135:
38:
1091:
1376:
empirically obtain the coefficient of friction between the tire material and the exact road spot under the same road conditions and temperature. They would also measure the person's perception and reaction times. A driver who has innate reflexes, and thus braking distances, that are far below the safety margins provided in the
1697:
The coefficient of friction is the ratio of the force necessary to move one body horizontally over another at a constant speed to the weight of the body. For a 10 ton truck, the force necessary to lock the brakes could be 7 tons, which is enough force to destroy the brake mechanism itself. While some
1438:
the rule of thumb for the stopping distance in a city in good conditions is the 1-second rule, i.e. the distance covered in 1 second should at most be the distance to the vehicle ahead. At 50 km/h this corresponds to about 15 m. For higher speeds up to about 100 km/h outside built-up
1375:
The actual total stopping distance may differ from the baseline value when the road or tire conditions are substantially different from the baseline conditions, or when the driver's cognitive function is superior or deficient. To determine actual total stopping distance, one would typically
1439:
areas, a similarly defined 2-second rule applies, which for 100 km/h translates to about 50 m. For speeds on the order of 100 km/h there is also the more or less equivalent rule that the stopping distance be the speed divided by 2 k/h, referred to as
265:) and a slow responding driver (2.5 seconds). Because the stopping sight distance far exceeds the actual stopping distance under most conditions, an otherwise capable driver who uses the full stopping sight distance, which results in injury, may be
1326:
is used in stopping distance charts. These values incorporate the ability of the vast majority of drivers under normal road conditions. However, a keen and alert driver may have perception-reaction times well below 1 second, and a modern car with
1345:
to simulate the elderly or neophyte; or even a 2.5 second reaction time—to specifically accommodate very elderly, debilitated, intoxicated, or distracted drivers. The coefficient of friction may be 0.25 or lower on wet or frozen asphalt, and
1350:
and season specific performance tires may somewhat compensate for driver error and conditions. In legal contexts, conservative values suggestive of greater minimum stopping distances are often used as to be sure to exceed the pertinent
1388:
with the deficient driver in mind, and often used a defunct 3/4 second reaction time standard. There have been recent road standard changes to make modern roadways more accessible to an increasingly aging population of drivers.
1267:
1072:
1355:, with care not to go as far as to condone negligence. Thus, the reaction time chosen can be related to the burden's corresponding population percentile; generally a reaction time of 1 second is as a preponderance
1736:
As speed increases, the braking distance is initially far less than the perception-reaction distance, but later it equals then rapidly exceeds it after 30 MPH for 1 second p-t times (46 MPH for 1.5s p-t times):
902:
1537:
1341:
Experts historically used a reaction time of 0.75 seconds, but now incorporate perception resulting in an average perception-reaction time of: 1 second for population as an average; occasionally a
1863:
1683:
507:
1450:) rule, e.g. for 100 km/h the stopping distance should be about 50 m. Additionally, German driving schools teach their pupils that the total stopping distance is typically:
805:
346:
1324:
1799:
559:
691:
2318:
Simple reaction time shortens from infancy into the late 20s, then increases slowly until the 50s and 60s, and then lengthens faster as the person gets into his 70s and beyond
1911:
951:
409:
1400:
depends on whether the wheels are locked or rolling during the braking, and a few more parameters such as rubber temperature (increases during the braking) and speed.
733:
1976:
634:
604:
2006:
974:
1940:
Fricke, L. (1990). "Traffic
Accident Reconstruction: Volume 2 of the Traffic Accident Investigation Manual". The Traffic Institute, Northwestern University.
2414:
2051:
or "assured clear distance ahead" rule requires a driver to keep his vehicle under control so that he can stop in the distance in which he can see clearly
1714:
revised braking distance portion of equation now based on deceleration ( a ) rather than friction factor ( f ) upon recommendation of NCHRP Report 400
203:. The type of brake system in use only affects trucks and large mass vehicles, which cannot supply enough force to match the static frictional force.
2328:
Der, G.; Deary, I. J. (2006). "Age and sex differences in reaction time in adulthood: Results from the United
Kingdom health and lifestyle survey".
1133:
2161:
982:
2525:
2452:
C. C. Marvel (2012). "Admissibility of experimental evidence, skidding tests, or the like, relating to speed or control of motor vehicle".
2443:
E. Campion (2008). "Admissibility in evidence, in automobile negligence action, of charts showing braking distance, reaction times, etc.".
2495:
2263:
210:. The other component is the reaction distance, which is the product of the speed and the perception-reaction time of the driver/rider. A
2434:
B. Finberg (2010). "Judicial notice of drivers' reaction time and of stopping distance of motor vehicles traveling at various speeds".
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1328:
808:
2241:
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2075:
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121:
55:
817:
2138:
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102:
183:
are fully applied to when it comes to a complete stop. It is primarily affected by the original speed of the vehicle and the
74:
59:
2470:
Wade R. Habeeb (2008). "Negligence of driver of motor vehicle as respects manner of timely application of proper brakes".
2465:. Vol. 29. The Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company; Bancroft-Whitney; West Group Annotation Company. p. 248.
2456:. Vol. 78. The Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company; Bancroft-Whitney; West Group Annotation Company. p. 218.
2438:. Vol. 84. The Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company; Bancroft-Whitney; West Group Annotation Company. p. 979.
2019:
1724:
2447:. Vol. 9. The Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company; Bancroft-Whitney; West Group Annotation Company. p. 976.
2474:. Vol. 72. The Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company; Bancroft-Whitney; West Group Annotation Company. p. 6.
1578:
242:
81:
1804:
1427:
Example: velocity = 50 MPH. stopping distance = 5 squared = 25, add a zero = 250, divide by 2 = 125, sum 2*50 = 225
200:
2231:
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1918:
88:
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1385:
1377:
234:
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in 1998 found that most people can perceive and react to an unexpected roadway condition in 2 seconds or less.
1347:
1331:
464:
741:
2308:
Jevas, S; Yan, J. H. (2001). "The effect of aging on cognitive function: a preliminary quantitative review".
70:
2520:
1603:
614:
420:
305:
230:
219:
207:
184:
48:
2461:
Jerre E. Box (2009). "Opinion testimony as to speed of motor vehicle based on skid marks and other facts".
1275:
571:
1740:
525:
2363:
1945:
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after extended use, or recover more quickly after water immersion, all should be capable of wheel lock.
642:
2256:
1868:
1127:
The total stopping distance is the sum of the perception-reaction distance and the braking distance.
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1103:
442:
The braking distance (which is commonly measured as the skid length) given an initial driving speed
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954:
910:
168:
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211:
196:
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take the first digit of the velocity, and square it. Add a zero to the result, then divide by 2.
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379:
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1988:
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254:
158:
95:
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1546:
1431:(the exact value can be calculated using the formula given below the diagram on the right).
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430:
262:
134:
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1958:
1613:
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1342:
619:
580:
223:
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An investigation of the utility and accuracy of the table of speed and stopping distances
1545:, the typical total stopping distances (thinking distance plus braking distance) used in
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959:
287:
283:
17:
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2176:
1409:
250:
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697:
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192:
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1099:
1446:
1428:
37:
2109:. Vol. 6th Ed. California Department of Transportation. 2012. p. 200.
2104:
2035:
2341:
1699:
1262:{\displaystyle D_{total}=D_{p-r}+D_{braking}=vt_{p-r}+{\frac {v^{2}}{2\mu g}}}
1992:
2257:
Frictional
Coefficients for some Common Materials and Materials Combinations
1598:
266:
2349:
2090:
American
Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (1994)
1067:{\displaystyle d_{f}={\frac {-v_{i}^{2}}{2a}}={\frac {v_{i}^{2}}{2\mu g}}}
1335:
215:
2070:. Transportation Research Board (National Academy Press). p. I-13.
1435:
218:
of 0.7 are standard for the purpose of determining a bare baseline for
2187:
1098:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
180:
179:
refers to the distance a vehicle will travel from the point when its
237:
visibility standard that provides motorists driving at or below the
2505:
1583:
1367:. The same principle applies to the friction coefficient values.
282:
The theoretical braking distance can be found by determining the
229:Braking distance is not to be confused with
2022:
typically uses 1.5 seconds to calculate perception-reaction time
188:
226:; most people can stop slightly sooner under ideal conditions.
206:
The braking distance is one of two principal components of the
1636:
The average friction coefficient (µ) is related to the tire's
1084:
31:
897:{\displaystyle d_{f}=d_{i}+{\frac {v_{f}^{2}-v_{i}^{2}}{2a}}}
1396:) decreases as the mass of the car increases. Additionally,
2364:"Highway Design Handbook for Older Drivers and Pedestrians"
2064:
NCHRP Report 400: Determination of
Stopping Sight Distances
2020:
1542:
1412:
country, the stopping distance in feet given a velocity in
1532:{\displaystyle (Speed\div 10)\times 3+(Speed\div 10)^{2}}
2127:
Traffic
Accident Reconstruction Volume 2, Lynn B. Fricke
1120:
Permitted by good tires and clean, dry, level, pavement.
2209:. Vol. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons. p. 26.
2009:(NHTSA) uses 1.5 seconds for the average reaction time.
1392:
For rubber tyres on cars, the coefficient of friction (
2061:
1698:
brake types on lightweight vehicles are more prone to
1423:
sum the previous result to the double of the velocity.
513:
The maximum speed given an available braking distance
253:
to stop under a worst likely case scenario: typically
2236:. Vol. 4th ed. Bentley Publishers. p. 335.
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2388:. Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory. Archived from
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2092:
A Policy on
Geometric Design of Highways and Streets
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2154:
2152:
1905:
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1338:of 0.9--or even far exceed 1.0 with sticky tires.
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685:
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340:
2177:Tire friction and rolling resistance coefficients
1917:nature of the kinetic energy increase versus the
249:distance that would be required by a slightly or
1858:{\displaystyle vt_{p-r}={\frac {v^{2}}{2\mu g}}}
1384:, may not be safe to drive. Most old roads were
2366:. Publication Number: FHWA-RD-01-103. May 2001.
976:into the equation yields the braking distance:
2290:Warning Signs and Knowing When to Stop Driving
2007:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
1678:{\displaystyle \mu ={\frac {2.25}{TW^{0.15}}}}
8:
2472:American Law Reports--Annotated, 2nd Series
2463:American Law Reports--Annotated, 3rd Series
2454:American Law Reports--Annotated, 2nd Series
2445:American Law Reports--Annotated, 3rd Series
2436:American Law Reports--Annotated, 2nd Series
2261:Reference Tables -- Coefficient of Friction
1977:"Brake Reaction Times of Unalerted Drivers"
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2310:Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport
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502:{\displaystyle d={\frac {v^{2}}{2\mu g}}}
480:
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122:Learn how and when to remove this message
2036:"Tables of speed and stopping distances"
800:{\displaystyle d_{f}(d_{i},v_{i},v_{f})}
423:between the road surface and the tires,
133:
1932:
1629:
27:Physics concept relating to automobiles
2496:Tables of speed and stopping distances
2139:"A Literature Review on Reaction Time"
2113:Chapter 200 on Stopping Sight Distance
1954:
1943:
1116:Tables of speed and stopping distances
364:is the speed at the start of braking.
341:{\displaystyle E={\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}}
2379:"Tire-pavement friction coefficients"
2137:Robert J. Kosinski (September 2012).
1319:{\displaystyle t_{p-r}=1.5s,\mu =0.7}
7:
2386:Defense Technical Information Center
2141:. Clemson University. Archived from
286:required to dissipate the vehicle's
60:adding citations to reliable sources
1794:{\displaystyle D_{p-r}=D_{braking}}
566:Newton's law and equation of motion
554:{\displaystyle v={\sqrt {2\mu gd}}}
243:assured clear distance ahead (ACDA)
809:formulas for constant acceleration
25:
1619:Vehicular accident reconstruction
1568:70 mph: 315 feet (96 metres)
1565:60 mph: 240 feet (73 metres)
1562:50 mph: 175 feet (53 metres)
1559:40 mph: 118 feet (36 metres)
1416:can be approximated as follows:
686:{\displaystyle F_{frict}=-\mu mg}
2486:Car Stopping Distance Calculator
1556:30 mph: 75 feet (23 metres)
1553:20 mph: 40 feet (12 metres)
1089:
36:
2117:Chapter 405.1 on Sight Distance
1975:Taoka, George T. (March 1989).
1906:{\displaystyle v=2\mu gt_{p-r}}
216:coefficient of kinetic friction
195:, and negligibly by the tires'
47:needs additional citations for
1921:effect of a constant p-r time.
1520:
1495:
1483:
1459:
1371:Actual total stopping distance
794:
755:
1:
2506:The Highway Code (in English)
1725:Transportation Research Board
946:{\displaystyle d_{i},v_{f}=0}
458:, from which it follows that
373:done by braking is given by:
2526:Vehicle braking technologies
1579:Assured clear distance ahead
696:Equating the two yields the
2491:Braking Distance Calculator
2415:"Typical stopping distance"
2164:September 27, 2012, at the
1640:by the following formula:
1549:are quoted in Rule 126 as:
1272:A common baseline value of
439:is the distance travelled.
2542:
2230:Robert Bosch GmbH (1996).
2190:: sticky tires exceed 1.0
358:is the vehicle's mass and
2501:Wikibooks: Sight Distance
2342:10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.62
2206:Theory of ground vehicles
1723:A study conducted by the
1687:HPwizard on Tire Friction
609:For a level surface, the
448:is then found by putting
404:{\displaystyle W=\mu mgd}
299:is given by the formula:
269:for not stopping sooner.
140:Vehicle Stopping Distance
2038:. The State of Virginia.
728:{\displaystyle a=-\mu g}
212:perception-reaction time
1604:Stopping sight distance
1382:expected by other users
1365:beyond reasonable doubt
1078:Total stopping distance
615:coefficient of friction
421:coefficient of friction
251:nearly negligent driver
231:stopping sight distance
220:accident reconstruction
208:total stopping distance
185:coefficient of friction
171:Truck Stopping Distance
151:Distance - (3/4) second
18:Total stopping distance
1953:Cite journal requires
1907:
1859:
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1357:more probable than not
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214:of 1.5 seconds, and a
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2106:Highway Design Manual
1913:. This is due to the
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1363:, and 2.5 seconds is
1353:legal burden of proof
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2330:Psychology and Aging
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1361:clear and convincing
1336:friction coefficient
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643:
629:{\displaystyle \mu }
620:
599:{\displaystyle F=ma}
581:
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56:improve this article
2233:Automotive Handbook
1712:THE 2001 GREEN BOOK
1050:
1019:
882:
864:
572:Newton's second law
293:The kinetic energy
255:slippery conditions
2295:2008-05-27 at the
2266:2009-03-08 at the
2203:J.Y. Wong (1993).
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1594:Following distance
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233:. The latter is a
197:rolling resistance
174:
71:"Braking distance"
2279:Tire Test Results
1865:. Solving for v,
1853:
1673:
1609:Threshold braking
1359:, 1.5 seconds is
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1111:
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969:{\displaystyle a}
892:
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161:Stopping Distance
159:Passenger vehicle
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16:(Redirected from
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2395:on June 14, 2015
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1547:The Highway Code
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815:
784:
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758:
745:
740:
739:
705:
704:
646:
641:
640:
618:
617:
613:resulting from
579:
578:
568:
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449:
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416:
378:
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359:
353:
328:
304:
303:
294:
280:
278:Energy equation
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224:judicial notice
172:
164:
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154:
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144:
142:
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
63:
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28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2539:
2537:
2529:
2528:
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2521:Road transport
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2192:
2188:THE GG DIAGRAM
2180:
2169:
2148:
2145:on 2013-10-10.
2129:
2120:
2096:
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1998:
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1955:|journal=
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1386:not engineered
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288:kinetic energy
279:
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235:road alignment
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149:Reaction Time
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73: –
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67:Find sources:
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45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
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2462:
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2444:
2435:
2409:
2397:. Retrieved
2390:the original
2385:
2372:
2358:
2336:(1): 62–73.
2333:
2329:
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2313:
2309:
2303:
2285:
2274:
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2183:
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2143:the original
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1987:(3): 19–21.
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1946:cite journal
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1441:halber tacho
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1329:computerized
1271:
1126:
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955:substituting
906:
807:form of the
737:
698:deceleration
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444:
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369:
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360:
354:
351:
295:
292:
281:
259:deceleration
239:design speed
228:
205:
193:road surface
187:between the
176:
175:
139:
118:
112:January 2007
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
2094:(Chapter 3)
1981:ITE Journal
1447:speedometer
1378:road design
1334:may have a
1100:Phabricator
2515:Categories
1928:References
1700:brake fade
273:Derivation
82:newspapers
1993:0162-8178
1915:quadratic
1896:−
1882:μ
1847:μ
1820:−
1753:−
1648:μ
1599:Skid mark
1514:÷
1487:×
1478:÷
1445:half the
1408:In a non-
1308:μ
1288:−
1251:μ
1224:−
1171:−
1056:μ
1003:−
953:and then
866:−
720:μ
717:−
675:μ
672:−
624:μ
541:μ
491:μ
390:μ
367:The work
267:negligent
2350:16594792
2293:Archived
2264:Archived
2162:Archived
1573:See also
907:Setting
201:air drag
191:and the
2399:12 June
2316:: A-49.
1541:In the
1436:Germany
1102:and on
429:is the
419:is the
96:scholar
2348:
2240:
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1919:linear
1410:metric
433:, and
415:where
352:where
181:brakes
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2418:(PDF)
2393:(PDF)
2382:(PDF)
2111:See
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1801:thus
1625:Notes
1584:Brake
570:From
189:tires
169:Heavy
103:JSTOR
89:books
2401:2015
2346:PMID
2259:and
2238:ISBN
2211:ISBN
2115:and
2072:ISBN
2049:ACDA
2018:The
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1685:See
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284:work
261:0.35
222:and
75:news
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1380:or
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241:an
58:by
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2195:^
2151:^
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1967:^
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1948:}}
1944:{{
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310:E
296:E
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257:(
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119:(
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110:(
100:·
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
