)
438:c. 500 BC â Greece,
407:c. 510 BC â Greece,
317:geometric text, contains
147:Indus Valley Civilisation
6707:Recreational mathematics
6166:University of St Andrews
5960:"Sophie Germain and FLT"
5949:, vol. 3, pages 214-219.
5922:Machine Learning Mastery
5801:University of St Andrews
5774:University of St Andrews
5648:A History of Mathematics
5610:; LĂĄszlĂł LovĂĄsz (eds.).
5557:Joyce, David E. (1995),
5476:Tacoma Community College
5120:non-commutative geometry
4140:independently prove the
4047:but the set of all real
3909:Victor Alexandre Puiseux
3645:Sophie Germain's Theorem
3542:Kepler-Poinsot polyhedra
3464:compass and straightedge
3309:Euclid's fifth postulate
3280:Richardson extrapolation
2969:Kepler-Poinsot polyhedra
2680:The benefits of the zero
1926:975 â Mesopotamia,
1562:is also named after him.
1433:, and rules for summing
1314:, and also contains the
704:c. 300 BC â India,
6592:Mathematical statistics
6582:Mathematical psychology
6552:Engineering mathematics
6486:Algebraic number theory
5719:Victor J. Katz (1998).
5661:Hayashi, Takao (1995).
5186:capable of finding the
5135:DeutschâJozsa algorithm
4935:exponential of a matrix
4854:analytically study the
4562:for linear programming.
4167:Foundations of Geometry
4084:publishes work on
4068:Ferdinand von Lindemann
4030:regular singular points
3945:August Ferdinand Möbius
3846:Pierre-Alphonse Laurent
3649:Adrien-Marie Legendre's
3551:publishes proof of the
3531:method of least squares
3422:Johann Heinrich Lambert
3382:Jean le Rond d'Alembert
3298:The Differential Method
3265:trigonometric functions
3199:brachistochrone problem
3053:Arithmetica Infinitorum
2743:De Triangulis omnimodus
2483:completes his treatise
2221:Alī ibn Ahmad al-Nasawī
2195:Abu al-Wafa' al-Buzjani
2121:Abu al-Wafa' al-Buzjani
1897:{\displaystyle 1/x^{3}}
1862:{\displaystyle 1/x^{2}}
1700:Abu al-Wafa' al-Buzjani
1577:to problems in algebra.
1414:Brahma-sphuta-siddhanta
1316:earliest tables of sine
1292:c. 474 â 558 â Greece,
1182:Serenus of Antinoöpolis
1055:50 BC â 23 AD â China,
996:78 BC â 37 BC â China,
844:Diocles (mathematician)
842:240 BC 190 BCâ Greece,
681:studies geometry as an
564:380â290 â Greece,
110:Egyptian multiplication
7194:History of mathematics
7081:Medieval Islamic world
6817:History of mathematics
6738:Mathematics portal
6587:Mathematical sociology
6567:Mathematical economics
6562:Mathematical chemistry
6491:Analytic number theory
6372:Differential equations
5821:July 28, 2012, at the
5572:Trigonometric Delights
5459:July 19, 2008, at the
5195:Thomas Callister Hales
4839:uses his technique of
4726:Alexander Grothendieck
4661:, StanisĆaw Ulam, and
4490:fast Fourier transform
4374:characteristic classes
3814:; later formalized by
3801:Analytic number theory
3739:non-Euclidean geometry
3402:discusses analysis in
3335:differential equations
3203:calculus of variations
3176:Guillaume de l'HĂŽpital
3162:differential equations
3075:infinitesimal calculus
2847:conceives the idea of
2682:. The contents of the
2623:expansion, states the
2613:Parameshvara Nambudiri
2598:
2597:{\displaystyle \pi /4}
2570:
2544:
2543:{\displaystyle \cos x}
2518:
2517:{\displaystyle \sin x}
2369:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
2263:non-Euclidean geometry
2212:formulated and solved
2201:and the volume of the
2180:Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi
2151:mathematical induction
2113:Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi
2056:
1993:
1898:
1863:
1828:
1800:
1773:
1746:
1690:
1439:Brahmagupta's identity
1240:300 to 500 â the
1192:c. 340 â Greece,
1176:Porphyry (philosopher)
1092:Spherical trigonometry
1089:Menelaus of Alexandria
1006:, a descendant of the
986:Theodosius of Bithynia
971:develops the bases of
848:225 BC â Greece,
824:in the New World. See
816:c. 250 BC â late
808:260 BC â Greece,
660:300 BC â India,
614:4th century BC â
597:350 BC â Greece,
570:370 BC â Greece,
392:studies propositional
388:530 BC â Greece,
211:1800 BC â Egypt,
200:c. 1800 BC â The
7189:Mathematics timelines
7150:Future of mathematics
7127:Women in mathematics
6717:Mathematics education
6647:Theory of computation
6367:Hypercomplex analysis
5840:mathworld.wolfram.com
5204:1999 â the full
5190:th binary digit of Ï.
5173:integer factorization
5154:Fermat's Last Theorem
5068:Bieberbach conjecture
4985:founded the field of
4946:non-standard analysis
4693:differential topology
4417:), which contains an
4368:develops theorems in
4348:three-cottage problem
4086:transformation groups
3898:George Gabriel Stokes
3820:Augustin-Louis Cauchy
3709:Augustin-Louis Cauchy
3658:partially proves the
3619:Augustin-Louis Cauchy
3604:Augustin-Louis Cauchy
3498:partially proves the
3471:Adrien-Marie Legendre
3429:Joseph-Louis Lagrange
3375:Goldbach's conjecture
3364:constant coefficients
3351:, in effect creating
3320:binomial distribution
3009:Fermat's Last Theorem
2976:differential calculus
2967:discovers two of the
2732:The Key to Arithmetic
2599:
2571:
2545:
2519:
2474:binomial coefficients
2388:HinduâArabic numerals
2376:Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi
2109:Muslim mathematicians
2098:Fermat's Last Theorem
2057:
1994:
1899:
1864:
1829:
1801:
1799:{\displaystyle x^{3}}
1774:
1772:{\displaystyle x^{2}}
1747:
1691:
1633:c. 900 â Egypt,
1622:, and discovered the
1605:sum of unit fractions
1599:c. 850 â India,
1408:the sun and the moon.
1354:6th century â India,
1329:Simplicius of Cilicia
1169:Indian mathematicians
1158:Liu Hui's Ï algorithm
948:150 BC â China,
935:150 BC â China,
893:150 BC â India,
753:binary numeral system
169:astronomical calendar
7102:Over Cantor's theory
6697:Informal mathematics
6577:Mathematical physics
6572:Mathematical finance
6557:Mathematical biology
6496:Diophantine geometry
6152:Robertson, Edmund F.
5760:Robertson, Edmund F.
5266:Catalan's conjecture
4871:Edward Norton Lorenz
4866:governs this system.
4593:prime number theorem
4460:continuum hypothesis
4449:Tadeusz Banachiewicz
4287:Ramanujan conjecture
4274:has a corresponding
4268:her symmetry theorem
4210:Lebesgue integration
4142:prime number theorem
4116:continuum hypothesis
4045:uncountably infinite
3790:trisecting the angle
3660:AbelâRuffini theorem
3578:Siméon Denis Poisson
3500:AbelâRuffini theorem
3475:prime number theorem
3456:Carl Friedrich Gauss
3400:Maria Gaetana Agnesi
2994:Muhammad Baqir Yazdi
2712:15th century â
2697:15th century â
2684:Benefits of the Zero
2674:. His works include
2629:cyclic quadrilateral
2611:14th century â
2580:
2554:
2528:
2502:
2490:14th century â
2456:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
2348:, and also develops
2313:12th century â
2302:, the shadow of the
2290:12th century â
2272:12th century â
2265:. He also extracted
2003:
1934:
1873:
1838:
1810:
1783:
1756:
1736:
1641:
1580:c. 850 â Iraq,
1327:490 â 560 â Greece,
1321:480 â 540 â Greece,
1294:Anthemius of Tralles
1268:420 â 480 â Greece,
1262:412 â 485 â Greece,
1215:Bakhshali manuscript
1194:Pappus of Alexandria
1180:300 â 360 â Greece,
1174:234 â 305 â Greece,
1125:240 â 300 â Greece,
1049:1st C. BC â Greece,
924:Gaussian elimination
905:, simple equations,
742:Indian mathematician
697:, and he proves the
644:Aristarchus of Samos
576:method of exhaustion
489:Antiphon the Sophist
481:5th c. BC â Greece,
446:Hippocrates of Chios
381:, the unique normal
129:weights and measures
96:c. 20,000 BC â
7138:Approximations of Ï
7049:By ancient cultures
6712:Mathematics and art
6622:Operations research
6377:Functional analysis
6150:O'Connor, John J.;
6012:2004math......4454L
5877:1932Natur.130R.188.
5834:Weisstein, Eric W.
5758:O'Connor, John J.;
5744:F. Woepcke (1853).
5357:discrepancy problem
5343:Kepler's conjecture
5277:Poincaré conjecture
5215:proposes the seven
5152:and thereby proves
5148:proves part of the
4974:about the index of
4819:Poincaré conjecture
4637:simulated annealing
4633:Nicholas Metropolis
4613:develops notion of
4504:Stephen Cole Kleene
4409:publishes his book
4385:functional analysis
4283:Srinivasa Ramanujan
4272:symmetry in physics
4199:exterior derivative
4174:list of 23 problems
4153:Geometry of numbers
3927:Riemannian geometry
3874:is later developed.
3812:Christoph Gudermann
3808:uniform convergence
3779:Dirichlet's theorem
3757:algebraic equations
3593:continuous function
3318:to approximate the
3316:normal distribution
3261:de Moivre's formula
2838:Arithmetica integra
2784:Nilakantha Somayaji
2714:Nilakantha Somayaji
2608:or infinite series.
2358:Pythagorean theorem
2094:Abu-Mahmud Khujandi
1827:{\displaystyle 1/x}
1724:953 â Persia,
1620:Pythagorean theorem
1549:will introduce the
1443:Brahmagupta theorem
1431:quadratic equations
1383:602 â 670 â China,
1372:positional notation
1360:535 â 566 â China,
1348:505 â 587 â India,
1323:Eutocius of Ascalon
1304:Aryabhata-Siddhanta
1276:Marinus of Neapolis
1270:Domninus of Larissa
1188:Theon of Alexandria
1186:335 â 405â Greece,
1131:250 â Greece,
1119:132 â 192 â China,
1087:70 â 140 â Greece,
1081:60 â 120 â Greece,
1070:Heron of Alexandria
1031:(as late as 400 AD)
1012:positional notation
850:Apollonius of Perga
837:his sieve algorithm
804:Apollonius of Perga
691:Euclidean algorithm
650:Heraclides Ponticus
587:Aristaeus the Elder
566:Autolycus of Pitane
483:Theodorus of Cyrene
368:Pythagorean triples
319:quadratic equations
296:Shatapatha Brahmana
239:squaring the circle
224:Berlin Papyrus 6619
206:Pythagorean triples
171:, used even in the
151:Indian subcontinent
39:applied mathematics
6941:Information theory
6657:Numerical analysis
6266:Mathematical logic
6261:Information theory
6129:Dover Publications
6080:, 12 August 2014;
6052:Project Flyspeck,
5941:D'Alembert (1747)
5791:Arabic mathematics
5566:Maor, Eli (1993),
5400:Mathematics portal
5255:AKS primality test
5046:Mordell conjecture
5024:Four color theorem
4976:elliptic operators
4875:strange attractors
4862:and find that the
4800:Vera Kublanovskaya
4796:John G. F. Francis
4648:uniform polyhedron
4628:dynamical systems.
4615:Information Theory
4540:for (co-)homology.
4344:Casimir Kuratowski
4053:countably infinite
3990:Euclidean geometry
3986:parallel postulate
3963:Riemann hypothesis
3737:invent hyperbolic
3694:André-Marie AmpÚre
3549:Jean-Robert Argand
3433:divergence theorem
3371:Christian Goldbach
3287:Annuities on Lives
3155:elimination theory
3094:hyperbolic segment
3031:Descartes' theorem
2983:Gilles de Roberval
2895:Ludolph van Ceulen
2795:Scipione del Ferro
2751:Treviso Arithmetic
2718:Aryabhatiya Bhasya
2625:mean value theorem
2594:
2566:
2540:
2514:
2396:Book of the Abacus
2384:Leonardo Fibonacci
2356:, a proof for the
2052:
1989:
1921:numerical analysis
1894:
1859:
1824:
1796:
1769:
1742:
1686:
1626:by which pairs of
1610:895 â Syria,
1590:frequency analysis
1457:Fibonacci sequence
1298:500 â India,
1281:450 â China,
1148:263 â China,
1096:78 â 139 â China,
1042:, a Vedic text on
918:Perseus (geometer)
774:Philo of Byzantium
507:Bryson of Heraclea
440:Oenopides of Chios
402:square root of two
332:, one of the four
323:square root of two
271:c. 1000 BC â
222:c. 1800 BC â
191:carved stone balls
145:c. 2800 BC â
134:c. 3100 BC â
127:, and a system of
115:c. 3400 BC â
7176:
7175:
7012:Separation axioms
6783:
6782:
6382:Harmonic analysis
5588:on August 5, 2010
5581:978-0-691-09541-7
5299:GreenâTao theorem
5199:Kepler conjecture
5169:quantum algorithm
5139:quantum algorithm
5005:Benoit Mandelbrot
4957:Langlands program
4902:Fuzzy mathematics
4890:Lotfi Asker Zadeh
4806:to calculate the
4626:cellular automata
4549:Spectral sequence
4515:Saunders Mac Lane
4497:Kenneth Levenberg
4486:Cornelius Lanczos
4149:Hermann Minkowski
4125:publishes paper "
4097:Diederik Korteweg
4061:diagonal argument
4059:does not use his
4049:algebraic numbers
3864:Hermann Grassmann
3705:Niels Henrik Abel
3662:that the general
3656:Niels Henrik Abel
3257:Abraham de Moivre
3235:Bernoulli numbers
3123:Gottfried Leibniz
3086:William Brouncker
3082:Nicholas Mercator
2954:analytic geometry
2888:equal temperament
2707:symbolic notation
2655:algebraic numbers
2651:decimal fractions
2332:Chakravala method
2259:analytic geometry
2214:Alhazen's problem
2161:, and the sum of
2159:Pascal's triangle
2128:Pope Sylvester II
2107:is discovered by
2050:
1987:
1745:{\displaystyle x}
1698:940 â Iran,
1575:doubling the cube
1573:problems such as
1565:820 â Iran,
1063:1st millennium AD
913:and combinations.
831:240 BC â Greece,
761:Pascal's triangle
757:Fibonacci numbers
740:c. 300 BC â
720:Eudemus of Rhodes
689:and presents the
542:Eudoxus of Cnidus
454:square the circle
452:in an attempt to
413:c. 500 BC â
357:Thales of Miletus
321:, calculates the
305:c. 800 BC â
266:1st millennium BC
138:, earliest known
123:invent the first
16:(Redirected from
7201:
7166:
7165:
6886:Category theory
6810:
6803:
6796:
6787:
6771:
6770:
6759:
6758:
6747:
6746:
6736:
6735:
6667:Computer algebra
6642:Computer science
6362:Complex analysis
6196:
6189:
6182:
6173:
6168:
6116:
6107:
6101:
6091:
6085:
6075:
6069:
6063:
6057:
6047:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6036:
6021:
6015:
6014:
6005:
5989:
5983:
5970:
5964:
5963:
5956:
5950:
5939:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5928:
5913:
5907:
5906:
5888:
5886:10.1038/130188b0
5857:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5846:
5831:
5825:
5813:
5804:
5788:
5777:
5776:
5755:
5749:
5742:
5736:
5717:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5683:
5677:
5676:
5657:
5651:
5644:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5633:
5618:
5608:Martin Grötschel
5603:
5597:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5584:, archived from
5563:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5543:
5533:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5519:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5498:
5488:
5482:
5469:
5463:
5450:
5402:
5397:
5396:
5375:Maryna Viazovska
5282:2004 â the
5273:Grigori Perelman
5262:Preda MihÄilescu
5231:Manindra Agrawal
5211:2000 â the
5165:Shor's algorithm
5094:Jonathan Borwein
5057:Jones polynomial
4998:Weil conjectures
4953:Robert Langlands
4942:Abraham Robinson
4883:Butterfly Effect
4879:Lorenz Attractor
4826:Donald Marquardt
4737:Kenkichi Iwasawa
4728:'s proof of the
4717:for crease-free
4678:formal languages
4644:H. S. M. Coxeter
4534:Samuel Eilenberg
4519:Samuel Eilenberg
4453:LU decomposition
4350:has no solution.
4326:John von Neumann
4319:commutative ring
4276:conservation law
4239:monodromic group
4134:Jacques Hadamard
4112:cardinal numbers
4004:Richard Dedekind
3974:Eugenio Beltrami
3923:Bernhard Riemann
3868:Ausdehnungslehre
3853:William Hamilton
3835:Karl Weierstrass
3816:Karl Weierstrass
3676:complex analysis
3473:conjectures the
3458:proves that the
3389:vibrating string
3195:Johann Bernoulli
3116:Taylor's theorem
3060:Christopher Wren
3024:imaginary number
2998:amicable numbers
2958:Pierre de Fermat
2845:Gerolamo Cardano
2827:quartic equation
2823:Lodovico Ferrari
2816:Gerolamo Cardano
2809:Nicolo Tartaglia
2728:Jamshid al-Kashi
2647:Jamshid al-Kashi
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2481:Narayana Pandita
2292:Bhaskara Acharya
2238:begins to write
2188:amicable numbers
2184:ThÄbit ibn Qurra
2155:binomial theorem
2085:higher than the
2079:Abu Sahl al-Quhi
2061:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2043:
2042:
2027:
2025:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1980:
1979:
1964:
1962:
1910:binomial theorem
1903:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1883:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1848:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1666:
1665:
1653:
1652:
1628:amicable numbers
1612:ThÄbit ibn Qurra
1343:linear equations
1274:b 440 â Greece,
1244:is developed by
1202:centroid theorem
1127:Sporus of Nicaea
1075:c 100 â Greece,
1040:Vedanga Jyotisha
1027:mid 1st century
950:Negative numbers
749:Chhandah-shastra
683:axiomatic system
633:Chinese geometry
531:Surya Prajinapti
476:square root of 2
465:Zeno's paradoxes
273:Simple fractions
261:Syncopated stage
52:Rhetorical stage
21:
7209:
7208:
7204:
7203:
7202:
7200:
7199:
7198:
7179:
7178:
7177:
7172:
7154:
7116:
7097:BrouwerâHilbert
7085:
7044:
7023:Numeral systems
7018:
6880:Grandi's series
6824:
6814:
6784:
6779:
6730:
6721:
6671:
6628:
6607:Systems science
6538:
6534:Homotopy theory
6500:
6467:
6419:
6391:
6338:
6285:
6256:Category theory
6242:
6207:
6200:
6149:
6146:
6120:
6119:
6108:
6104:
6092:
6088:
6076:
6072:
6064:
6060:
6048:
6044:
6034:
6032:
6023:
6022:
6018:
5991:
5990:
5986:
5971:
5967:
5958:
5957:
5953:
5940:
5936:
5926:
5924:
5915:
5914:
5910:
5859:
5858:
5854:
5844:
5842:
5836:"Taylor Series"
5833:
5832:
5828:
5823:Wayback Machine
5814:
5807:
5789:
5780:
5757:
5756:
5752:
5743:
5739:
5718:
5714:
5704:
5702:
5700:
5685:
5684:
5680:
5673:
5660:
5658:
5654:
5646:Carl B. Boyer,
5645:
5641:
5631:
5629:
5627:
5616:
5605:
5604:
5600:
5591:
5589:
5582:
5565:
5556:
5555:
5551:
5541:
5539:
5535:
5534:
5527:
5517:
5515:
5511:
5510:
5506:
5496:
5494:
5490:
5489:
5485:
5480:(archive link).
5470:
5466:
5461:Wayback Machine
5451:
5447:
5442:
5398:
5391:
5388:
5247:polynomial time
5226:
5086:Yasumasa Kanada
5079:Ribet's theorem
5031:Richard Feynman
4860:continuum limit
4774:Gustave Solomon
4761:introduced the
4719:sphere eversion
4715:existence proof
4547:introduces the
4530:Norman Steenrod
4523:category theory
4464:axiom of choice
4366:Georges de Rham
4346:shows that the
4334:minimax theorem
4332:and proves the
4309:
4302:Brun's constant
4188:
4183:
4101:Gustav de Vries
4026:Georg Frobenius
4011:Charles Hermite
3956:Charles Hermite
3891:Boolean algebra
3828:Cours d'Analyse
3824:pointwise limit
3753:Ăvariste Galois
3720:Green's theorem
3713:pointwise limit
3698:Stokes' theorem
3612:pointwise limit
3608:Cours d'Analyse
3585:Bernard Bolzano
3513:
3329:introduces the
3322:in probability.
3269:complex numbers
3239:Jacob Bernoulli
3219:
3191:Jakob Bernoulli
3090:infinite series
3011:in his copy of
2965:Johannes Kepler
2904:
2873:Rafael Bombelli
2849:complex numbers
2779:
2774:
2672:Arabic numerals
2657:, but also for
2645:c. 1400 â
2638:
2578:
2577:
2552:
2551:
2526:
2525:
2500:
2499:
2454:c. 1250 â
2407:ShĂčshĆ« JiÇzhÄng
2354:Pell's equation
2350:Rolle's theorem
2346:differentiation
2338:Pell's equation
2274:Indian numerals
2247:cubic equations
2178:c. 1000 â
2130:introduces the
2126:c. 1000 â
2117:Abu Nasr Mansur
2103:c. 1000 â
2092:c. 1000 â
2077:c. 1000 â
2074:
2069:
2034:
2001:
2000:
1971:
1932:
1931:
1884:
1871:
1870:
1849:
1836:
1835:
1808:
1807:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1734:
1733:
1670:
1657:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1616:cubic equations
1592:in his book on
1516:House of Wisdom
1514:810 â The
1233:, and computes
1198:hexagon theorem
1077:Theon of Smyrna
1065:
1008:Brahmi numerals
1004:Indian numerals
937:Horner's method
907:cubic equations
899:Sthananga Sutra
706:Brahmi numerals
662:Bhagabati Sutra
429:transformations
349:Zhoubi Suanjing
268:
263:
229:1650 BC â
195:Platonic solids
59:
54:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7207:
7205:
7197:
7196:
7191:
7181:
7180:
7174:
7173:
7171:
7170:
7159:
7156:
7155:
7153:
7152:
7147:
7146:
7145:
7135:
7134:
7133:
7124:
7122:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7114:
7109:
7107:LeibnizâNewton
7104:
7099:
7093:
7091:
7087:
7086:
7084:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7066:Ancient Greece
7063:
7058:
7052:
7050:
7046:
7045:
7043:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7026:
7024:
7020:
7019:
7017:
7016:
7015:
7014:
7009:
7008:
7007:
6994:
6993:
6992:
6987:
6977:
6976:
6975:
6969:Number theory
6967:
6962:
6961:
6960:
6950:
6949:
6948:
6938:
6933:
6932:
6931:
6926:
6916:
6915:
6914:
6904:
6899:
6898:
6897:
6892:
6884:
6883:
6882:
6877:
6867:
6866:
6865:
6855:
6854:
6853:
6845:
6844:
6843:
6832:
6830:
6826:
6825:
6815:
6813:
6812:
6805:
6798:
6790:
6781:
6780:
6778:
6777:
6765:
6753:
6741:
6726:
6723:
6722:
6720:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6693:
6692:
6685:Mathematicians
6681:
6679:
6677:Related topics
6673:
6672:
6670:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6638:
6636:
6630:
6629:
6627:
6626:
6625:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6612:Control theory
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6548:
6546:
6540:
6539:
6537:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6510:
6508:
6502:
6501:
6499:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6477:
6475:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6429:
6427:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6401:
6399:
6393:
6392:
6390:
6389:
6387:Measure theory
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6348:
6346:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6295:
6293:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6252:
6250:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6229:
6228:
6223:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6201:
6199:
6198:
6191:
6184:
6176:
6170:
6169:
6145:
6144:External links
6142:
6141:
6140:
6118:
6117:
6102:
6086:
6070:
6058:
6042:
6016:
5984:
5965:
5951:
5934:
5908:
5852:
5826:
5805:
5778:
5750:
5737:
5725:Addison-Wesley
5723:, p. 255â259.
5712:
5698:
5678:
5671:
5652:
5639:
5625:
5598:
5580:
5549:
5525:
5504:
5483:
5464:
5453:Art Prehistory
5444:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5404:
5403:
5387:
5384:
5383:
5382:
5379:sphere packing
5371:
5360:
5346:
5339:
5332:
5325:Nets Hawk Katz
5317:
5302:
5287:
5280:
5269:
5258:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5209:
5202:
5191:
5176:
5157:
5142:
5123:
5108:
5082:
5071:
5060:
5055:discovers the
5049:
5038:
5027:
5020:Wolfgang Haken
5012:
5001:
4994:Pierre Deligne
4990:
4979:
4968:Isadore Singer
4964:Michael Atiyah
4960:
4949:
4938:
4927:
4916:
4909:solitary waves
4905:
4886:
4867:
4852:Norman Zabusky
4848:Martin Kruskal
4844:
4833:
4822:
4815:
4792:
4781:
4770:Irving S. Reed
4766:
4755:
4744:
4741:Iwasawa theory
4733:
4722:
4707:
4696:
4681:
4666:
4651:
4640:
4629:
4622:StanisĆaw Ulam
4618:
4611:Claude Shannon
4607:
4596:
4581:
4574:Norbert Wiener
4570:
4563:
4560:simplex method
4558:publishes the
4556:George Dantzig
4552:
4541:
4526:
4511:
4500:
4493:
4482:G.C. Danielson
4478:
4467:
4456:
4445:
4442:Turing machine
4426:
4423:measure theory
4403:
4396:Stanislaw Ulam
4388:
4377:
4362:
4351:
4340:
4337:
4322:
4315:
4307:
4294:
4291:Hans Petersson
4279:
4260:
4253:
4242:
4231:
4220:
4213:
4206:Henri Lebesgue
4202:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4170:
4159:
4156:
4145:
4130:
4127:Analysis Situs
4123:Henri Poincaré
4119:
4108:
4093:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4033:
4022:
4019:transcendental
4007:
4000:
3993:
3970:
3959:
3952:
3941:
3930:
3919:
3916:
3905:
3902:solitary waves
3894:
3883:symbolic logic
3875:
3872:linear algebra
3866:publishes his
3860:
3849:
3842:
3831:
3810:in a paper by
3804:
3793:
3786:Pierre Wantzel
3782:
3775:
3768:
3749:
3742:
3723:
3716:
3701:
3690:
3679:
3667:
3652:
3641:
3634:Soddy's hexlet
3630:
3615:
3600:
3581:
3574:
3571:
3564:Joseph Fourier
3560:
3557:Argand diagram
3545:
3534:
3527:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3467:
3460:regular 17-gon
3452:
3443:
3436:
3431:discovers the
3425:
3418:
3415:Bayes' theorem
3407:
3396:
3378:
3367:
3356:
3345:
3338:
3327:Leonhard Euler
3323:
3312:
3301:
3294:James Stirling
3290:
3283:
3272:
3253:
3242:
3227:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3206:
3187:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3142:discovers the
3136:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3097:
3078:
3063:
3056:
3045:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3005:
2990:
2979:
2972:
2961:
2950:René Descartes
2946:
2933:
2922:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2891:
2880:
2869:
2852:
2841:
2834:Michael Stifel
2830:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2788:Tantrasamgraha
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2755:
2746:
2735:
2724:
2721:
2710:
2695:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2609:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2498:expansion for
2494:discovers the
2488:
2485:Ganita Kaumudi
2477:
2476:in a triangle.
2462:
2459:
2452:
2433:
2425:Ceyuan haijing
2416:
2399:
2380:
2372:
2365:
2342:
2311:
2300:solid geometry
2288:
2281:
2278:Arabic numeral
2270:
2251:conic sections
2243:
2232:
2217:
2216:geometrically.
2210:Ibn al-Haytham
2206:
2191:
2186:'s theorem on
2176:
2139:
2124:
2101:
2090:
2081:(Kuhi) solves
2073:
2070:
2068:
2067:Symbolic stage
2065:
2064:
2063:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
1986:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1924:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1793:
1789:
1766:
1762:
1741:
1722:
1707:
1696:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1631:
1608:
1597:
1578:
1563:
1523:
1512:
1501:
1494:
1483:
1476:
1449:
1446:
1409:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1375:Indian numeral
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1296:
1290:
1279:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1255:is written by
1249:
1238:
1211:
1205:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1161:
1146:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1100:
1094:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1032:
1025:
1018:numeral system
1000:
994:
988:
982:
976:
965:
959:
946:
933:
920:
914:
891:
885:
872:
859:and names the
856:Conic Sections
846:
840:
829:
814:
806:
800:
794:
788:
782:
780:Conon of Samos
776:
770:
764:
738:
725:300 BC â
723:
716:
713:numeral system
702:
669:
658:
652:
646:
640:
639:, is compiled.
629:
623:
612:
595:
589:
583:
582:determination.
568:
562:
556:
550:
544:
538:
527:
521:
515:
509:
503:
497:
491:
485:
479:
468:
457:
442:
436:
411:
405:
386:
375:
360:
353:
344:
326:
315:Vedic Sanskrit
303:
284:
267:
264:
262:
259:
258:
257:
246:
227:
220:
209:
198:
187:
176:
165:
158:
143:
140:decimal system
132:
125:numeral system
113:
94:
75:
70:patterns (see
58:
57:Before 1000 BC
55:
53:
50:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7206:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7186:
7184:
7169:
7161:
7160:
7157:
7151:
7148:
7144:
7141:
7140:
7139:
7136:
7132:
7129:
7128:
7126:
7125:
7123:
7119:
7113:
7112:HobbesâWallis
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7094:
7092:
7090:Controversies
7088:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7061:Ancient Egypt
7059:
7057:
7054:
7053:
7051:
7047:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7027:
7025:
7021:
7013:
7010:
7006:
7003:
7002:
7001:
6998:
6997:
6995:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6982:
6981:
6978:
6974:
6971:
6970:
6968:
6966:
6965:Math notation
6963:
6959:
6956:
6955:
6954:
6951:
6947:
6944:
6943:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6921:
6920:
6917:
6913:
6910:
6909:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6902:Combinatorics
6900:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6887:
6885:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6872:
6871:
6868:
6864:
6861:
6860:
6859:
6856:
6852:
6849:
6848:
6846:
6842:
6839:
6838:
6837:
6834:
6833:
6831:
6827:
6822:
6818:
6811:
6806:
6804:
6799:
6797:
6792:
6791:
6788:
6776:
6775:
6766:
6764:
6763:
6754:
6752:
6751:
6742:
6740:
6739:
6734:
6728:
6727:
6724:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6691:
6688:
6687:
6686:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6678:
6674:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6635:
6634:Computational
6631:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6609:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6549:
6547:
6545:
6541:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6507:
6503:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6478:
6476:
6474:
6473:Number theory
6470:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6426:
6422:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6405:Combinatorics
6403:
6402:
6400:
6398:
6394:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6357:Real analysis
6355:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6345:
6341:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6292:
6288:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6249:
6245:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6218:
6217:
6214:
6213:
6210:
6205:
6197:
6192:
6190:
6185:
6183:
6178:
6177:
6174:
6167:
6163:
6162:
6157:
6153:
6148:
6147:
6143:
6138:
6137:0-486-64690-4
6134:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6121:
6114:
6111:
6106:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6090:
6087:
6083:
6082:New Scientist
6079:
6074:
6071:
6067:
6062:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6046:
6043:
6031:. May 1, 2013
6030:
6026:
6020:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5995:
5988:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5980:0-521-29648-X
5977:
5969:
5966:
5961:
5955:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5938:
5935:
5923:
5919:
5912:
5909:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5856:
5853:
5841:
5837:
5830:
5827:
5824:
5820:
5817:
5812:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5785:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5770:
5765:
5761:
5754:
5751:
5747:
5741:
5738:
5734:
5733:0-321-01618-1
5730:
5726:
5722:
5716:
5713:
5701:
5699:9780408107648
5695:
5691:
5690:
5682:
5679:
5674:
5672:90-6980-087-X
5668:
5664:
5656:
5653:
5649:
5643:
5640:
5628:
5626:0-262-57172-2
5622:
5617:(Google book)
5615:
5614:
5609:
5602:
5599:
5587:
5583:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5562:
5561:
5553:
5550:
5538:
5532:
5530:
5526:
5514:
5508:
5505:
5493:
5487:
5484:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5468:
5465:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5449:
5446:
5439:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5401:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5358:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5344:
5340:
5337:
5333:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5285:
5281:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5227:
5223:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5207:
5203:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5180:Simon Plouffe
5177:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5131:Richard Jozsa
5128:
5127:David Deutsch
5124:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5106:
5105:supercomputer
5103:
5099:
5098:Peter Borwein
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5058:
5054:
5053:Vaughan Jones
5050:
5047:
5043:
5042:Gerd Faltings
5039:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5016:Kenneth Appel
5013:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4831:
4828:proposes the
4827:
4823:
4820:
4816:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4786:
4785:Daniel Shanks
4782:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4764:
4763:Kalman Filter
4760:
4759:Rudolf Kalman
4757:1960 -
4756:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4732:is published.
4731:
4727:
4723:
4720:
4716:
4713:provides the
4712:
4711:Stephen Smale
4708:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4690:
4689:Exotic sphere
4686:
4682:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4568:
4564:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4508:realizability
4505:
4501:
4498:
4494:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4476:
4475:Arf invariant
4472:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4430:Alonzo Church
4427:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4381:Stefan Banach
4378:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4320:
4316:
4313:
4306:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4248:presents the
4247:
4243:
4240:
4236:
4235:Josip Plemelj
4232:
4229:
4225:
4224:Ernst Zermelo
4221:
4218:
4214:
4211:
4208:publishes on
4207:
4203:
4200:
4197:develops the
4196:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4171:
4168:
4164:
4163:David Hilbert
4160:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3976:demonstrates
3975:
3971:
3968:
3967:prime numbers
3964:
3960:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3934:Arthur Cayley
3931:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3870:, from which
3869:
3865:
3861:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3769:
3766:
3765:Galois theory
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3627:complex plane
3624:
3621:presents the
3620:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3587:presents the
3586:
3582:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3538:Louis Poinsot
3535:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3524:number theory
3521:
3520:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3496:Paolo Ruffini
3493:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3482:Caspar Wessel
3479:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3393:wave equation
3390:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3342:Basel problem
3339:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3250:Taylor series
3247:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3231:Seki Takakazu
3228:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3210:Abraham Sharp
3207:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3169:Edmund Halley
3166:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3140:Seki Takakazu
3137:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3101:James Gregory
3098:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3069:works on the
3068:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3038:Blaise Pascal
3035:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2941:in a work on
2940:
2939:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2860:Kerala school
2857:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2739:Regiomontanus
2736:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2664:decimal point
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2621:Taylor series
2618:
2617:sine function
2614:
2610:
2607:
2606:Taylor series
2591:
2587:
2583:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2445:combinatorial
2442:
2441:factorization
2438:
2434:
2431:
2430:tian yuan shu
2427:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2087:second degree
2084:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2047:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
1984:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1791:
1787:
1764:
1760:
1739:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1586:cryptanalysis
1583:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1391:Jigu Suanjing
1388:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1339:lunar eclipse
1336:
1335:solar eclipse
1332:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1225:, as well as
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1139:, and writes
1138:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1002:50 BC â
1001:
999:
995:
993:
989:
987:
983:
981:
977:
974:
970:
966:
964:
963:Zeno of Sidon
960:
957:
956:
951:
947:
944:
943:
938:
934:
931:
930:
925:
921:
919:
915:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
890:
886:
883:
879:
878:
873:
870:
866:
862:
858:
857:
851:
847:
845:
841:
838:
834:
830:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
805:
801:
799:
795:
793:
789:
787:
783:
781:
777:
775:
771:
769:
765:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
743:
739:
736:
732:
728:
724:
721:
717:
714:
711:
707:
703:
700:
696:
692:
688:
687:prime numbers
684:
680:
679:
674:
670:
667:
663:
659:
657:
653:
651:
647:
645:
641:
638:
634:
630:
628:
627:Counting rods
624:
621:
617:
613:
610:
609:
605:reasoning in
604:
600:
596:
594:
590:
588:
584:
581:
577:
573:
569:
567:
563:
561:
557:
555:
551:
549:
545:
543:
539:
536:
532:
528:
526:
522:
520:
516:
514:
510:
508:
504:
502:
498:
496:
492:
490:
486:
484:
480:
477:
473:
469:
467:
466:
462:
458:
455:
451:
447:
443:
441:
437:
434:
430:
426:
425:
420:
416:
412:
410:
406:
403:
399:
398:irrationality
395:
391:
387:
384:
380:
379:Luoshu Square
376:
373:
369:
365:
361:
358:
354:
351:
350:
345:
342:
338:
335:
331:
327:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
301:
300:95-year cycle
297:
293:
289:
285:
282:
281:interpolation
278:
274:
270:
269:
265:
260:
255:
254:Rhind papyrus
251:
250:combinatorial
247:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
225:
221:
218:
214:
210:
207:
203:
199:
196:
192:
188:
185:
181:
177:
174:
170:
166:
163:
159:
156:
152:
148:
144:
141:
137:
133:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
111:
107:
106:prime numbers
103:
99:
95:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:
69:
65:
61:
60:
56:
51:
49:
47:
43:
40:
36:
32:
27:
19:
7040:Hindu-Arabic
6936:Group theory
6924:Trigonometry
6895:Topos theory
6820:
6772:
6760:
6748:
6729:
6662:Optimization
6524:Differential
6448:Differential
6415:Order theory
6410:Graph theory
6314:Group theory
6220:
6159:
6124:
6105:
6089:
6073:
6061:
6045:
6033:. Retrieved
6019:
6003:math/0404454
5993:
5987:
5973:
5968:
5954:
5946:
5937:
5925:. Retrieved
5921:
5911:
5868:
5864:
5855:
5843:. Retrieved
5839:
5829:
5794:
5767:
5753:
5745:
5740:
5720:
5715:
5703:. Retrieved
5688:
5681:
5662:
5655:
5647:
5642:
5630:. Retrieved
5612:
5601:
5592:November 28,
5590:, retrieved
5586:the original
5571:
5560:Plimpton 322
5559:
5552:
5540:. Retrieved
5516:. Retrieved
5507:
5495:. Retrieved
5486:
5467:
5448:
5373:2016 â
5364:LĂĄszlĂł Babai
5362:2015 â
5348:2015 â
5336:Yitang Zhang
5334:2013 â
5319:2010 â
5314:NgĂŽ BáșŁo ChĂąu
5304:2009 â
5289:2004 â
5271:2003 â
5260:2002 â
5239:Neeraj Kayal
5235:Nitin Saxena
5229:2002 â
5224:21st century
5193:1998 â
5187:
5178:1995 â
5159:1994 â
5146:Andrew Wiles
5144:1994 â
5133:develop the
5125:1992 â
5116:John W. Lott
5112:Alain Connes
5110:1991 â
5090:David Bailey
5084:1987 â
5073:1986 â
5062:1985 â
5051:1984 â
5040:1983 â
5029:1981 â
5014:1976 â
5008:
5003:1975 â
4992:1974 â
4981:1973 â
4962:1968 â
4951:1967 â
4940:1966 â
4931:E. J. Putzer
4929:1966 â
4920:James Cooley
4918:1965 â
4864:KdV equation
4846:1963 â
4835:1963 â
4824:1962 â
4814:of a matrix.
4812:eigenvectors
4804:QR algorithm
4794:1961 â
4783:1961 â
4776:present the
4768:1960 â
4750:invents the
4746:1960 â
4735:1959 â
4724:1958 â
4709:1957 â
4704:ItĂŽ calculus
4698:1957 â
4683:1956 â
4672:describes a
4670:Noam Chomsky
4668:1956 â
4663:Mary Tsingou
4655:Enrico Fermi
4653:1955 â
4642:1955 â
4631:1953 â
4620:1950 â
4609:1949 â
4598:1949 â
4585:Atle Selberg
4583:1948 â
4572:1948 -
4554:1947 â
4543:1946 â
4528:1945 â
4513:1945 â
4502:1945 â
4495:1943 â
4480:1942 â
4473:defines the
4469:1941 â
4447:1938 â
4428:1936 â
4414:
4410:
4405:1933 â
4398:present the
4392:Karol Borsuk
4390:1933 â
4379:1932 -
4364:1931 â
4353:1931 â
4342:1930 â
4324:1928 â
4304:
4296:1919 â
4281:1916 â
4264:Emmy Noether
4262:1915 â
4256:
4244:1912 â
4233:1908 â
4222:1908 â
4215:1903 â
4204:1901 â
4193:1901 â
4189:
4186:20th century
4181:Contemporary
4166:
4161:1899 â
4152:
4147:1896 â
4132:1896 â
4121:1895 â
4095:1895 â
4080:1888 -
4075:Klein bottle
4066:1882 â
4041:real numbers
4037:Georg Cantor
4035:1874 â
4024:1873 â
4013:proves that
4009:1873 â
4002:1872 â
3995:1870 â
3978:independence
3972:1868 â
3954:1858 â
3949:Möbius strip
3947:invents the
3943:1858 â
3932:1854 â
3921:1854 â
3907:1850 â
3896:1849 â
3886:
3879:George Boole
3877:1847 â
3867:
3862:1844 -
3851:1843 â
3844:1843 â
3833:1841 â
3795:1837 â
3784:1837 â
3771:
3761:group theory
3751:1832 â
3744:1831 â
3727:JĂĄnos Bolyai
3725:1829 â
3703:1826 â
3692:1825 â
3686:
3681:1825 â
3654:1824 â
3643:1823 â
3617:1822 â
3602:1821 â
3583:1817 â
3576:1815 â
3562:1807 â
3547:1806 â
3536:1806 â
3517:
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3511:19th century
3494:1799 â
3480:1797 â
3469:1796 â
3454:1796 â
3446:
3438:1789 â
3427:1762 â
3420:1761 â
3411:Thomas Bayes
3409:1761 â
3403:
3398:1748 â
3380:1747 â
3369:1742 â
3353:graph theory
3325:1734 â
3303:1733 â
3297:
3292:1730 â
3286:
3276:Takebe Kenko
3274:1722 â
3255:1722 â
3246:Brook Taylor
3244:1712 â
3229:1708 â
3222:1706 â
3217:18th century
3208:1699 â
3189:1696 â
3174:1696 â
3167:1693 â
3138:1683 â
3121:1673 â
3099:1671 â
3088:discover an
3080:1668 â
3067:Isaac Newton
3065:1665 â
3058:1658 â
3052:
3047:1655 â
3036:1654 â
3016:
2992:1636 â
2981:1634 â
2963:1619 â
2948:1619 â
2937:
2929:
2926:Henry Briggs
2924:1617 â
2916:
2907:1614 â
2902:17th century
2893:1596 â
2882:1584 â
2876:
2871:1572 â
2863:
2854:1550 â
2843:1545 â
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2832:1544 â
2821:1540 â
2814:1539 â
2807:1535 â
2800:1522 â
2793:1520 â
2782:1501 â
2777:16th century
2762:
2759:Luca Pacioli
2757:1494 â
2749:
2742:
2737:1464 â
2731:
2726:1427 â
2717:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2666:notation in
2659:real numbers
2636:15th century
2496:power series
2469:
2464:1303 â
2435:1260 â
2423:
2418:1248 â
2410:
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2401:1247 â
2395:
2382:1202 â
2374:1135 â
2367:1130 â
2336:
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2324:
2318:
2308:combinations
2239:
2236:Omar Khayyam
2234:1070 â
2219:1030 â
2208:1021 â
2193:1020 â
2141:1000 â
2105:Law of sines
1594:cryptography
1557:
1551:HinduâArabic
1540:
1534:
1527:Al-Khwarizmi
1505:GovindasvÄmi
1412:
1390:
1350:VarÄhamihira
1303:
1253:rod calculus
1235:square roots
1140:
1111:
1039:
973:trigonometry
953:
940:
927:
911:permutations
898:
875:
853:
833:Eratosthenes
798:Dionysodorus
748:
694:
676:
666:combinations
661:
636:
606:
530:
463:
461:Zeno of Elea
422:
383:magic square
347:
311:Shulba Sutra
275:used by the
202:Plimpton 322
102:Ishango bone
91:Lebombo bone
72:Blombos Cave
28:
26:
7056:Mesopotamia
7030:Prehistoric
6990:Probability
6847:Algorithms
6774:WikiProject
6617:Game theory
6597:Probability
6334:Homological
6324:Multilinear
6304:Commutative
6281:Type theory
6248:Foundations
6204:mathematics
6054:Google Code
5927:November 3,
5845:November 3,
5377:solves the
5352:solves the
5350:Terence Tao
5295:Terence Tao
5275:proves the
5163:formulates
5066:proves the
5044:proves the
4987:fuzzy logic
4983:Lotfi Zadeh
4881:â also the
4808:eigenvalues
4789:John Wrench
4685:John Milnor
4639:algorithms.
4600:John Wrench
4578:cybernetics
4506:introduces
4451:introduces
4434:Alan Turing
4330:game theory
4312:twin primes
4285:introduces
4195:Ălie Cartan
4103:derive the
3997:Felix Klein
3925:introduces
3900:shows that
3881:formalizes
3857:quaternions
3735:Lobachevsky
3311:were false.
3278:introduces
3263:connecting
3224:John Machin
3148:determinant
3049:John Wallis
3042:probability
3017:Arithmetica
2909:John Napier
2886:calculates
2856:JyeáčŁáčhadeva
2825:solves the
2786:writes the
2705:introduced
2403:Qin Jiushao
2392:Liber Abaci
2315:BhÄskara II
2294:writes the
2229:sexagesimal
1719:Al-Uqlidisi
1571:geometrical
1525:820 â
1496:773 â
1419:place-value
1405:Brahmagupta
1385:Li Chunfeng
1366:550 â
1356:YativáčáčŁabha
1302:writes the
1283:Zu Chongzhi
1196:states his
1142:Arithmetica
1038:writes the
1010:(the first
882:Han dynasty
747:writes the
731:Babylonians
727:Mesopotamia
574:states the
560:Dinostratus
421:writes the
417:grammarian
292:Yajnavalkya
288:Vedic India
180:Babylonians
173:Middle Ages
117:Mesopotamia
98:Nile Valley
87:prehistoric
7183:Categories
6980:Statistics
6912:Logarithms
6858:Arithmetic
6602:Statistics
6481:Arithmetic
6443:Arithmetic
6309:Elementary
6276:Set theory
5803:, Scotland
5440:References
5327:solve the
5321:Larry Guth
5297:prove the
5243:IIT Kanpur
5208:is proven.
5182:discovers
5161:Peter Shor
5035:Yuri Manin
5007:publishes
4970:prove the
4924:John Tukey
4837:Paul Cohen
4754:algorithm.
4748:Tony Hoare
4700:Kiyosi ItĂŽ
4659:John Pasta
4589:Paul ErdĆs
4545:Jean Leray
4492:algorithm.
4488:develop a
4438:λ-calculus
4370:cohomology
4355:Kurt Gödel
4298:Viggo Brun
4228:set theory
4226:axiomizes
4090:Lie groups
4082:Sophus Lie
3696:discovers
3606:publishes
3440:Jurij Vega
3296:publishes
3233:discovers
3013:Diophantus
2952:discovers
2943:logarithms
2913:logarithms
2865:YuktibhÄáčŁÄ
2836:publishes
2730:completes
2668:arithmetic
2468:publishes
2466:Zhu Shijie
2405:publishes
2379:geometry."
2320:Bijaganita
2203:paraboloid
2138:to Europe.
2134:using the
1928:al-Battani
1806:, ... and
1715:blackboard
1547:arithmetic
1441:, and the
1398:BhÄskara I
1227:logarithms
1133:Diophantus
1110:wrote the
1108:Alexandria
1098:Zhang Heng
1083:Nicomachus
992:Posidonius
969:Hipparchus
826:0 (number)
810:Archimedes
786:Chrysippus
695:Catoptrics
656:Menaechmus
601:discusses
554:Xenocrates
548:Thymaridas
525:Theaetetus
495:Democritus
433:recursions
424:Astadhyayi
409:Anaxagoras
390:Pythagoras
307:Baudhayana
29:This is a
7000:Manifolds
6996:Topology
6907:Functions
6529:Geometric
6519:Algebraic
6458:Euclidean
6433:Algebraic
6329:Universal
5895:1476-4687
5650:, 2nd Ed.
5542:March 15,
5518:March 15,
5497:March 15,
5291:Ben Green
5075:Ken Ribet
4944:presents
4894:fuzzy set
4752:quicksort
4702:develops
4674:hierarchy
4536:give the
4471:Cahit Arf
4421:based on
4151:presents
4057:His proof
3799:develops
3248:develops
3144:resultant
3002:Descartes
2884:Zhu Zaiyu
2802:Adam Ries
2584:π
2561:
2535:
2509:
2437:Al-Farisi
2255:geometric
2170:algebraic
2143:Al-Karaji
2083:equations
2072:1000â1500
2048:α
2045:
2013:α
2010:
1985:α
1982:
1956:α
1953:
1944:α
1941:
1917:exponents
1731:monomials
1726:Al-Karaji
1702:extracts
1655:⋅
1635:Abu Kamil
1584:pioneers
1567:Al-Mahani
1559:algorithm
1491:astronomy
1473:logarithm
1467:using an
1362:Zhen Luan
1300:Aryabhata
1285:computes
1152:computes
1044:astronomy
1029:Cleomedes
998:Jing Fang
980:Hypsicles
903:fractions
869:hyperbola
792:KÄtyÄyana
599:Aristotle
593:Callippus
472:Apastamba
448:utilizes
330:Yajurveda
294:, in his
277:Egyptians
243:cotangent
186:at 3.125.
162:surveying
121:Sumerians
83:20,000 BC
79:35,000 BC
68:geometric
64:70,000 BC
7168:Category
7143:timeline
7131:timeline
7005:timeline
6985:timeline
6973:timeline
6958:timeline
6946:timeline
6929:timeline
6919:Geometry
6890:timeline
6875:timeline
6870:Calculus
6863:timeline
6851:timeline
6841:timeline
6829:By topic
6821:timeline
6750:Category
6506:Topology
6453:Discrete
6438:Analytic
6425:Geometry
6397:Discrete
6352:Calculus
6344:Analysis
6299:Abstract
6238:Glossary
6221:Timeline
6113:Sky News
5819:Archived
5748:. Paris.
5632:March 8,
5457:Archived
5386:See also
5118:develop
5102:NEC SX-2
4892:founded
4739:creates
4462:nor the
4440:and the
4300:defines
4114:and the
3672:residues
3555:and the
3180:his rule
2296:Lilavati
2199:parabola
2173:calculus
2163:integral
1906:products
1601:MahÄvÄ«ra
1582:al-Kindi
1529: â
1520:Sanskrit
1480:Sridhara
1469:infinite
1453:Virasena
1219:infinity
1200:and his
1121:Cai Yong
1113:Almagest
865:parabola
678:Elements
535:infinite
513:Archytas
394:geometry
374:at 3.16.
364:Sanskrit
341:infinity
290: â
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7035:Ancient
6836:Algebra
6762:Commons
6544:Applied
6514:General
6291:Algebra
6216:History
6035:May 20,
6008:Bibcode
5903:4088442
5873:Bibcode
5705:July 6,
5264:proves
5077:proves
4913:plasmas
4858:in the
4841:forcing
4357:proves
4266:proves
3664:quintic
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3504:quintic
3413:proves
3259:states
3178:states
3109:Madhava
3105:tangent
3051:writes
3004:(1636).
2987:cycloid
2877:Algebra
2875:writes
2761:writes
2741:writes
2642:places.
2492:Madhava
2422:writes
2390:in his
2326:Algebra
2280:system.
2225:decimal
1914:integer
1624:theorem
1554:decimal
1542:Algebra
1536:Al-Jabr
1531:Persian
1487:Baghdad
1465:frustum
1377:system.
1264:Proclus
1257:Sun Tzu
1246:Sun Tzu
1223:indices
1209:Hypatia
1150:Liu Hui
1137:algebra
1104:Ptolemy
1057:Liu Xin
1051:Geminus
1036:Lagadha
1015:base-10
861:ellipse
852:writes
822:Ptolemy
745:Pingala
710:base 10
675:in his
637:Mo Jing
608:Organon
603:logical
572:Eudoxus
501:Hippias
400:of the
217:frustum
149:on the
42:history
6463:Finite
6319:Linear
6226:Future
6202:Major
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5978:
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5865:Nature
5731:
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5310:proved
5237:, and
5096:, and
4521:start
3982:Euclid
3733:, and
3385:solves
3197:solve
3184:limits
2772:Modern
2678:, and
2558:arctan
2479:1356-
2449:Fermat
2304:gnomon
2147:proofs
2132:abacus
2119:, and
1461:volume
1435:series
1427:linear
1312:cosine
1231:base 2
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818:Olmecs
735:abacus
729:, the
673:Euclid
635:, the
616:Indian
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119:, the
7121:Other
7076:India
7071:China
6953:Logic
6690:lists
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6206:areas
6098:arXiv
5998:arXiv
5899:S2CID
5354:ErdĆs
5253:(the
5251:prime
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3731:Gauss
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3502:that
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2285:Arabs
2267:roots
2166:cubes
1704:roots
1509:sines
1463:of a
1368:Hindu
1022:India
835:uses
519:Plato
450:lunes
337:Vedas
334:Hindu
235:Ahmes
136:Egypt
6133:ISBN
6037:2013
5976:ISBN
5929:2022
5891:ISSN
5847:2022
5729:ISBN
5707:2014
5694:ISBN
5667:ISBN
5634:2008
5621:ISBN
5594:2010
5576:ISBN
5564:and
5544:2015
5520:2015
5499:2015
5323:and
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5171:for
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4787:and
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3387:the
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1999:and
1912:for
1588:and
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1337:and
1310:and
1308:sine
1165:zero
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759:and
620:zero
580:area
578:for
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