602:
the reaction while the endpoint is just the color change from the indicator. Thus, a careful selection of the indicator will reduce the indicator error. For example, if the equivalence point is at a pH of 8.4, then the phenolphthalein indicator would be used instead of
Alizarin Yellow because phenolphthalein would reduce the indicator error. Common indicators, their colors, and the pH range in which they change color are given in the table above. When more precise results are required, or when the reagents are a weak acid and a weak base, a
1798:
633:
1387:
307:
438:
45:
4670:
3691:
4694:
3715:
206:
4706:
3727:
1632:
4682:
3703:
1679:: If a reaction produces a solid, a precipitate will form during the titration. A classic example is the reaction between Ag and Cl to form the insoluble salt AgCl. Cloudy precipitates usually make it difficult to determine the endpoint precisely. To compensate, precipitation titrations often have to be done as "back" titrations (see below).
601:
is added to the titration chamber, representing the pH range of the equivalence point. The acid–base indicator indicates the endpoint of the titration by changing color. The endpoint and the equivalence point are not exactly the same because the equivalence point is determined by the stoichiometry of
1788:
The titration process creates solutions with compositions ranging from pure acid to pure base. Identifying the pH associated with any stage in the titration process is relatively simple for monoprotic acids and bases. The presence of more than one acid or base group complicates these computations.
1771:
Back titration is a titration done in reverse; instead of titrating the original sample, a known excess of standard reagent is added to the solution, and the excess is titrated. A back titration is useful if the endpoint of the reverse titration is easier to identify than the endpoint of the normal
353:
titration, the titration curve represents the strength of the corresponding acid and base. For a strong acid and a strong base, the curve will be relatively smooth and very steep near the equivalence point. Because of this, a small change in titrant volume near the equivalence point results in a
242:
of the titration, meaning the amount of titrant balances the amount of analyte present, according to the reaction between the two. Depending on the endpoint desired, single drops or less than a single drop of the titrant can make the difference between a permanent and temporary change in the
1446:. First, the measurement does not depend on path length, because the same path length is used for the measurement of both the excess titrant and the product. Second, the measurement does not depend on a linear change in absorbance as a function of analyte concentration as defined by the
1575:. Serial dilutions are performed on a sample in a fixed ratio (such as 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, etc.) until the last dilution does not give a positive test for the presence of the virus. The positive or negative value may be determined by inspecting the infected cells visually under a
1727:: Measures the current produced by the titration reaction as a result of the oxidation or reduction of the analyte. The endpoint is detected as a change in the current. This method is most useful when the excess titrant can be reduced, as in the titration of
1289:
must equal to the number of moles of dissolved acid and base, respectively. Charge balance is used in the fourth equation, where the left hand side represents the total charge of the cations and the right hand side represents the total charge of the anions:
2416:
Christophe, R. (1971). "L'analyse volumétrique de 1790 à 1860. Caractéristiques et importance industrielle. Evolution des instruments" [Volumetric analysis from 1790–1860. Characteristics and industrial importance. Evolution of instruments.].
1703:: Differentiated from calorimetric titrimetry because the heat of the reaction (as indicated by temperature rise or fall) is not used to determine the amount of analyte in the sample solution. Instead, the endpoint is determined by
1657:: A measurement of ions in a solution. Ion concentration can change significantly in a titration, which changes the conductivity. (For instance, during an acid–base titration, the H and OH ions react to form neutral H
1672:
Color change: In some reactions, the solution changes color without any added indicator. This is often seen in redox titrations when the different oxidation states of the product and reactant produce different
237:
containing the titrant. Small volumes of the titrant are then added to the analyte and indicator until the indicator changes color in reaction to the titrant saturation threshold, representing arrival at the
2504:
Gaiao, Edvaldo da
Nobrega; Martins, Valdomiro Lacerda; Lyra, Wellington da Silva; Almeida, Luciano Farias de; Silva, Edvan Cirino da; Araújo, Mário César Ugulino (2006). "Digital image-based titrations".
1041:
722:
and titration mixture is considered as buffer. In
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation the and are said to be the molarities that would have been present even with dissociation or hydrolysis. In a buffer,
1819:(WVO) must be neutralized before a batch may be processed. A portion of WVO is titrated with a base to determine acidity, so the rest of the batch may be neutralized properly. This removes
173:) developed the first burette (which was similar to a graduated cylinder) in 1791. Gay-Lussac developed an improved version of the burette that included a side arm, and invented the terms "
1141:
385:
would be appropriate. Titration curves corresponding to weak bases and strong acids are similarly behaved, with the solution being acidic at the equivalence point and indicators such as
1324:
946:
1476:
to increase the sensitivity of iodometric titration, the dark blue complex of starch with iodine and iodide being more visible than iodine alone. Other complexometric indicators are
1360:
requires iodine as an oxidizing agent. In this case, starch is used as an indicator; a blue starch-iodine complex is formed in the presence of excess iodine, signalling the endpoint.
1220:
is applied to the ionization of water and the dissociation of acid to derived the first and second equations. The mass balance is used in the third equation, where the sum of
369:
If one reagent is a weak acid or base and the other is a strong acid or base, the titration curve is irregular and the pH shifts less with small additions of titrant near the
1936:: Also known as ascorbic acid, vitamin C is a powerful reducing agent. Its concentration can easily be identified when titrated with the blue dye Dichlorophenolindophenol (
1202:
1173:
677:
is calculated in an aqueous solution of weak acid before adding any base. When the number of moles of bases added equals the number of moles of initial acid or so called
1651:.) The pH of the solution is measured throughout the titration, more accurately than with an indicator; at the endpoint there will be a sudden change in the measured pH.
790:
1763:
There is a slight difference between the endpoint and the equivalence point of the titration. This error is referred to as an indicator error, and it is indeterminate.
862:
251:
Typical titrations require titrant and analyte to be in a liquid (solution) form. Though solids are usually dissolved into an aqueous solution, other solvents such as
757:
716:
675:
3765:
1954:
in a patient. Benedict's method is the conventional method to quantify glucose in urine using a prepared reagent. During this type of titration, glucose reduces
3409:
1287:
1249:
396:
Titrations between a weak acid and a weak base have titration curves which are very irregular. Because of this, no definite indicator may be appropriate and a
381:(a strong base) is pictured. The equivalence point occurs between pH 8-10, indicating the solution is basic at the equivalence point and an indicator such as
3866:
1356:. The color change of the solution from orange to green is not definite, therefore an indicator such as sodium diphenylamine is used. Analysis of wines for
681:, one of hydrolysis and the pH is calculated in the same way that the conjugate bases of the acid titrated was calculated. Between starting and end points,
3871:
3638:
625:
are in the range of aqueous pH changes are of little use. Instead, the titrant and indicator used are much weaker acids, and anhydrous solvents such as
1926:. The iodine is released in proportion to the oxygen in the sample, thus the oxygen concentration is determined with a redox titration of iodine with
150:, which thus came to mean the "fineness of alloyed gold", and then the "concentration of a substance in a given sample". In 1828, the French chemist
3849:
166:
292:. For instance, the oxidation of some oxalate solutions requires heating to 60 °C (140 °F) to maintain a reasonable rate of reaction.
3893:
3661:
3449:
1627:
of the solution. These are used for redox titrations; the potential of the working electrode will suddenly change as the endpoint is reached.
3314:
3275:
3218:
3128:
3031:
2896:
2760:
2649:
1776:
reactions. Back titrations are also useful if the reaction between the analyte and the titrant is very slow, or when the analyte is in a non-
1617:
are also used. A drop of indicator solution is added to the titration at the beginning; the endpoint has been reached when the color changes.
338:-coordinate of which represents the concentration of the analyte at the corresponding stage of the titration (in an acid–base titration, the
3844:
640:
The approximate pH during titration can be approximated by three kinds of calculations. Before beginning of titration, the concentration of
3905:
1620:
3362:
3758:
2269:
On pp. 170–171, Gay-Lussac describes various figures that appear in a plate (illustration) that accompanies the article. From p. 170:
1969:
719:
3402:
1647:: A potentiometer with an electrode whose potential depends on the amount of H ion present in the solution. (This is an example of an
170:
4710:
3731:
3339:
3242:
3187:
3103:
3052:
3007:
2978:
2934:
DeMore, W.B.; M. Patapoff (September 1976). "Comparison of Ozone
Determinations by Ultraviolet Photometry and Gas-Phase Titration".
2856:
2831:
2791:
2624:
2599:
2574:
2549:
2462:
2400:
2193:
2007:). The reagent contains iodine, which reacts proportionally with water. Thus, the water content can be determined by monitoring the
1911:
952:
181:" in an 1824 paper on the standardization of indigo solutions. The first true burette was invented in 1845 by the French chemist
142:(1543), meaning the proportion of gold or silver in coins or in works of gold or silver; i.e., a measure of fineness or purity.
3206:
Do It
Yourself Guide to Biodiesel: Your Alternative Fuel Solution for Saving Money, Reducing Oil Dependency, Helping the Planet
4589:
3751:
3707:
3668:
3434:
1436:
415:
There are many types of titrations with different procedures and goals. The most common types of qualitative titration are
4737:
4032:
3786:
3695:
3395:
1326:
is the molarity of the cation (e.g. sodium, if sodium salt of the acid or sodium hydroxide is used in making the buffer).
1367:
a slight persisting pink color signals the endpoint of the titration because of the color of the excess oxidizing agent
277:
In instances where two reactants in a sample may react with the titrant and only one is the desired analyte, a separate
2168:"Il leur serait plus facile de titrer l'acide sulfurique normal au moyen du carbonate de soude ou de potasse pur; ... "
4309:
3796:
3439:
2233:
1789:
Graphical methods, such as the equiligraph, have long been used to account for the interaction of coupled equilibria.
1450:. Third, it is useful for samples containing species which interfere at wavelengths typically used for the analyte.
2345:[New experiments on the assay of commercial potash and an apparatus called a "potassimeter" to perform it].
4235:
4206:
4186:
4139:
3612:
2701:
2170:( it would be easier for them to titrate normal sulfuric acid by means of pure sodium or potassium carbonate; ... )
1363:
Some redox titrations do not require an indicator, due to the intense color of the constituents. For instance, in
1352:
is usually used to determine the endpoint of the titration, as when one of the constituents is the oxidizing agent
594:
38:
1047:
288:) reactions may require heating the sample solution and titrating while the solution is still hot to increase the
3824:
3515:
3505:
1773:
1676:
1661:
O.) As total conductance depends on all ions present in the solution and not all ions contribute equally (due to
1685:: An instrument that measures the heat produced or consumed by the reaction to determine the endpoint. Used in
4579:
4495:
4134:
3586:
3546:
1937:
1690:
1662:
1504:
1469:
1459:
1293:
868:
189:, who redesigned the burette into a simple and convenient form, and who wrote the first textbook on the topic,
432:
416:
126:) to determine the analyte's concentration. The volume of titrant that reacted with the analyte is termed the
57:
1978:: A measure of unsaturation in an analyte, expressed in grams of iodine absorbed by 100 grams of sample.
4517:
4428:
4391:
4275:
4201:
4022:
4005:
3948:
3675:
3556:
3464:
1654:
1648:
182:
151:
1740:
Though the terms equivalence point and endpoint are often used interchangeably, they are different terms.
4435:
4423:
4314:
4179:
3953:
3819:
3654:
2343:"Nouvelles expériences sur l'essai des potasses du commerce et appareil dit potassimètre pour l'effectuer"
1988:
1797:
1724:
1700:
1546:
1368:
4584:
4481:
4466:
4396:
4319:
4151:
4101:
4010:
3935:
3834:
3454:
3373:
Titration freeware - simulation of any pH vs. volume curve, distribution diagrams and real data analysis
1959:
1915:
1379:
ion can itself be used as an endpoint, though at lower concentrations sensitivity is improved by adding
632:
610:
76:
4686:
3377:
3160:
2726:
2479:
1943:
1447:
2104:
tiltre « proportion d'or ou d'argent dans les monnaies, dans les ouvrages d'or et d'argent »
1873:
in one gram of sample. Saponification is used to determine average chain length of fatty acids in fat.
1717:
of the reactant, titrant or product is known. The concentration of the material can be determined by
4574:
4529:
4304:
4124:
4054:
3811:
3791:
3510:
3474:
3426:
3418:
2943:
2342:
2256:
2149:
1991:: A potentiometric method to analyze trace amounts of water in a substance. A sample is dissolved in
1866:
1562:
1353:
185:(1798–1873). A major improvement of the method and popularization of volumetric analysis was due to
115:
79:
3383:
Graphic and numerical solver for general acid-base problems - Software
Program for phone and tablets
1407:, specifically as methods for determining reactive species by reaction with an excess of some other
4597:
4551:
4476:
4449:
4347:
4329:
4282:
4220:
4116:
4096:
3965:
3960:
3861:
3551:
3267:
2185:
1856:
1624:
1465:
186:
4693:
3714:
3382:
1876:
Ester value (or ester index): a calculated index. Ester value = Saponification value – Acid value.
1859:(KOH) required to titrate fully an acid in one gram of sample. An example is the determination of
1744:
is the theoretical completion of the reaction: the volume of added titrant at which the number of
1178:
1149:
792:
and self-ionization of water must be taken into account. Four independent equations must be used:
4732:
4674:
4640:
4502:
4471:
4352:
4294:
3992:
3975:
3970:
3925:
3888:
3878:
3839:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3444:
2008:
1816:
1526:
1477:
1217:
576:
263:, which specializes in petroleum.) Concentrated analytes are often diluted to improve accuracy.
214:
1386:
766:
4655:
4620:
4603:
4541:
4459:
4454:
4382:
4367:
4337:
4258:
4225:
4196:
4191:
4166:
4156:
4076:
4064:
3943:
3856:
3647:
3622:
3617:
3607:
3520:
3479:
3459:
3335:
3310:
3271:
3238:
3214:
3183:
3124:
3099:
3048:
3027:
3003:
2974:
2892:
2852:
2827:
2787:
2756:
2645:
2620:
2595:
2570:
2545:
2522:
2458:
2396:
2390:
2189:
2025:
1838:
1596:
1443:
798:
678:
597:
between an acid and a base when mixed in solution. In addition to the sample, an appropriate
370:
239:
103:
3210:
3204:
3024:
Characterization of liquids, nano- and micro- particulates and porous bodies using
Ultrasound
725:
684:
643:
4698:
4615:
4270:
4129:
4106:
4059:
4000:
3719:
3627:
3259:
2951:
2514:
2426:
2021:
1919:
1914:: Used to determine oxygen concentration in water. Oxygen in water samples is reduced using
1898:
1846:
1473:
1380:
544:
480:
404:
390:
378:
363:
350:
319:
306:
218:
53:
3367:
2912:
1435:
After the reaction is complete, the remaining titrant and product are quantified (e.g., by
4556:
4512:
4507:
4401:
4377:
4211:
4174:
4027:
4017:
3900:
2783:
2777:
2210:
1826:
1614:
1610:
1489:
1364:
1349:
1335:
560:
437:
420:
382:
359:
301:
271:
226:
3260:
2947:
1212:
where X is the cation), respectively, used in the buffer, and the volume of solution is
44:
4440:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4363:
4359:
4342:
4299:
4230:
4091:
4086:
4071:
3883:
3801:
3500:
2000:
1972:
in an analyte, expressed in milligrams of bromine absorbed by 100 grams of sample.
1965:
1886:
1748:
of titrant is equal to the number of moles of analyte, or some multiple thereof (as in
1666:
1530:
1510:
1357:
260:
2680:
2488:] (in German). Braunschweig, (Germany): Friederich Vieweg und Sohn. pp. 2–20.
1254:
1223:
281:
may be added to the reaction chamber which eliminates the effect of the unwanted ion.
4726:
4645:
4534:
4490:
4215:
4049:
4044:
4037:
3915:
3566:
1975:
1834:
1718:
1518:
1509:
Zeta potential titrations are titrations in which the completion is monitored by the
1345:
496:
464:
386:
311:
289:
278:
107:
83:
3372:
2994:
Somasundaran, P. (2006). "Calculation of Zeta-Potentials from
Electrokinetic Data".
1756:
is what is actually measured, a physical change in the solution as determined by an
1567:
An assay is a type of biological titration used to determine the concentration of a
4522:
4372:
4287:
4263:
4253:
4245:
4146:
4081:
3980:
3829:
3602:
3525:
3237:. Vol. 1 (21 ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2005. p. 501.
1757:
1710:
1686:
1606:
1542:
1514:
1439:) (FT-IR); this is used to determine the amount of analyte in the original sample.
614:
598:
222:
1713:: Used to measure the absorption of light by the solution during titration if the
1472:
that form weak complexes with the analyte. The most common example is the use of
444:
205:
2876:(in German). Vol. 166–167. University of Michigan: J.F. Bergmann. p. 1.
3920:
3495:
3121:
Technician's
Formulation Handbook for Industrial and Household Cleaning Products
2134:
1927:
1894:
1745:
1682:
1375:, at sufficiently large concentrations, the disappearance of the deep red-brown
374:
315:
252:
1829:: a measure of nitrogen content in a sample. Organic nitrogen is digested into
1605:
Indicator: A substance that changes color in response to a chemical change. An
4546:
3561:
3469:
3368:
Science Aid: A simple explanation of titrations including calculation examples
3357:
2851:. Vol. 2 (2 ed.). University of California Press. pp. 751–753.
2518:
2366:
1870:
1860:
1852:
1842:
1823:
from the WVO that would normally react to make soap instead of biodiesel fuel.
1820:
1777:
1749:
1576:
1538:
512:
162:), meaning "to determine the concentration of a substance in a given sample".
1669:), predicting the change in conductivity is more difficult than measuring it.
4608:
3775:
2490:
Page 3 shows Mohr's burette; page 12 shows a burette with a glass stopcock (
2454:
2395:. Translated by Gyula Svehla. Oxford, England: Permagon Press. p. 237.
1933:
1812:
1572:
1485:
1404:
1391:
1376:
1372:
31:
2727:"Methods for Standardizing Alkyllithium Reagents (literature through 2006)"
2526:
2120:
1631:
165:
Volumetric analysis originated in late 18th-century France. French chemist
2430:
1468:
between the analyte and the titrant. In general, they require specialized
4630:
3068:
1992:
1951:
1890:
1714:
1644:
1636:
603:
397:
3743:
2955:
403:
The type of function that can be used to describe the curve is termed a
4650:
3387:
2099:
2074:
2004:
1947:
1830:
1522:
1481:
618:
354:
large pH change and many indicators would be appropriate (for instance
331:
256:
234:
230:
178:
174:
91:
87:
49:
17:
2110:: proportion of gold or silver in monies, in works of gold or silver)
2024:
are compounds with consistent and reliable properties used to prepare
636:
Phenolphthalein, a commonly used indicator in acid and base titration.
221:
containing a very precise amount of the analyte and a small amount of
1996:
1955:
1923:
1728:
1694:
1411:, acting as the titrant. In one common gas phase titration, gaseous
528:
355:
111:
2750:
3378:
Graphical method to solve acid-base problems, including titrations
2872:
German
Chemical Society. Division of Analytical Chemistry (1959).
1880:
1796:
1630:
1584:
1580:
1568:
1558:
1412:
1385:
1341:
631:
436:
305:
285:
204:
43:
621:, water is generally not a suitable solvent and indicators whose
27:
Laboratory method for determining the concentration of an analyte
4625:
1492:
1394:
titration mixture before (left) and after (right) the end point.
346:
37:
This article is about volumetric titration. For other uses, see
3747:
3391:
3047:. Eleventh Hour (3 ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 18–20.
2809:
The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation: Its History and Limitations
4635:
3294:. Vol. 3. London: Taylor & Francis. 1967. p. 52.
1408:
626:
622:
2594:(2 ed.). McGraw-Hill Prof Med/Tech. pp. 2.11–2.16.
2481:
Lehrbuch der chemisch-analytischen Titrirmethode ... , part 1
373:. For example, the titration curve for the titration between
2259:[Instructions on the assaying of chlorinated lime].
1036:{\displaystyle +={\frac {(n_{{\ce {A}}}+n_{{\ce {B}}})}{V}}}
3262:
Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations
2213:[Description and uses of the Berthollimeter, ...].
1534:
267:
1415:
is titrated with nitrogen oxide according to the reaction
274:
may be added to the titration chamber to maintain the pH.
3334:. UW-Madison Libraries Parallel Press. pp. 305–309.
2325:, burette destinée à mesurer la teinture d'épreuve: ... "
1801:
A titration is demonstrated to secondary school students.
3148:. Vol. 1 (3 ed.). CRC Press. pp. 108–109.
1962:
to produce a white precipitate, indicating the endpoint.
1879:
Amine value: the mass in milligrams of KOH equal to the
1383:, which forms an intensely blue complex with triiodide.
342:-coordinate usually represents the pH of the solution).
2439:( ... it foreshadows well its modern descendants ... )
2437:" ... il préfigure bien ses descendants actuelles ... "
1869:: the mass in milligrams of KOH required to saponify a
1442:
Gas phase titration has several advantages over simple
2779:
Analytical Chemistry: An Introduction, seventh edition
2486:
Textbook of analytical chemistry titration methods ...
1995:, and titrated with Karl Fischer reagent (consists of
1940:) which becomes colorless when reduced by the vitamin.
2973:(2 ed.). New Age International. pp. 63–76.
2811:. Journal of Chermical Education. pp. 1499–1503.
2665:
Bewick, S.; J. Edge; T. Forsythe; R. Parsons (2009).
1601:
Different methods to determine the endpoint include:
1464:
Complexometric titrations rely on the formation of a
1296:
1257:
1226:
1181:
1152:
1050:
955:
871:
801:
769:
728:
687:
646:
334:
added since the beginning of the titration, and the
4567:
4328:
4244:
4165:
4115:
3991:
3934:
3810:
3636:
3595:
3539:
3488:
3425:
2619:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 515–520.
2569:. New Delhi: Laxmi Publications. pp. 642–645.
2331:, "burette" intended to measure the test dye: ... )
1541:. Another use is to determine the optimum dose for
1344:between an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent. A
138:The word "titration" descends from the French word
2824:Vogel's textbook of quantitative chemical analysis
1318:
1281:
1243:
1196:
1167:
1135:
1035:
940:
856:
784:
759:can be calculated exactly but the dissociation of
751:
710:
669:
195:Textbook of analytical chemistry titration methods
2162:In footnote (1) of p. 340, Gay-Lussac first uses
1889:: the mass in milligrams of KOH corresponding to
266:Many non-acid–base titrations require a constant
2045:Whitney, W.D; Smith, B.E. (1911). "Titrimetry".
1639:that can be used to monitor titration reactions.
1403:Gas phase titrations are titrations done in the
191:Lehrbuch der chemisch-analytischen Titrirmethode
3235:Remington: the science and practice of pharmacy
2849:Table wines: the technology of their production
2776:Skoog, D.A.; West, D.M.; Holler, F.J. (2000).
2367:"The history of chemical laboratory equipment"
2355:A sketch of Henry's burette appears on p. 218.
2257:"Instruction sur l'essai du chlorure de chaux"
2211:"Description et usages du BerthollimĂŞtre, ..."
330:-coordinate of which represents the volume of
3759:
3403:
2061:Compendium for Basal Practice in Biochemistry
1893:groups in one gram of sample. The analyte is
1689:titrations, such as the determination of how
1136:{\displaystyle +{\frac {n_{{\ce {B}}}}{V}}=+}
8:
2565:Verma, Dr. N.K.; S.K. Khanna; Dr B. Kapila.
2544:(2 ed.). Gulf Professional Publishing.
3309:. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 149.
2996:Encyclopedia of Surface and Colloid Science
2915:. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures
2640:Reger, D.L.; S.R. Goode; D.W. Ball (2009).
2371:Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering
314:titrated with a strong base. Shown here is
3766:
3752:
3744:
3410:
3396:
3388:
2874:Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry
2826:(6 ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 423.
1841:. Finally, ammonia is back titrated with
1319:{\displaystyle {\frac {n_{{\ce {B}}}}{V}}}
941:{\displaystyle =K_{a}{\ce {{\frac {}{}}}}}
326:A titration curve is a curve in graph the
2755:(Seventh ed.). Freeman and Company.
1579:or by an immunoenzymetric method such as
1304:
1303:
1297:
1295:
1269:
1264:
1256:
1233:
1225:
1187:
1186:
1180:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1123:
1118:
1102:
1097:
1079:
1078:
1072:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1017:
1016:
1002:
1001:
991:
978:
973:
959:
954:
925:
917:
906:
904:
903:
897:
880:
875:
870:
845:
828:
823:
810:
805:
800:
775:
770:
768:
738:
730:
729:
727:
697:
689:
688:
686:
656:
648:
647:
645:
3180:Ionic Equilibria in Analytical Chemistry
3161:"The Equligraph: Revisiting an old tool"
1495:used to titrate metal ions in solution.
3332:Soil Chemical Analysis: Advanced Course
2152:[Assays of commercial potash].
2037:
1533:becomes zero, achieved by changing the
1525:. One of the uses is to determine the
400:is often used to monitor the reaction.
3662:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
3098:(6 ed.). Macmillan. p. 129.
2971:Basic Concepts of Analytical Chemistry
2936:Environmental Science & Technology
2234:"François Antoine Henri Descroizilles"
1958:ions to cuprous ions which react with
322:. Both equivalence points are visible.
209:Analysis of soil samples by titration.
3450:High-performance liquid chromatograph
3073:Science & Technology Encyclopedia
2669:. CK-12 Foundation. pp. 794–797.
2047:The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
1613:) changes color depending on the pH.
1591:Measuring the endpoint of a titration
259:are used for special purposes (as in
7:
4681:
3702:
3146:Analytical Chemistry for Technicians
2592:Dean's Analytical Chemistry Handbook
2542:Chemistry of Petrochemical Processes
2451:Four Centuries of Clinical Chemistry
1583:(ELISA). This value is known as the
167:François-Antoine-Henri Descroizilles
4705:
3726:
2889:Metrology and Fundamental Constants
2847:Amerine, M.A.; M.A. Joslyn (1970).
2079:Science & Technology Dictionary
593:Acid–base titrations depend on the
270:during the reaction. Therefore, a
75:) is a common laboratory method of
3266:(2 ed.). CRC Press. pp.
2642:Chemistry: Principles and Practice
2347:Journale de Pharmacie et de Chimie
1760:or an instrument mentioned above.
1623:: An instrument that measures the
213:A typical titration begins with a
56:(conical flask) being used for an
25:
3363:An interactive guide to titration
2681:"pH measurements with indicators"
1912:Winkler test for dissolved oxygen
1581:enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
606:or a conductance meter are used.
229:) placed underneath a calibrated
4704:
4692:
4680:
4669:
4668:
3725:
3713:
3701:
3690:
3689:
3330:Jackson, M.L.; P. Barak (2005).
2822:Vogel, A.I.; J. Mendham (2000).
2807:Henry, N.; M.M. Senozon (2001).
2644:(3 ed.). Cengage Learning.
2300:, small measure or "pipette" of
2261:Annales de chimie et de physique
2215:Journal des Arts et Manufactures
2154:Annales de Chimie et de Physique
2150:"Essai des potasses du commerce"
2135:"WordReference: titre and titer"
2003:, a base and a solvent, such as
1683:Isothermal titration calorimeter
1340:Redox titrations are based on a
90:(a substance to be analyzed). A
3022:Dukhin, A. S. and Goetz, P. J.
3002:(2 ed.). CRC Press: 1097.
2392:History of Analytical Chemistry
2238:Revista CENIC Ciencias QuĂmicas
2182:History of Analytical Chemistry
2049:. The Century Co. p. 6504.
609:For very strong bases, such as
310:A typical titration curve of a
3435:Atomic absorption spectrometer
3096:Quantitative Chemical Analysis
2752:Quantitative Chemical Analysis
2540:Matar, S.; L.F. Hatch (2001).
2275:, petite mesure ou pipette de
1883:content in one gram of sample.
1736:Endpoint and equivalence point
1705:the rate of temperature change
1437:Fourier transform spectroscopy
1276:
1261:
1238:
1230:
1130:
1115:
1109:
1094:
1066:
1051:
1024:
994:
985:
970:
964:
956:
931:
918:
913:
907:
887:
872:
835:
820:
817:
802:
744:
731:
720:Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
703:
690:
662:
649:
122:(which may also be termed the
1:
4033:Interface and colloid science
3787:Glossary of chemical formulae
2478:Mohr, Karl Friedrich (1855).
2419:Revue d'histoire des sciences
2100:Ortolang: "titre" (in French)
1197:{\displaystyle n_{{\ce {B}}}}
1168:{\displaystyle n_{{\ce {A}}}}
3358:Wikihow: Perform a Titration
3159:Hatfield, D. Brooke (2015).
2121:"Etymology On Line: titrate"
1855:: the mass in milligrams of
1342:reduction-oxidation reaction
114:. The titrant reacts with a
4310:Bioorganometallic chemistry
3797:List of inorganic compounds
3440:Flame emission spectrometer
2782:. Emily Barrosse. pp.
2389:Szabadváry, Ferenc (1966).
2365:Szabadváry, Ferenc (1986).
2180:Szabadváry, Ferenc (1993).
1517:, in order to characterize
235:chemistry pipetting syringe
4754:
4236:Dynamic covalent chemistry
4207:Enantioselective synthesis
4187:Physical organic chemistry
4140:Organolanthanide chemistry
3307:Lab Manual Of Biochemistry
3209:. Ulysses Press. pp.
3045:Introduction to immunology
2891:. IOS Press. p. 568.
2749:Harris, Daniel C. (2007).
2617:Essentials of Geochemistry
2567:Comprehensive Chemistry XI
2349:. 3rd series (in French).
2319:cc., ... ) From p. 171:
2263:. 2nd series (in French).
2156:. 2nd series (in French).
2063:. Aarhus University. 2008.
1594:
1556:
1502:
1457:
1333:
785:{\displaystyle {\ce {A-}}}
430:
299:
284:Some reduction-oxidation (
39:Titration (disambiguation)
36:
29:
4664:
3825:Electroanalytical methods
3782:
3685:
3516:Ion mobility spectrometry
3506:Electroanalytical methods
3123:. Lulu.com. p. 103.
2519:10.1016/j.aca.2006.04.048
1930:using a starch indicator.
1470:complexometric indicators
857:{\displaystyle =10^{-14}}
4580:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
4496:Supramolecular chemistry
4135:Organometallic chemistry
2702:"Titrating Soluble RM, R
2294:centimètres cubes, ... "
1505:Zeta potential titration
1499:Zeta potential titration
1460:Complexometric titration
1454:Complexometric titration
752:{\displaystyle {\ce {}}}
711:{\displaystyle {\ce {}}}
670:{\displaystyle {\ce {}}}
393:being most appropriate.
30:Not to be confused with
4518:Combinatorial chemistry
4429:Food physical chemistry
4392:Environmental chemistry
4276:Bioorthogonal chemistry
4202:Retrosynthetic analysis
4023:Chemical thermodynamics
4006:Spectroelectrochemistry
3949:Computational chemistry
3676:Analytical Biochemistry
3465:Melting point apparatus
3258:Spellman, F.R. (2009).
2713:shenvilab.org/education
2232:Wisniak, Jaime (2014).
1901:then titrated with KOH.
1701:Thermometric titrimetry
1649:ion-selective electrode
1204:are the moles of acid (
152:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
4590:of element discoveries
4436:Agricultural chemistry
4424:Carbohydrate chemistry
4315:Bioinorganic chemistry
4180:Alkane stereochemistry
4125:Coordination chemistry
3954:Mathematical chemistry
3820:Instrumental chemistry
3655:Analytica Chimica Acta
2969:Khopkar, S.M. (1998).
2615:Walther, J.V. (2005).
2507:Analytica Chimica Acta
2449:Rosenfeld, L. (1999).
2209:Descroizilles (1795).
1989:Karl Fischer titration
1950:in urine may indicate
1802:
1640:
1395:
1369:potassium permanganate
1320:
1283:
1245:
1198:
1169:
1137:
1037:
942:
858:
786:
753:
712:
671:
637:
442:
323:
247:Preparation techniques
210:
197:), published in 1855.
61:
4585:Timeline of chemistry
4482:Post-mortem chemistry
4467:Clandestine chemistry
4397:Atmospheric chemistry
4320:Biophysical chemistry
4152:Solid-state chemistry
4102:Equilibrium chemistry
4011:Photoelectrochemistry
3547:Coning and quartering
3455:Infrared spectrometer
3203:Purcella, G. (2007).
3119:Hannan, H.J. (2007).
3094:Harris, D.C. (2003).
3043:Decker, J.M. (2000).
2913:"Gas phase titration"
2887:Hänsch, T.W. (2007).
2431:10.3406/rhs.1971.3172
1960:potassium thiocyanate
1916:manganese(II) sulfate
1800:
1634:
1480:for the titration of
1389:
1321:
1284:
1246:
1199:
1170:
1138:
1038:
943:
859:
787:
754:
718:is obtained from the
713:
672:
635:
611:organolithium reagent
454:Range of color change
451:Color on acidic side
440:
309:
208:
134:History and etymology
47:
4738:Analytical chemistry
4575:History of chemistry
4530:Chemical engineering
4305:Bioorganic chemistry
4055:Structural chemistry
3792:List of biomolecules
3669:Analytical Chemistry
3511:Gravimetric analysis
3475:Optical spectrometer
3419:Analytical chemistry
3178:Freiser, H. (1963).
2706:NM and ROM Reagents"
2590:Patnaik, P. (2004).
2188:. pp. 208–209.
2186:Taylor & Francis
1918:, which reacts with
1867:Saponification value
1806:Acid–base titrations
1563:Virus quantification
1513:, rather than by an
1354:potassium dichromate
1294:
1255:
1224:
1179:
1150:
1048:
953:
869:
799:
767:
763:, the hydrolysis of
726:
685:
644:
459:Color on basic side
417:acid–base titrations
183:Étienne Ossian Henry
4598:The central science
4552:Ceramic engineering
4477:Forensic toxicology
4450:Chemistry education
4348:Radiation chemistry
4330:Interdisciplinarity
4283:Medicinal chemistry
4221:Fullerene chemistry
4097:Microwave chemistry
3966:Molecular mechanics
3961:Molecular modelling
3144:Kenkel, J. (2003).
2956:10.1021/es60120a012
2948:1976EnST...10..897D
2255:Gay-Lussac (1824).
2148:Gay-Lussac (1828).
1857:potassium hydroxide
1817:waste vegetable oil
1772:titration, as with
1625:electrode potential
1607:acid–base indicator
1399:Gas phase titration
433:Acid–base titration
427:Acid–base titration
411:Types of titrations
253:glacial acetic acid
187:Karl Friedrich Mohr
102:, is prepared as a
73:volumetric analysis
58:acid–base titration
4641:Chemical substance
4503:Chemical synthesis
4472:Forensic chemistry
4353:Actinide chemistry
4295:Clinical chemistry
3976:Molecular geometry
3971:Molecular dynamics
3926:Elemental analysis
3879:Separation process
3582:Separation process
3577:Sample preparation
3026:, Elsevier, 2017
2457:. pp. 72–75.
2341:Henry, O. (1845).
2026:standard solutions
2009:electric potential
1944:Benedict's reagent
1803:
1641:
1527:iso-electric point
1478:Eriochrome Black T
1396:
1316:
1279:
1241:
1218:law of mass action
1194:
1165:
1146:In the equations,
1133:
1033:
938:
854:
782:
749:
708:
667:
638:
443:
377:(a weak acid) and
324:
211:
62:
4720:
4719:
4656:Quantum mechanics
4621:Chemical compound
4604:Chemical reaction
4542:Materials science
4460:General chemistry
4455:Amateur chemistry
4383:Photogeochemistry
4368:Stellar chemistry
4338:Nuclear chemistry
4259:Molecular biology
4226:Polymer chemistry
4197:Organic synthesis
4192:Organic reactions
4157:Ceramic chemistry
4147:Cluster chemistry
4077:Chemical kinetics
4065:Molecular physics
3944:Quantum chemistry
3857:Mass spectrometry
3741:
3740:
3623:Standard addition
3618:Internal standard
3608:Calibration curve
3521:Mass spectrometry
3480:Spectrophotometer
3460:Mass spectrometer
3445:Gas chromatograph
3316:978-0-07-061767-4
3277:978-1-4200-7530-4
3220:978-1-56975-624-9
3130:978-0-615-15601-9
3032:978-0-444-63908-0
2898:978-1-58603-784-0
2762:978-0-7167-7041-1
2651:978-0-534-42012-3
2022:Primary standards
2011:of excess iodine.
1839:potassium sulfate
1784:Graphical methods
1742:Equivalence point
1597:Equivalence point
1521:systems, such as
1444:spectrophotometry
1314:
1307:
1282:{\displaystyle V}
1268:
1244:{\displaystyle V}
1236:
1190:
1161:
1122:
1101:
1089:
1082:
1058:
1031:
1020:
1005:
977:
962:
935:
924:
912:
879:
827:
809:
774:
737:
696:
679:equivalence point
655:
591:
590:
371:equivalence point
104:standard solution
86:of an identified
82:to determine the
80:chemical analysis
16:(Redirected from
4745:
4708:
4707:
4696:
4684:
4683:
4672:
4671:
4616:Chemical element
4271:Chemical biology
4130:Magnetochemistry
4107:Mechanochemistry
4060:Chemical physics
4001:Electrochemistry
3906:Characterization
3768:
3761:
3754:
3745:
3729:
3728:
3717:
3705:
3704:
3693:
3692:
3628:Isotope dilution
3412:
3405:
3398:
3389:
3346:
3345:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3265:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3040:
3034:
3020:
3014:
3013:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2710:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2386:
2380:
2378:
2362:
2356:
2354:
2338:
2332:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2268:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2177:
2171:
2161:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2117:
2111:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2042:
1920:potassium iodide
1906:Redox titrations
1899:acetic anhydride
1847:sodium carbonate
1821:free fatty acids
1615:Redox indicators
1474:starch indicator
1448:Beer–Lambert law
1381:starch indicator
1325:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1234:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1073:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1003:
992:
984:
983:
982:
975:
963:
960:
947:
945:
944:
939:
937:
936:
934:
930:
929:
922:
916:
910:
905:
902:
901:
886:
885:
884:
877:
863:
861:
860:
855:
853:
852:
834:
833:
832:
825:
816:
815:
814:
807:
791:
789:
788:
783:
781:
780:
779:
772:
762:
758:
756:
755:
750:
748:
747:
743:
742:
735:
717:
715:
714:
709:
707:
706:
702:
701:
694:
676:
674:
673:
668:
666:
665:
661:
660:
653:
545:Bromothymol blue
481:Bromophenol blue
445:
421:redox titrations
405:sigmoid function
391:bromothymol blue
379:sodium hydroxide
364:bromothymol blue
320:sodium hydroxide
296:Titration curves
279:masking solution
219:Erlenmeyer flask
128:titration volume
54:Erlenmeyer flask
21:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4716:
4660:
4563:
4557:Polymer science
4513:Click chemistry
4508:Green chemistry
4402:Ocean chemistry
4378:Biogeochemistry
4324:
4240:
4212:Total synthesis
4175:Stereochemistry
4161:
4111:
4028:Surface science
4018:Thermochemistry
3987:
3930:
3901:Crystallography
3806:
3778:
3772:
3742:
3737:
3681:
3632:
3591:
3535:
3484:
3427:Instrumentation
3421:
3416:
3354:
3349:
3342:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3317:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3131:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3106:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3078:
3076:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3021:
3017:
3010:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2918:
2916:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2708:
2705:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2082:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2028:for titrations.
2018:
1985:
1968:: A measure of
1908:
1861:free fatty acid
1827:Kjeldahl method
1808:
1795:
1793:Particular uses
1786:
1769:
1738:
1660:
1611:phenolphthalein
1599:
1593:
1565:
1557:Main articles:
1555:
1507:
1501:
1490:chelating agent
1462:
1456:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1401:
1365:permanganometry
1350:redox indicator
1338:
1336:Redox titration
1332:
1330:Redox titration
1299:
1292:
1291:
1265:
1253:
1252:
1222:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1119:
1098:
1074:
1055:
1046:
1045:
1012:
997:
993:
974:
951:
950:
921:
893:
876:
867:
866:
841:
824:
806:
797:
796:
771:
765:
764:
760:
734:
724:
723:
693:
683:
682:
652:
642:
641:
577:Alizarin yellow
561:Phenolphthalein
455:
435:
429:
413:
383:phenolphthalein
360:phenolphthalein
304:
302:Titration curve
298:
272:buffer solution
249:
227:phenolphthalein
203:
136:
67:(also known as
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4751:
4749:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4725:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4702:
4690:
4678:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4601:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4582:
4577:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4469:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4441:Soil chemistry
4433:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4419:Food chemistry
4416:
4414:Carbochemistry
4411:
4409:Clay chemistry
4406:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4370:
4364:Astrochemistry
4360:Cosmochemistry
4357:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4343:Radiochemistry
4334:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4300:Neurochemistry
4297:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4250:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4231:Petrochemistry
4228:
4223:
4218:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4171:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4132:
4127:
4121:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4092:Spin chemistry
4089:
4087:Photochemistry
4084:
4079:
4074:
4072:Femtochemistry
4069:
4068:
4067:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4008:
3997:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3946:
3940:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3884:Chromatography
3881:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3827:
3822:
3816:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3802:Periodic table
3799:
3794:
3789:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3748:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3723:
3711:
3699:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3643:
3641:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3501:Chromatography
3498:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3431:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3353:
3352:External links
3350:
3348:
3347:
3340:
3322:
3315:
3305:Nigam (2007).
3297:
3283:
3276:
3250:
3243:
3226:
3219:
3195:
3188:
3170:
3151:
3136:
3129:
3111:
3104:
3086:
3060:
3053:
3035:
3015:
3008:
2986:
2979:
2961:
2942:(9): 897–899.
2926:
2904:
2897:
2879:
2864:
2857:
2839:
2832:
2814:
2799:
2792:
2768:
2761:
2741:
2718:
2703:
2693:
2672:
2667:CK12 Chemistry
2657:
2650:
2632:
2625:
2607:
2600:
2582:
2575:
2557:
2550:
2532:
2513:(2): 283–290.
2496:
2470:
2463:
2441:
2408:
2401:
2381:
2357:
2333:
2247:
2224:
2201:
2194:
2172:
2140:
2126:
2112:
2102:: "4. a) 1543
2092:
2066:
2052:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2001:sulfur dioxide
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1973:
1966:Bromine number
1963:
1941:
1931:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1887:Hydroxyl value
1884:
1877:
1874:
1864:
1850:
1824:
1807:
1804:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1768:
1767:Back titration
1765:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1722:
1708:
1698:
1680:
1674:
1670:
1667:ionic strength
1658:
1652:
1635:An elementary
1629:
1628:
1618:
1595:Main article:
1592:
1589:
1554:
1551:
1531:surface charge
1511:zeta potential
1503:Main article:
1500:
1497:
1488:ions, and the
1458:Main article:
1455:
1452:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1400:
1397:
1358:sulfur dioxide
1334:Main article:
1331:
1328:
1313:
1302:
1278:
1272:
1263:
1260:
1240:
1232:
1229:
1185:
1156:
1144:
1143:
1132:
1126:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1062:
1053:
1043:
1030:
1026:
1015:
1011:
1000:
996:
990:
987:
981:
972:
969:
966:
958:
948:
933:
928:
920:
915:
909:
900:
896:
892:
889:
883:
874:
864:
851:
848:
844:
840:
837:
831:
822:
819:
813:
804:
778:
746:
741:
733:
705:
700:
692:
664:
659:
651:
595:neutralization
589:
588:
585:
582:
579:
573:
572:
569:
566:
563:
557:
556:
553:
550:
547:
541:
540:
537:
534:
531:
525:
524:
521:
518:
515:
509:
508:
505:
502:
499:
493:
492:
489:
486:
483:
477:
476:
473:
470:
467:
461:
460:
457:
452:
449:
431:Main article:
428:
425:
412:
409:
318:titrated with
300:Main article:
297:
294:
261:petrochemistry
248:
245:
202:
199:
135:
132:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4750:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4713:
4712:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4667:
4666:
4663:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4646:Chemical bond
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4566:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4540:
4536:
4535:Stoichiometry
4533:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4491:Nanochemistry
4489:
4488:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4216:Semisynthesis
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4050:Sonochemistry
4048:
4046:
4045:Cryochemistry
4043:
4039:
4038:Micromeritics
4036:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3916:Wet chemistry
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3769:
3764:
3762:
3757:
3755:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3734:
3733:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3688:
3687:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3635:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3613:Matrix effect
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3572:Pulverization
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3408:
3406:
3401:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3343:
3341:1-893311-47-3
3337:
3333:
3326:
3323:
3318:
3312:
3308:
3301:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3263:
3254:
3251:
3246:
3244:0-7817-4673-6
3240:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3222:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3199:
3196:
3191:
3189:0-88275-955-8
3185:
3181:
3174:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3155:
3152:
3147:
3140:
3137:
3132:
3126:
3122:
3115:
3112:
3107:
3105:0-7167-4464-3
3101:
3097:
3090:
3087:
3075:. McGraw-Hill
3074:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3056:
3054:0-632-04415-2
3050:
3046:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3011:
3009:0-8493-9607-7
3005:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2987:
2982:
2980:81-224-1159-2
2976:
2972:
2965:
2962:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2927:
2914:
2908:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2880:
2875:
2868:
2865:
2860:
2858:0-520-01657-2
2854:
2850:
2843:
2840:
2835:
2833:0-582-22628-7
2829:
2825:
2818:
2815:
2810:
2803:
2800:
2795:
2793:0-03-020293-0
2789:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2772:
2769:
2764:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2745:
2742:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2714:
2707:
2697:
2694:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2668:
2661:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2633:
2628:
2626:0-7637-2642-7
2622:
2618:
2611:
2608:
2603:
2601:0-07-141060-0
2597:
2593:
2586:
2583:
2578:
2576:81-7008-596-9
2572:
2568:
2561:
2558:
2553:
2551:0-88415-315-0
2547:
2543:
2536:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2474:
2471:
2466:
2464:90-5699-645-2
2460:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2435:From p. 38:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2421:(in French).
2420:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2402:9781483157122
2398:
2394:
2393:
2385:
2382:
2377:(1–2): 77–95.
2376:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2358:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2299:
2295:
2272:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2248:
2244:(1): 184–193.
2243:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2225:
2220:
2217:(in French).
2216:
2212:
2205:
2202:
2197:
2195:2-88124-569-2
2191:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2141:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2081:. McGraw-Hill
2080:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2048:
2041:
2038:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1983:Miscellaneous
1982:
1977:
1976:Iodine number
1974:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1835:sulfuric acid
1832:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1792:
1790:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1774:precipitation
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1677:Precipitation
1675:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1626:
1622:
1621:Potentiometer
1619:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1560:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1547:stabilization
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1519:heterogeneous
1516:
1512:
1506:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1346:potentiometer
1343:
1337:
1329:
1327:
1311:
1300:
1270:
1258:
1227:
1219:
1183:
1154:
1124:
1112:
1103:
1091:
1086:
1075:
1069:
1060:
1044:
1028:
1013:
1009:
998:
988:
979:
967:
949:
926:
898:
894:
890:
881:
865:
849:
846:
842:
838:
829:
811:
795:
794:
793:
776:
739:
721:
698:
680:
657:
634:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
605:
600:
596:
586:
583:
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578:
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570:
567:
564:
562:
559:
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554:
551:
548:
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543:
542:
538:
535:
532:
530:
527:
526:
522:
519:
516:
514:
511:
510:
506:
503:
500:
498:
497:Methyl orange
495:
494:
490:
487:
484:
482:
479:
478:
474:
471:
468:
466:
465:Methyl violet
463:
462:
458:
453:
450:
447:
446:
441:Methyl orange
439:
434:
426:
424:
422:
418:
410:
408:
406:
401:
399:
394:
392:
388:
387:methyl orange
384:
380:
376:
372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
352:
348:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
321:
317:
313:
312:diprotic acid
308:
303:
295:
293:
291:
290:reaction rate
287:
282:
280:
275:
273:
269:
264:
262:
258:
254:
246:
244:
241:
236:
232:
228:
224:
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207:
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188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
133:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
108:concentration
105:
101:
97:
94:, termed the
93:
89:
85:
84:concentration
81:
78:
74:
70:
66:
59:
55:
51:
46:
40:
33:
19:
4709:
4697:
4685:
4673:
4523:Biosynthesis
4373:Geochemistry
4288:Pharmacology
4264:Cell biology
4254:Biochemistry
4082:Spectroscopy
3981:VSEPR theory
3910:
3830:Spectroscopy
3774:Branches of
3730:
3718:
3706:
3694:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3639:publications
3603:Chemometrics
3587:Sub-sampling
3530:
3526:Spectroscopy
3331:
3325:
3306:
3300:
3291:
3286:
3261:
3253:
3234:
3229:
3205:
3198:
3179:
3173:
3164:
3154:
3145:
3139:
3120:
3114:
3095:
3089:
3079:30 September
3077:. Retrieved
3072:
3063:
3044:
3038:
3023:
3018:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2970:
2964:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2919:29 September
2917:. Retrieved
2907:
2888:
2882:
2873:
2867:
2848:
2842:
2823:
2817:
2808:
2802:
2778:
2771:
2751:
2744:
2733:. Retrieved
2721:
2712:
2696:
2686:29 September
2684:. Retrieved
2675:
2666:
2660:
2641:
2635:
2616:
2610:
2591:
2585:
2566:
2560:
2541:
2535:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2491:
2485:
2480:
2473:
2450:
2444:
2436:
2425:(1): 25–44.
2422:
2418:
2411:
2391:
2384:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2350:
2346:
2336:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2297:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2260:
2250:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2218:
2214:
2204:
2181:
2175:
2167:
2166:as a verb:
2163:
2157:
2153:
2143:
2129:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2095:
2085:30 September
2083:. Retrieved
2078:
2069:
2060:
2055:
2046:
2040:
1970:unsaturation
1787:
1770:
1762:
1753:
1741:
1739:
1711:Spectroscopy
1704:
1655:Conductivity
1600:
1566:
1543:flocculation
1508:
1463:
1441:
1434:
1402:
1362:
1339:
1208:) and salt (
1145:
639:
615:metal amides
608:
599:pH indicator
592:
414:
402:
395:
368:
344:
339:
335:
327:
325:
283:
276:
265:
250:
243:indicator.
212:
194:
190:
164:
159:
155:
147:
143:
139:
137:
127:
123:
119:
99:
95:
77:quantitative
72:
68:
64:
63:
4711:WikiProject
3936:Theoretical
3921:Calorimetry
3732:WikiProject
3596:Calibration
3557:Dissolution
3496:Calorimetry
3182:. Kreiger.
3069:"Titration"
1928:thiosulfate
1922:to produce
1725:Amperometry
1687:biochemical
375:oxalic acid
316:oxalic acid
158:as a verb (
154:first used
4727:Categories
4547:Metallurgy
4246:Biological
3812:Analytical
3637:Prominent
3562:Filtration
3489:Techniques
3470:Microscope
2735:2014-06-04
2379:See p. 87.
2353:: 214–222.
2267:: 162–175.
2221:: 256–276.
2160:: 337–368.
2033:References
1895:acetylated
1871:fatty acid
1853:Acid value
1843:boric acid
1750:polyprotic
1719:Beer's Law
1691:substrates
1577:microscope
1539:surfactant
1537:or adding
1392:iodometric
629:are used.
513:Methyl red
448:Indicator
69:titrimetry
4733:Titration
4609:Catalysis
4117:Inorganic
3911:Titration
3776:chemistry
3531:Titration
3165:tahosa.us
2492:Glasshahn
2455:CRC Press
2075:"Titrand"
1946:: Excess
1934:Vitamin C
1845:and then
1813:biodiesel
1758:indicator
1752:acids).
1573:bacterium
1515:indicator
1486:magnesium
1405:gas phase
1390:Color of
1377:triiodide
1373:iodometry
1271:−
1125:−
1104:−
980:−
927:−
847:−
830:−
777:−
584:10.1—12.0
565:Colorless
225:(such as
223:indicator
201:Procedure
106:of known
65:Titration
32:Tetration
4675:Category
4631:Molecule
4568:See also
3993:Physical
3696:Category
3552:Dilution
3540:Sampling
2527:17723410
2302:2
2277:2
2016:See also
1993:methanol
1952:diabetes
1891:hydroxyl
1863:content.
1754:Endpoint
1731:with Ag.
1715:spectrum
1693:bind to
1663:mobility
1645:pH meter
1637:pH meter
1523:colloids
1423:+ NO → O
619:hydrides
604:pH meter
568:8.3—10.0
398:pH meter
240:endpoint
116:solution
100:titrator
4687:Commons
4651:Alchemy
4167:Organic
3708:Commons
3648:Analyst
3567:Masking
3292:Biology
2944:Bibcode
2784:265-305
2317:
2292:
2005:alcohol
1948:glucose
1831:ammonia
1780:solid.
1778:soluble
1729:halides
1695:enzymes
1673:colors.
1609:(e.g.,
1482:calcium
1466:complex
552:6.0—7.6
536:5.0—8.0
523:Yellow
520:4.4—6.3
507:Yellow
504:3.1—4.4
488:3.0—4.6
475:Violet
472:0.0—1.6
332:titrant
257:ethanol
231:burette
179:burette
177:" and "
175:pipette
146:became
124:titrand
120:analyte
96:titrant
92:reagent
88:analyte
50:burette
18:Titrant
4699:Portal
3845:UV-Vis
3720:Portal
3338:
3313:
3274:
3241:
3217:
3186:
3127:
3102:
3051:
3030:
3006:
2977:
2895:
2855:
2830:
2790:
2759:
2648:
2623:
2598:
2573:
2548:
2525:
2461:
2399:
2192:
2108:tiltre
1997:iodine
1956:cupric
1924:iodine
1897:using
1815:fuel:
1216:. The
617:, and
581:Yellow
549:Yellow
529:Litmus
485:Yellow
469:Yellow
356:litmus
345:In an
215:beaker
160:titrer
144:Tiltre
140:titrer
112:volume
3872:MALDI
3840:Raman
3211:81–96
2730:(PDF)
2709:(PDF)
2484:[
2164:titre
1938:DCPIP
1881:amine
1833:with
1746:moles
1585:titer
1569:virus
1559:Assay
1553:Assay
1529:when
1413:ozone
1371:. In
1348:or a
571:Pink
555:Blue
539:Blue
491:Blue
456:(pH)
286:redox
156:titre
148:titre
4626:Atom
3894:HPLC
3336:ISBN
3311:ISBN
3272:ISBN
3239:ISBN
3215:ISBN
3184:ISBN
3125:ISBN
3100:ISBN
3081:2011
3049:ISBN
3028:ISBN
3004:ISBN
2975:ISBN
2921:2001
2893:ISBN
2853:ISBN
2828:ISBN
2788:ISBN
2757:ISBN
2688:2011
2646:ISBN
2621:ISBN
2596:ISBN
2571:ISBN
2546:ISBN
2523:PMID
2459:ISBN
2397:ISBN
2190:ISBN
2087:2011
1837:and
1811:For
1665:and
1561:and
1493:EDTA
1484:and
1427:+ NO
1251:and
1175:and
587:Red
419:and
389:and
351:base
347:acid
110:and
71:and
52:and
4636:Ion
3867:ICP
3850:NMR
3268:545
2952:doi
2515:doi
2511:570
2427:doi
2106:" (
1571:or
1545:or
1409:gas
627:THF
623:pKa
533:Red
517:Red
501:Red
366:).
362:or
255:or
233:or
217:or
118:of
98:or
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3835:IR
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1999:,
1587:.
1549:.
1535:pH
1235:HA
1210:XA
1206:HA
1121:OH
961:HA
911:HA
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843:10
826:OH
761:HA
613:,
423:.
407:.
358:,
268:pH
171:fr
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