Confidence - Knowledge (XXG)

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psychologists suggest that self-confident people are more willing to examine evidence that both supports and contradicts their attitudes. Meanwhile, people who are less self-confident and more defensive may prefer attitudinal information over information that challenges their perspectives. When individuals with low self-confidence receive feedback from others, they are averse to receiving information about their relative ability and negative informative feedback, and not averse to receiving positive feedback. If new information about an individual's performance is negative feedback, this may interact with a negative affective state (low self-confidence) causing the individual to become demoralized, which in turn induces a self-defeating attitude that increases the likelihood of failure in the future more than if they did not lack self-confidence. People may be more self-confident about what they believe if they consult sources of information that agree with their world views. People may deceive themselves about their positive qualities and the negative qualities of others so that they can display greater self-confidence than they might otherwise feel, thereby enabling them to advance socially and materially.

492:—the ability to cope better than one's opponents and remain focused under pressure. These traits enable athletes to "bounce back from adversity". When athletes confront stress while playing sports, their self-confidence decreases. However, feedback from their team members in the form of emotional and informational support reduces the extent to which stresses in sports reduce their self-confidence. At high levels of support, performance-related stress does not affect self-confidence. Among gymnasts, those who tend to talk to themselves in an instructional format tend to be more self-confident than those who do not. In a group, members' desire for success and confidence can also be related. Groups that had a higher desire for success did better in performance than groups with a weaker desire. The more frequently a group succeeded, the more interest they had in the activity and success. 316:

improving performance. Marketing researchers have found that the general self-confidence of a person is negatively correlated with their level of anxiety. Self-confidence increases a person's general well-being and one's motivation which often increases performance. It also increases one's ability to deal with stress and mental health. The more self-confident an individual is, the less likely they are to conform to the judgments of others. Higher confidence is correlated with individuals setting higher goals. When people face feelings of discontent because they do not accomplish a certain goal, people who have higher self-confidence may become even more persistent in accomplishing their goals, whereas those with low self-confidence are more prone to giving up quickly.

480:, as one study found a sample of overweight people in Australia and the US are less self-confident about their body's performance than people of average weight, and the difference is even greater for women than for men. Others found that if a newborn is separated from its mother upon delivery, the mother is less self-confident in her ability to raise that child than one who was not separated from her child. Furthermore, women who initially had low self-confidence are likely to experience a larger drop of self-confidence after separation from their children than women with relatively higher self-confidence. Heterosexual men who exhibit greater self-confidence relative to other men more easily attract single and partnered women. 304:

under their control, they are less likely to be confident about being successful in the future. If someone attributes their failure to a factor beyond their control, they are more likely to be confident about succeeding in the future. If a person believes they failed to achieve a goal because of a factor that was beyond their control, they are more likely to be more self-confident that they can achieve the goal in the future. One's self-confidence often increases as one satisfactorily completes particular activities. American social psychologist

436:, African American students perform more poorly on exams (relative to White American students) if they must reveal their racial identities before the exam. A similar phenomenon has been found in female students' performance (relative to male students) on math tests. The opposite has been observed in Asian Americans, whose confidence becomes tied up in expectations that they will succeed by both parents and teachers and who claim others perceive them as excelling academically more than they are. 200: 5083: 412: 80: 460:, the researchers found that male overconfidence and male preference for competition contributed to higher male participation in a competitive tournament scheme, while risk and feedback aversion played a negligible role. Some scholars partly attribute the fact of women being less likely to persist in engineering college than men to women's diminished sense of self-confidence. 243:, ranging from a minimum score characterizing someone who is "timid and self-distrustful, shy, never makes decisions, self-effacing" to a maximum score characterizing someone who is "able to make decisions, absolutely confident and sure of his own decisions and opinions". Some researchers have measured self-confidence as a simple construct divided into 407:

as a group may be more self-confident than other children. If children are self-confident, they may be more likely to sacrifice immediate recreational time for possible rewards in the future, enhancing their self-regulatory capability. Successful performance of children in music increases feelings of

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People with high self-confidence are more likely to impress others, as others perceive them as more knowledgeable and more likely to make correct judgments. Despite this, a negative correlation is sometimes found between the level of their self-confidence and the accuracy of their claims. When people

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Various factors within and beyond an individual's control may affect their self-confidence. An individual's self-confidence can vary in different environments, such as at home or at school, and concerning different types of relationships and situations. When people attribute their success to a matter

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In general, students who perform well have increased confidence, which likely in turn encourages them to take greater responsibility to complete tasks. Teachers affect the self-confidence of their students depending on how they treat them. Students who perform better receive more positive evaluation

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Social psychologists have found self-confidence to be correlated with other psychological variables including saving money, influencing others, and being a responsible student. Self-confidence affects interest, enthusiasm, and self-regulation. Self-confidence is important for accomplishing goals and

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and others have emphasized the need to distinguish between self-confidence as a generalized personality characteristic and self-confidence concerning a specific task, ability, or challenge (i.e., self-efficacy). The term "self-confidence" typically refers to a general personality trait— in contrast,

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A person can possess self-confidence in their ability to complete a specific task (self-efficacy)—e.g. cook a good meal or write a good novel—even though they may lack general self-confidence, or conversely be self-confident though they lack the self-efficacy to achieve a particular task. These two

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argued in his paper "A Theory of Human Motivation" that an individual is only motivated to acquire self-confidence (one component of "esteem") after achieving what they need for physiological survival, safety, and love and belonging. He claimed that satisfaction with self-esteem led to feelings of

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People prefer leaders with greater self-confidence over those with less self-confidence. Self-confident leaders tend to influence others through persuasion instead of resorting to coercive means. They are more likely to resolve issues by referring them to another qualified person or calling upon

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argued that a person's perceived confidence indicates capability. If people do not believe that they are capable of coping, they experience disruption which lowers their confidence about their performance. Salespeople who are high in self-confidence tend to set higher goals for themselves, which

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Whether a person, in making a decision, seeks out additional sources of information depends on their level of self-confidence specific to that area. As the complexity of a decision increases, a person is more likely to be influenced by another person and seek out additional information. Several

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Some methods measure self-esteem and self-confidence in various aspects or activities, such as speaking in public spaces, academic performance, physical appearance, romantic relationships, social interactions, and athletic ability. In sports, researchers have measured athletes' confidence about

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investors trade 45% more than their female counterparts, which they attribute to greater recklessness (though also self-confidence) of men, reducing men's net returns by 2.65 percentage points per year versus women's 1.72 percentage points. Women report lower self-confidence levels than men in

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Women who are either high or low in general self-confidence are more likely to be persuaded to change their opinion than women with medium self-confidence. However, when specific high confidence (self-efficacy) is high, generalized confidence plays less of a role. Men who have low generalized

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are uncertain and unknowledgeable about a topic, they are more likely to believe the testimony, and follow the advice of those that seem self-confident. However, expert psychological testimony on the factors that influence eyewitness memory appears to reduce juror reliance on self-confidence.

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wrote that a sudden negative change in one's circumstances, especially a loss of a job, could lead to decreased self-confidence, but more commonly if the jobless person believes the fault of his unemployment is his. They also noted how if individuals do not have a job long enough, they become

161:, psychologists praised self-confidence as greatly decreasing nervous tension, allaying fear, and ridding the battlefield of terror; they argued that soldiers who cultivated a strong and healthy body would also acquire greater self-confidence while fighting. At the height of the 321:

makes them more likely to stay employed, yield higher revenues, and generate higher customer service satisfaction. In certain fields of medical practice, patients experience a lack of self-confidence during the recovery period. This is commonly referred to as DSF or

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Male university students may be more confident than their female counterparts. In regards to inter-ethnic interaction and language learning, those who engage more with people of different ethnicity and language become more self-confident in interacting with them.

186:". As material standards of most people rapidly rose in developed countries after World War II and fulfilled their material needs, a plethora of widely cited academic research about confidence and related concepts like self-esteem and self-efficacy emerged. 140:

Ideas about the causes and effects of self-confidence have appeared in English-language publications describing characteristics of a sacrilegious attitude toward God, the character of the British empire, and the culture of colonial-era American society.

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components: anxiety as an affective aspect and self-evaluations of proficiency as a cognitive component. Other researchers have used body language proxies, rather than self-reports, to measure self-confidence by having examiners measure on a scale of

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More self-confident women may receive high-performance evaluations but not be as well-liked as men who engage in the same behaviour. Confident women may be considered a better job candidate than both men and women who behaved modestly. Male

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Heine, S.J.; Kitayama, S.; Lehman, D.R.; Takata, T.; Ide, E.; Leung, C.; Matsumoto, H. (2001). "Divergent consequences of success and failure in japan and north America: an investigation of self-improving motivations and malleable selves".

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bureaucratic procedures, which avoid personal involvement. Others suggest that self-confidence does not affect leadership style but is only correlated with years of supervisory experience and self-perceptions of power.

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Judge, Timothy A.; Erez, Amir; Bono, Joyce E.; Thoresen, Carl J. (1 September 2002). "Are measures of self-esteem, neuroticism, locus of control, and generalized self-efficacy indicators of a common core construct?".

358:, researchers have found that people may consciously overreport their levels of self-esteem. Inaccurate self-evaluation is commonly observed in healthy populations. In the extreme, large differences between one's 408:

self-confidence, increasing motivation for study. By adolescence, youth who have little contact with friends tend to have low self-confidence. In adolescents, low self-confidence may be a predictor of loneliness.

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wrote, "Believe what is in the line of your needs, for only by such belief is the need fulfilled... Have faith that you can successfully make it, and your feet are nerved to its accomplishment".

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Cervone, Daniel; Kopp, Deborah A.; Schaumann, Linda; Scott, Walter D. (1 September 1994). "Mood, self-efficacy, and performance standards: Lower moods induce higher standards for performance".

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reports and have greater self-confidence. Characteristically low-achieving students report less confidence, while characteristically high-performing students report higher self-confidence.

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Peters, Heather J.; Williams, Jean M. (1 September 2006). "Moving Cultural Background to the Foreground: An Investigation of Self-Talk, Performance, and Persistence Following Feedback".

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found that self-confidence in an individual's ability may only rise or fall when that individual can compare themselves to others who are roughly similar, in a competitive environment.

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Self-confidence is one of the most influential factors in how well an athlete performs in a competition. In particular, "robust self-confidence beliefs" are correlated with aspects of

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Noels, Kimberly A.; Pon, Gordon; Clement, Richard (1 September 1996). "Language, Identity, and Adjustment The Role of Linguistic Self-Confidence in the Acculturation Process".

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Bull, Stephen J.; Shambrook, Christopher J.; James, Wil; Brooks, Jocelyne E. (1 September 2005). "Towards an Understanding of Mental Toughness in Elite English Cricketers".

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and one's actual behaviour are a hallmark of several disorders that have important implications for understanding treatment-seeking and compliance. Overconfidence supports

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is trust in oneself. Self-confidence involves a positive belief that one can generally accomplish what one wishes to do in the future. Self-confidence is not the same as

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appeared less self-confident in giving a speech than those who viewed commercials with women taking on more masculine roles. Such self-confidence may also be related to

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and populations tend to become overconfident, as long as benefits from contested resources are sufficiently large compared with the cost of competition". In studies of

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Keller, Johannes; Dauenheimer, Dirk (1 March 2003). "Stereotype Threat in the Classroom: Dejection Mediates the Disrupting Threat Effect on Women's Math Performance".

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in school settings can boost confidence in students at earlier ages. These include participation in games or sports, visual and performing arts, and public speaking.

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Diener, Ed; Oishi, Shigehiro; Lucas, Richard E. (1 February 2003). "Personality, Culture, and Subjective Well-Being: Emotional and Cognitive Evaluations of Life".

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The utility of self-confidence may vary by culture. Some find Asians perform better when they lack confidence, especially when compared to North Americans.

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conversion of objective evidence into subjective estimates, where noise is defined as the mixing of memories during the observing and remembering process.

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of the 1920s, psychologists associated self-confidence in men with remaining at home and taking care of the family when they were not working. During the

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self-confidence are more easily persuaded than men of high generalized self-confidence.

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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Sidney de Haan Research Centre for Arts and Health: Canterbury Christ Church University

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as a "belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task".

292: 287: 178: 6034: 5958: 2954: 2235: 6200: 6092: 5706: 5691: 5671: 5472: 5457: 5442: 5355: 5350: 5244: 5167: 4954: 4820: 4681: 4607: 4464: 4192: 3814: 3512: 3064: 2359: 2309: 2286: 1757: 1605: 1535: 1469: 1351: 957: 754: 509: 404: 367: 145: 59: 4650: 4547: 4509: 3745: 3625: 3168: 2582: 2181: 1675: 1121:. International Economic Association Series. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 19–57. 1045: 814: 411: 62:—belief in one's ability to accomplish a specific task or goal. Confidence can be a 5928: 5764: 5726: 5676: 5646: 5614: 5604: 5599: 5512: 5492: 5412: 5212: 5191: 5162: 4746: 4344: 3694: 3504: 3400: 2543: 1578: 1243: 1109: 565: 473: 465: 240: 4665: 4415: 4297:"Human mate poaching: Tactics and temptations for infiltrating existing mateships" 4246:"The great struggles of life: Darwin and the emergence of evolutionary psychology" 1442: 1117:

Bénabou, Roland; Tirole, Jean (2005). Agarwal, Bina; Vercelli, Alessandro (eds.).

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2928: 2899: 2610:"Roles of Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Orbitofrontal Cortex in Self-evaluation" 2485: 1741: 1667: 1562: 1381: 1308: 941: 790: 672: 6059: 5868: 5836: 5701: 5626: 5594: 5574: 5447: 5437: 5397: 5377: 5335: 4987: 4864: 4804: 4581: 4485: 4448: 4040: 3798: 3430: 3337: 3125: 2995: 2676: 1418: 1085: 586: 477: 403:

In children, self-confidence emerges differently than in adults. For example,

363: 339: 4812: 4775: 4699: 4642: 4599: 4493: 4456: 4399: 4184: 3939: 3902: 3806: 3729: 3721: 3617: 3574: 3438: 3392: 3384: 3345: 3056: 3003: 2907: 2816: 2808: 2775: 2728: 2527: 2351: 2343: 2259: 2220: 2084: 1873: 1865: 1830: 1787: 1710: 1519: 1511: 1487:(2nd ed.). Buckingham, England: Open University Press. pp. 127–169. 1426: 1343: 1278: 1202: 1093: 1037: 992: 798: 601: – Distortion to enhance self-esteem, or to see oneself overly favorably 6107: 5853: 5844: 5696: 5529: 5507: 5497: 5452: 5432: 5402: 5392: 5367: 5290: 5239: 4122: 3994: 2627: 2037: 1996: 1193: 1176: 1136: 557: – Extreme pride or overconfidence, often in combination with arrogance 472:

One study found that women who viewed commercials with women in traditional

265: 244: 5979: 4783: 4738: 4501: 4407: 4323: 4272: 3947: 3910: 3737: 3473: 3465: 3198: 3152: 3095: 3011: 2834: 2783: 2746: 2694: 2645: 2535: 2470: 2173: 1838: 1527: 1434: 1210: 806: 762: 518:, also known as Confidence game – Attempt to defraud a person or group 4227: 4085: 3686: 3567:

10.1002/(sici)1520-6807(199604)33:2<163::aid-pits10>3.0.co;2-c

3160: 3079: 3047: 2559:"The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure as a measure of Self-Esteem" 2428: 2294: 1570: 1101: 723: 6179: 6100: 6041: 5921: 5829: 5711: 5631: 5589: 5564: 5539: 5487: 5417: 5362: 5325: 5320: 5310: 5305: 5295: 4878: 4690: 4539: 4370: 4296: 3227: 1613: 592: 327:

from the Latin for lack of self-confidence. This can be the case after a

277: 2557:

Timko, Alix; England, Erica; Herbert, James; Foreman, Evan (Fall 2010).

2519: 17: 6155: 6141: 6074: 6014: 6007: 5972: 5935: 5900: 5656: 5579: 5549: 5502: 5462: 5387: 5345: 5060: 4883: 4634: 4590: 4176: 3849: 3235: 3206: 2574: 2061:

Compte, O.; Postlewaite, A. (2004). "Confidence-enhanced performance".

2004: 1943: 1749: 949: 910: 830:

Some Thoughts Concerning the Present Revival of Religion in New England

604: 58:, which is an evaluation of one's worth. Self-confidence is related to 2420: 1795: 6123: 6115: 5986: 5965: 5914: 5893: 5851: 5842: 5819: 5736: 5467: 5126: 4898: 4264: 4219: 3307: 3286: 2462: 2165: 1822: 1702: 1029: 984: 715: 610: 554: 328: 43: 3038: 1935: 1725: 925: 902: 702:

Zellner, M. (1970). "Self-esteem, reception, and influenceability".

112:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 3841: 3488: 2868: 2855: 2854:

Mobius, M. M.; Niederle, M.; Niehaus, P.; Rosenblat, T. S. (2011).

2390: 338:, Martin Hilbert argues that confidence bias can be explained by a 6000: 5942: 5821: 5813: 5609: 5569: 5407: 5269: 2502: 1898: 1730:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

930:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

410: 1654:

Festinger, L. (1954). "A theory of social comparison processes".

613: – Excessive concern for one's own appearance, or importance 6171: 6163: 5621: 5544: 5382: 3084:

Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online

239:

One of the earliest measures of self-confidence used a 12-point

5099: 4837: 3273:

Kipnis, D.; Lane, W. (1962). "Self-confidence and leadership".

5741: 3966:"Do women shy away from competition? Do men compete too much?" 193: 73: 27:

State of trusting that a belief or course of action is correct

4833: 4666:"The group level of aspiration and external social pressures" 2484:

Johnson, Dominic D.P.; Fowler, James H. (14 September 2011).

1890:

Learning, Remembering, Believing: Enhancing Human Performance

1006:

Maslow, A. H. (1 July 1943). "A theory of human motivation".

3487:

Zimmerman, Barry J.; Kitsantas, Anastasia (1 October 2005).

2856:"Managing Self-Confidence: Theory and Experimental Evidence" 548: – Positive effect from the perceived value of a person 5095: 1232:

The Pedagogical Seminary and Journal of Genetic Psychology

182:

self-confidence that, once attained, led to a desire for "

2791:

Albarracín, Dolores; Mitchell, Amy L. (1 December 2004).

595: – Degree of resistance to, or protection from, harm 2978:

Hippel, William von; Trivers, Robert (1 February 2011).

366:

thinking, such as frequently occurs in individuals with

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Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

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This Vicissitude of Motion and Rest, Which We Call Life

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Green. 542: – Subtype of delusion 108:the claims made and adding 34:Confidence (disambiguation) 6233: 4731:10.1037/0022-3514.81.4.599 4474:Journal of Sports Sciences 4380:Journal of Sports Sciences 4316:10.1037/0022-3514.80.6.894 4150:10.1037/0022-3514.44.2.322 4078:10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.629 3759:Lee, J.; Zhou, M. (2014). 3679:10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797 2929:10.1037/0022-3514.43.5.901 2900:10.1037/0022-3514.67.3.499 1742:10.1177/000271622008700133 1668:10.1177/001872675400700202 1563:10.1037/0033-295x.92.4.548 1397:Journal of Sports Sciences 1382:10.1037/0022-0167.49.3.355 1309:10.1037/0022-3514.38.2.203 942:10.1177/000271621807700116 878:. 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Archived from 4265:10.1037/a0013207 4250: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4220:10.1037/h0034497 4203: 4197: 4196: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4116: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4071: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3988: 3979:(3): 1067–1101. 3970: 3961: 3955: 3951: 3914: 3877: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3765: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3596:(9): 1081–1094. 3585: 3579: 3578: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3414: 3408: 3404: 3367: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3321: 3315: 3311: 3308:10.1037/h0029265 3290: 3287:10.1037/h0044720 3269: 3260: 3249: 3243: 3239: 3210: 3179: 3173: 3172: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3109: 3100: 3099: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3050: 3022: 3016: 3015: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2942: 2936: 2932: 2911: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2851: 2842: 2838: 2828: 2787: 2750: 2740: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2688: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2639: 2622:(9): 2108–2119. 2605: 2599: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2585:. Archived from 2554: 2548: 2547: 2505: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2463:10.1037/a0025940 2448: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2404: 2398: 2394: 2384: 2382:10.1.1.1032.3637 2363: 2324: 2318: 2317: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2246:(5): 1017–1028. 2231: 2225: 2224: 2207:(5): 1017–1028. 2192: 2186: 2185: 2166:10.1037/h0046408 2149: 2143: 2139: 2118: 2095: 2089: 2088: 2078: 2069:(5): 1536–1557. 2058: 2052: 2051: 2027: 2018: 2012: 2008: 1990: 1969: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1919: 1913: 1912: 1884: 1878: 1877: 1849: 1843: 1842: 1823:10.1037/h0062924 1806: 1800: 1799: 1771: 1762: 1761: 1721: 1715: 1714: 1703:10.1037/h0042851 1686: 1680: 1679: 1651: 1645: 1644: 1624: 1618: 1617: 1600:(2–3): 129–134. 1589: 1583: 1582: 1546: 1540: 1539: 1495: 1489: 1488: 1480: 1474: 1473: 1453: 1447: 1446: 1412: 1403:(9): 1057–1065. 1392: 1386: 1385: 1365: 1356: 1355: 1319: 1313: 1312: 1292: 1283: 1282: 1254: 1248: 1247: 1227: 1218: 1214: 1196: 1171: 1150: 1130: 1113: 1079: 1056: 1050: 1049: 1030:10.1037/h0054346 1023: 1003: 997: 996: 985:10.1037/h0063426 968: 962: 961: 921: 915: 914: 886: 880: 879: 869: 863: 862: 861:. The Spectator. 854: 848: 847: 841: 833: 825: 819: 818: 773: 767: 766: 734: 728: 727: 716:10.1037/h0029201 699: 690: 687: 685: 683: 668: 666: 664: 649: 647: 645: 628: 583: 551: 536: 521: 516:Confidence trick 490:mental toughness 326: 259: 255: 227: 224: 218: 202: 201: 194: 167:Great Depression 133: 126: 122: 119: 113: 110:inline citations 82: 81: 74: 21: 6232: 6231: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6222: 6221: 6197: 6196: 6195: 6186: 6129: 6047: 5874: 5801: 5751: 5274: 5260:Three Treasures 5177:Virtue families 5172: 5146:Moral character 5129: 5124: 5094: 5089: 5075: 5044: 4964: 4923: 4909:Messiah complex 4867: 4862: 4832: 4831: 4827: 4790: 4753: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4663: 4662: 4658: 4620: 4619: 4615: 4565: 4560: 4559: 4555: 4525: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4471: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4377: 4362:10.1.1.459.4342 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4299: 4294: 4285: 4283: 4279: 4248: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4205: 4204: 4200: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4135: 4134: 4130: 4114:10.1.1.295.7095 4098: 4097: 4093: 4069:10.1.1.453.3587 4053: 4052: 4048: 4026: 4025: 4021: 4007: 4006: 4002: 3986:10.1.1.151.4864 3968: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3917: 3880: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3827: 3826: 3822: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3768:New Diversities 3763: 3758: 3757: 3753: 3707: 3706: 3702: 3664: 3663: 3659: 3649: 3647: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3552: 3551: 3547: 3540: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3451: 3450: 3446: 3416: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3370: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3323: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3293: 3272: 3263: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3213: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3138: 3137: 3133: 3111: 3110: 3103: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3039:10.1002/bdm.460 3024: 3023: 3019: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2965: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2914: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2853: 2852: 2845: 2841: 2790: 2753: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2592: 2590: 2556: 2555: 2551: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2446: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2406: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2366: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2272: 2271: 2267: 2233: 2232: 2228: 2194: 2193: 2189: 2151: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2136: 2121: 2115: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2076:10.1.1.318.7105 2060: 2059: 2055: 2048: 2025: 2020: 2019: 2015: 2011: 1988:10.1.1.334.9951 1972: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1936:10.2307/3150690 1921: 1920: 1916: 1909: 1886: 1885: 1881: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1773: 1772: 1765: 1723: 1722: 1718: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1656:Human Relations 1653: 1652: 1648: 1641: 1626: 1625: 1621: 1591: 1590: 1586: 1548: 1547: 1543: 1497: 1496: 1492: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1455: 1454: 1450: 1410:10.1.1.329.9348 1394: 1393: 1389: 1367: 1366: 1359: 1321: 1320: 1316: 1294: 1293: 1286: 1256: 1255: 1251: 1229: 1228: 1221: 1217: 1174: 1168: 1153: 1147: 1116: 1077:10.1.1.411.2919 1061: 1057: 1053: 1021:10.1.1.334.7586 1005: 1004: 1000: 970: 969: 965: 923: 922: 918: 903:10.2307/1413607 888: 887: 883: 871: 870: 866: 856: 855: 851: 834: 827: 826: 822: 775: 774: 770: 736: 735: 731: 701: 700: 693: 681: 679: 671: 662: 660: 652: 643: 641: 640:. 24 March 2024 638:Merriam-Webster 632: 629: 625: 620: 581: 578:Low self-esteem 549: 534: 519: 506: 498: 486: 458:Lise Vesterlund 454:Muriel Niederle 446: 401: 393: 380: 360:self-perception 348:James H. Fowler 301: 257: 253: 237: 228: 222: 219: 216: 203: 199: 192: 171:Paul Lazarsfeld 134: 123: 117: 114: 99: 83: 79: 72: 52:Self-confidence 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6230: 6228: 6220: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6199: 6198: 6192: 6191: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6184: 6175: 6168: 6159: 6152: 6145: 6137: 6135: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6127: 6120: 6111: 6104: 6097: 6088: 6079: 6070: 6063: 6055: 6053: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6045: 6038: 6031: 6018: 6011: 6004: 5997: 5990: 5983: 5976: 5969: 5962: 5955: 5946: 5939: 5932: 5925: 5918: 5911: 5904: 5897: 5890: 5882: 5880: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5872: 5865: 5858: 5849: 5840: 5833: 5826: 5817: 5809: 5807: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5799: 5792: 5783: 5776: 5769: 5759: 5757: 5750: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5618: 5617: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5526: 5525: 5520: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5286:Accountability 5282: 5280: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5188: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5148: 5143: 5137: 5135: 5131: 5130: 5125: 5123: 5122: 5115: 5108: 5100: 5091: 5090: 5080: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5042: 5037: 5036: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5001: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4984: 4983: 4972: 4970: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4931: 4929: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4868: 4863: 4861: 4860: 4853: 4846: 4838: 4830: 4829: 4826: 4825: 4799:(3): 240–253. 4788: 4762:(1): 403–425. 4751: 4725:(4): 599–615. 4712: 4705: 4676:(3): 362–378. 4656: 4629:(2): 135–141. 4613: 4553: 4534:(3): 316–335. 4518: 4515: 4514: 4469: 4443:(3): 209–227. 4431: 4424: 4421: 4420: 4386:(6): 443–457. 4375: 4339: 4332: 4329: 4328: 4310:(6): 894–917. 4292: 4259:(2): 140–148. 4240: 4233: 4214:(3): 369–378. 4198: 4171:(1–2): 75–86. 4155: 4144:(2): 322–333. 4128: 4091: 4062:(3): 629–645. 4046: 4019: 4000: 3956: 3953: 3952: 3926:(4): 504–518. 3915: 3889:(3): 306–316. 3878: 3862: 3855: 3842:10.1086/267266 3836:(3): 453–466. 3820: 3793:(3): 246–264. 3777: 3751: 3716:(3): 371–381. 3700: 3673:(5): 797–811. 3657: 3631: 3580: 3561:(2): 163–175. 3545: 3538: 3518: 3499:(4): 397–417. 3479: 3460:(3): 327–339. 3444: 3409: 3406: 3405: 3379:(3): 269–289. 3368: 3358: 3351: 3316: 3313: 3312: 3302:(3): 201–207. 3291: 3281:(4): 291–295. 3270: 3261: 3251: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3222:(4): 577–594. 3211: 3193:(5): 439–452. 3181: 3174: 3147:(4): 345–366. 3131: 3120:(4): 817–845. 3101: 3090:(1): 127–131. 3070: 3048:10211.3/187361 3017: 2970: 2963: 2937: 2934: 2933: 2923:(5): 901–914. 2912: 2894:(3): 499–512. 2882: 2875: 2869:10.3386/w17014 2843: 2840: 2839: 2788: 2762:(3): 334–349. 2751: 2707: 2700: 2651: 2600: 2549: 2476: 2457:(2): 211–237. 2434: 2399: 2396: 2395: 2391:10.1086/208792 2364: 2326: 2319: 2300: 2265: 2226: 2187: 2160:(3): 629–636. 2144: 2141: 2140: 2134: 2119: 2113: 2097: 2090: 2053: 2046: 2013: 2010: 2009: 1970: 1956: 1949: 1930:(2): 268–274. 1914: 1907: 1879: 1860:(1): 169–171. 1844: 1801: 1782:(4): 709–725. 1763: 1716: 1697:(5): 319–328. 1681: 1662:(2): 117–140. 1646: 1639: 1619: 1584: 1557:(4): 548–573. 1541: 1506:(4): 311–329. 1490: 1475: 1464:(2): 184–191. 1448: 1387: 1376:(3): 355–364. 1357: 1330:(3): 255–278. 1314: 1303:(3): 203–210. 1284: 1265:(3): 273–291. 1249: 1238:(4): 546–556. 1219: 1216: 1215: 1172: 1166: 1151: 1145: 1128:10.1.1.179.119 1114: 1058: 1051: 1014:(4): 370–396. 998: 979:(6): 358–390. 963: 916: 897:(3): 315–348. 881: 864: 849: 820: 785:(3): 693–710. 768: 749:(4): 218–230. 729: 691: 689: 688: 677:Dictionary.com 669: 650: 622: 621: 619: 616: 615: 614: 608: 602: 596: 590: 584: 575: 569: 563: 561:Icarus complex 558: 552: 543: 537: 531:Emotional bias 528: 522: 513: 505: 502: 497: 494: 485: 482: 445: 442: 400: 397: 392: 389: 379: 376: 318:Albert Bandura 306:Leon Festinger 300: 297: 293:Albert Bandura 288:Abraham Maslow 236: 233: 230: 229: 213:modern sources 206: 204: 197: 191: 188: 179:Abraham Maslow 136: 135: 86: 84: 77: 71: 68: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6229: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6182: 6181: 6176: 6174: 6173: 6169: 6166: 6165: 6160: 6158: 6157: 6153: 6151: 6150: 6146: 6144: 6143: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6132: 6126: 6125: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6110: 6109: 6105: 6103: 6102: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6089: 6086: 6085: 6080: 6077: 6076: 6071: 6069: 6068: 6064: 6062: 6061: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6050: 6044: 6043: 6039: 6037: 6036: 6032: 6030: 6029: 6024: 6023: 6019: 6017: 6016: 6012: 6010: 6009: 6005: 6003: 6002: 5998: 5996: 5995: 5991: 5989: 5988: 5984: 5982: 5981: 5977: 5975: 5974: 5970: 5968: 5967: 5963: 5961: 5960: 5956: 5953: 5952: 5947: 5945: 5944: 5940: 5938: 5937: 5933: 5931: 5930: 5926: 5924: 5923: 5919: 5917: 5916: 5912: 5910: 5909: 5905: 5903: 5902: 5898: 5896: 5895: 5891: 5889: 5888: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5866: 5864: 5863: 5859: 5856: 5855: 5850: 5847: 5846: 5841: 5839: 5838: 5834: 5832: 5831: 5827: 5824: 5823: 5818: 5816: 5815: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5804: 5798: 5797: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5784: 5782: 5781: 5777: 5775: 5774: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5754: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5707:Sportsmanship 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5672:Righteousness 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5585:Nonattachment 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5277: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5245:Seven virtues 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5230: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5193: 5192:Brahmavihārās 5189: 5187: 5186: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5169: 5168:Virtue ethics 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5153: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5134:About virtues 5132: 5128: 5121: 5116: 5114: 5109: 5107: 5102: 5101: 5098: 5088: 5078: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5047: 5041: 5038: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5023:mortification 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5005: 5004:Narcissistic 5003: 5002: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4977: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4967: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4955:Me generation 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4926: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4859: 4854: 4852: 4847: 4845: 4840: 4839: 4836: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4706: 4701: 4697: 4692: 4691:2027.42/33663 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4660: 4657: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4617: 4614: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4564: 4557: 4554: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4522: 4519: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4425: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4341: 4340: 4336: 4333: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4298: 4293: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4247: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4202: 4199: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4159: 4156: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4132: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4095: 4092: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4050: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4023: 4020: 4015: 4011: 4004: 4001: 3996: 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3262: 3258: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3245: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3182: 3178: 3175: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3135: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3074: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3021: 3018: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2974: 2971: 2966: 2964:9780120152193 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2941: 2938: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2876: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2655: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2616: 2611: 2604: 2601: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 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