626:
1274:
1052:
on maternal milk to incorporating solid food, between 15 and 20 days of age, when a large number of microbial antigens is introduced and commensal microbiota are settling in the intestine. During this time, protective RORĪ³t+ Treg cells are induced by the microbial antigens and normal intestinal homeostasis is sustained by induction of tolerance to commensal microbiota. Lack of RORĪ³t+ Treg cell induction led in mice to the development of severe
1526: cells. Originally, high expression of CD25 and CD4 surface markers was used (CD4CD25 cells). This is problematic as CD25 is also expressed on non-regulatory T cells in the setting of immune activation such as during an immune response to a pathogen. As defined by CD4 and CD25 expression, regulatory T cells comprise about 5ā10% of the mature CD4 T cell subpopulation in mice and humans, while about 1ā2% of T
1104:
IL-17 are expanded in mucosa of patients with CrohnĀ“s disease. Depletion of RORĪ³t+ Tregs in mice with colorectal cancer caused enhancement of reactivity of tumor-specific T cells and improved cancer immune surveillance. This improvement is not caused by the loss of IL-17 as that was proved to promote cancer progression. In tumors of mice with conditional knockout of RORĪ³t+ Tregs was confirmed downregulation of
7137:
1667:. Most individuals have other autoimmune phenomena including Coombs-positive hemolytic anemia, autoimmune thrombocytopenia, autoimmune neutropenia, and tubular nephropathy. The majority of affected males die within the first year of life of either metabolic derangements or sepsis. An analogous disease is also observed in a spontaneous FOXP3-mutant mouse known as "scurfy".
1547:(glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor) are also expressed on regulatory T cells, however the functional significance of this expression remains to be defined. There is a great interest in identifying cell surface markers that are uniquely and specifically expressed on all FOXP3-expressing regulatory T cells. However, to date no such molecule has been identified.
7149:
403:. Tregs expressing low amounts of CD25, GITR and PD-1 limit the development of colitis by promoting the conversion of conventional CD4 T cells into pTreg. Tregs highly expressing CD25, GITR and PD-1 are more self-reactive and control lymphoproliferation in peripheral lymph nodes - they may have the ability to protect against autoimmune disorders.
356:, FOXP3 transcription factor has to be upregulated which is driven by Ī³-chain (CD132) dependent cytokines, in particular IL-2 and/or IL-15. Only IL-2 alone is not sufficient to stimulate Foxp3 expression, other cytokines are needed. Whereas IL-2 is produced by self-reactive thymocytes, IL-15 is produced by stromal cells of the thymus, mainly
309:" process - i.e. not too high, not too low, but just right; a T cell that receives very strong signals will undergo apoptotic death; a cell that receives a weak signal will survive and be selected to become an effector cell. If a T cell receives an intermediate signal, then it will become a regulatory cell. Due to the
1084:, an essential amino acid, alters commensal microbiota metabolism which results in expansion of RORĪ³t+ Treg cells and reduction of Gata3+ Treg cells. This induction is possibly regulated by stimulation of Aryl hydrocarbon receptor by metabolites produced by commensal bacteria using tryptophan as an energy source.
618:. Regulatory T cells actively suppress activation of the immune system and prevent pathological self-reactivity, i.e. autoimmune disease. The critical role regulatory T cells play within the immune system is evidenced by the severe autoimmune syndrome that results from a genetic deficiency in regulatory T cells (
1610:
Regulatory T cell epitopes ('Tregitopes') were discovered in 2008 and consist of linear sequences of amino acids contained within monoclonal antibodies and immunoglobulin G (IgG). Since their discovery, evidence has indicated
Tregitopes may be crucial to the activation of natural regulatory T cells.
1103:
Pathological may be involvement of RORĪ³t+ regulatory T cells in colorectal cancer. It was found, that RORĪ³t+ Tregs which are able to express IL-17 are expanded in colorectal cancer and as cancer develops, they lose the ability to express anti-inflammatory IL-10. Similarly such RORĪ³t+ Tregs expressing
201:
T regulatory cells are a component of the immune system that suppress immune responses of other cells. This is an important "self-check" built into the immune system to prevent excessive reactions. Regulatory T cells come in many forms with the most well-understood being those that express CD4, CD25,
1634:
Genetic mutations in the gene encoding FOXP3 have been identified in both humans and mice based on the heritable disease caused by these mutations. This disease provides the most striking evidence that regulatory T cells play a critical role in maintaining normal immune system function. Humans with
1199:
infection. They suppress the immune system, thus limiting target cells and reducing inflammation, but this simultaneously disrupts the clearance of virus by the cell-mediated immune response and enhances the reservoir by pushing CD4 T cells to a resting state, including infected cells. Additionally,
1051:
In mice, colonic RORĪ³t+ Tregs are absent during the first two weeks after birth. Generation of RORĪ³t+ Treg early after birth is essential to prevent the development of various intestinal immunopathologies later in life. Particularly crucial is a time period of gradual transition from relying solely
1542:
s within unactivated CD3CD4 T cells is high CD25 expression combined with the absent or low-level expression of the surface protein CD127 (IL-7RA). If viable cells are not required then the addition of FOXP3 to the CD25 and CD127 combination will provide further stringency. Several additional
1160:
An important question is how the immunosuppressive activity of regulatory T cells is modulated during the course of an ongoing immune response. While the immunosuppressive function of regulatory T cells prevents the development of autoimmune disease, it is not desirable during immune responses to
879:
The small intestinal environment is high in vitamin A and is a location where retinoic acid is produced. The retinoic acid and TGF-beta produced by dendritic cells within this area signal for production of regulatory T cells. Vitamin A and TGF-beta promote T cell differentiation into regulatory T
710:
Another control mechanism is through the IL-2 feedback loop. Antigen-activated T cells produce IL-2 which then acts on IL-2 receptors on regulatory T cells alerting them to the fact that high T cell activity is occurring in the region, and they mount a suppressory response against them. This is a
1518:
receptor alpha chain (CD25). In addition to the FOXP3-expressing CD4 CD25, there also appears to be a minor population of MHC class I restricted CD8 FOXP3-expressing regulatory T cells. These FOXP3-expressing CD8 T cells do not appear to be functional in healthy individuals but are induced in
229:
3, CD8CD28, and Qa-1 restricted T cells. The contribution of these populations to self-tolerance and immune homeostasis is less well defined. FOXP3 can be used as a good marker for mouse CD4CD25 T cells, although recent studies have also shown evidence for FOXP3 expression in CD4CD25
1169:
Upon encounter with infectious microorganisms, the activity of regulatory T cells may be downregulated, either directly or indirectly, by other cells to facilitate elimination of the infection. Experimental evidence from mouse models suggests that some pathogens may have evolved to manipulate
1259:
While regulatory T cells increase via polyclonal expansion both systemically and locally during healthy pregnancies to protect the fetus from the maternal immune response (a process called maternal immune tolerance), evidence suggests that this polyclonal expansion is impaired in
715:
loop to ensure that overreaction is not occurring. If an actual infection is present other inflammatory factors downregulate the suppression. Disruption of the loop leads to hyperreactivity, regulation can modify the strength of the immune response. A related suggestion with regard to
1478:
suppression include anti-CD25 mAbs and anti-CCR4 mAbs. OX40 agonist and GITR agonists are currently being investigated. Therapy targeting TCR signaling is also possible by blocking tyrosine kinases. For example, tyrosine-kinase inhibitor dasatinib is used for treatment of chronic
1060:
antibodies present in the maternal milk. In adult mice, RORĪ³t+ Tregs and IgA exhibit mutual inhibition. Similarly, mice nursed by foster mothers with higher IgA titers in their milk will develop fewer RORĪ³t+ Tregs compared to those fed with milk containing lower IgA titers.
262:- cells at the DN (double-negative) stage, where an individual cell will rearrange its T cell receptor genes to form a unique, functional molecule, which they, in turn, test against cells in the thymic cortex for a minimal level of interaction with self-
1662:
syndrome is characterized by the development of overwhelming systemic autoimmunity in the first year of life, resulting in the commonly observed triad of watery diarrhea, eczematous dermatitis, and endocrinopathy seen most commonly as insulin-dependent
5558:
Ellis SD, McGovern JL, van Maurik A, Howe D, Ehrenstein MR, Notley CA (October 2014). "Induced CD8+FoxP3+ Treg cells in rheumatoid arthritis are modulated by p38 phosphorylation and monocytes expressing membrane tumor necrosis factor Ī± and CD86".
896:
s within the gut are differentiated from naĆÆve T cells after antigen is introduced. It has recently been shown that human regulatory T cells can be induced from both naive and pre-committed Th1 cells and Th17 cells using a parasite-derived
892:. The intestinal environment can lead to induced regulatory T cells with TGF-beta and retinoic acid, some of which express the lectin-like receptor CD161 and are specialized to maintain barrier integrity by accelerating wound healing. The T
1064:
RORĪ³t+ Tregs were also shown for their importance in oral tolerance and prevention of food allergies. Infants with developed food allergies have different composition of fecal microbiota in comparison to healthy infants and have increased
1264:
mothers and their offspring. Research suggests reduced production and development of regulatory T cells during preeclampsia may degrade maternal immune tolerance, leading to the hyperactive immune response characteristic of preeclampsia.
5746:
Wieczorek G, Asemissen A, Model F, Turbachova I, Floess S, Liebenberg V, et al. (January 2009). "Quantitative DNA methylation analysis of FOXP3 as a new method for counting regulatory T cells in peripheral blood and solid tissue".
429:
expression is largely restricted to the medulla, the development of which seems to parallel the development of Foxp3 cells. It has been suggested that the two are linked, but no definitive link between the processes has yet been shown.
371:
precursors was identified. This subset lacks CD25 and has low expression of Foxp3. Its development is mainly dependent on IL-15. This subset has lower affinity for self antigens than CD25Foxp3 subset. Both subsets generate mature
5602:
Seddiki N, Cook L, Hsu DC, Phetsouphanh C, Brown K, Xu Y, et al. (June 2014). "Human antigen-specific CD4āŗ CD25āŗ CD134āŗ CD39āŗ T cells are enriched for regulatory T cells and comprise a substantial proportion of recall responses".
486:
to adsorb IL-2 from the microenvironments, thus being able to induce apoptosis of other T cells which need IL-2 as main growth factor. Recirculating T reg cells in thymus express high amount of high affinity IL-2 receptor Ī± chain
321:ā the relative proportions determined by the affinities of the T cell for the self-peptide-MHC. Even in mouse models with TCR-transgenic cells selected on specific-antigen-secreting stroma, deletion or conversion is not complete.
784:
in the periphery and begin to express FoxP3 inducibly, thus becoming the functional equivalent of tTreg cells. iTregs, however, are found primarily in peripheral barrier tissues, where they are primarily involved in preventing
5246:
Ezzeddini R, Somi MH, Taghikhani M, Moaddab SY, Masnadi
Shirazi K, Shirmohammadi M, et al. (February 2021). "Association of Foxp3 rs3761548 polymorphism with cytokines concentration in gastric adenocarcinoma patients".
4469:
Rizzo A, Di
Giovangiulio M, Stolfi C, FranzĆØ E, Fehling HJ, Carsetti R, et al. (September 2018). "RORĪ³t-Expressing Tregs Drive the Growth of Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer by Controlling IL6 in Dendritic Cells".
1288:
CD4 regulatory T cells are often associated with solid tumours in both humans and murine models. Increased numbers of regulatory T cells in breast, colorectal and ovarian cancers is associated with a poorer prognosis.
3198:
Yu X, Harden K, Gonzalez LC, Francesco M, Chiang E, Irving B, et al. (January 2009). "The surface protein TIGIT suppresses T cell activation by promoting the generation of mature immunoregulatory dendritic cells".
574: cells in the thymus with high IL1R2 expression during inflammatory conditions helps to uptake IL-1Ī² and reduce its concentration in the medulla microenvironment, thus they are helping to the development of
1519:
autoimmune disease states by T cell receptor stimulation to suppress IL-17-mediated immune responses. Unlike conventional T cells, regulatory T cells do not produce IL-2 and are therefore anergic at baseline.
1139:
during intestinal inflammation and T regs use Gata3 to limit tissue inflammation. This cell population also restrict Th17 T cells immunity in the intestine, because Gata3-deficient T regs express higher
639:
experiments have given mixed results regarding the requirement of cell-to-cell contact with the cell being suppressed. The following represent some of the proposed mechanisms of immune suppression:
2456:
Thiault N, Darrigues J, Adoue V, Gros M, Binet B, Perals C, et al. (June 2015). "Peripheral regulatory T lymphocytes recirculating to the thymus suppress the development of their precursors".
1506:
is required for regulatory T cell development and appears to control a genetic program specifying this cell's fate. The large majority of Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells are found within the
993:
and digestion of dietary fiber, therefore, microbial-free mice have very low concentrations of both SCFAs and RORĪ³t Treg cells. Induction of RORĪ³t Treg cells is also dependent on the presence of
1170:
regulatory T cells to immunosuppress the host and so potentiate their own survival. For example, regulatory T cell activity has been reported to increase in several infectious contexts, such as
4137:
Al
Nabhani Z, Dulauroy S, Marques R, Cousu C, Al Bounny S, DĆ©jardin F, et al. (May 2019). "A Weaning Reaction to Microbiota Is Required for Resistance to Immunopathologies in the Adult".
1695:
Bettelli E, Carrier Y, Gao W, Korn T, Strom TB, Oukka M, et al. (May 2006). "Reciprocal developmental pathways for the generation of pathogenic effector TH17 and regulatory T cells".
1591: cells through a PCR reaction or other DNA-based analysis methods. Interplay between the Th17 cells and regulatory T cells are important in many diseases like respiratory diseases.
985:(SPF) microbiota restores normal numbers of these lymphocytes in the gut. The mechanism by which the gut microbiota induces the formation of RORĪ³t+ Treg cells involves the production of
217:
CD4 FOXP3 CD25(high) regulatory T cells have been called "naturally occurring" regulatory T cells to distinguish them from "suppressor" T cell populations that are generated
2502:
Pandiyan P, Zheng L, Ishihara S, Reed J, Lenardo MJ (December 2007). "CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells induce cytokine deprivation-mediated apoptosis of effector CD4+ T cells".
1554:
s following cell activation is challenging as conventional T cells will express CD25, transiently express FOXP3 and lose CD127 expression upon activation. It has been shown that T
796:, the presence of which suggests origin in the thymus. Another feature distinguishing these two Treg cell populations is the stability of FoxP3 expression in different settings.
614:
must be able to discriminate between self and non-self. When self/non-self discrimination fails, the immune system destroys cells and tissues of the body and as a result causes
214:
17 cells. Regulatory T cells are involved in shutting down immune responses after they have successfully eliminated invading organisms, and also in preventing autoimmunity.
1295:
Most tumors elicit an immune response in the host that is mediated by tumor antigens, thus distinguishing the tumor from other non-cancerous cells. This causes large numbers of
4086:
Ohnmacht C, Park JH, Cording S, Wing JB, Atarashi K, Obata Y, et al. (August 2015). "MUCOSAL IMMUNOLOGY. The microbiota regulates type 2 immunity through RORĪ³tāŗ T cells".
3994:
Ohnmacht C, Park JH, Cording S, Wing JB, Atarashi K, Obata Y, et al. (August 2015). "MUCOSAL IMMUNOLOGY. The microbiota regulates type 2 immunity through RORĪ³tāŗ T cells".
1322: cells suppress effector T cells and hinder the body's immune response against the cancer. However, in some types of cancer the opposite is true, and high levels of T
633:
The molecular mechanism by which regulatory T cells exert their suppressor/regulatory activity has not been definitively characterized and is the subject of intense research.
1132:
in the gut and influence the regulation of effector T cells during inflammation. Unlike RORĪ³t+ Treg cells, these cells express Helios and are not dependent on the microbiome.
6706:
1676:
1299:(TILs) to appear in the TME. These lymphocytes may target cancerous cells and therefore slow or terminate tumor development. However, this process is complicated because T
392:
derived from CD25Foxp3 progenitors protect from experimental auto-immune encephalomyelitis, whereas those derived from CD25Foxp3 progenitors protect from T-cell induced
274:
in the thymus. At the DP (double-positive) stage, they are selected by their interaction with the cells within the thymus, begin the transcription of Foxp3, and become T
5833:
Lu LF, Lind EF, Gondek DC, Bennett KA, Gleeson MW, Pino-Lagos K, et al. (August 2006). "Mast cells are essential intermediaries in regulatory T-cell tolerance".
4607:"Increase of CD4+CD25highFoxP3+ cells impairs in vitro human microbicidal activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis during latent and acute pulmonary tuberculosis"
2856:
Collison LW, Workman CJ, Kuo TT, Boyd K, Wang Y, Vignali KM, et al. (November 2007). "The inhibitory cytokine IL-35 contributes to regulatory T-cell function".
6003:
4709:"Nonhuman Primate Testing of the Impact of Different Regulatory T Cell Depletion Strategies on Reactivation and Clearance of Latent Simian Immunodeficiency Virus"
1095:
cells and lower number of RORĪ³t+ Treg cells is compensated by increased Helios+ Treg cells. How exactly may RORĪ³t+ Tregs protect from colitis is not yet known.
977:, 20-30% of Foxp3+ T regulatory cells expressing RORyt are found and this high proportion is strongly dependent on the presence of a complex gut microbiome. In
1434: cells in animal models has shown an increased efficacy of immunotherapy treatments, and therefore, many immunotherapy treatments are now incorporating T
2809:"Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 plays an essential role in the function of CD25(+)CD4(+) regulatory cells that control intestinal inflammation"
1036:. These cells are particularly important in the prevention of food allergies. One mechanism is the production of suppressive molecules such as the cytokine
3118:"T regulatory and primed uncommitted CD4 T cells express CD73, which suppresses effector CD4 T cells by converting 5'-adenosine monophosphate to adenosine"
1338: cells' ability to suppress general inflammation, which is known to trigger cell proliferation and metastasis . These opposite effects indicate that T
1109:
662:
of effector cells. Regulatory T cells from
Granzyme B deficient mice are reported to be less effective suppressors of the activation of effector T cells.
1430:
In general, the immunosuppression of the TMEhas largely contributed to the unsuccessful outcomes of many cancer immunotherapy treatments. Depletion of T
1837:
Miyara M, Gorochov G, Ehrenstein M, Musset L, Sakaguchi S, Amoura Z (October 2011). "Human FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in systemic autoimmune diseases".
1614:
Potential applications of regulatory T cell epitopes have been hypothesised: tolerisation to transplants, protein drugs, blood transfer therapies, and
1318: cells in the TME are associated with poor prognosis in many cancers, such as ovarian, breast, renal, and pancreatic cancer. This indicates that T
1077:
species. Upon their introduction, expansion of gut RORĪ³t+ Treg cells in favor of GATA3+ Treg occurs, mediating the protection against allergies.
507: cells in the thymus. It is important for T cells proliferation and survival, but in the case of its deficiency, IL-15 may be replaced. However, T
6168:"In vitro and in vivo studies of IgG-derived Treg epitopes (Tregitopes): a promising new tool for tolerance induction and treatment of autoimmunity"
3732:"A functionally specialized population of mucosal CD103+ DCs induces Foxp3+ regulatory T cells via a TGF-beta and retinoic acid-dependent mechanism"
1251: cells for subsequent autologous transplant is currently being investigated after promising results were obtained in a phase I clinical trial.
4321:"Microbiotas from Humans with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Alter the Balance of Gut Th17 and RORĪ³t Regulatory T Cells and Exacerbate Colitis in Mice"
6699:
1534: cells (CD4CD25FOXP3 cells). However, FOXP3 is also transiently expressed in activated human effector T cells, thus complicating a correct T
6068:"Application of IgG-derived natural Treg epitopes (IgG Tregitopes) to antigen-specific tolerance induction in a murine model of type 1 diabetes"
230:
T cells. In humans, FOXP3 is also expressed by recently activated conventional T cells and thus does not specifically identify human T
4370:"Characterization of interleukin-17-producing regulatory T cells in inflamed intestinal mucosa from patients with inflammatory bowel diseases"
134: cells are very difficult to effectively discern from effector CD4, making them difficult to study. Research has found that the cytokine
6336:
466: cells differentiation. The presence of this cells in thymus or addition into fetal thymic tissue culture suppress development of new T
4272:"Dietary tryptophan deficiency promotes gut RORĪ³t Treg cells at the expense of Gata3 Treg cells and alters commensal microbiota metabolism"
3032:
Puccetti P, Grohmann U (October 2007). "IDO and regulatory T cells: a role for reverse signalling and non-canonical NF-kappaB activation".
2993:"Cutting edge: contact-mediated suppression by CD4+CD25+ regulatory cells involves a granzyme B-dependent, perforin-independent mechanism"
2944:"Resolution of airway inflammation and hyperreactivity after in vivo transfer of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells is interleukin 10 dependent"
2209:
Sakaguchi S (2004). "Naturally arising CD4+ regulatory t cells for immunologic self-tolerance and negative control of immune responses".
1307: cells normally make up only about 4% of CD4 T cells, they can make up as much as 20ā30% of the CD4 population around the TME.
720:
is that activated regulatory T cells take up interleukin 2 so avidly that they deprive effector T cells of sufficient to avoid apoptosis.
6555:
6265:
1530:
can be measured in whole blood. The additional measurement of cellular expression of FOXP3 protein allowed a more specific analysis of T
1462:
was approved for patients with advanced melanoma. Immune-checkpoint molecule PD-1 inhibits activation of both conventional T cells and T
5409:
Togashi Y, Shitara K, Nishikawa H (June 2019). "Regulatory T cells in cancer immunosuppression - implications for anticancer therapy".
1349: cells are preferentially trafficked to the TME, the chemotaxis is probably driven by the production of chemokines by the tumor. T
824: cells develop from mature CD4 conventional T cells outside of the thymus: a defining distinction between natural regulatory T (nT
189: cells are thought to suppress tumor immunity, thus hindering the body's innate ability to control the growth of cancerous cells.
6692:
1365: cells. The cytokine, TGF-Ī², which is commonly produced by tumor cells, is known to induce the differentiation and expansion of T
5648:"High levels of human antigen-specific CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood revealed by stimulated coexpression of CD25 and CD134 (OX40)"
961:
Approximately 30%ā40% of colonic FoxP3+ Treg cells express the transcription factor RORĪ³t. The iTregs are able to differentiate into
1142:
962:
357:
629:
Diagram of regulatory T cell, effector T cells and dendritic cell showing putative mechanisms of suppression by regulatory T cells.
266:. If they receive these signals, they proliferate and express both CD4 and CD8, becoming double-positive cells. The selection of T
7038:
6591:
1507:
1069:
bound to fecal microbiota and decreased secretory IgA. In mice, protection against food allergies was induced by introduction of
361:
345:
263:
4707:
Sivanandham R, Kleinman AJ, Sette P, Brocca-Cofano E, Kilapandal
Venkatraman SM, Policicchio BB, et al. (September 2020).
1558:
s can be detected using an activation-induced marker assay by expression of CD39 in combination with co-expression of CD25 and
898:
781:
400:
135:
99:
7033:
2021:
Hori S, Nomura T, Sakaguchi S (February 2003). "Control of regulatory T cell development by the transcription factor Foxp3".
1538:
analysis using CD4, CD25 and FOXP3 as markers in humans. Therefore, the gold standard surface marker combination to defined T
1292:
CD70 non-Hodgkin lymphoma B cells induce FOXP3 expression and regulatory function in intratumoral CD4CD25 T cells.
5784:"Interplay of T Helper 17 Cells with CD4(+)CD25(high) FOXP3(+) Tregs in Regulation of Allergic Asthma in Pediatric Patients"
1032:
Induction of RORĪ³t+ Treg cells in lymph nodes of the small intestine is crucial for the establishment of intestinal luminal
2596:"Two subsets of naive T helper cells with distinct T cell receptor excision circle content in human adult peripheral blood"
6976:
6514:
6285:
4507:"Intestinal Regulatory T Cells as Specialized Tissue-Restricted Immune Cells in Intestinal Immune Homeostasis and Disease"
1314:
to effector T cells in the TME is a determining factor in the success of the cancer immune response. High levels of T
1296:
1240:
1213:
1091:
compared to germ free mice colonized with healthy microbiota. Dysregulation of RORĪ³t+ Treg cells favors the expansion of
399:
Mature CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs can be also divided into two different subsets based on the expression level of CD25, GITR, and
278:
cells, although they may not begin to express Foxp3 until the single-positive stage, at which point they are functional T
6636:
6606:
6586:
625:
812: cells have been shown to suppress T cell proliferation and experimental autoimmune diseases. These cells include
6624:
6619:
6459:
3334:
Walker LS, Sansom DM (November 2011). "The emerging role of CTLA4 as a cell-extrinsic regulator of T cell responses".
670:
5295:"Regulatory T cells in tumor microenvironment: new mechanisms, potential therapeutic strategies and future prospects"
5017:"CD70+ non-Hodgkin lymphoma B cells induce Foxp3 expression and regulatory function in intratumoral CD4+CD25 T cells"
931:-TGM-induced human FOXP3+ regulatory T cells were stable in the presence of inflammation and had increased levels of
4766:"ALS patients' regulatory T lymphocytes are dysfunctional, and correlate with disease progression rate and severity"
1474:
cell activity. Rapid cancer progression upon PD-1 blockade is called hyperprogressive disease. Therapies targeting T
7127:
6862:
2907:
Annacker O, Asseman C, Read S, Powrie F (June 2003). "Interleukin-10 in the regulation of T cell-induced colitis".
1511:
1088:
313:
nature of the process of T cell activation, all T cell populations with a given TCR will end up with a mixture of T
3489:"Small intestine lamina propria dendritic cells promote de novo generation of Foxp3 T reg cells via retinoic acid"
3077:"Expression of ectonucleotidase CD39 by Foxp3+ Treg cells: hydrolysis of extracellular ATP and immune suppression"
6329:
903:
599:
301:
selection is determined by the affinity of interaction with the self-peptide MHC complex. Selection to become a T
173: cells tend to be upregulated in individuals with cancer, and they seem to be recruited to the site of many
2645:"Active demethylation of the Foxp3 locus leads to the generation of stable regulatory T cells within the thymus"
1056:. The quantity of early-life-induced RORĪ³t+ Tregs is influenced by maternal milk, particularly by the amount of
6308:
6289:
5066:"The prognostic influence of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes in cancer: a systematic review with meta-analysis"
1577: cells, but not in any other cell type, including activated effector T cells, a certain region within the
766:(TCR) with relatively high autoaffinity. These cells are predominantly found in the body in the bloodstream or
414:
cells and does not reach adult levels in either the thymus or periphery until around three weeks post-partum. T
333:
222:
4915:"Decreased maternal serum acetate and impaired fetal thymic and regulatory T cell development in preeclampsia"
3945:"The parasite cytokine mimic Hp-TGM potently replicates the regulatory effects of TGF-Ī² on murine CD4 T cells"
3835:"A structurally distinct TGF-Ī² mimic from an intestinal helminth parasite potently induces regulatory T cells"
1353:
infiltration into the TMEis facilitated by the binding of the chemokine receptor CCR4, which is expressed on T
1273:
6422:
3244:"Cross talk between human regulatory T cells and antigen-presenting cells: Lessons for clinical applications"
3075:
Borsellino G, Kleinewietfeld M, Di Mitri D, Sternjak A, Diamantini A, Giometto R, et al. (August 2007).
7042:
6800:
6663:
3437:"A requisite role for induced regulatory T cells in tolerance based on expanding antigen receptor diversity"
1543:
markers have been described, e.g., high levels of CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated molecule-4) and
844: cells have recently been shown to be "an essential non-redundant regulatory subset that supplements nT
271:
1454:
s that over-express immunosuppressive molecules such as CTLA-4. Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies cause depletion of T
1342: cells' role in the development of cancer is highly dependent on both type and location of the tumor.
7064:
6782:
6718:
6506:
5902:
Hui DJ, Basner-Tschakarjan E, Chen Y, Davidson RJ, Buchlis G, Yazicioglu M, et al. (September 2013).
1282:
1224:
986:
982:
981:(GF) mice, the population of RORĪ³t+ T regulatory cells is strongly reduced, whereas recolonization by the
5501:
Marson A, Kretschmer K, Frampton GM, Jacobsen ES, Polansky JK, MacIsaac KD, et al. (February 2007).
1495:. The latest research suggests that regulatory T cells are defined by expression of the forkhead family
1087:
Lower number of RORĪ³t+ Treg cells is present in germ free mice colonized with microbiota associated with
7011:
6867:
6845:
6545:
6522:
6498:
6019:"Regulatory T cell epitopes (Tregitopes) in IgG induce tolerance in vivo and lack immunogenicity per se"
162:
1033:
848: cells, in part by expanding TCR diversity within regulatory responses". Acute depletion of the iT
527: cells have decreased its expression. So it is possible that this regulatory mechanism of thymic T
4420:
Blatner NR, Mulcahy MF, Dennis KL, Scholtens D, Bentrem DJ, Phillips JD, et al. (December 2012).
270:
s occurs on radio-resistant hematopoietically derived MHC class II-expressing cells in the medulla or
193:
research is studying how regulation of T cells could possibly be utilized in the treatment of cancer.
7174:
7028:
6961:
6872:
6796:
6569:
6386:
6322:
6280:
5954:
De Groot AS, Moise L, McMurry JA, Wambre E, Van
Overtvelt L, Moingeon P, et al. (October 2008).
5842:
5514:
5365:
4926:
4095:
4003:
3846:
3553:
2865:
2074:"Modulation of autoimmune diseases by interleukin (IL)-17 producing regulatory T helper (Th17) cells"
2030:
1704:
1496:
998:
6684:
5884:
4605:
Stringari LL, Covre LP, da Silva FD, de
Oliveira VL, Campana MC, Hadad DJ, et al. (July 2021).
4221:
Abdel-Gadir A, Stephen-Victor E, Gerber GK, Noval Rivas M, Wang S, Harb H, et al. (July 2019).
3894:"TGF-Ī² mimic proteins form an extended gene family in the murine parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus"
3681:
Povoleri GA, Nova-Lamperti E, ScottĆ C, Fanelli G, Chen YC, Becker PD, et al. (December 2018).
2400:
Owen DL, Mahmud SA, Sjaastad LE, Williams JB, Spanier JA, Simeonov DR, et al. (February 2019).
852: cell pool in mouse models has resulted in inflammation and weight loss. The contribution of nT
7088:
7023:
7006:
6840:
6758:
6578:
6417:
4270:
Rankin LC, Kaiser KA, de Los Santos-Alexis K, Park H, Uhlemann AC, Gray DH, Arpaia N (March 2023).
3537:
1331:
615:
3730:
Coombes JL, Siddiqui KR, Arancibia-CƔrcamo CV, Hall J, Sun CM, Belkaid Y, Powrie F (August 2007).
3683:"Human retinoic acid-regulated CD161 regulatory T cells support wound repair in intestinal mucosa"
2691:
Nikolouli E, Elfaki Y, Herppich S, Schelmbauer C, Delacher M, Falk C, et al. (January 2021).
6908:
6550:
6537:
6117:
Cousens LP, Mingozzi F, van der Marel S, Su Y, Garman R, Ferreira V, et al. (October 2012).
6004:"New $ 2.25M infusion of NIH funds for EpiVax' Tregitope, proposed "Paradigm-Shifting" Treatment"
5866:
5728:
5628:
5584:
5434:
5344:
Downs-Canner S, Berkey S, Delgoffe GM, Edwards RP, Curiel T, Odunsi K, et al. (March 2017).
5272:
4997:
4746:
4119:
4027:
3579:
3359:
3224:
3057:
2889:
2740:
2693:"Recirculating IL-1R2 Tregs fine-tune intrathymic Treg development under inflammatory conditions"
2527:
2481:
2191:
2142:
2054:
1728:
495:
gene which gather IL-2 from thymic medulla, and decrease its concentration. New generated FOXP3 T
87:
1872:
Nosbaum A, Prevel N, Truong HA, Mehta P, Ettinger M, Scharschmidt TC, et al. (March 2016).
1565:
In addition to the search for novel protein markers, a different method to analyze and monitor T
752:
or in the periphery. Accordingly, they are divided into natural and induced T regulatory cells.
651:. It also appears that regulatory T cells can induce other cell types to express interleukin-10.
4815:"Expanded autologous regulatory T-lymphocyte infusions in ALS: A phase I, first-in-human study"
4319:
Britton GJ, Contijoch EJ, Mogno I, Vennaro OH, Llewellyn SR, Ng R, et al. (January 2019).
6956:
6722:
6601:
6401:
6381:
6304:
6248:
6197:
6148:
6099:
6048:
5985:
5933:
5858:
5815:
5764:
5720:
5669:
5620:
5576:
5540:
5483:
5426:
5391:
5326:
5264:
5228:
5190:
5149:
5095:
5046:
4989:
4972:
Dranoff G (December 2005). "The therapeutic implications of intratumoral regulatory T cells".
4954:
4895:
4844:
4795:
4738:
4689:
4638:
4587:
4538:
4487:
4451:
4399:
4350:
4301:
4252:
4223:"Microbiota therapy acts via a regulatory T cell MyD88/RORĪ³t pathway to suppress food allergy"
4203:
4154:
4111:
4019:
3976:
3925:
3874:
3833:
Johnston CJ, Smyth DJ, Kodali RB, White MP, Harcus Y, Filbey KJ, et al. (November 2017).
3815:
3761:
3712:
3663:
3614:
3597:
Erkelens MN, Mebius RE (March 2017). "Retinoic Acid and Immune
Homeostasis: A Balancing Act".
3571:
3518:
3466:
3417:
3351:
3316:
3275:
3216:
3180:
3139:
3098:
3049:
3014:
2973:
2924:
2881:
2838:
2789:
2732:
2666:
2625:
2576:
2519:
2473:
2431:
2382:
2333:
2275:
2226:
2183:
2134:
2095:
2046:
2003:
1954:
1903:
1854:
1819:
1780:
1720:
1664:
1579:
1327:
1204: cells can be infected by HIV, increasing the size of the HIV reservoir directly. Thus, T
1136:
712:
598: cells does not cause any signal transduction because there is no present Intracellular (
95:
6268:
6166:
Cousens LP, Najafian N, Mingozzi F, Elyaman W, Mazer B, Moise L, et al. (January 2013).
3435:
Haribhai D, Williams JB, Jia S, Nickerson D, Schmitt EG, Edwards B, et al. (July 2011).
2246:"T cell receptor signalling in the control of regulatory T cell differentiation and function"
2222:
7169:
7076:
7016:
6988:
6983:
6951:
6938:
6928:
6474:
6450:
6238:
6228:
6187:
6179:
6138:
6130:
6089:
6079:
6038:
6030:
5975:
5967:
5923:
5915:
5850:
5805:
5795:
5756:
5710:
5700:
5659:
5612:
5568:
5530:
5522:
5473:
5465:
5418:
5381:
5373:
5316:
5306:
5256:
5220:
5185:
5180:
5168:
5139:
5131:
5085:
5077:
5036:
5028:
4981:
4944:
4934:
4885:
4875:
4834:
4826:
4785:
4777:
4728:
4720:
4679:
4669:
4628:
4618:
4577:
4569:
4528:
4518:
4479:
4441:
4433:
4389:
4381:
4340:
4332:
4291:
4283:
4242:
4234:
4193:
4185:
4146:
4103:
4063:
4011:
3966:
3956:
3915:
3905:
3864:
3854:
3805:
3795:
3751:
3743:
3702:
3694:
3653:
3645:
3606:
3561:
3508:
3500:
3456:
3448:
3407:
3397:
3343:
3306:
3265:
3255:
3208:
3170:
3129:
3088:
3041:
3004:
2963:
2955:
2916:
2873:
2828:
2820:
2779:
2771:
2722:
2712:
2704:
2656:
2615:
2607:
2594:
Kimmig S, Przybylski GK, Schmidt CA, Laurisch K, Mƶwes B, Radbruch A, Thiel A (March 2002).
2566:
2558:
2511:
2465:
2421:
2413:
2372:
2364:
2323:
2313:
2265:
2257:
2218:
2173:
2126:
2085:
2038:
1993:
1985:
1944:
1934:
1893:
1885:
1846:
1811:
1770:
1762:
1712:
1466:
s and use of anti-PD-1 antibodies may lead to activation and immunosuppressive function of T
1326: cells are associated with a positive prognosis. This trend is seen in cancers such as
1066:
1057:
1041:
978:
966:
881:
813:
83:
40:
5904:"Modulation of CD8+ T cell responses to AAV vectors with IgG-derived MHC class II epitopes"
7153:
6971:
6466:
5120:"Suppression, subversion and escape: the role of regulatory T cells in cancer progression"
4052:"Gut Microbiota Promotes Immune Tolerance by Regulating RORĪ³t+ Treg Cells in Food Allergy"
3892:
Smyth DJ, Harcus Y, White MP, Gregory WF, Nahler J, Stephens I, et al. (April 2018).
1659:
1619:
1615:
1570:
1569: cells more accurately has been described in the literature. This method is based on
1361: cell expansion at the site of the tumor could also explain the increased levels of T
1045:
970:
763:
704:
287:
259:
103:
5211:
Lippitz BE (May 2013). "Cytokine patterns in patients with cancer: a systematic review".
4813:
Thonhoff JR, Beers DR, Zhao W, Pleitez M, Simpson EP, Berry JD, et al. (July 2018).
3782:
Cook L, Reid KT, HƤkkinen E, de Bie B, Tanaka S, Smyth DJ, et al. (September 2021).
2547:"T-cell tolerance and the multi-functional role of IL-2R signaling in T-regulatory cells"
470: cells by 34ā60%, but Tconv cells are not affected. That means, that recirculating T
5846:
5715:
5688:
5518:
5369:
4930:
4296:
4271:
4099:
4007:
3850:
3557:
2869:
2643:
Toker A, Engelbert D, Garg G, Polansky JK, Floess S, Miyao T, et al. (April 2013).
2034:
1708:
1220:, and shown to cause viral reactivation and enhanced SIV specific CD8 T cell responses.
602:) Toll interleukin-1 receptor domain, which is normally present in innate immune cells.
511: cells' development is dependent on IL-2. In humans, there was found population of
142: cells to differentiate from naĆÆve CD4 cells and is important in maintaining T
7141:
6998:
6943:
6884:
6804:
6777:
6243:
6216:
6192:
6167:
6143:
6118:
6094:
6067:
6043:
6018:
5980:
5955:
5928:
5903:
5810:
5783:
5535:
5502:
5478:
5453:
5386:
5345:
5321:
5294:
5144:
5119:
5090:
5065:
5041:
5016:
4949:
4914:
4913:
Hu M, Eviston D, Hsu P, MariƱo E, Chidgey A, Santner-Nanan B, et al. (July 2019).
4890:
4863:
4839:
4814:
4790:
4765:
4733:
4708:
4684:
4657:
4633:
4606:
4582:
4557:
4533:
4506:
4446:
4422:"Expression of RORĪ³t marks a pathogenic regulatory T cell subset in human colon cancer"
4421:
4394:
4369:
4345:
4320:
4247:
4222:
4198:
4173:
3971:
3944:
3920:
3893:
3869:
3834:
3810:
3783:
3756:
3731:
3707:
3682:
3658:
3633:
3513:
3488:
3461:
3436:
3412:
3385:
2968:
2943:
2833:
2808:
2784:
2759:
2727:
2692:
2620:
2595:
2571:
2546:
2426:
2401:
2377:
2352:
2328:
2301:
2270:
2245:
2090:
2073:
1998:
1973:
1949:
1922:
1898:
1873:
1775:
1750:
1562:(CD134) which define antigen-specific cells following 24-48h stimulation with antigen.
1393:
1385:
1129:
994:
974:
724:
666:
648:
644:
422:
154:
6217:"Potential application of tregitopes as immunomodulating agents in multiple sclerosis"
5646:
Zaunders JJ, Munier ML, Seddiki N, Pett S, Ip S, Bailey M, et al. (August 2009).
5224:
2920:
2302:"Regulatory T Cell Heterogeneity in the Thymus: Impact on Their Functional Activities"
7163:
6966:
6855:
6673:
6655:
6493:
6455:
6376:
5732:
5276:
5135:
4750:
3228:
3157:
Huang CT, Workman CJ, Flies D, Pan X, Marson AL, Zhou G, et al. (October 2004).
2744:
2562:
2130:
1515:
1261:
1105:
1074:
1070:
889:
873:
777:
717:
707:
provides distinction between mechanisms described for human cells versus mouse cells.
619:
611:
325:
207:
190:
166:
127:
79:
6119:"Teaching tolerance: New approaches to enzyme replacement therapy for Pompe disease"
5632:
5588:
5438:
5001:
3583:
2195:
2146:
723:
A major mechanism of suppression by regulatory T cells is through the prevention of
6933:
6918:
6913:
6850:
6748:
6488:
6391:
4174:"An Immunologic Mode of Multigenerational Transmission Governs a Gut Treg Setpoint"
4123:
4031:
3487:
Sun CM, Hall JA, Blank RB, Bouladoux N, Oukka M, Mora JR, Belkaid Y (August 2007).
3363:
3061:
2893:
2531:
2485:
2058:
1732:
1635:
mutations in FOXP3 develop a severe and rapidly fatal autoimmune disorder known as
1357: cells, to its ligand CCL22, which is secreted by many types of tumor cells. T
1227:
and in preventing excess inflammation in patients cured of visceral leishmaniasis.
1175:
1037:
1017:
1009:
1002:
990:
793:
786:
294:
s have a larger TCR diversity than effector T cells, biased towards self-peptides.
123:
5870:
5760:
5454:"Regulatory T (Treg) cells in cancer: Can Treg cells be a new therapeutic target?"
4985:
4483:
4172:
Ramanan D, Sefik E, GalvƔn-PeƱa S, Wu M, Yang L, Yang Z, et al. (June 2020).
1458:
s and thus increase CD8 T cells effective against the tumor. Anti-CTLA-4 antibody
1174:
infections (the most well-known of which is HIV), mycobacterial infections (e.g.,
643:
Regulatory T cells produce a number of inhibitory cytokines. These include TGF-Ī²,
5971:
5956:"Activation of natural regulatory T cells by IgG Fc-derived peptide "Tregitopes""
5032:
4830:
4623:
4437:
4385:
4336:
4287:
4150:
3943:
White MP, Smyth DJ, Cook L, Ziegler SF, Levings MK, Maizels RM (September 2021).
3910:
3649:
3542:"Reciprocal TH17 and regulatory T cell differentiation mediated by retinoic acid"
3452:
3175:
3158:
3134:
3117:
3093:
3076:
1850:
177:. Studies in both humans and animal models have implicated that high numbers of T
6668:
6371:
6366:
3009:
2992:
1522:
A number of different methods are employed in research to identify and monitor T
1024:, and the nucleotidases CD39 and CD73, suggesting a strong regulatory function.
861:
243:
147:
7136:
5311:
5260:
4939:
4189:
3859:
3311:
3294:
2162:"Naturally occurring regulatory T cells: markers, mechanisms, and manipulation"
1587:-specific-demethylated region) is found demethylated, which allows to monitor T
458: cells are recirculating back to thymus, where they have developed. This T
7056:
6809:
6715:
6345:
6183:
5687:
Poloni C, Schonhofer C, Ivison S, Levings MK, Steiner TS, Cook L (July 2023).
5503:"Foxp3 occupancy and regulation of key target genes during T-cell stimulation"
5422:
4781:
4523:
4238:
3698:
3116:
Kobie JJ, Shah PR, Yang L, Rebhahn JA, Fowell DJ, Mosmann TR (November 2006).
2775:
2708:
2417:
2318:
1989:
1595:
1459:
1180:
1171:
1081:
792:
The main features that differentiate tTreg and iTreg cells include Helios and
767:
655:
482: cells. Molecular mechanism of this process works due to the ability of T
310:
306:
5664:
5647:
5194:
4880:
4674:
3610:
3402:
2661:
2644:
2368:
2072:
Singh B, Schwartz JA, Sandrock C, Bellemore SM, Nikoopour E (November 2013).
1939:
1889:
1008:
RORĪ³t+ Treg cells are not present in the thymus and do not express Helios or
384:. CD25Foxp3 progenitors exhibit increased apoptosis and develop into mature T
7114:
6819:
6641:
6596:
6444:
4764:
Beers DR, Zhao W, Wang J, Zhang X, Wen S, Neal D, et al. (March 2017).
4107:
4015:
3566:
3541:
2042:
1108:, reduction of IL-6 expressing CD11c+ dendritic cells and overexpression of
923:
expressing regulatory T cells that were stabile in presence of inflammation
685:
659:
182:
6252:
6201:
6152:
6103:
6052:
5989:
5937:
5862:
5819:
5768:
5724:
5673:
5624:
5580:
5544:
5487:
5430:
5395:
5330:
5268:
5232:
5153:
5099:
5050:
4993:
4958:
4899:
4848:
4799:
4742:
4693:
4642:
4591:
4542:
4491:
4455:
4403:
4354:
4305:
4256:
4207:
4158:
4115:
4068:
4051:
4023:
3980:
3929:
3878:
3819:
3765:
3716:
3667:
3618:
3575:
3522:
3470:
3421:
3355:
3320:
3279:
3220:
3184:
3143:
3102:
3053:
3018:
2977:
2928:
2885:
2842:
2793:
2736:
2670:
2629:
2580:
2523:
2477:
2435:
2386:
2337:
2279:
2230:
2187:
2138:
2099:
2050:
2007:
1958:
1907:
1858:
1823:
1784:
1724:
1208: cells are being investigated as targets for HIV cure research. Some T
872: cells, with the former having more stable FOXP3 expression and wider
6233:
6084:
6066:
Cousens LP, Su Y, McClaine E, Li X, Terry F, Smith R, et al. (2013).
5800:
5616:
3260:
3243:
2824:
1116:
transcription factor which is critical for proliferation of cancer cells.
324:
After interaction with self-peptide MHC complex, T cell has to upregulate
7104:
6889:
6877:
6835:
6789:
6753:
6410:
6361:
5081:
4724:
3784:"Induction of stable human FOXP3 Tregs by a parasite-derived TGF-Ī² mimic"
3747:
3504:
2959:
2611:
2402:"Thymic regulatory T cells arise via two distinct developmental programs"
2178:
2161:
1470:
s. Resistance to anti-PD-1-mAb treatment is probably caused by enhanced T
1401:
1196:
989:(SCFAs), on which this induction is dependent. SCFAs are a by-product of
860: cells in maintaining tolerance is unknown, but both are important.
745:
635:
583:
559:
443:
431:
337:
174:
17:
6034:
5919:
5854:
5526:
5377:
3270:
2877:
2717:
2261:
1716:
808:) cells (CD4 CD25 FOXP3) are suppressive cells involved in tolerance. iT
519: cells in thymus. CD31 could be used as a marker of new generated T
7109:
6923:
6772:
6743:
6629:
5705:
3961:
3800:
1623:
1217:
1185:
1053:
393:
161: cells can treat autoimmune disease and cancer and can facilitate
5572:
5469:
4656:
Kleinman AJ, Sivanandham R, Pandrea I, Chougnet CA, Apetrei C (2018).
4573:
3777:
3775:
2991:
Gondek DC, Lu LF, Quezada SA, Sakaguchi S, Noelle RJ (February 2005).
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
1815:
594: cells in thymus. Binding of IL-1Ī² to IL1R2 on the surface of T
7081:
7069:
6814:
6765:
6432:
6396:
6353:
6134:
1874:"Cutting Edge: Regulatory T Cells Facilitate Cutaneous Wound Healing"
1766:
1492:
1021:
749:
732:
247:
75:
5782:
Agarwal A, Singh M, Chatterjee BP, Chauhan A, Chakraborti A (2014).
5015:
Yang ZZ, Novak AJ, Ziesmer SC, Witzig TE, Ansell SM (October 2007).
3347:
3212:
3045:
2469:
2114:
1799:
1303: cells seem to be preferentially trafficked to the TME. While T
5064:
Gooden MJ, de Bock GH, Leffers N, Daemen T, Nijman HW (June 2011).
2515:
973:
lymphoid tissues such as the intestinal barrier. In the intestinal
776:(iTregs, pTregs) arise under certain situations in the presence of
523: cells as same as other T lymphocytes. Mature and peripheral T
1503:
1499:
1419:
s which develop from naive precursors. However, tumor-associated T
1397:
1381:
1373:
1272:
1239: cells may be dysfunctional and driving neuroinflammation in
1148:
1125:
1113:
941:
936:
920:
759:
696:
624:
547:
462:
were mainly present in thymic medulla, which is the main site of T
376:
cells after stimulation with IL-2 with comparable efficiency both
341:
329:
181: cells in the tumor microenvironment is indicative of a poor
115:
4864:"New Paradigm in the Role of Regulatory T Cells During Pregnancy"
1392:
function and the secretion of immunomodulatory cytokines such as
1376:) as a transcription factor is an essential molecular marker of T
503:
expression. IL-2 is a cytokine necessary for the development of T
410:
generation in the thymus is delayed by several days compared to T
1559:
1544:
1013:
932:
728:
692:
681:
677:
543:
512:
488:
426:
419:
119:
6688:
6318:
5689:"T-cell activation-induced marker assays in health and disease"
4658:"Regulatory T Cells As Potential Targets for HIV Cure Research"
758:(tTregs, nTregs) are characterized by continuous expression of
6314:
4368:
Hovhannisyan Z, Treatman J, Littman DR, Mayer L (March 2011).
1223:
Regulatory T cells have a large role in the pathology of
1092:
255:
251:
111:
49:
3242:
Wardell CM, MacDonald KN, Levings MK, Cook L (January 2021).
2942:
Kearley J, Barker JE, Robinson DS, Lloyd CM (December 2005).
1514:
4-expressing (CD4) population and express high levels of the
130:. Because effector T cells also express CD4 and CD25, T
2760:"IL-1 receptor 2 (IL-1R2) and its role in immune regulation"
1491:
Similar to other T cells, regulatory T cells develop in the
5118:
Oleinika K, Nibbs RJ, Graham GJ, Fraser AR (January 2013).
55:
4505:
Jacobse J, Li J, Rings EH, Samsom JN, Goettel JA (2021).
949:-Specific demethylated region compared to TGF-Ī²-induced T
58:
221:. Additional regulatory T cell populations include
3634:"FOXP3 and the regulation of Treg/Th17 differentiation"
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
542: cells into thymus. There was found population of
3293:
Sakaguchi S, Yamaguchi T, Nomura T, Ono M (May 2008).
2160:
Schmetterer KG, Neunkirchner A, Pickl WF (June 2012).
1800:"Tregs in immunotherapy: opportunities and challenges"
1411:
cells present in the TME can be either induced T
770:
and serve mainly to confer tolerance to autoantigens.
570: cells in thymus. The presence of recirculating T
534:
There is probably also positive regulation of thymic T
531: cells development is also functional in humans.
7125:
202:
and FOXP3 (CD4CD25 regulatory T cells). These T
6215:
Elyaman W, Khoury SJ, Scott DW, De Groot AS (2011).
6017:
Su Y, Rossi R, De Groot AS, Scott DW (August 2013).
1212: cell depletion strategies have been tested in
965:-expressing cells and thus acquire the phenotype of
691:
Through direct interactions with dendritic cells by
388:
cells with faster kinetics than Foxp3 progenitors. T
52:
46:
7097:
7055:
6997:
6898:
6828:
6736:
6729:
6654:
6577:
6568:
6536:
6431:
6352:
1677:
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
1442:
Cancer therapies targeting regulatory T lymphocytes
969:. These cells are associated with the functions of
665:Reverse signalling through direct interaction with
43:
5346:"Suppressive IL-17AFoxp3 and ex-Th17 IL-17AFoxp3 T
1923:"Natural and induced T regulatory cells in cancer"
1384:polymorphism (rs3761548) might be involved in the
1345:Although it is still not entirely understood how T
1048:, thus suppressing the pro-inflammatory response.
731:on effector T cells by the action of the molecule
169:. Their implications for cancer are complicated. T
2758:Peters VA, Joesting JJ, Freund GG (August 2013).
546:low FOXP3 in thymus with increased expression of
538: cells development caused by recirculating T
499: cells in thymus have not so high amount of
246:, which become committed to their lineage in the
5293:Li C, Jiang P, Wei S, Xu X, Wang J (July 2020).
3536:Mucida D, Park Y, Kim G, Turovskaya O, Scott I,
2351:Owen DL, Sjaastad LE, Farrar MA (October 2019).
242:All T cells derive from progenitor cells in the
5206:
5204:
5113:
5111:
5109:
4862:Tsuda S, Nakashima A, Shima T, Saito S (2019).
4050:Ning X, Lei Z, Rui B, Li Y, Li M (2022-12-05).
3482:
3480:
3386:"Treg Heterogeneity, Function, and Homeostasis"
2497:
2495:
2300:Santamaria JC, Borelli A, Irla M (2021-02-11).
1744:
1742:
1479:myeloid leukemia and is associated with T
1178:), and various parasitic infections including
1044:cell population and inhibit the production of
6700:
6330:
5949:
5947:
2353:"Regulatory T Cell Development in the Thymus"
8:
1974:"Regulatory T cells and treatment of cancer"
446:insensitive TGFĪ²RII-DN mice are functional.
122:and are thought to be derived from the same
2807:Read S, Malmstrƶm V, Powrie F (July 2000).
1751:"Tregs and rethinking cancer immunotherapy"
1124:Another important subset of Treg cells are
1028:Function of RORĪ³t+ regulatory T lymphocytes
6733:
6707:
6693:
6685:
6574:
6437:
6337:
6323:
6315:
6307:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
6242:
6232:
6191:
6142:
6093:
6083:
6042:
5979:
5927:
5809:
5799:
5714:
5704:
5663:
5534:
5477:
5385:
5350:cells are a source of tumour-associated T
5320:
5310:
5288:
5286:
5184:
5143:
5089:
5040:
4948:
4938:
4889:
4879:
4838:
4789:
4732:
4719:(19): JVI.00533ā20, jvi, JVI.00533ā20v1.
4683:
4673:
4632:
4622:
4581:
4532:
4522:
4445:
4393:
4344:
4295:
4246:
4197:
4067:
3970:
3960:
3919:
3909:
3868:
3858:
3809:
3799:
3755:
3706:
3657:
3565:
3512:
3460:
3411:
3401:
3310:
3295:"Regulatory T cells and immune tolerance"
3269:
3259:
3174:
3133:
3092:
3008:
2967:
2832:
2783:
2726:
2716:
2660:
2619:
2570:
2425:
2376:
2327:
2317:
2269:
2177:
2089:
1997:
1948:
1938:
1897:
1774:
1099:RORĪ³t+ regulatory T lymphocytes in cancer
864:differences have been observed between nT
684:with the production of immunosuppressive
438:functionality, in the thymus, as thymic T
5885:"Tregitope: Immunomodulation Power Tool"
2223:10.1146/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141122
997:in adults, Thetis cells in neonatal and
744:T regulatory lymphocytes develop during
210:. Another regulatory T cell subset is T
7132:
6123:Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
5186:10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033428
4556:Lui PP, Cho I, Ali N (September 2020).
1687:
1423:s may also originate from IL-17AFoxp3 T
840: cells share a similar function iT
774:Induced (peripheral) T regulatory cells
669:and the induction of immunosuppressive
4056:Advanced Gut & Microbiome Research
3898:International Journal for Parasitology
2115:"Regulatory T cells in autoimmmunity*"
2078:The Indian Journal of Medical Research
1450:s in the TME are abundantly effector T
789:in the presence of external antigens.
740:Natural and induced regulatory T cells
27:White blood cells of the immune system
4415:
4413:
4081:
4079:
4045:
4043:
4041:
3632:Ziegler SF, Buckner JH (April 2009).
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3159:"Role of LAG-3 in regulatory T cells"
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
1755:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
454:There was observed, that some FOXP3 T
136:transforming growth factor beta
7:
5167:Plitas G, Rudensky AY (2020-03-09).
5124:Clinical and Experimental Immunology
3736:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
3493:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
2948:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
2813:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
2600:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
2545:Cheng G, Yu A, Malek TR (May 2011).
1277:The recruitment and maintenance of T
1195: cells play major roles during
6556:Mucosal associated invariant T cell
6266:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
5788:International Journal of Pediatrics
3384:Shevyrev D, Tereshchenko V (2020).
2697:Cellular & Molecular Immunology
676:Signalling through the ectoenzymes
582: cells. High concentration of
558: cells. High concentration of
352:cell progenitor. To become mature T
157:have suggested that modulation of T
110: cells express the biomarkers
1502:(forkhead box p3). Expression of
1243:due to lower expression of FOXP3.
290:expression of NKT or Ī³Ī“ T cells; T
25:
5452:Ohue Y, Nishikawa H (July 2019).
5411:Nature Reviews. Clinical Oncology
2244:Li MO, Rudensky AY (April 2016).
1602:-dependent peripheral tolerance.
1427:s which develop from Th17 cells.
1388:progression through influencing T
939:and decreased methylation in the
7147:
7135:
6592:Lymphokine-activated killer cell
6221:Neurology Research International
5136:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04657.x
4611:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
2563:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01004.x
2131:10.1146/annurev.immunol.18.1.423
1921:Adeegbe DO, Nishikawa H (2013).
1508:major histocompatibility complex
1040:. These cells also suppress the
756:Natural T regulatory lymphocytes
586:caused by inflammation decrease
562:caused by inflammation decrease
39:
5173:Annual Review of Cancer Biology
1598:may be important mediators of T
1120:Gata3+ regulatory T lymphocytes
957:RORĪ³t+ regulatory T lymphocytes
654:Regulatory T cells can produce
206: cells are different from
102:induction and proliferation of
7034:Immunoglobulin class switching
6172:Journal of Clinical Immunology
5605:European Journal of Immunology
5169:"Regulatory T Cells in Cancer"
4426:Science Translational Medicine
3248:European Journal of Immunology
1594:Recent evidence suggests that
1297:tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes
1112:. IL-6 mediates activation of
1012:, but have high expression of
1:
5761:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2361
5225:10.1016/s1470-2045(12)70582-x
4986:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-2035
4484:10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-17-0698
2921:10.1016/s0896-8411(03)00045-3
2764:Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
1978:Current Opinion in Immunology
1241:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
1235:There is some evidence that T
1128:Treg cells, which respond to
6637:Type 3 innate lymphoid cells
6625:Type 2 innate lymphoid cells
6620:Type 1 innate lymphoid cells
6607:Uterine natural killer cells
6587:Cytokine-induced killer cell
6072:Journal of Diabetes Research
6023:Journal of Leukocyte Biology
5972:10.1182/blood-2008-02-138073
5561:Arthritis & Rheumatology
5033:10.1182/blood-2007-03-082578
4831:10.1212/NXI.0000000000000465
4624:10.1371/journal.pntd.0009605
4438:10.1126/scitranslmed.3004566
4386:10.1053/j.gastro.2010.12.002
4337:10.1016/j.immuni.2018.12.015
4288:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112135
4151:10.1016/j.immuni.2019.02.014
3911:10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.12.004
3650:10.1016/j.micinf.2009.04.002
3453:10.1016/j.immuni.2011.03.029
3176:10.1016/j.immuni.2004.08.010
3135:10.4049/jimmunol.177.10.6780
3094:10.1182/blood-2006-12-064527
1851:10.1016/j.autrev.2011.05.004
1161:infectious microorganisms.
554:) compared with peripheral T
5693:Immunology and Cell Biology
4558:"Tissue regulatory T cells"
3949:Immunology and Cell Biology
3788:Immunology and Cell Biology
3540:, Cheroutre H (July 2007).
3010:10.4049/jimmunol.174.4.1783
2211:Annual Review of Immunology
2119:Annual Review of Immunology
671:indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
658:, which in turn can induce
367:Recently, other subset of T
7191:
6863:Polyclonal B cell response
6006:. Fierce Biotech Research.
5312:10.1186/s12943-020-01234-1
5261:10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155351
4940:10.1038/s41467-019-10703-1
4472:Cancer Immunology Research
4190:10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.030
3860:10.1038/s41467-017-01886-6
3336:Nature Reviews. Immunology
3312:10.1016/j.cell.2008.05.009
3034:Nature Reviews. Immunology
2250:Nature Reviews. Immunology
1510:(MHC) class II restricted
1487:Molecular characterization
1089:Inflammatory bowel disease
888:, even in the presence of
800:Induced T regulatory cells
286:s do not have the limited
138:(TGF-Ī²) is essential for T
98:and generally suppress or
84:tolerance to self-antigens
70:cells), formerly known as
6615:
6440:
6184:10.1007/s10875-012-9762-4
5423:10.1038/s41571-019-0175-7
5070:British Journal of Cancer
4782:10.1172/jci.insight.89530
4524:10.3389/fimmu.2021.716499
4239:10.1038/s41591-019-0461-z
3699:10.1038/s41590-018-0230-z
2776:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.11.006
2709:10.1038/s41423-019-0352-8
2418:10.1038/s41590-018-0289-6
2319:10.3389/fimmu.2021.643153
1990:10.1016/j.coi.2008.04.008
904:Heligmosomoides polygyrus
474:to thymus inhibited just
74:, are a subpopulation of
6309:Medical Subject Headings
5665:10.4049/jimmunol.0803548
4974:Clinical Cancer Research
4881:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00573
4675:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00734
3611:10.1016/j.it.2016.12.006
3403:10.3389/fimmu.2019.03100
2662:10.4049/jimmunol.1203473
2369:10.4049/jimmunol.1900662
1972:Curiel TJ (April 2008).
1940:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00190
1890:10.4049/jimmunol.1502139
1618:as well as reduction of
1372:Forkhead box protein 3 (
1334:. This could be due to T
1135:Gata3+ T regs are major
804:Induced regulatory T (iT
6664:Hematopoietic stem cell
6423:Lymphoplasmacytoid cell
4868:Frontiers in Immunology
4662:Frontiers in Immunology
4511:Frontiers in Immunology
4108:10.1126/science.aac4263
4016:10.1126/science.aac4263
3567:10.1126/science.1145697
3390:Frontiers in Immunology
2909:Journal of Autoimmunity
2306:Frontiers in Immunology
2043:10.1126/science.1079490
1927:Frontiers in Immunology
1550:The identification of T
1415:s or natural (thymic) T
987:short-chain fatty acids
919:-TGM can induce murine
250:. All T cells begin as
6977:Tolerance in pregnancy
6719:adaptive immune system
3638:Microbes and Infection
1798:Chen W (August 2011).
1749:Curiel TJ (May 2007).
1285:
1283:tumor microenvironment
1225:visceral leishmaniasis
983:specific pathogen-free
832: cells. Though iT
630:
7012:Somatic hypermutation
6846:Polyclonal antibodies
6841:Monoclonal antibodies
6570:Innate lymphoid cells
6546:Natural killer T cell
5652:Journal of Immunology
5617:10.1002/eji.201344102
5358:Nature Communications
4919:Nature Communications
3839:Nature Communications
3261:10.1002/eji.202048746
3122:Journal of Immunology
2997:Journal of Immunology
2825:10.1084/jem.192.2.295
2649:Journal of Immunology
2551:Immunological Reviews
2357:Journal of Immunology
1878:Journal of Immunology
1639:mmune dysregulation,
1622:for the treatment of
1276:
856: cells versus iT
628:
434:is not required for T
348:to become CD25FOXP3 T
163:organ transplantation
7029:Junctional diversity
6797:Antigen presentation
6178:(Suppl 1): S43āS49.
5213:The Lancet. Oncology
5082:10.1038/bjc.2011.189
4725:10.1128/JVI.00533-20
4184:(6): 1276ā1290.e13.
4069:10.1155/2022/8529578
3748:10.1084/jem.20070590
3599:Trends in Immunology
3505:10.1084/jem.20070602
2960:10.1084/jem.20051166
2612:10.1084/jem.20011756
2179:10.1096/fj.11-193672
1839:Autoimmunity Reviews
1497:transcription factor
1328:colorectal carcinoma
999:antigen presentation
450:Thymic recirculation
336:superfamily members
272:Hassall's corpuscles
7024:V(D)J recombination
7007:Affinity maturation
6759:Antigenic variation
6538:Innate-like T cells
6418:Transitional B cell
6234:10.1155/2011/256460
6085:10.1155/2013/621693
6035:10.1189/jlb.0912441
5920:10.1038/mt.2013.166
5855:10.1038/nature05010
5847:2006Natur.442..997L
5801:10.1155/2014/636238
5527:10.1038/nature05478
5519:2007Natur.445..931M
5378:10.1038/ncomms14649
5370:2017NatCo...814649D
4931:2019NatCo..10.3031H
4713:Journal of Virology
4145:(5): 1276ā1288.e5.
4100:2015Sci...349..989O
4008:2015Sci...349..989O
3851:2017NatCo...8.1741J
3558:2007Sci...317..256M
2878:10.1038/nature06306
2870:2007Natur.450..566C
2262:10.1038/nri.2016.26
2113:Shevach EM (2000).
2035:2003Sci...299.1057H
2029:(5609): 1057ā1061.
1717:10.1038/nature04753
1709:2006Natur.441..235B
1643:olyendocrinopathy,
1573:analysis. Only in T
1332:follicular lymphoma
1281: cells in the
901:mimic, secreted by
622:ā see also below).
616:autoimmune diseases
6305:Regulatory+T-Cells
5841:(7106): 997ā1002.
5706:10.1111/imcb.12636
3962:10.1111/IMCB.12479
3801:10.1111/IMCB.12475
1630:Genetic deficiency
1286:
703:interactions with
699:. This review of T
631:
88:autoimmune disease
78:that modulate the
72:suppressor T cells
32:regulatory T cells
7123:
7122:
7051:
7050:
6801:professional APCs
6682:
6681:
6650:
6649:
6564:
6563:
6129:(10): 1459ā1464.
5908:Molecular Therapy
5573:10.1002/art.38761
5567:(10): 2694ā2705.
5513:(7130): 931ā935.
5470:10.1111/cas.14069
4980:(23): 8226ā8229.
4574:10.1111/imm.13208
4432:(164): 164ra159.
4331:(1): 212ā224.e4.
4094:(6251): 989ā993.
4002:(6251): 989ā993.
3693:(12): 1403ā1414.
3687:Nature Immunology
3552:(5835): 256ā260.
3201:Nature Immunology
3128:(10): 6780ā6786.
2954:(11): 1539ā1547.
2864:(7169): 566ā569.
2510:(12): 1353ā1362.
2504:Nature Immunology
2458:Nature Immunology
2406:Nature Immunology
1816:10.2217/imt.11.79
1703:(7090): 235ā238.
1665:diabetes mellitus
1218:nonhuman primates
1137:immunosuppressors
1034:antigen tolerance
880:cells opposed to
713:negative feedback
96:immunosuppressive
16:(Redirected from
7182:
7152:
7151:
7150:
7140:
7139:
7131:
7017:Clonal selection
6989:Immune privilege
6984:Immunodeficiency
6939:Cross-reactivity
6929:Hypersensitivity
6734:
6709:
6702:
6695:
6686:
6602:Adaptive NK cell
6575:
6438:
6339:
6332:
6325:
6316:
6293:
6277:
6271:
6263:
6257:
6256:
6246:
6236:
6212:
6206:
6205:
6195:
6163:
6157:
6156:
6146:
6135:10.4161/hv.21405
6114:
6108:
6107:
6097:
6087:
6063:
6057:
6056:
6046:
6014:
6008:
6007:
6000:
5994:
5993:
5983:
5966:(8): 3303ā3311.
5951:
5942:
5941:
5931:
5914:(9): 1727ā1737.
5899:
5893:
5892:
5891:. 2 August 2016.
5881:
5875:
5874:
5830:
5824:
5823:
5813:
5803:
5779:
5773:
5772:
5743:
5737:
5736:
5718:
5708:
5684:
5678:
5677:
5667:
5658:(4): 2827ā2836.
5643:
5637:
5636:
5611:(6): 1644ā1661.
5599:
5593:
5592:
5555:
5549:
5548:
5538:
5498:
5492:
5491:
5481:
5464:(7): 2080ā2089.
5449:
5443:
5442:
5406:
5400:
5399:
5389:
5341:
5335:
5334:
5324:
5314:
5299:Molecular Cancer
5290:
5281:
5280:
5243:
5237:
5236:
5219:(6): e218āe228.
5208:
5199:
5198:
5188:
5164:
5158:
5157:
5147:
5115:
5104:
5103:
5093:
5061:
5055:
5054:
5044:
5027:(7): 2537ā2544.
5012:
5006:
5005:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4952:
4942:
4910:
4904:
4903:
4893:
4883:
4859:
4853:
4852:
4842:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4793:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4736:
4704:
4698:
4697:
4687:
4677:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4636:
4626:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4585:
4553:
4547:
4546:
4536:
4526:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4478:(9): 1082ā1092.
4466:
4460:
4459:
4449:
4417:
4408:
4407:
4397:
4374:Gastroenterology
4365:
4359:
4358:
4348:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4299:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4250:
4233:(7): 1164ā1174.
4218:
4212:
4211:
4201:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4083:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4047:
4036:
4035:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3974:
3964:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3923:
3913:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3872:
3862:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3813:
3803:
3779:
3770:
3769:
3759:
3742:(8): 1757ā1764.
3727:
3721:
3720:
3710:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3661:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3569:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3516:
3499:(8): 1775ā1785.
3484:
3475:
3474:
3464:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3415:
3405:
3381:
3368:
3367:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3314:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3273:
3263:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3178:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3137:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3096:
3087:(4): 1225ā1232.
3072:
3066:
3065:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3012:
3003:(4): 1783ā1786.
2988:
2982:
2981:
2971:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2836:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2787:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2730:
2720:
2688:
2675:
2674:
2664:
2655:(7): 3180ā3188.
2640:
2634:
2633:
2623:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2574:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2499:
2490:
2489:
2453:
2440:
2439:
2429:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2380:
2363:(8): 2031ā2041.
2348:
2342:
2341:
2331:
2321:
2297:
2284:
2283:
2273:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2181:
2172:(6): 2253ā2276.
2157:
2151:
2150:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2093:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2001:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1952:
1942:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1901:
1884:(5): 2010ā2014.
1869:
1863:
1862:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1778:
1767:10.1172/JCI31202
1761:(5): 1167ā1174.
1746:
1737:
1736:
1692:
590:development of T
566:development of T
478:development of T
297:The process of T
104:effector T cells
94: cells are
65:
64:
61:
60:
57:
54:
51:
48:
45:
21:
7190:
7189:
7185:
7184:
7183:
7181:
7180:
7179:
7160:
7159:
7158:
7148:
7146:
7134:
7126:
7124:
7119:
7093:
7047:
6993:
6972:Clonal deletion
6900:
6894:
6824:
6725:
6713:
6683:
6678:
6646:
6611:
6560:
6532:
6526:
6518:
6510:
6502:
6478:
6470:
6463:
6427:
6405:
6348:
6343:
6301:
6296:
6278:
6274:
6264:
6260:
6214:
6213:
6209:
6165:
6164:
6160:
6116:
6115:
6111:
6065:
6064:
6060:
6016:
6015:
6011:
6002:
6001:
5997:
5953:
5952:
5945:
5901:
5900:
5896:
5883:
5882:
5878:
5832:
5831:
5827:
5781:
5780:
5776:
5749:Cancer Research
5745:
5744:
5740:
5686:
5685:
5681:
5645:
5644:
5640:
5601:
5600:
5596:
5557:
5556:
5552:
5500:
5499:
5495:
5451:
5450:
5446:
5408:
5407:
5403:
5353:
5349:
5343:
5342:
5338:
5292:
5291:
5284:
5245:
5244:
5240:
5210:
5209:
5202:
5166:
5165:
5161:
5117:
5116:
5107:
5063:
5062:
5058:
5014:
5013:
5009:
4971:
4970:
4966:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4861:
4860:
4856:
4812:
4811:
4807:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4655:
4654:
4650:
4617:(7): e0009605.
4604:
4603:
4599:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4504:
4503:
4499:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4419:
4418:
4411:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4227:Nature Medicine
4220:
4219:
4215:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4085:
4084:
4077:
4049:
4048:
4039:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3781:
3780:
3773:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3486:
3485:
3478:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3383:
3382:
3371:
3348:10.1038/nri3108
3342:(12): 852ā863.
3333:
3332:
3328:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3213:10.1038/ni.1674
3197:
3196:
3192:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3046:10.1038/nri2163
3040:(10): 817ā823.
3031:
3030:
3026:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2690:
2689:
2678:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2501:
2500:
2493:
2470:10.1038/ni.3150
2455:
2454:
2443:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2299:
2298:
2287:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2020:
2019:
2015:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1845:(12): 744ā755.
1836:
1835:
1831:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1748:
1747:
1740:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1673:
1632:
1620:immune response
1616:type I diabetes
1608:
1601:
1590:
1586:
1576:
1571:DNA methylation
1568:
1557:
1553:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1489:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1391:
1379:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1337:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1302:
1280:
1271:
1257:
1250:
1238:
1233:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1194:
1167:
1158:
1122:
1101:
1030:
995:dendritic cells
959:
952:
948:
895:
885:
871:
867:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
817:
811:
807:
802:
764:T cell receptor
742:
705:dendritic cells
702:
667:dendritic cells
608:
597:
593:
581:
573:
569:
557:
541:
537:
530:
526:
522:
518:
510:
506:
498:
485:
481:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
452:
441:
437:
417:
413:
409:
391:
387:
375:
370:
355:
351:
320:
316:
304:
300:
293:
285:
281:
277:
269:
240:
233:
228:
213:
205:
199:
188:
180:
172:
160:
145:
141:
133:
109:
93:
69:
42:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7188:
7186:
7178:
7177:
7172:
7162:
7161:
7157:
7156:
7144:
7121:
7120:
7118:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7101:
7099:
7095:
7094:
7092:
7091:
7086:
7085:
7084:
7074:
7073:
7072:
7061:
7059:
7053:
7052:
7049:
7048:
7046:
7045:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7020:
7019:
7014:
7003:
7001:
6999:Immunogenetics
6995:
6994:
6992:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6980:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6947:
6946:
6944:Co-stimulation
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6904:
6902:
6896:
6895:
6893:
6892:
6887:
6885:Immune complex
6881:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6859:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6832:
6830:
6826:
6825:
6823:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6805:Dendritic cell
6793:
6792:
6787:
6786:
6785:
6783:Conformational
6780:
6769:
6768:
6763:
6762:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6740:
6738:
6731:
6727:
6726:
6714:
6712:
6711:
6704:
6697:
6689:
6680:
6679:
6677:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6660:
6658:
6652:
6651:
6648:
6647:
6645:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6633:
6632:
6622:
6616:
6613:
6612:
6610:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6583:
6581:
6572:
6566:
6565:
6562:
6561:
6559:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6542:
6540:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6530:
6529:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6491:
6486:
6476:
6468:
6461:
6453:
6447:
6441:
6435:
6429:
6428:
6426:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6414:
6413:
6403:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6358:
6356:
6350:
6349:
6344:
6342:
6341:
6334:
6327:
6319:
6313:
6312:
6300:
6299:External links
6297:
6295:
6294:
6272:
6258:
6207:
6158:
6109:
6058:
6029:(2): 377ā383.
6009:
5995:
5943:
5894:
5876:
5825:
5774:
5755:(2): 599ā608.
5738:
5699:(6): 491ā503.
5679:
5638:
5594:
5550:
5493:
5458:Cancer Science
5444:
5417:(6): 356ā371.
5401:
5351:
5347:
5336:
5282:
5238:
5200:
5179:(1): 459ā477.
5159:
5105:
5056:
5007:
4964:
4905:
4854:
4805:
4756:
4699:
4648:
4597:
4548:
4497:
4461:
4409:
4380:(3): 957ā965.
4360:
4311:
4262:
4213:
4164:
4129:
4075:
4037:
3986:
3955:(8): 848ā864.
3935:
3904:(5): 379ā385.
3884:
3825:
3794:(8): 833ā847.
3771:
3722:
3673:
3644:(5): 594ā598.
3624:
3605:(3): 168ā180.
3589:
3528:
3476:
3447:(1): 109ā122.
3427:
3369:
3326:
3305:(5): 775ā787.
3285:
3234:
3190:
3169:(4): 503ā513.
3149:
3108:
3067:
3024:
2983:
2934:
2915:(4): 277ā279.
2899:
2848:
2819:(2): 295ā302.
2799:
2750:
2703:(1): 182ā193.
2676:
2635:
2606:(6): 789ā794.
2586:
2537:
2516:10.1038/ni1536
2491:
2464:(6): 628ā634.
2441:
2412:(2): 195ā205.
2392:
2343:
2285:
2256:(4): 220ā233.
2236:
2201:
2152:
2105:
2084:(5): 591ā594.
2064:
2013:
1984:(2): 241ā246.
1964:
1913:
1864:
1829:
1810:(8): 911ā914.
1790:
1738:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1669:
1631:
1628:
1607:
1604:
1599:
1588:
1584:
1574:
1566:
1555:
1551:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1389:
1386:gastric cancer
1377:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1335:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1310:The ratio of T
1304:
1300:
1278:
1270:
1267:
1256:
1253:
1248:
1247:expansion of T
1236:
1232:
1229:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1192:
1166:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1121:
1118:
1100:
1097:
1080:Deficiency of
1029:
1026:
975:lamina propria
958:
955:
950:
946:
915:TGF-Ī² mimic).
893:
883:
869:
865:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
828:) cells and iT
825:
821:
815:
809:
805:
801:
798:
748:either in the
741:
738:
737:
736:
725:co-stimulation
721:
708:
700:
689:
674:
663:
652:
649:Interleukin 10
645:Interleukin 35
607:
604:
595:
591:
579:
571:
567:
555:
539:
535:
528:
524:
520:
516:
508:
504:
496:
483:
479:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
448:
439:
435:
423:co-stimulation
418:cells require
415:
411:
407:
389:
385:
373:
368:
353:
349:
318:
314:
302:
298:
291:
283:
279:
275:
267:
239:
236:
231:
226:
211:
208:helper T cells
203:
198:
195:
186:
178:
170:
158:
143:
139:
131:
107:
91:
86:, and prevent
67:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7187:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7167:
7165:
7155:
7145:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7129:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7102:
7100:
7096:
7090:
7087:
7083:
7080:
7079:
7078:
7075:
7071:
7068:
7067:
7066:
7063:
7062:
7060:
7058:
7054:
7044:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7009:
7008:
7005:
7004:
7002:
7000:
6996:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6967:Clonal anergy
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6954:
6953:
6949:
6948:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6906:
6905:
6903:
6897:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6882:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6857:
6856:Microantibody
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6838:
6837:
6834:
6833:
6831:
6827:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6802:
6798:
6795:
6794:
6791:
6788:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6775:
6774:
6771:
6770:
6767:
6764:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6746:
6745:
6742:
6741:
6739:
6735:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6717:
6710:
6705:
6703:
6698:
6696:
6691:
6690:
6687:
6675:
6674:Prolymphocyte
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6657:
6656:Lymphopoiesis
6653:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6631:
6628:
6627:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6617:
6614:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6584:
6582:
6580:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6567:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6543:
6541:
6539:
6535:
6527:
6521:
6519:
6513:
6511:
6505:
6503:
6497:
6496:
6495:
6494:Memory T cell
6492:
6490:
6487:
6484:
6480:
6472:
6464:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6451:Cytotoxic CD8
6448:
6446:
6443:
6442:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6430:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6412:
6409:
6408:
6407:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6387:Marginal zone
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6359:
6357:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6340:
6335:
6333:
6328:
6326:
6321:
6320:
6317:
6310:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6298:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6282:
6276:
6273:
6270:
6267:
6262:
6259:
6254:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6211:
6208:
6203:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6162:
6159:
6154:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6113:
6110:
6105:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6062:
6059:
6054:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6013:
6010:
6005:
5999:
5996:
5991:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5950:
5948:
5944:
5939:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5898:
5895:
5890:
5886:
5880:
5877:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5829:
5826:
5821:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5778:
5775:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5742:
5739:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5683:
5680:
5675:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5642:
5639:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5598:
5595:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5554:
5551:
5546:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5497:
5494:
5489:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5448:
5445:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5405:
5402:
5397:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5340:
5337:
5332:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5289:
5287:
5283:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5242:
5239:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5207:
5205:
5201:
5196:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5163:
5160:
5155:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5114:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5101:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5076:(1): 93ā103.
5075:
5071:
5067:
5060:
5057:
5052:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5011:
5008:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4968:
4965:
4960:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4909:
4906:
4901:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4858:
4855:
4850:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4809:
4806:
4801:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4776:(5): e89530.
4775:
4771:
4767:
4760:
4757:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4703:
4700:
4695:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4652:
4649:
4644:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4601:
4598:
4593:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4552:
4549:
4544:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4501:
4498:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4465:
4462:
4457:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4405:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4364:
4361:
4356:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4315:
4312:
4307:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4282:(3): 112135.
4281:
4277:
4273:
4266:
4263:
4258:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4217:
4214:
4209:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4168:
4165:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4133:
4130:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4082:
4080:
4076:
4070:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3990:
3987:
3982:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3939:
3936:
3931:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3888:
3885:
3880:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3829:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3767:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3726:
3723:
3718:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3677:
3674:
3669:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3628:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3593:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3532:
3529:
3524:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3431:
3428:
3423:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3330:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3194:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3109:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2803:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2541:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2166:FASEB Journal
2163:
2156:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1804:Immunotherapy
1801:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1688:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1605:
1603:
1597:
1592:
1583:gene (TSDR, T
1582:
1581:
1572:
1563:
1561:
1548:
1546:
1520:
1517:
1516:interleukin-2
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1484:
1461:
1441:
1439:
1428:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1380: cells.
1375:
1370:
1369: cells.
1343:
1333:
1329:
1308:
1298:
1293:
1290:
1284:
1275:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1254:
1252:
1246:
1242:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1198:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1164:
1162:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1075:Bacteroidales
1072:
1071:Clostridiales
1068:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
956:
954:
944:
943:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
905:
900:
891:
887:
886:17 cells
877:
875:
874:demethylation
863:
819:
818:17 cells
799:
797:
795:
790:
788:
783:
779:
775:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
751:
747:
739:
734:
730:
726:
722:
719:
718:interleukin 2
714:
709:
706:
698:
694:
690:
687:
683:
679:
675:
672:
668:
664:
661:
657:
653:
650:
646:
642:
641:
640:
638:
637:
627:
623:
621:
620:IPEX syndrome
617:
613:
612:immune system
605:
603:
601:
589:
585:
577:
565:
561:
553:
549:
545:
532:
514:
502:
494:
491:) encoded by
490:
477:
449:
447:
445:
433:
428:
424:
421:
404:
402:
397:
395:
383:
379:
365:
363:
359:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
322:
312:
308:
295:
289:
273:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
237:
235:
224:
220:
215:
209:
196:
194:
192:
191:Immunotherapy
184:
176:
168:
167:wound healing
164:
156:
151:
149:
137:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
105:
101:
97:
89:
85:
81:
80:immune system
77:
73:
63:
37:
33:
19:
6934:Inflammation
6919:Alloimmunity
6914:Autoimmunity
6899:Immunity vs.
6851:Autoantibody
6749:Superantigen
6482:
6279:
6275:
6261:
6224:
6220:
6210:
6175:
6171:
6161:
6126:
6122:
6112:
6075:
6071:
6061:
6026:
6022:
6012:
5998:
5963:
5959:
5911:
5907:
5897:
5888:
5879:
5838:
5834:
5828:
5791:
5787:
5777:
5752:
5748:
5741:
5696:
5692:
5682:
5655:
5651:
5641:
5608:
5604:
5597:
5564:
5560:
5553:
5510:
5506:
5496:
5461:
5457:
5447:
5414:
5410:
5404:
5364:(1): 14649.
5361:
5357:
5339:
5302:
5298:
5252:
5248:
5241:
5216:
5212:
5176:
5172:
5162:
5130:(1): 36ā45.
5127:
5123:
5073:
5069:
5059:
5024:
5020:
5010:
4977:
4973:
4967:
4922:
4918:
4908:
4871:
4867:
4857:
4822:
4818:
4808:
4773:
4769:
4759:
4716:
4712:
4702:
4665:
4661:
4651:
4614:
4610:
4600:
4565:
4561:
4551:
4514:
4510:
4500:
4475:
4471:
4464:
4429:
4425:
4377:
4373:
4363:
4328:
4324:
4314:
4279:
4276:Cell Reports
4275:
4265:
4230:
4226:
4216:
4181:
4177:
4167:
4142:
4138:
4132:
4091:
4087:
4062:: e8529578.
4059:
4055:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3952:
3948:
3938:
3901:
3897:
3887:
3842:
3838:
3828:
3791:
3787:
3739:
3735:
3725:
3690:
3686:
3676:
3641:
3637:
3627:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3549:
3545:
3538:Kronenberg M
3531:
3496:
3492:
3444:
3440:
3430:
3393:
3389:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3302:
3298:
3288:
3271:11343/276776
3254:(1): 27ā38.
3251:
3247:
3237:
3207:(1): 48ā57.
3204:
3200:
3193:
3166:
3162:
3152:
3125:
3121:
3111:
3084:
3080:
3070:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3000:
2996:
2986:
2951:
2947:
2937:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2816:
2812:
2802:
2767:
2763:
2753:
2718:10033/622148
2700:
2696:
2652:
2648:
2638:
2603:
2599:
2589:
2557:(1): 63ā76.
2554:
2550:
2540:
2507:
2503:
2461:
2457:
2409:
2405:
2395:
2360:
2356:
2346:
2309:
2305:
2253:
2249:
2239:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2026:
2022:
2016:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1881:
1877:
1867:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1807:
1803:
1793:
1758:
1754:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1657:
1655:) syndrome.
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1613:
1609:
1593:
1578:
1564:
1549:
1521:
1490:
1483:inhibition.
1445:
1429:
1406:
1371:
1344:
1309:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1262:preeclamptic
1258:
1244:
1234:
1222:
1190:
1179:
1176:tuberculosis
1168:
1159:
1152:transcript.
1147:
1141:
1134:
1123:
1102:
1086:
1079:
1063:
1050:
1031:
1010:Neuropilin-1
1007:
991:fermentation
960:
940:
928:
924:
916:
913:H. polygyrus
912:
908:
902:
878:
836: and nT
803:
794:Neuropilin-1
791:
787:inflammation
773:
772:
755:
754:
743:
634:
632:
609:
587:
575:
563:
551:
533:
500:
492:
475:
453:
405:
398:
381:
377:
366:
323:
296:
241:
218:
216:
200:
152:
100:downregulate
71:
35:
31:
29:
7175:Human cells
7057:Lymphocytes
6716:Lymphocytic
6669:Lymphoblast
6367:Plasmablast
6346:Lymphocytes
4925:(1): 3031.
4825:(4): e465.
4770:JCI Insight
4568:(1): 4ā17.
3845:(1): 1741.
2217:: 531ā562.
2125:: 423ā449.
1647:nteropathy
1438:depletion.
907:and termed
768:lymph nodes
244:bone marrow
238:Development
197:Populations
148:homeostasis
146: cell
82:, maintain
7164:Categories
7098:Substances
6962:Peripheral
6950:Inaction:
6829:Antibodies
6810:Macrophage
6723:complement
6483:Regulatory
6456:Helper CD4
6382:Follicular
6227:: 256460.
6078:: 621693.
5794:: 636238.
5305:(1): 116.
5255:: 155351.
4562:Immunology
4517:: 716499.
2312:: 643153.
1683:References
1596:mast cells
1460:ipilimumab
1181:Leishmania
1172:retroviral
1165:Infections
1082:tryptophan
967:Th17 cells
862:Epigenetic
656:Granzyme B
515:negative T
311:stochastic
307:Goldilocks
7115:Cytolysin
7105:Cytokines
6952:Tolerance
6901:tolerance
6820:Immunogen
6642:LTi cells
6597:Null cell
6445:Thymocyte
6292:GeneTests
5733:257152898
5277:226218796
5195:2472-3428
4819:Neurology
4751:220579402
3229:205361984
2745:210913733
1651:-linked (
1624:allergies
1255:Pregnancy
1216:infected
979:germ-free
686:adenosine
660:apoptosis
183:prognosis
128:CD4 cells
126:as naĆÆve
18:Treg cell
7154:Medicine
7065:Cellular
6909:Immunity
6907:Action:
6890:Paratope
6878:Idiotype
6868:Allotype
6836:Antibody
6790:Mimotope
6754:Allergen
6737:Antigens
6730:Lymphoid
6630:Nuocytes
6579:NK cells
6411:B10 cell
6253:21941651
6202:22941509
6153:23095864
6104:23710469
6053:23729499
5990:18660382
5938:23857231
5863:16921386
5820:24995020
5769:19147574
5725:36825901
5716:10952637
5674:19635903
5633:24012204
5625:24752698
5589:39984435
5581:24980778
5545:17237765
5488:31102428
5439:59526013
5431:30705439
5396:28290453
5331:32680511
5269:33127257
5249:Cytokine
5233:23639322
5154:23199321
5100:21629244
5051:17615291
5002:18794337
4994:16322278
4959:31292453
4900:30972068
4849:29845093
4800:28289705
4743:32669326
4694:29706961
4643:34324509
4592:32463116
4543:34421921
4492:29991500
4456:23241743
4404:21147109
4355:30650377
4325:Immunity
4306:36840944
4297:10150404
4257:31235962
4208:32402238
4159:30902637
4139:Immunity
4116:26160380
4024:26160380
3981:33988885
3930:29510118
3879:29170498
3820:33929751
3766:17620361
3717:30397350
3668:19371792
3619:28094101
3584:24736012
3576:17569825
3523:17620362
3471:21723159
3441:Immunity
3422:31993063
3396:: 3100.
3356:22116087
3321:18510923
3280:33301176
3221:19011627
3185:15485628
3163:Immunity
3144:17082591
3103:17449799
3054:17767193
3019:15699103
2978:16314435
2929:12791312
2886:18033300
2843:10899916
2794:23195532
2737:31988493
2671:23420886
2630:11901204
2581:21488890
2524:17982458
2478:25939024
2436:30643267
2387:31591259
2338:33643324
2280:27026074
2231:15032588
2196:36277557
2188:22362896
2147:15160752
2139:10837065
2100:24434314
2051:12522256
2008:18508251
1959:23874336
1908:26826250
1859:21621000
1824:21843075
1785:17476346
1725:16648838
1671:See also
1606:Epitopes
1020:, ICOS,
746:ontogeny
727:through
636:In vitro
606:Function
378:in vitro
219:in vitro
7170:T cells
7142:Biology
7128:Portals
7110:Opsonin
7089:NK cell
7077:Humoral
6957:Central
6924:Allergy
6873:Isotype
6773:Epitope
6744:Antigen
6433:T cells
6362:B1 cell
6354:B cells
6244:3175387
6193:3538121
6144:3660767
6095:3655598
6044:3714563
5981:2569179
5929:3776637
5843:Bibcode
5811:4065696
5536:3008159
5515:Bibcode
5479:6609813
5387:5355894
5366:Bibcode
5322:7367382
5145:3530093
5091:3137407
5042:1988926
4950:6620275
4927:Bibcode
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4634:8321116
4583:7450170
4534:8371910
4447:3762575
4395:3049831
4346:6512335
4248:6677395
4199:7393667
4124:2663636
4096:Bibcode
4088:Science
4032:2663636
4004:Bibcode
3996:Science
3972:9214624
3921:5904571
3870:5701006
3847:Bibcode
3811:8453874
3757:2118683
3708:6474659
3659:2728495
3554:Bibcode
3546:Science
3514:2118682
3462:3295638
3413:6971100
3364:9617595
3062:5544429
2969:1350743
2894:4425281
2866:Bibcode
2834:2193261
2785:3610842
2770:: 1ā8.
2728:7853075
2621:2193736
2572:3101713
2532:8925488
2486:7670443
2427:6650268
2378:6910132
2329:7904894
2271:4968889
2091:3928692
2059:9697928
2031:Bibcode
2023:Science
1999:3319305
1950:3708155
1933:: 190.
1899:4761457
1776:1857250
1733:4391497
1705:Bibcode
1245:Ex vivo
1186:malaria
1156:Disease
1054:colitis
971:mucosal
925:in vivo
695:and by
588:de novo
576:de novo
564:de novo
476:de novo
442:s from
406:Foxp3 T
394:colitis
382:in vivo
185:, and T
124:lineage
76:T cells
7082:B cell
7070:T cell
6815:B cell
6778:Linear
6766:Hapten
6377:Memory
6372:Plasma
6311:(MeSH)
6251:
6241:
6200:
6190:
6151:
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6102:
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5871:686654
5869:
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5835:Nature
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1697:Nature
1493:thymus
1400:, and
1269:Cancer
1149:IL-17a
1126:Gata3+
1110:CTLA-4
1022:CTLA-4
1003:MHC II
911:-TGM (
868:and iT
750:thymus
733:CTLA-4
647:, and
548:IL-1R2
305:is a "
248:thymus
175:tumors
155:models
153:Mouse
118:, and
6489:NaĆÆve
6397:Pre-B
6392:NaĆÆve
5960:Blood
5867:S2CID
5729:S2CID
5629:S2CID
5585:S2CID
5435:S2CID
5273:S2CID
5021:Blood
4998:S2CID
4747:S2CID
4120:S2CID
4028:S2CID
3580:S2CID
3360:S2CID
3225:S2CID
3081:Blood
3058:S2CID
2890:S2CID
2741:S2CID
2528:S2CID
2482:S2CID
2192:S2CID
2143:S2CID
2055:S2CID
1729:S2CID
1580:FOXP3
1504:FOXP3
1500:FOXP3
1402:TGF-Ī²
1398:IL-35
1394:IL-10
1382:FOXP3
1374:FOXP3
1130:IL-33
1114:STAT3
1046:IL-17
1038:IL-10
1018:IL-10
963:RORĪ³t
942:FOXP3
937:CTLA4
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782:TGF-b
760:FoxP3
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560:IL-1Ī²
552:Il1r2
501:Il2ra
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444:TGF-Ī²
432:TGF-Ī²
362:cTECs
358:mTECs
346:TNFR2
326:IL-2R
317:and T
116:FOXP3
36:Tregs
6721:and
6449:Ī±Ī² (
6406:cell
6281:ipex
6269:IPEX
6249:PMID
6225:2011
6198:PMID
6149:PMID
6100:PMID
6076:2013
6049:PMID
5986:PMID
5934:PMID
5859:PMID
5816:PMID
5792:2014
5765:PMID
5721:PMID
5670:PMID
5621:PMID
5577:PMID
5541:PMID
5484:PMID
5427:PMID
5392:PMID
5327:PMID
5265:PMID
5229:PMID
5191:ISSN
5150:PMID
5096:PMID
5047:PMID
4990:PMID
4955:PMID
4896:PMID
4845:PMID
4796:PMID
4739:PMID
4690:PMID
4639:PMID
4588:PMID
4539:PMID
4488:PMID
4452:PMID
4400:PMID
4351:PMID
4302:PMID
4253:PMID
4204:PMID
4178:Cell
4155:PMID
4112:PMID
4060:2022
4020:PMID
3977:PMID
3926:PMID
3875:PMID
3816:PMID
3762:PMID
3713:PMID
3664:PMID
3615:PMID
3572:PMID
3519:PMID
3467:PMID
3418:PMID
3352:PMID
3317:PMID
3299:Cell
3276:PMID
3217:PMID
3181:PMID
3140:PMID
3099:PMID
3050:PMID
3015:PMID
2974:PMID
2925:PMID
2882:PMID
2839:PMID
2790:PMID
2733:PMID
2667:PMID
2626:PMID
2577:PMID
2520:PMID
2474:PMID
2432:PMID
2383:PMID
2334:PMID
2276:PMID
2227:PMID
2184:PMID
2135:PMID
2096:PMID
2047:PMID
2004:PMID
1955:PMID
1904:PMID
1855:PMID
1820:PMID
1781:PMID
1721:PMID
1660:IPEX
1658:The
1653:IPEX
1560:OX40
1545:GITR
1330:and
1184:and
1146:and
1143:Rorc
1106:IL-6
1073:and
1042:Th17
1014:CD44
933:CD25
890:IL-6
820:. iT
780:and
778:IL-2
762:and
729:CD28
693:LAG3
682:CD73
680:and
678:CD39
610:The
544:CD24
513:CD31
489:CD25
427:B7.2
425:and
420:CD28
401:PD-1
390:regs
380:and
360:and
344:and
342:OX40
338:GITR
334:TNFR
332:and
330:CD25
282:s. T
165:and
120:CD25
66:or T
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7043:HLA
7039:MHC
6404:reg
6286:NIH
6284:at
6239:PMC
6229:doi
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6180:doi
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6131:doi
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6080:doi
6039:PMC
6031:doi
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5968:doi
5964:112
5924:PMC
5916:doi
5851:doi
5839:442
5806:PMC
5796:doi
5757:doi
5711:PMC
5701:doi
5697:101
5660:doi
5656:183
5613:doi
5569:doi
5531:PMC
5523:doi
5511:445
5474:PMC
5466:doi
5462:110
5419:doi
5382:PMC
5374:doi
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5348:reg
5317:PMC
5307:doi
5257:doi
5253:138
5221:doi
5181:doi
5140:PMC
5132:doi
5128:171
5086:PMC
5078:doi
5074:105
5037:PMC
5029:doi
5025:110
4982:doi
4945:PMC
4935:doi
4886:PMC
4876:doi
4835:PMC
4827:doi
4786:PMC
4778:doi
4729:PMC
4721:doi
4680:PMC
4670:doi
4629:PMC
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4578:PMC
4570:doi
4566:161
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4519:doi
4480:doi
4442:PMC
4434:doi
4390:PMC
4382:doi
4378:140
4341:PMC
4333:doi
4292:PMC
4284:doi
4243:PMC
4235:doi
4194:PMC
4186:doi
4182:181
4147:doi
4104:doi
4092:349
4064:doi
4012:doi
4000:349
3967:PMC
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3906:doi
3865:PMC
3855:doi
3806:PMC
3796:doi
3752:PMC
3744:doi
3740:204
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3646:doi
3607:doi
3562:doi
3550:317
3509:PMC
3501:doi
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3457:PMC
3449:doi
3408:PMC
3398:doi
3344:doi
3307:doi
3303:133
3266:hdl
3256:doi
3209:doi
3171:doi
3130:doi
3126:177
3089:doi
3085:110
3042:doi
3005:doi
3001:174
2964:PMC
2956:doi
2952:202
2917:doi
2874:doi
2862:450
2829:PMC
2821:doi
2817:192
2780:PMC
2772:doi
2723:PMC
2713:hdl
2705:doi
2657:doi
2653:190
2616:PMC
2608:doi
2604:195
2567:PMC
2559:doi
2555:241
2512:doi
2466:doi
2422:PMC
2414:doi
2373:PMC
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2361:203
2324:PMC
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2258:doi
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2174:doi
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2082:138
2039:doi
2027:299
1994:PMC
1986:doi
1945:PMC
1935:doi
1894:PMC
1886:doi
1882:196
1847:doi
1812:doi
1771:PMC
1763:doi
1759:117
1713:doi
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1237:reg
1231:ALS
1214:SIV
1210:reg
1206:reg
1202:reg
1197:HIV
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1093:Th2
1067:IgE
1058:IgA
1001:by
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350:reg
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315:eff
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299:reg
292:reg
288:TCR
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280:reg
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268:reg
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260:TCR
256:CD8
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225:, T
223:Tr1
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