1181:
519:
2763:
1204:, which were eaten raw, affecting 14 people in total. The incidence of trichinosis in the U.S. has decreased dramatically in the past century from an average of 400 cases per year mid-20th century down to an annual average of 20 cases per year (2008–10). The number of cases has decreased because of legislation prohibiting the feeding of raw meat garbage to hogs, increased commercial and home freezing of pork, and the public awareness of the danger of eating raw or undercooked pork products.
4240:
1110:, decreases the likelihood of larval encystation, particularly if given within three days of infection. However, most cases are diagnosed after this time. In humans, mebendazole (200–400 mg three times a day for three days) or albendazole (400 mg twice a day for 8–14 days) is given to treat trichinosis. These drugs prevent newly hatched larvae from developing, but should not be given to pregnant women or children under two years of age.
4251:
4271:
1401:(ICT) was formed in Budapest in 1958. Its mission is to exchange information on the epidemiology, biology, pathophysiology, immunology, and clinical aspects of trichinosis in humans and animals. Prevention is a primary goal. Since the creation of the ICT, its members (more than 110 from 46 countries) have regularly gathered and worked together during meetings held every four years: the
1252:. However, a trichinosis surveillance conducted between 1997 and 2001 showed a higher percentage of cases caused by consumption of wild game (the sylvatic transmission cycle). This is thought to be due to the Federal Swine Health Protection Act (Public Law 96-468) that was passed by Congress in 1980. Prior to this act, swine were fed garbage that could potentially be infected by
639:
4281:
4230:
4261:
1353:, while witnessing an autopsy at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital in London. Paget took special interest in the presentation of muscle with white flecks, described as a "sandy diaphragm". Although Paget is most likely the first person to have noticed and recorded these findings, the parasite was named and published in a report by his professor,
684:, in which the larva will be encapsulated, potentially for the life of the host, waiting for the host to be eaten. The development of a capillary network around the nurse cell completes encystation of the larva. Trichinosis is not soil-transmitted, as the parasite does not lay eggs, nor can it survive long outside a host.
1158:
Another study used extracts and excretory–secretory products from first-stage larvae to produce an oral vaccine. To prevent gastric acids from dissolving the antigens before reaching the small intestine, scientists encapsulated the antigens in microcapsules. This vaccine significantly increased CD4+
700:
An epidemiological investigation can be done to determine a patient's exposure to raw infected meat. Often, an infection arises from home-preparation of contaminated meat, in which case microscopy of the meat may be used to determine the infection. Exposure determination does not have to be directly
786:
Public education about the dangers of consuming raw and undercooked meat, especially pork, may reduce infection rates. Hunters are also an at-risk population due to their contact and consumption of wild game, including bear. As such, many states, such as New York, require the completion of a course
854:
for variation in internal temperature within a particular cut of pork, which may have bones that affect temperature uniformity, is prudent. In addition, kitchen thermometers have measurement error that must be considered. Pork may be cooked for significantly longer and at a higher uniform internal
398:
Worldwide, about 10,000 infections occur a year. At least 55 countries including the United States, China, Argentina, and Russia have had recently documented cases. While the disease occurs in the tropics, it is less common there. Rates of trichinosis in the United States have decreased from about
672:
Thirty to 34 hours after the cysts were originally ingested, the adults mate, and within five days produce larvae. Adult worms can only reproduce for a limited time, because the immune system eventually expels them from the small intestine. The larvae then use their piercing mouthpart, called the
1159:
cell levels, and increased antigen-specific serum IgGq and IgA, resulting in a statistically significant reduction in the average number of adult worms in the small intestines of mice. The significance of this approach is that, if the white blood cells in the small intestine have been exposed to
1073:
The USDA Animal and Plant Health
Inspection Service (APHIS) is responsible for the regulations concerning the importation of swine from foreign countries. The Foreign Origin Meat and Meat Products, Swine section covers swine meat (cooked, cured and dried, and fresh). APHIS developed the National
1256:. This act was put in place to prevent trichinella-contaminated food from being given to swine. Additionally, other requirements were put in place, such as rodent control, limiting commercial swine contact with wildlife, maintaining good hygiene, and removing dead pigs from pens immediately.
1259:
Between 2002 and 2007, 11 trichinosis cases were reported to the CDC each year on average in the United States, and 2008–10 averaged 20 cases per year; these were mostly the result of consuming undercooked game (sylvatic transmission) or home-reared pigs (domestic transmission).
407:
The great majority of trichinosis infections have either minor or no symptoms and no complications. The two main phases for the infection are enteral (affecting the intestines) and parenteral (outside the intestines). The symptoms vary depending on the phase, species of
3860:
1069:
make the following recommendation: "Curing (salting), drying, smoking, or microwaving meat does not consistently kill infective worms." However, under controlled commercial food processing conditions, some of these methods are considered effective by the USDA.
2422:"Electronic Code of Federal Regulations; Title 9: Animals and Animal Products; Part 318 – Entry into Official Establishments; Reinspection and Preparation of Products; § 318.10 Prescribed treatment of pork and products containing pork to destroy trichinae"
2421:
795:
Testing methods are available for both individual carcasses and monitoring of the herds. Artificial digestion method is usually used for the testing of individual carcasses, while the testing for specific antibodies is usually used for herd monitoring.
2825:
Roy, Sharon, Adriana Lopez, and Peter
Schantz. "Trichinellosis Surveillance – United States, 1997–2001." Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Surveillance Summaries (2003): 1–8. JSTOR. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC). Web. 1 Dec.
71:
395:. Their use during pregnancy or in children under the age of 2 years is poorly studied, but appears to be safe. Treatment with steroids is sometimes also required in severe cases. Without treatment, symptoms typically resolve within three months.
1284:
prohibit eating pork. In the 19th century, when the association between trichinosis and undercooked pork was first established, this association was suggested to be the reason for the prohibition, reminiscent of the earlier opinion of medieval
5431:
5416:
5401:
1211:
Trichinosis is common in developing countries where meat fed to pigs is raw or undercooked, but infections also arise in developed countries in Europe where raw or undercooked pork, wild boar and horse meat may be consumed as delicacies.
1142:
have tried using either "larval extracts, excretory–secretory antigen, DNA, or recombinant antigen protein." Currently, no marketable vaccine is available for trichinosis, but experimental mouse studies have suggested possibilities.
484:, a very rare form of stroke (three or four cases per million annual incidence in adults). Trichinosis can be fatal depending on the severity of the infection; death can occur 4–6 weeks after the infection, and is usually caused by
701:
from a laboratory-confirmed infected animal. Indirect exposure criteria include the consumption of products from a laboratory-confirmed infected animal, or sharing of a common exposure with a laboratory-confirmed infected human.
1113:
Medical references from the 1940s described no specific treatment for trichinosis at the time, but intravenous injection of calcium salts was found to be useful in managing symptoms related to severe toxemia from the infection.
1200:, but two known outbreaks occurred in 2015. In the first outbreak, around 40 people were infected in Liguria, Italy, during a New Year's Eve celebration. The second outbreak in France was associated with pork sausages from
5564:
1207:
China reports around 10,000 cases every year, so is the country with the highest number of cases. In China, between 1964 and 1998, over 20,000 people became infected with trichinosis, and more than 200 people died.
827:
Wild game: Wild game meat must be cooked thoroughly (see meat preparation above) Freezing wild game does not kill all trichinosis larval worms, because the worm species that typically infests wild game can resist
2594:
Dea-Ayuela M. A., Iniguz S.R., Fernandez F.B. (2006). "Vaccination of mice against intestinal
Trichinella spiralis infections by oral administration of antigens microencapsulated in methacrilic acid copolymers".
2425:
448:
The severity of symptoms caused by larval migration from the intestines depends on the number of larvae produced. As the larvae migrate through tissue and vessels, the body's inflammatory response results in
1163:
antigens (through vaccination), when an individual does get infected, the immune system will respond to expel the worms from the small intestine fast enough to prevent the female worms from releasing their
1301:
The disappearance of the pathogen from domestic pigs has led to a relaxation of legislation and control efforts by veterinary public health systems. Trichinosis has lately been thought of as a re-emerging
560:
is the second-most common species to infect humans; it is distributed throughout Europe, Asia, and northern and western Africa, usually in wild carnivores, crocodiles, birds, wild boar, and domesticated
1317:
infections in swine and, consequently, in humans. For instance, "the overthrow of the social and political structures in the 1990s" in
Romania led to an increase in the incidence rate of trichinosis.
5519:
2523:
Gu Y., Li J., Zhu X., Yang J., Li Q., Liu Z., Yu S., Li Y. (2008). "Trichinella spiralis: Characterization of phage-displayed specific epitopes and their protective immunity in BALB/c mice".
1074:
Trichinae
Certification Program; this is a voluntary "preharvest" program for U.S. swine producers "that will provide documentation of swine management practices" to reduce the incidence of
1090:
As with most diseases, early treatment is better and decreases the risk of developing disease. If larvae do encyst in skeletal muscle cells, they can remain infectious for months to years.
4023:
1999:
Pozio E, et al. (Dec 2002). "Trichinella zimbabwensis n.sp. (Nematoda), a new non-encapsulated species from crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) in
Zimbabwe also infecting mammals".
2386:
In addition, out of the reports of trichinosis in the United States, all have been a result of mass production, particularly in large venues, such as cafeterias and mall food courts.
1155:), which were subsequently infected. Depending on the dosage and frequency of immunization, results ranged from a decreased larval count to complete protection from trichinosis.
391:. Rapid treatment may kill adult worms and thereby stop further worsening of symptoms. Both medications are considered safe, but have been associated with side effects such as
3988:
589:
infects both mammals and reptiles, including crocodiles, humans, and wild and domestic pigs; this species, found in Papua New Guinea and
Thailand, is also nonencapsulated.
1037:
Unsafe and unreliable methods of cooking meat include the use of microwave ovens, curing, drying, and smoking, as these methods are difficult to standardize and control.
575:, which has a high resistance to freezing, is found in the Arctic and subarctic regions; reservoir hosts include polar bears, Arctic foxes, walruses, and other wild game.
4018:
3474:
3978:
2673:
3155:
522:
Animal tissue infected with the parasite that causes the disease trichinosis: Most parasites are shown in cross section, but some randomly appear in long section.
3910:
1333:
pinpointed undercooked meat as the primary vector for the parasite, and two decades afterwards, this hypothesis was fully accepted by the scientific community.
846:
Pork can be safely cooked to a slightly lower temperature, provided that the internal meat temperature is at least as hot for at least as long as listed in the
4163:
3877:
2698:
5524:
4101:
2475:
3031:
2780:
2396:
2388:
1402:
1398:
1066:
360:
being the most common. After the infected meat has been eaten, the larvae are released from their cysts in the stomach. They then invade the wall of the
1180:
3939:
2908:"A dramatic increase in the incidence of human trichinellosis in Romania over the past 25 years: Impact of political changes and regional food habits"
3983:
3845:
1325:
As early as 1835, trichinosis was known to have been caused by a parasite, but the mechanism of infection was unclear at the time. A decade later,
5559:
4317:
3953:
2417:
4284:
717:, and muscle pain. The case definition for trichinosis at the European Center for Disease Control states, "at least three of the following six:
5554:
96:
3797:
3075:
USDA regulations – Title 9 – Chapter 3 – Part 318 – includes "Prescribed treatment of pork and products containing pork to destroy trichinae."
3944:
3892:
1619:
834:: Freezing cuts of pork less than 6 inches thick for 20 days at 5 °F (−15 °C) or three days at −4 °F (−20 °C) kills
505:
4147:
3958:
3887:
3812:
3631:
824:(including pork) can be safely prepared by cooking to an internal temperature of 165 °F (74 °C) or higher for 15 seconds or more.
3105:
Jokelainen P, Näreaho A, Hälli O, Heinonen M, Sukura A (June 2012). "Farmed wild boars exposed to
Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella spp".
1061:
Control and destruction of meat containing trichinae, e.g., removal and proper disposal of porcine diaphragms prior to public sale of meat
2978:
676:
The larvae travel by capillaries to various organs, such as the retina, myocardium, or lymph nodes; however, only larvae that migrate to
4135:
4013:
2558:
Ali S, El-Zawawy L, El-Said D, Gaafar M (2007). "Immunization against trichinellosis using microwaved larvae of
Trichinella spiralis".
2036:"Detection of natural Trichinella murrelli and Trichinella spiralis infections in horses by routine post-slaughter food safety testing"
3148:
1679:
1538:
1509:
653:
involves humans, pigs, and rodents. A pig becomes infected when it eats infectious cysts in raw meat, often porcine carrion or a rat (
2945:
665:, which help release the larvae from the cysts into the stomach. The larvae then migrate to the small intestine, and burrow into the
383:
can verify that the temperature inside the meat is high enough. Infection is typically treated with antiparasitic medication such as
4152:
4111:
4076:
4061:
4043:
3968:
3747:
2851:
2326:
2293:
United States
Department of Agriculture – Food Safety and Inspection Service. "NSS NRTE/RTE Establishment Responsibilities." (2006).
3038:
Moorhead A, Grunenwald PE, Dietz VJ, Schantz PM (1999). "Trichinellosis in the United States, 1991–1996: Declining but not gone".
2345:
1704:
1644:
5534:
4157:
3993:
3924:
3919:
1381:, which involved feeding infected meat to a dog and performing the subsequent necropsy, led to the discovery of the lifecycle of
481:
1502:
Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders
4096:
4003:
3867:
3782:
3545:
2123:
1479:
1732:
1240:
reports, some swine herds have trichinosis infection rates above 50%, with correspondingly large numbers of human infections.
4125:
3998:
3835:
3802:
2669:
1196:
is the species responsible for most of these infections. Infection was once very common, but this disease is now rare in the
1578:
709:
Clinical presentation of the common trichinosis symptoms may also suggest infection. These symptoms include eye puffiness,
3901:
3855:
3291:
3141:
2805:
5529:
4776:
4130:
692:
Diagnosis of trichinosis is confirmed by a combination of exposure history, clinical diagnosis, and laboratory testing.
346:
is eaten. In North America this is most often bear, but infection can also occur from pork, boar, and dog meat. Several
3074:
5113:
4762:
4669:
4310:
4184:
3882:
3840:
3194:
2091:
1378:
1293:
that food forbidden by Jewish law was "unwholesome". This theory was controversial, and eventually fell out of favor.
3090:
2454:
1306:, supplemented by the increased distribution of meat products, political changes, a changing climate, and increasing
2712:
Ruetsch C, Delaunay P, Armengaud A, Peloux-Petiot F, Dupouy-Camet J, Vallée I, Polack B, Boireau P, Marty P (2016).
4179:
2302:
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation – Hunting Licenses <www.dec.ny.gov/permits/6094.html>
2694:
5353:
5276:
5247:
4209:
3929:
2363:
1414:
1237:
749:
can be used to aid in the diagnosis of trichinosis. Blood tests include a complete blood count for eosinophilia,
673:"stylet", to pass through the intestinal mucosa and enter the lymphatic vessels, and then enter the bloodstream.
657:). A human becomes infected by consuming raw or undercooked infected pork (domestic cycle). In the stomach, the
5549:
5446:
5359:
4454:
4398:
4071:
3432:
3424:
3267:
3025:
2776:
2392:
722:
567:
also infects humans, especially from black bear meat; it is distributed among wild carnivores in North America.
399:
400 cases per year in the 1940s to 20 or fewer per year in the 2000s. The risk of death from infection is low.
774:
for inspections, rodent control, and improved hygiene. A similar protocol exists in the United States, in the
770:
Laws and rules for food producers may improve food safety for consumers, such as the rules established by the
5296:
5091:
5080:
4664:
4604:
4590:
4413:
4392:
4051:
3963:
3404:
3279:
1872:
John D. and William A. Petri. Markell and Voge's Medical Parasitology. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2006.
518:
392:
151:
4264:
2762:
1167:
A DNA vaccine tested on mice "induced a muscle larva burden reduction in BALB/c mice by 29% in response to
601:
can infect mammals, and possibly humans; this nonencapsulated species was detected in crocodiles in Africa.
5539:
5194:
4989:
4842:
4532:
4527:
4518:
4494:
4303:
4119:
4039:
3934:
3757:
3636:
3021:
2448:
USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service APHIS – Veterinary Services. Retrieved February 11, 2009,
750:
477:
365:
329:
196:
5075:
4618:
4499:
4380:
4141:
4091:
4086:
3830:
3578:
473:
2714:"Inadequate labeling of pork sausages prepared in Corsica causing a trichinellosis outbreak in France"
368:, where they form cysts. The diagnosis is usually based on symptoms and confirmed by finding specific
364:, where they develop into adult worms. After one week, the females release new larvae that migrate to
5327:
5154:
4994:
4968:
4950:
4720:
4254:
3568:
3397:
3252:
595:
infects birds and mammals, and has demonstrated infection in humans; it is a nonencapsulated species.
547:
355:
4610:
5435:
5366:
5341:
5268:
4935:
4884:
4459:
4440:
4386:
4375:
4270:
4214:
3973:
3671:
3099:
771:
710:
555:
462:
5227:
5213:
5119:
5099:
5069:
4929:
4904:
4804:
4754:
4645:
4576:
4479:
3872:
3825:
3767:
3651:
3323:
3063:
2631:
1907:
585:
581:, found in East African predators and scavengers, has been documented to cause a few human cases.
570:
103:
1052:
Not allowing hogs to eat carcasses of other animals, including rats, which may be infected with
5544:
5486:
5457:
4474:
4419:
4326:
4199:
4008:
3694:
3328:
3313:
3295:
3209:
3122:
3055:
2975:
2927:
2888:
2847:
2751:
2733:
2651:
2612:
2567:
2540:
2322:
2316:
2276:
2258:
2219:
2167:
2073:
2055:
2016:
1981:
1899:
1882:
Evans RW, Patter BM (1982). "Trichinosis associated with superior sagittal sinus thrombosis".
1852:
1799:
1675:
1669:
1615:
1505:
1286:
1152:
666:
662:
454:
267:
180:
91:
5410:
1385:. Through these experiments, Virchow was able to describe the development and infectivity of
436:
from two to seven days after infection, while small worm burdens generally are asymptomatic.
5260:
5253:
5133:
4747:
4715:
4295:
3850:
3762:
3742:
3590:
3560:
3176:
3114:
3047:
2919:
2880:
2741:
2725:
2643:
2604:
2532:
2266:
2250:
2209:
2201:
2157:
2063:
2047:
2008:
1971:
1963:
1891:
1842:
1834:
1789:
1781:
1530:
1184:
Pork sausages eaten raw by consumers caused an outbreak of trichinellosis in 2015 in France.
805:
380:
468:
They may very rarely cause enough damage to produce serious neurological deficits (such as
5087:
5001:
4739:
4689:
4684:
4582:
4567:
4506:
4405:
4066:
3772:
3734:
3704:
3550:
3483:
3348:
3333:
3257:
3224:
3094:
2982:
2953:
1374:
851:
714:
677:
361:
209:
205:
552:
is most adapted to swine, most pathogenic in humans, and is cosmopolitan in distribution.
1700:
1640:
1248:
Historically, pork products were thought to have the most risk of infecting humans with
5219:
5182:
5127:
4942:
4921:
4890:
4848:
4727:
4676:
4655:
4624:
4596:
4539:
4466:
4189:
3353:
3318:
3214:
2746:
2713:
2670:"Relazione dei nas – Genova, allarme carne cruda: decine di intossicati dopo Capodanno"
2497:"Clinical Aspects and Treatment of the More Common Intestinal Parasites of Man (TB-33)"
2271:
2238:
2214:
2189:
2068:
2035:
1976:
1951:
1847:
1818:
1370:
654:
343:
305:
289:
132:
116:
40:
2884:
2647:
2012:
1794:
1765:
638:
5513:
5206:
5187:
4961:
4956:
4707:
4695:
4446:
4330:
4194:
3714:
3522:
3383:
3363:
3274:
3239:
2838:
2701:
from the original on 2016-09-23 – via Ministero della Salute www.salute.gov.it.
2315:
Thimjos Ninios, Janne Lundén, Hannu Korkeala, Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa, eds. (2014).
2115:
1471:
1326:
1224:
1099:
373:
189:
5440:
3067:
1911:
838:
larval worms; but this will not kill other trichinosis larval worm species, such as
5346:
5302:
5198:
5105:
4980:
4551:
4244:
4204:
3719:
3540:
3532:
3502:
3373:
3358:
3204:
1728:
1354:
1330:
842:, if they have infested the pork food supply (which is unlikely, due to geography).
730:
504:
489:
437:
321:
313:
44:
2608:
2536:
1570:
1369:
A series of experiments conducted between 1850 and 1870 by the German researchers
5451:
3118:
2496:
2051:
1313:
Major sociopolitical changes can produce conditions that favor the resurgence of
5481:
5318:
5174:
5055:
5036:
5027:
5015:
4869:
4833:
4815:
4782:
4768:
4560:
4486:
4431:
4366:
4274:
4234:
3820:
3777:
3709:
3689:
3666:
3641:
3445:
3440:
3418:
3411:
3338:
3308:
3164:
2976:"Description of a microscopic entozoon infesting the muscles of the human body,"
1346:
1216:
1197:
1107:
1103:
734:
485:
388:
384:
333:
325:
276:
233:
229:
171:
160:
156:
33:
5462:
3034:. Trichinosis Surveillance, United States, 1987–1990, MMWR 1991;40:(SS-3)35-42.
2729:
530:(found worldwide in many carnivorous and omnivorous animals, both domestic and
5492:
5238:
5160:
5145:
4915:
4874:
4035:
3787:
3752:
3681:
3468:
3343:
3303:
3172:
2923:
2906:
Blaga R, Durand B, Antoniu S, Gherman C, Cretu CM, Cozma V, Boireau P (2007).
2801:
1419:
1290:
1127:
873:
746:
681:
458:
281:
224:
70:
17:
5497:
3051:
2737:
2262:
2146:"First outbreak of human trichinellosis caused by Trichinella pseudospiralis"
2059:
1049:
Keeping pigs in clean pens, with floors that can be washed (such as concrete)
778:
guidelines for farms and slaughterhouse responsibilities in inspecting pork.
5425:
4860:
4703:
4356:
4351:
4081:
3792:
3724:
3699:
3661:
3626:
3618:
3600:
3585:
3573:
3517:
3494:
3462:
3457:
3247:
3026:
https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/trichinosis/factsht_trichinosis.htm
2907:
2868:
1729:"11 Symptoms of Trichinosis, Transmission, Treatment, Life Cycle & Cure"
493:
429:
425:
271:
240:
3126:
2931:
2892:
2755:
2655:
2616:
2571:
2544:
2450:
2280:
2223:
2077:
2020:
1985:
1856:
3087:
3059:
3002:
Blumer G. "Some remarks on the early history of Trichinosis (1822–1866)".
2205:
2171:
1903:
1895:
1838:
1803:
1341:
The circumstances surrounding the first observation and identification of
480:(CNS), which is compromised by trichinosis in 10–24% of reported cases of
420:
A large burden of adult worms in the intestines promotes symptoms such as
5287:
5168:
5060:
5009:
4824:
4338:
4056:
3646:
3595:
3451:
3391:
3219:
3189:
2254:
1967:
1307:
1303:
1220:
1123:
531:
433:
369:
293:
285:
185:
120:
112:
1219:, most infections are associated with undercooked pork. For example, in
4898:
4640:
3512:
3229:
3199:
3133:
2190:"Outbreak of trichinosis (trichiniasis) – contracted in London in 1879"
1785:
1277:
1269:
1201:
1130:, may be used to relieve muscle pain associated with larval migration.
880:
347:
201:
140:
5393:
4229:
5420:
5405:
3656:
3614:
3184:
2034:
Scandrett B, Konecsni K, Lalonde L, Boireau P, Vallée I (June 2018).
1716:
During 2002–2007, 11 cases were reported to CDC each year on average.
1656:
During 2008–2010, 20 cases were reported to CDC each year on average.
511:
469:
453:, muscle pain, fever, and weakness. A classic sign of trichinosis is
421:
412:, quantity of encysted larvae ingested, age, sex, and host immunity.
300:
to muscle, which occurs about a week after being infected, can cause
297:
83:
79:
3020:
The text of the original version of this article was taken from the
2340:
2338:
2239:"Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis"
2162:
2145:
1952:"Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control of Trichinellosis"
3610:
3262:
2695:"Relazione annuale al PNI 2015 Trichine – Prevenzione e controllo"
1349:, a first-year medical student, first observed the larval form of
1281:
1273:
1179:
754:
726:
718:
637:
517:
503:
450:
309:
301:
136:
128:
2802:"EMedicine - Trichinosis : Article by L Kristian Arnold, MD"
1078:
in swine. The CDC reports 0.013% of U.S. swine are infected with
1229:
847:
831:
821:
775:
658:
317:
144:
4299:
3137:
3507:
339:
Trichinosis is mainly spread when undercooked meat containing
1223:, between 200 and 600 cases are reported annually around the
1058:
Cleaning meat grinders thoroughly when preparing ground meats
379:
The best way to prevent trichinosis is to fully cook meat. A
5565:
Parasitic diseases associated with beef and pork consumption
2777:"Trichinellosis Fact Sheet – Division of Parasitic Diseases"
1641:"Trichinellosis Fact Sheet – Division of Parasitic Diseases"
2946:"Academy of Natural Sciences - Joseph Leidy - Parasitology"
816:, are freeze-resistant and can survive long-term freezing.
2501:
Veterans Administration Technical Bulletin 1946 & 1947
1643:. Centre for Disease Control, US Government. August 2012.
1233:, which calls for undercooked pork as part of the recipe.
787:
in such matters before a hunting license can be obtained.
661:
from infected undercooked meat are acted on by pepsin and
2092:"Trichinella nativa - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
1614:(23 ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders . pp. 791–94.
680:
cells survive and encyst. The larval host cell becomes a
32:
This article is about the disease. For the parasite, see
2992: : 315–24. Paget is mentioned on pp. 315 and 320.
1819:"New aspects of human trichinellosis: the impact of new
1227:. This is mostly attributable to a particular delicacy,
1345:
are controversial, due to a lack of records. In 1835,
5520:
Parasitic infestations, stings, and bites of the skin
2912:
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
1571:"CDC – DPDx – Trichinellosis – Treatment Information"
808:
of raw meat. Freezing is normally only effective for
669:, where they molt four times before becoming adults.
27:
Parasitic disease due to invasion by Trichinella spp.
5383:
3088:
International Commission on trichinellosis web pages
2869:"Trichinellosis: The zoonosis that won't go quietly"
280:
type. During the initial infection, invasion of the
5472:
5387:
5317:
5286:
5237:
5144:
5054:
5026:
4979:
4868:
4859:
4832:
4823:
4814:
4801:
4738:
4654:
4639:
4550:
4517:
4430:
4365:
4350:
4337:
4172:
4110:
4034:
3989:
2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak
3811:
3733:
3680:
3609:
3559:
3531:
3493:
3382:
3290:
3238:
3171:
2779:. Centre for Disease Control, US Government. 2004.
457:, swelling around the eyes, which may be caused by
249:
239:
223:
215:
195:
179:
166:
150:
102:
90:
60:
55:
3100:CDC Department of Parasitic Diseases – Trichinosis
2837:
1504:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Mosby.
1531:"CDC – Trichinellosis – Prevention & Control"
2986:Transactions of the Zoological Society of London
2846:. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 67–70.
2393:"Parasitic Disease Information – Trichinellosis"
2237:Gottstein B, Pozio E, Nöckler K (January 2009).
534:(wild), but seven primarily sylvatic species of
2560:Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology
2391:, Division of Parasitic Diseases (2004-07-15).
1701:"Trichinellosis Epidemiology & Risk Factor"
1357:, who is now credited for the discovery of the
733:, and subconjunctival, subungual, and retinal
82:in pressed bear meat, partially digested with
4311:
3149:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1151:larvae were used to immunize mice (orally or
8:
4164:Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition
3979:2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak
3878:1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal
2364:"USDA Revises Cooking Temperatures for Pork"
1635:
1633:
1631:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1138:Researchers trying to develop a vaccine for
4102:United Kingdom food information regulations
2518:
2516:
2514:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
753:activity, and various immunoassays such as
5384:
4865:
4829:
4820:
4811:
4651:
4362:
4347:
4318:
4304:
4296:
3156:
3142:
3134:
3032:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2444:
2442:
2389:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1403:International Conference on Trichinellosis
1399:International Commission on Trichinellosis
1188:About 11 million humans are infected with
1067:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1045:Incidence of infection can be reduced by:
855:temperature than listed below to be safe.
69:
52:
3940:2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak
2745:
2270:
2213:
2161:
2067:
1975:
1846:
1793:
1674:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 325.
3984:2018 Australian strawberry contamination
3846:Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident
2844:Good to Eat: Riddles of Food and Culture
1868:
1866:
857:
3954:2011 United States listeriosis outbreak
2418:United States Department of Agriculture
2310:
2308:
2183:
2181:
2144:Jongwutiwes S, et al. (Jan 1998).
1945:
1943:
1941:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1430:
804:Larvae may be killed by the heating or
465:in the nails is also a common symptom.
3969:2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning
3546:Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
2873:International Journal for Parasitology
2632:"Trichinellosis: a worldwide zoonosis"
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
440:presents early and increases rapidly.
306:inflammation of the whites of the eyes
133:inflammation of the whites of the eyes
2116:"CDC – DPDx – Trichinellosis – index"
1472:"CDC – DPDx – Trichinellosis – index"
850:table below. Nonetheless, allowing a
7:
4260:
4148:Institute for Food Safety and Health
3888:Australian meat substitution scandal
3856:Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959
3632:Arsenic contamination of groundwater
3004:Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
2451:"Trichinae Herd Certification Pilot"
1766:"Clinical Aspects of Infection with
1764:Capo, V., Despommier, D. D. (1996).
86:. The classic coil shape is visible.
4280:
4136:Food Information and Control Agency
2346:"USDA Title 9 section 318.10 Table"
5525:Conditions diagnosed by stool test
25:
4153:International Food Safety Network
4077:International Food Safety Network
3798:Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
3748:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein
3475:Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic
1950:Gottstein B, et al. (2009).
4279:
4269:
4259:
4250:
4249:
4238:
4228:
4158:Ministry of Food and Drug Safety
3994:Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal
3925:2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak
3920:ICA meat repackaging controversy
2761:
2630:Dupouy-Camet J (December 2000).
2321:. Wiley Blackwell. p. 210.
2249:(1): 127–45, Table of Contents.
2040:Food and Waterborne Parasitology
1236:In parts of Eastern Europe, the
482:cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
4097:Quality Assurance International
4004:Food safety incidents in Taiwan
3974:2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat
3868:1971 Iraq poison grain disaster
3783:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
2808:from the original on 2006-01-28
2783:from the original on 2008-02-24
2676:from the original on 2016-09-18
2457:from the original on 2009-08-14
2399:from the original on 2007-01-28
2126:from the original on 2015-07-04
1735:from the original on 2008-12-18
1707:from the original on 2010-12-20
1647:from the original on 2016-05-22
1581:from the original on 2015-08-22
1541:from the original on 2015-09-24
1482:from the original on 2015-07-04
812:, since other species, such as
5560:Parasitic nematodes of mammals
4126:European Food Safety Authority
3999:Food safety incidents in China
3836:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
3803:Water fluoridation controversy
1817:Bruschi F, Murrell KD (2002).
1500:Ferri FF (2010). "Chapter T".
366:voluntarily controlled muscles
1:
5555:Parasitic nematodes of humans
2885:10.1016/s0020-7519(00)00132-6
2648:10.1016/S0304-4017(00)00341-1
2609:10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.01.006
2537:10.1016/j.exppara.2007.06.014
2243:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
2013:10.1016/s0020-7519(02)00139-x
1956:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1774:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
4777:Diphyllobothrium mansonoides
4131:Food and Drug Administration
3813:Food contamination incidents
3119:10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.12.026
2867:Murrell KD, Pozio E (2000).
2194:Postgraduate Medical Journal
2052:10.1016/j.fawpar.2018.06.001
1827:Postgraduate Medical Journal
721:, muscle soreness and pain,
326:inflammation of heart muscle
324:. Complications may include
175:from eating undercooked meat
157:Inflammation of heart muscle
64:Trichinellosis, trichiniasis
5114:Angiostrongylus cantonensis
4763:Spirometra erinaceieuropaei
4185:Food and drink prohibitions
3959:Bihar school meal poisoning
3883:United Kingdom BSE outbreak
3841:1900 English beer poisoning
3195:Antibiotic use in livestock
2318:Meat Inspection and Control
1379:Friedrich Albert von Zenker
542:Species and characteristics
5581:
4180:Curing (food preservation)
3253:Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
1671:Manson's Tropical Diseases
1612:Manson's tropical diseases
649:The typical lifecycle for
476:) from worms entering the
38:
31:
5354:Capillaria philippinensis
5277:Halicephalobus gingivalis
5248:Strongyloides stercoralis
4223:
4210:Genetically modified food
4062:Food labeling regulations
3930:2008 Chinese milk scandal
2924:10.4269/ajtmh.2007.76.983
2525:Experimental Parasitology
2476:"Monograph – Mebendazole"
1668:Cook GC, Zumla A (2009).
1415:List of parasites (human)
1238:World Health Organization
1147:In one study, microwaved
723:gastrointestinal symptoms
538:also are now recognized:
334:inflammation of the lungs
320:. Minor infection may be
161:inflammation of the lungs
77:
68:
5360:Intestinal capillariasis
4455:Dicrocoelium dendriticum
4072:Food safety in Australia
3268:High-fructose corn syrup
3052:10.4269/ajtmh.1999.60.66
2730:10.1051/parasite/2016027
2584:Dea-Ayuela et al. (2006)
1098:Early administration of
354:can cause disease, with
39:Not to be confused with
5535:Rodent-carried diseases
5347:Trichuriasis / Whipworm
5297:Enterobius vermicularis
5092:Cutaneous larva migrans
4665:Echinococcus granulosus
4605:Heterophyes heterophyes
4591:Gastrodiscoides hominis
4414:Trichobilharzia regenti
4052:Acceptable daily intake
3964:2013 horse meat scandal
3405:Clostridium perfringens
2636:Veterinary Parasitology
526:The classical agent is
393:bone marrow suppression
370:antibodies in the blood
186:Antibodies in the blood
5195:Visceral larva migrans
4990:Gnathostoma spinigerum
4843:Dracunculus medinensis
4749:Diphyllobothrium latum
4528:Paragonimus westermani
4495:Opisthorchis viverrini
4120:Centre for Food Safety
3935:2008 Irish pork crisis
3637:Benzene in soft drinks
3022:public domain resource
1185:
782:Education and training
751:creatine phosphokinase
646:
623:Family: Trichinellidae
523:
515:
478:central nervous system
330:central nervous system
197:Differential diagnosis
5076:Ancylostoma duodenale
4619:Metagonimus yokogawai
4142:Food Standards Agency
4092:Organic certification
4087:Nutrition facts label
3831:Esing Bakery incident
3619:environment pollution
2206:10.1136/pmj.77.903.62
2096:www.sciencedirect.com
1896:10.1002/ana.410110225
1839:10.1136/pmj.78.915.15
1183:
864:Internal Temperature
861:Internal Temperature
757:for larval antigens.
641:
521:
507:
474:respiratory paralysis
5328:Trichinella spiralis
5155:Ascaris lumbricoides
4969:Lymphatic filariasis
4951:Wuchereria bancrofti
3911:2006 North American
3569:Acesulfame potassium
3398:Campylobacter jejuni
3292:Intestinal parasites
3165:Consumer food safety
2974:Richard Owen (1835)
2879:(12–13): 1339–1349.
2255:10.1128/CMR.00026-08
1968:10.1128/cmr.00026-08
644:Trichinella spiralis
509:Trichinella spiralis
253:~10,000 cases a year
5530:Foodborne illnesses
5342:Trichuris trichiura
5269:Trichostrongyliasis
4885:Onchocerca volvulus
4441:Clonorchis sinensis
4376:Schistosoma mansoni
4357:Trematode infection
4215:Conspiracy theories
3768:Heterocyclic amines
3672:Shellfish poisoning
1884:Annals of Neurology
1118:Secondary treatment
772:European Commission
711:splinter hemorrhage
463:Splinter hemorrhage
5473:External resources
5228:Parascaris equorum
5214:Dioctophyme renale
5120:Angiostrongyliasis
5100:Necator americanus
5070:Hookworm infection
4930:Dirofilaria repens
4755:Diphyllobothriasis
4646:Tapeworm infection
4577:Fasciolopsis buski
3873:Toxic oil syndrome
3826:Swill milk scandal
3652:Diethylstilbestrol
3324:Diphyllobothriasis
3093:2007-08-23 at the
2981:2016-04-26 at the
1786:10.1128/cmr.9.1.47
1186:
741:Laboratory testing
705:Clinical diagnosis
647:
617:Class: Adenophorea
524:
516:
403:Signs and symptoms
219:Fully cooking meat
97:Infectious disease
5507:
5506:
5381:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5313:
5312:
5050:
5049:
5046:
5045:
4797:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4671:E. multilocularis
4635:
4634:
4475:Fasciola hepatica
4327:Parasitic disease
4293:
4292:
4200:Food preservation
4009:Foodborne illness
3561:Sugar substitutes
3314:Cryptosporidiosis
3296:parasitic disease
3210:HGH controversies
3177:food contaminants
3040:Am J Trop Med Hyg
2956:on 8 October 2006
2836:Harris M (1985).
1621:978-0-7020-5101-2
1610:Farrar J (2013).
1153:intraperitoneally
1122:After infection,
1094:Primary treatment
1033:
1032:
667:intestinal mucosa
663:hydrochloric acid
620:Order: Trichurida
611:Kingdom: Animalia
593:T. pseudospiralis
455:periorbital edema
332:involvement, and
268:parasitic disease
257:
256:
245:Low risk of death
181:Diagnostic method
50:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
5572:
5385:
5262:Trichostrongylus
5254:Strongyloidiasis
5134:Metastrongylosis
4866:
4830:
4821:
4812:
4716:Hymenolepis nana
4652:
4552:Intestinal fluke
4363:
4348:
4320:
4313:
4306:
4297:
4283:
4282:
4273:
4263:
4262:
4253:
4252:
4245:Drink portal
4243:
4242:
4241:
4233:
4232:
4144:(United Kingdom)
3893:Jack in the Box
3864:
3851:Minamata disease
3763:Food irradiation
3743:4-Hydroxynonenal
3591:Sodium cyclamate
3434:Escherichia coli
3426:Escherichia coli
3158:
3151:
3144:
3135:
3130:
3071:
3012:
3011:
2999:
2993:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2952:. Archived from
2942:
2936:
2935:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2841:
2833:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2759:
2749:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2642:(3–4): 191–200.
2627:
2621:
2620:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2520:
2509:
2508:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2446:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2424:. Archived from
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2342:
2333:
2332:
2312:
2303:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2274:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2217:
2188:Cook GC (2001).
2185:
2176:
2175:
2165:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2071:
2031:
2025:
2024:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1979:
1947:
1916:
1915:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1861:
1860:
1850:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1797:
1768:Trichinella spp.
1761:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1697:
1686:
1685:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1652:
1637:
1626:
1625:
1607:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1567:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1527:
1516:
1515:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1468:
1276:dietary laws of
1264:Religious groups
1217:developing world
1134:Vaccine research
858:
800:Food preparation
745:Blood tests and
696:Exposure history
614:Phylum: Nematoda
514:in muscle tissue
444:Parenteral phase
381:food thermometer
322:without symptoms
262:, also known as
73:
53:
21:
5580:
5579:
5575:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5569:
5550:Animal diseases
5510:
5509:
5508:
5503:
5502:
5468:
5467:
5396:
5382:
5373:
5309:
5282:
5233:
5140:
5088:Ancylostomiasis
5058:
5042:
5022:
5002:Gnathostomiasis
4975:
4872:
4855:
4806:
4803:
4789:
4740:Pseudophyllidea
4734:
4685:Taenia saginata
4643:
4631:
4583:Fasciolopsiasis
4568:Echinostomiasis
4546:
4513:
4507:Opisthorchiasis
4426:
4406:Schistosomiasis
4400:S. intercalatum
4354:
4352:Fluke/trematode
4343:
4340:
4333:
4324:
4294:
4289:
4239:
4237:
4235:Food portal
4227:
4219:
4168:
4106:
4067:Food libel laws
4030:
3858:
3807:
3773:Modified starch
3735:Food processing
3729:
3676:
3605:
3555:
3551:Sodium benzoate
3527:
3489:
3484:Vibrio cholerae
3378:
3349:Gnathostomiasis
3334:Fasciolopsiasis
3286:
3234:
3225:Mercury in fish
3167:
3162:
3113:(1–2): 323–27.
3104:
3095:Wayback Machine
3084:
3079:
3037:
3015:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2983:Wayback Machine
2973:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2820:
2811:
2809:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2786:
2784:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2760:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2679:
2677:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2603:(15): 2772–80.
2593:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2522:
2521:
2512:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2481:
2479:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2460:
2458:
2449:
2447:
2440:
2431:
2429:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2402:
2400:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2372:
2370:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2314:
2313:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2187:
2186:
2179:
2150:Clin Infect Dis
2143:
2142:
2138:
2129:
2127:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2100:
2098:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2007:(14): 1787–99.
2001:Int J Parasitol
1998:
1997:
1993:
1949:
1948:
1919:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1864:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1763:
1762:
1747:
1738:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1710:
1708:
1699:
1698:
1689:
1682:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1650:
1648:
1639:
1638:
1629:
1622:
1609:
1608:
1593:
1584:
1582:
1569:
1568:
1553:
1544:
1542:
1529:
1528:
1519:
1512:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1485:
1483:
1470:
1469:
1432:
1428:
1411:
1395:
1375:Rudolf Leuckart
1367:
1339:
1323:
1299:
1266:
1246:
1198:developed world
1178:
1136:
1120:
1096:
1088:
1043:
852:margin of error
802:
793:
784:
768:
763:
743:
715:gastroenteritis
707:
698:
690:
678:skeletal muscle
636:
608:
599:T. zimbabwensis
544:
502:
446:
418:
405:
372:, or larvae on
362:small intestine
296:. Migration of
210:gastroenteritis
206:dermatomyositis
123:
51:
48:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5578:
5576:
5568:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5512:
5511:
5505:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5489:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5470:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5454:
5443:
5428:
5413:
5397:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5388:Classification
5379:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5350:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5323:
5321:
5315:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5305:
5292:
5290:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5273:
5272:
5271:
5258:
5257:
5256:
5243:
5241:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5224:
5223:
5222:
5220:Dioctophymosis
5210:
5203:
5202:
5201:
5183:Toxocara canis
5179:
5178:
5177:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5150:
5148:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5128:Metastrongylus
5124:
5123:
5122:
5110:
5109:
5108:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5082:A. braziliense
5072:
5066:
5064:
5052:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5032:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5006:
5005:
5004:
4985:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4943:Dirofilariasis
4933:
4926:
4925:
4924:
4922:Mansonelliasis
4912:
4911:
4910:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4891:Onchocerciasis
4880:
4878:
4863:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4849:Dracunculiasis
4838:
4836:
4827:
4818:
4809:
4799:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4744:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4728:Hymenolepiasis
4712:
4711:
4710:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4677:Echinococcosis
4660:
4658:
4656:Cyclophyllidea
4649:
4637:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4625:Metagonimiasis
4615:
4614:
4613:
4611:Heterophyiasis
4601:
4600:
4599:
4597:Amphistomiasis
4587:
4586:
4585:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4556:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4540:Paragonimiasis
4523:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4467:Dicrocoeliasis
4451:
4450:
4449:
4436:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4420:Swimmer's itch
4410:
4409:
4408:
4394:S. haematobium
4371:
4369:
4360:
4345:
4335:
4334:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4300:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4277:
4267:
4257:
4247:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4190:Food marketing
4187:
4182:
4176:
4174:
4173:Related topics
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4139:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4116:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4048:
4046:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3908:
3899:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3817:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3758:Food additives
3755:
3750:
3745:
3739:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3686:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3623:
3621:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3571:
3565:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3537:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3480:
3472:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3430:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3388:
3386:
3384:Microorganisms
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3354:Paragonimiasis
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3319:Cyclosporiasis
3316:
3311:
3306:
3300:
3298:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3244:
3242:
3240:Food additives
3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3215:Lead poisoning
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3107:Vet. Parasitol
3102:
3097:
3083:
3082:External links
3080:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3035:
3029:
3016:
3014:
3013:
2994:
2967:
2937:
2918:(5): 983–986.
2898:
2859:
2852:
2828:
2818:
2793:
2768:
2704:
2686:
2661:
2622:
2586:
2577:
2550:
2510:
2488:
2478:. medscape.com
2467:
2438:
2409:
2379:
2354:
2334:
2327:
2304:
2295:
2286:
2229:
2200:(903): 62–63.
2177:
2163:10.1086/516278
2136:
2107:
2083:
2026:
1991:
1917:
1874:
1862:
1833:(915): 15–22.
1809:
1745:
1720:
1687:
1681:978-1416044703
1680:
1660:
1627:
1620:
1591:
1551:
1517:
1511:978-0323076999
1510:
1492:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1410:
1407:
1394:
1391:
1371:Rudolf Virchow
1366:
1363:
1338:
1335:
1322:
1319:
1310:transmission.
1298:
1295:
1265:
1262:
1245:
1242:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1165:
1156:
1135:
1132:
1119:
1116:
1095:
1092:
1087:
1084:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1042:
1039:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1002:
998:
997:
994:
991:
987:
986:
983:
980:
976:
975:
972:
969:
965:
964:
961:
958:
954:
953:
950:
947:
943:
942:
939:
936:
932:
931:
928:
925:
921:
920:
917:
914:
910:
909:
906:
903:
899:
898:
895:
892:
888:
887:
884:
877:
869:
868:
865:
862:
844:
843:
829:
825:
801:
798:
792:
789:
783:
780:
767:
764:
762:
759:
742:
739:
713:, nonspecific
706:
703:
697:
694:
689:
686:
655:sylvatic cycle
635:
632:
631:
630:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
607:
604:
603:
602:
596:
590:
582:
576:
568:
562:
553:
543:
540:
501:
498:
445:
442:
417:
414:
404:
401:
290:abdominal pain
284:can result in
264:trichinellosis
255:
254:
251:
247:
246:
243:
237:
236:
227:
221:
220:
217:
213:
212:
199:
193:
192:
183:
177:
176:
168:
164:
163:
154:
148:
147:
117:abdominal pain
106:
100:
99:
94:
88:
87:
75:
74:
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
49:
41:Trichomoniasis
26:
24:
18:Trichinellosis
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5577:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5540:Helminthiases
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5499:
5495:
5494:
5490:
5488:
5484:
5483:
5479:
5478:
5475:
5471:
5464:
5460:
5459:
5455:
5453:
5449:
5448:
5444:
5442:
5438:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5427:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5412:
5408:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5398:
5395:
5390:
5386:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5348:
5344:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5330:
5329:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5316:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5240:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5216:
5215:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5207:Baylisascaris
5204:
5200:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5190:
5185:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5156:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5147:
5143:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5078:
5077:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5057:
5053:
5039:
5038:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5025:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5007:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4958:
4957:Brugia malayi
4953:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4871:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4858:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4800:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4737:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4708:Cysticercosis
4705:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4693:
4692:
4687:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4642:
4638:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4534:P. kellicotti
4530:
4529:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4447:Clonorchiasis
4445:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4353:
4349:
4346:
4342:
4341:platyhelminth
4336:
4332:
4331:helminthiases
4328:
4321:
4316:
4314:
4309:
4307:
4302:
4301:
4298:
4286:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4266:
4258:
4256:
4248:
4246:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4195:Food politics
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4165:
4162:
4160:(South Korea)
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4025:
4024:United States
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3945:2011 Germany
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3902:1996 Odwalla
3900:
3898:
3896:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3862:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3533:Preservatives
3530:
3524:
3523:Methamidophos
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3364:Toxoplasmosis
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3275:Vegetable oil
3273:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3154:
3152:
3147:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3017:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2863:
2860:
2855:
2853:0-671-50366-9
2849:
2845:
2840:
2832:
2829:
2822:
2819:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2764:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2687:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2590:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2566:(1): 121–33.
2565:
2561:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2507:: 1–14. 1948.
2506:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2428:on 2006-09-29
2427:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2380:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2355:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2328:9781118525869
2324:
2320:
2319:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2156:(1): 111–15.
2155:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2137:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1962:(1): 127–45.
1961:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1890:(2): 216–17.
1889:
1885:
1878:
1875:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1822:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1493:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1364:
1362:
1361:larval form.
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1244:United States
1243:
1241:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1225:Thai New Year
1222:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1182:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1100:anthelmintics
1093:
1091:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1000:
999:
995:
992:
989:
988:
984:
981:
978:
977:
973:
970:
967:
966:
962:
959:
956:
955:
951:
948:
945:
944:
940:
937:
934:
933:
929:
926:
923:
922:
918:
915:
912:
911:
907:
904:
901:
900:
896:
893:
890:
889:
885:
882:
878:
875:
871:
870:
867:Minimum Time
866:
863:
860:
859:
856:
853:
849:
841:
837:
833:
830:
826:
823:
819:
818:
817:
815:
811:
807:
799:
797:
790:
788:
781:
779:
777:
773:
765:
760:
758:
756:
752:
748:
740:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
704:
702:
695:
693:
687:
685:
683:
679:
674:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
645:
642:Lifecycle of
640:
633:
629:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
609:
605:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
587:
583:
580:
577:
574:
573:
569:
566:
563:
559:
558:
554:
551:
550:
546:
545:
541:
539:
537:
533:
529:
520:
513:
510:
506:
499:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
443:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
416:Enteral phase
415:
413:
411:
402:
400:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
377:
375:
374:tissue biopsy
371:
367:
363:
359:
358:
353:
349:
345:
342:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
304:of the face,
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
278:
273:
269:
265:
261:
252:
248:
244:
242:
238:
235:
231:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
211:
207:
203:
200:
198:
194:
191:
190:tissue biopsy
187:
184:
182:
178:
174:
173:
169:
165:
162:
158:
155:
153:
152:Complications
149:
146:
142:
138:
134:
131:of the face,
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
107:
105:
101:
98:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
76:
72:
67:
63:
59:
54:
46:
42:
35:
30:
19:
5491:
5480:
5456:
5445:
5430:
5415:
5400:
5367:
5352:
5340:
5333:
5326:
5303:Enterobiasis
5295:
5275:
5261:
5246:
5226:
5212:
5205:
5199:Toxocariasis
5188:
5181:
5167:
5153:
5126:
5112:
5106:Necatoriasis
5098:
5081:
5074:
5035:
5008:
4995:
4988:
4981:Thelazioidea
4962:
4955:
4949:
4936:
4928:
4914:
4905:
4897:
4883:
4841:
4775:
4761:
4748:
4721:
4714:
4696:
4690:
4683:
4670:
4663:
4617:
4603:
4589:
4575:
4566:
4559:
4533:
4526:
4500:
4493:
4481:F. gigantica
4480:
4473:
4460:
4453:
4439:
4412:
4399:
4393:
4387:
4382:S. japonicum
4381:
4374:
4205:Food quality
4112:Institutions
3946:
3912:
3903:
3894:
3778:Nitrosamines
3541:Benzoic acid
3503:Chlorpyrifos
3482:
3476:
3467:
3450:
3433:
3425:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3374:Trichuriasis
3368:
3359:Toxocariasis
3329:Enterobiasis
3205:Formaldehyde
3110:
3106:
3046:(1): 66–69.
3043:
3039:
3019:
3010:(6): 581–88.
3007:
3003:
2997:
2989:
2985:
2970:
2958:. Retrieved
2954:the original
2950:www.ansp.org
2949:
2940:
2915:
2911:
2901:
2876:
2872:
2862:
2843:
2831:
2821:
2810:. Retrieved
2796:
2785:. Retrieved
2771:
2721:
2717:
2707:
2689:
2678:. Retrieved
2664:
2639:
2635:
2625:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2580:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2531:(1): 66–74.
2528:
2524:
2504:
2500:
2491:
2480:. Retrieved
2470:
2459:. Retrieved
2430:. Retrieved
2426:the original
2412:
2401:. Retrieved
2382:
2371:. Retrieved
2367:
2362:Hendrick B.
2357:
2317:
2298:
2289:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2197:
2193:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2128:. Retrieved
2119:
2110:
2099:. Retrieved
2095:
2086:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1959:
1955:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1812:
1780:(1): 47–54.
1777:
1773:
1767:
1737:. Retrieved
1723:
1715:
1709:. Retrieved
1670:
1663:
1655:
1649:. Retrieved
1611:
1583:. Retrieved
1574:
1543:. Retrieved
1534:
1501:
1495:
1484:. Retrieved
1475:
1396:
1386:
1382:
1368:
1358:
1355:Richard Owen
1350:
1342:
1340:
1331:Joseph Leidy
1324:
1314:
1312:
1300:
1289:philosopher
1267:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1235:
1228:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1176:Epidemiology
1168:
1160:
1148:
1139:
1137:
1121:
1112:
1097:
1089:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1064:
1053:
1044:
1036:
1034:
845:
839:
835:
813:
809:
803:
794:
791:Meat testing
785:
769:
744:
731:eosinophilia
708:
699:
691:
675:
671:
650:
648:
643:
627:
598:
592:
584:
578:
571:
564:
556:
548:
535:
527:
525:
508:
490:encephalitis
467:
447:
438:Eosinophilia
419:
409:
406:
397:
378:
356:
351:
340:
338:
314:muscle pains
275:
263:
259:
258:
188:, larvae on
170:
141:muscle pains
124:
108:
78:Trichinella
45:Trichuriasis
29:
5498:Trichinosis
5482:MedlinePlus
5368:C. hepatica
5334:Trichinosis
5319:Adenophorea
5175:Anisakiasis
5056:Strongylida
5037:Gongylonema
5028:Spiruroidea
5016:Thelaziasis
4996:G. hispidum
4870:Filarioidea
4834:Camallanida
4816:Secernentea
4783:Sparganosis
4769:Sparganosis
4722:H. diminuta
4691:T. asiatica
4561:Echinostoma
4501:O. felineus
4487:Fasciolosis
4432:Liver fluke
4367:Blood fluke
4285:WikiProject
4122:(Hong Kong)
3859: [
3821:Devon colic
3695:Breast milk
3667:Nonylphenol
3642:Bisphenol A
3579:controversy
3446:Hepatitis E
3441:Hepatitis A
3419:Enterovirus
3412:Cronobacter
3369:Trichinosis
3339:Fasciolosis
3309:Anisakiasis
3280:controversy
3173:Adulterants
2120:www.cdc.gov
1821:Trichinella
1575:www.cdc.gov
1535:www.cdc.gov
1476:www.cdc.gov
1387:T. spiralis
1383:Trichinella
1359:T. spiralis
1351:T. spiralis
1347:James Paget
1343:T. spiralis
1315:Trichinella
1297:Reemergence
1254:T. spiralis
1250:T. spiralis
1194:T. spiralis
1190:Trichinella
1171:infection".
1169:T. spiralis
1161:Trichinella
1149:Trichinella
1140:Trichinella
1108:albendazole
1104:mebendazole
1080:Trichinella
1076:Trichinella
1054:Trichinella
1041:Pig farming
836:T. spiralis
810:T. spiralis
806:irradiation
766:Legislation
735:hemorrhages
651:T. spiralis
628:Trichinella
565:T. murrelli
549:T. spiralis
536:Trichinella
528:T. spiralis
486:myocarditis
410:Trichinella
389:mebendazole
385:albendazole
357:T. spiralis
352:Trichinella
341:Trichinella
277:Trichinella
260:Trichinosis
234:mebendazole
230:Albendazole
172:Trichinella
61:Other names
56:Trichinosis
34:Trichinella
5514:Categories
5493:Patient UK
5458:DiseasesDB
5239:Rhabditida
5161:Ascariasis
5146:Ascaridida
4937:D. immitis
4916:Mansonella
4908:filariasis
4875:Filariasis
4802:Roundworm/
4519:Lung fluke
4388:S. mekongi
4329:caused by
4036:Regulation
4019:death toll
3788:Shortening
3753:Acrylamide
3682:Food fraud
3662:Mycotoxins
3495:Pesticides
3469:Salmonella
3344:Giardiasis
3304:Amoebiasis
3248:Flavorings
2960:13 January
2812:2006-01-27
2787:2008-02-25
2680:2016-09-16
2482:2009-02-24
2461:2009-08-23
2432:2007-01-28
2403:2007-01-28
2373:2022-05-06
2130:2015-07-25
2101:2021-10-21
1739:2008-12-25
1711:2020-03-06
1651:2016-06-05
1585:2015-07-25
1545:2015-07-25
1486:2015-07-19
1426:References
1420:Nurse cell
1329:scientist
1291:Maimonides
1128:prednisone
1126:, such as
1102:, such as
886:(minutes)
761:Prevention
747:microscopy
682:nurse cell
579:T. nelsoni
557:T. britovi
459:vasculitis
282:intestines
272:roundworms
270:caused by
225:Medication
216:Prevention
4963:B. timori
4861:Spirurida
4807:infection
4704:Taeniasis
4697:T. solium
4461:D. hospes
4344:infection
4339:Flatworm/
4082:ISO 22000
4044:watchdogs
4040:standards
4014:outbreaks
3915:outbreaks
3793:Trans fat
3705:Olive oil
3627:Aflatoxin
3601:Sucralose
3586:Saccharin
3574:Aspartame
3518:Malathion
3463:Rotavirus
3458:Norovirus
2738:1776-1042
2263:1098-6618
2060:2405-6766
1365:Lifecycle
1086:Treatment
840:T. nativa
828:freezing.
814:T. nativa
725:, facial
688:Diagnosis
634:Lifecycle
586:T. papuae
572:T. nativa
494:pneumonia
430:dyspepsia
426:heartburn
250:Frequency
241:Prognosis
109:Initially
92:Specialty
5545:Zoonoses
5288:Oxyurida
5169:Anisakis
5061:hookworm
5010:Thelazia
4825:Spiruria
4805:Nematode
4275:Cookbook
4255:Category
4057:E number
3949:outbreak
3906:outbreak
3897:outbreak
3647:Dieldrin
3596:Sorbitol
3452:Listeria
3392:Botulism
3220:Melamine
3190:Aldicarb
3127:22244535
3091:Archived
3068:23888211
2979:Archived
2932:17488927
2893:11113259
2806:Archived
2781:Archived
2756:27317463
2718:Parasite
2699:Archived
2674:Archived
2656:11099837
2617:16446017
2572:17580572
2545:17707815
2455:Archived
2397:Archived
2281:19136437
2224:11123411
2124:Archived
2078:32095599
2021:12464425
1986:19136437
1912:32598996
1857:11796866
1823:species"
1733:Archived
1705:Archived
1645:Archived
1579:Archived
1539:Archived
1480:Archived
1409:See also
1393:Research
1337:Parasite
1327:American
1308:sylvatic
1304:zoonosis
1221:Thailand
1124:steroids
1029:Instant
606:Taxonomy
532:sylvatic
434:diarrhea
316:, and a
302:swelling
294:vomiting
286:diarrhea
129:swelling
121:vomiting
113:diarrhea
104:Symptoms
5452:D014235
5189:T. cati
4906:Loa loa
4899:Loa loa
4641:Cestoda
4265:Commons
4138:(Spain)
3947:E. coli
3913:E. coli
3904:E. coli
3895:E. coli
3715:Seafood
3615:poisons
3513:Lindane
3477:E. coli
3436:O157:H7
3428:O104:H4
3230:Sudan I
3200:Cyanide
3060:9988325
2747:4912683
2597:Vaccine
2272:2620635
2215:1741881
2172:9455518
2069:7033993
2046:: 1–5.
1977:2620635
1904:7073258
1848:1742236
1804:8665476
1321:History
1278:Judaism
1270:kashrut
1215:In the
1202:Corsica
1164:larvae.
1065:The US
626:Genus:
348:species
274:of the
266:, is a
202:Measles
5487:000631
4699:(pork)
3720:Shrimp
3657:Dioxin
3611:Toxins
3185:3-MCPD
3125:
3066:
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2891:
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1974:
1910:
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1802:
1795:172881
1792:
1678:
1618:
1508:
1377:, and
1287:Jewish
512:larvae
470:ataxia
432:, and
422:nausea
298:larvae
292:, and
167:Causes
84:pepsin
80:larvae
5463:13326
3863:]
3710:Prawn
3690:Bread
3263:Sugar
3064:S2CID
2826:2014.
2368:WebMD
2349:(PDF)
1908:S2CID
1282:Islam
1274:halal
1026:62.2
1015:61.1
1004:60.0
993:58.9
982:57.8
971:56.7
960:55.6
949:54.5
938:53.4
927:52.2
916:51.1
905:50.0
897:1260
755:ELISA
727:edema
719:fever
659:cysts
561:pigs.
500:Cause
492:, or
451:edema
344:cysts
310:fever
137:fever
125:Later
5447:MeSH
5436:9-CM
5411:1F6E
5264:spp.
3258:Salt
3123:PMID
3056:PMID
2962:2022
2928:PMID
2889:PMID
2848:ISBN
2752:PMID
2734:ISSN
2652:PMID
2613:PMID
2568:PMID
2541:PMID
2323:ISBN
2277:PMID
2259:ISSN
2220:PMID
2168:PMID
2074:PMID
2056:ISSN
2017:PMID
1982:PMID
1900:PMID
1853:PMID
1800:PMID
1676:ISBN
1616:ISBN
1506:ISBN
1397:The
1280:and
1272:and
1268:The
1230:larb
1023:144
1012:142
1001:140
990:138
979:136
968:134
957:132
946:130
935:128
930:120
924:126
919:270
913:124
908:570
902:122
891:120
848:USDA
832:Pork
822:meat
820:All
776:USDA
318:rash
145:rash
5441:124
5432:ICD
5426:B75
5417:ICD
5402:ICD
3725:Tea
3700:Egg
3508:DDT
3115:doi
3111:187
3048:doi
3024:at
2920:doi
2881:doi
2839:"4"
2742:PMC
2726:doi
2644:doi
2605:doi
2533:doi
2529:118
2267:PMC
2251:doi
2210:PMC
2202:doi
2158:doi
2064:PMC
2048:doi
2009:doi
1972:PMC
1964:doi
1892:doi
1843:PMC
1835:doi
1790:PMC
1782:doi
1106:or
963:15
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