715:
562:
297:
involuntary straining). Mechanical damage to the intestinal mucosa may occur, as well as toxic or inflammatory damage to the intestines of the host. While appendicitis may be brought on by damage and edema of the adjacent tissue, if there are large numbers of worms or larvae present, it has been suggested that the embedding of the worms into the ileocecal region may also make the host susceptible to bacterial infection. A severe infection with high numbers of embedded worms in the rectum leads to edema, which can cause
665:, including trichuriasis, following implementation of a citywide sanitation program. A 33% reduction in the prevalence of trichuriasis and a 26% reduction in the incidence of trichuriasis was found in a study performed on 890 children ages 7–14 years old within 24 different sentinel areas chosen to represent the varied environmental conditions throughout the city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Control of soil fertilizers has helped eliminate the potential for contact of human fecal matter and fertilizer in the soil.
515:(unsegmented) are passed in the feces of a previous host to the soil. In the soil, these eggs develop into a 2-cell stage (segmented egg) and then into an advanced cleavage stage. Once at this stage, the eggs embryonate and then become infective, a process that occurs in about 15 to 30 days). Next, the infective eggs are ingested by way of soil-contaminated hands or food and hatch inside the small intestine, releasing larvae into the gastrointestinal tract. These larvae burrow into a
58:
833:(roundworm) infecting humans. Infection is most prevalent among children, and in North America, infection occurs frequently in immigrants from tropical or sub-tropical regions. It is estimated that 600–800 million people are infected worldwide, with 3.2 billion individuals at risk because they live in regions where this intestinal worm is common.
527:
where they thread their anterior portion (whip-like end) into the tissue mucosa and reside permanently for their year-long lifespan. About 60 to 70 days after infection, female adults begin to release unembryonated eggs (oviposit) into the cecum at a rate of 3,000 to 20,000 eggs per day, linking the
296:
Light infestations (<100 worms) frequently have no symptoms. Heavier infestations, especially in small children, can present gastrointestinal problems including abdominal pain and distension, bloody or mucus-filled diarrhea, and tenesmus (feeling of incomplete defecation, generally accompanied by
541:
is unknown, however, immature eggs in soil under favorable conditions take about three weeks to mature: 15–30 days, 10 days minimum to mature before ideal ingestion by the human host. Favorable conditions for maturation of eggs is warm to temperate climates with adequate humidity or precipitation,
907:
larval type and used exclusively for the treatment of animals. These vaccines are not stable and require annual production, involving the yearly production and sacrifice of donor animals for passage. There has been much interest in the production of subunit vaccines against human and agricultural
604:
Although colonoscopy is not typically used for diagnosis, as the adult worms can be overlooked, especially with imperfect colon, there have been reported cases in which colonoscopy has revealed adult worms. Colonoscopy can directly diagnose trichuriasis by identification of the threadlike form of
653:
Improved facilities for feces disposal have decreased the incidence of whipworm. Handwashing before food handling, and avoiding ingestion of soil by thorough washing of food that may have been contaminated with egg-containing soil are other preventive measures. In addition to washing, it is also
572:
Adult worms are usually 3–5 centimetres (1.2–2.0 in) long, with females being larger than males as is typical of nematodes. The thin, clear majority of the body (the anterior, whip-like end) is the esophagus, and it is the end that the worm threads into the mucosa of the colon. The widened,
633:
Limited access to essential medicine poses a challenge to the eradication of trichuriasis worldwide. Also, it is a public health concern that rates of post-treatment re-infection need to be determined and addressed to diminish the incidence of untreated re-infection. Lastly, with mass drug
654:
advisable to peel and/or cook fruits and vegetables. Improvement of sanitation systems, as well as improved facilities for feces disposal, have helped to limit defecation onto soil and contain potentially infectious feces from bodily contact.
1861:
1846:
1831:
212:
The disease is usually spread when people eat food or drink water that contains the eggs of these worms. This may occur when contaminated vegetables are not fully cleaned or cooked. Often these eggs are in the soil in areas where people
491:
Humans can become infected with the parasite due to ingestion of infective eggs by mouth contact with hands or food contaminated with egg-carrying soil. However, there have also been rare reported cases of transmission of
333:
with other parasites is common and with larger worm burdens can cause both exacerbation of dangerous trichuriasis symptoms such as massive gastrointestinal bleeding (shown to be especially dramatic with coinfection with
1470:
Le Hesran, J.Y.; Akiana, J.; Ndiaye, el H.M.; Dia, M.; Senghor, P.; Konate, L. (Jul 2004). "Severe malaria attach is associated with high prevalence of
Ascaris lumbricoides infection among children in rural Senegal".
354:, and helminth coinfection adversely affects the natural history and progression of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria and can increase clinical malaria severity. In a study performed in Senegal, infections of
252:
and access to clean water. In areas of the world where the infections are common, often entire groups of people will be treated all at once and on a regular basis. Treatment is with three days of the medication:
908:
parasites since the early 1980s. Development of subunit vaccines requires the identification of protective antigens and their formulation with a suitable adjuvant to stimulate the immune response appropriately.
605:
worms with an attenuated, whip-like end. Colonoscopy has been shown to be a useful diagnostic tool, especially in patients infected with only a few male worms and with no eggs presenting in the stool sample.
637:
Mass Drug
Administration (preventative chemotherapy) has had a positive effect on the disease burden of trichuriasis in East and West Africa, especially among children, who are at highest risk for infection.
818:
takes place. Trichuriasis infection prevalence is 50 to 80 percent in some regions of Asia (noted especially in China and Korea) and also occurs in rural areas of the southeastern United States.
1173:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
545:
Once ingested, the larva will remain dug into a villus in the small intestine for about 2–3 days until it is fully developed for migration to the ileocecal section of the gastrointestinal tract.
225:. These eggs originate from the feces of infected people. Young children playing in such soil and putting their hands in their mouths also become infected easily. The worms live in the
849:, who identified the presence of the parasite in a case of worms residing in the colon in 1740. An exact morphological description and accurate drawings were first recorded in 1761 by
814:
is most frequent in areas with tropical weather and poor sanitation practices. Trichuriasis occurs frequently in areas in which untreated human feces is used as fertilizer or where
620:
and is one of many methods for imaging the parasitic infection. Sigmoidoscopys show characteristic white bodies of adult worms hanging from inflamed mucosa ("coconut cake rectum").
1057:
Bethony, J; Brooker, S; Albonico, M; Geiger, SM; Loukas, A; Diemert, D; Hotez, PJ (May 6, 2006). "Soil-transmitted helminth infections: ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm".
899:. Larval stages may contain novel and more relevant antigens which when incorporated in a vaccine induce worm expulsion earlier in infection than the adult worm products.
552:
is one year, although there have been longer cases reported, lasting as long as five years (Note: inadequate treatment and re-infection are likely to play a role in this).
1576:"Trichuris vulpis and T. trichiura infections among schoolchildren of a rural community in northwestern Thailand: the possible role of dogs in disease transmission"
1638:
Ok, Kyung-Sun; Kim, You-Sun; Song, Jung-Hoon; Lee, Jin-Ho; Ryu, Soo-Hyung; Lee, Jung-Hwan; Moon, Jeong-Seop; Whang, Dong-Hee; Lee, Hye-Kyung (September 2009).
597:
A stool ova and parasites exam reveals the presence of typical whipworm eggs. Typically, the Kato-Katz thick-smear technique is used for identification of the
350:, in which higher worm burden and liver egg burden is common). Parasitic coinfection with HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria is also common, especially in
650:, and avoiding crops fertilized with untreated human feces. Simple and effective proper hygiene such as washing hands and food is recommended for control.
869:
intestinal nematode. In
Spanish, trichuriasis is called tricuriasis, while in it is known as trichuriose in French and Peitschenwurmbefall in German.
634:
administration strategies and improved diagnosis and prompt treatment, detection of an emergence of antihelminthic drug resistance should be examined.
1146:
319:(due to long-standing blood loss) are also characteristic of infection, and these symptoms are more prevalent and severe in children. It can cause
1961:
702:
may be added to increase the contact time between anthelmintic agents and the parasites. Oral iron supplementation may be useful in treating the
601:
eggs in the stool sample. Trichuria eggs often appear larger and more swollen on Kato-Katz preparation compared to when using other techniques.
3052:
78:
1608:
1773:"Albendazole and mebendazole administered alone or in combination with ivermectin against Trichuris trichiura: a randomized controlled trial"
1618:
1399:
1231:
413:, which means hair tail (implying that the posterior end of the worm is the attenuated section). Infections by parasitic worms are known as
1701:
301:, although this is typically only seen in small children. The prolapsed, inflamed and edematous rectal tissue may even show visible worms.
1553:
1237:
193:(whipworm). If infection is only with a few worms, there are often no symptoms. In those who are infected with many worms, there may be
1262:
573:
pinkish gray region of the body is the posterior, and it is the end that contains the parasite's intestines and reproductive organs.
1506:
Gyorkos TW; Gilbert NL; Larocque R; Casapía M (2011). "Trichuris and hookworm infections associated with anaemia during pregnancy".
691:
Mebendazole is 90% effective in the first dose. Higher clearance rates can be obtained by combining mebendazole or albendazole with
1026:
952:
1113:
479:. A study in two localized areas in Ethiopia found cockroaches were carriers for several human intestinal parasites, including
662:
234:
718:
1405:
2420:
1644:
3047:
2757:
2406:
2313:
1954:
695:. The safety of ivermectin in children under 15 kg (33 lb) and pregnant women has not yet been established.
205:. The diarrhea sometimes contains blood. Infections in children may cause poor intellectual and physical development.
1550:"Trichuris trichiura definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms easily defined on MedTerms"
993:
3042:
846:
285:
229:
and are about four centimetres in length. Whipworm is diagnosed by seeing the eggs when examining the stool with a
2997:
2920:
2891:
355:
206:
895:. Subcutaneous vaccination with adult excretory–secretory products (ES) protects susceptible mouse strains from
3003:
2098:
2042:
1876:
362:(as well as schistosome infections independently) showed enhanced risk and increased the incidence of malaria.
312:
714:
280:
infections. These diseases have a large effect on the economy of many countries. Work is ongoing to develop a
865:
Human whipworm, trichocephaliasis, and tricuriasis are all synonyms for trichuriasis, human infection of the
2940:
2735:
2724:
2308:
2248:
2234:
2057:
2036:
101:
3037:
2838:
2633:
2486:
2176:
2171:
2162:
2138:
1947:
1421:"Significant Leukocytosis with Hypereosinophilia Secondary to Trichuris trichiura in Adult: A Case Report"
703:
429:. Recent research verified by the application of molecular techniques (PCR) that dogs are a reservoir for
374:
1138:
2719:
2262:
2143:
2024:
850:
617:
646:
Infection can be avoided by proper disposal of human feces, avoiding fecal contamination of food, not
589:(0.0020–0.0021 in) long and have polar plugs (also known as refractile prominences) at each end.
2971:
2798:
2638:
2612:
2594:
2364:
2254:
1419:
Abdullah, Nasturah; Baharudin, Noorhida; Mohd Rustam, Farah
Roslinda; Khalid, Zalizah (2021-11-26).
3010:
2985:
2912:
2579:
2528:
2103:
2084:
2030:
2019:
1865:
1624:
1337:"Soil-transmitted helminth reinfection after drug treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
395:
346:
341:
189:
119:
20:
1286:"Effect of sanitation on soil-transmitted helminth infection: systematic review and meta-analysis"
2871:
2857:
2763:
2743:
2713:
2573:
2548:
2448:
2398:
2289:
2220:
2123:
1531:
1139:"Parasites - Trichuriasis (also known as Whipworm Infection): Resources for Health Professionals"
1082:
501:
351:
85:
1697:
1640:"Trichuris trichiura Infection Diagnosed by Colonoscopy: Case Reports and Review of Literature"
1549:
561:
2118:
2063:
1970:
1916:
1887:
1794:
1727:
1679:
1661:
1614:
1523:
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1368:
1317:
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1074:
582:
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304:
128:
73:
1840:
2904:
2897:
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2391:
2359:
1939:
1784:
1669:
1653:
1587:
1515:
1480:
1442:
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1358:
1348:
1307:
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1192:
1184:
1066:
658:
578:
434:
336:
133:
1254:
2731:
2645:
2383:
2333:
2328:
2226:
2211:
2150:
2049:
887:
815:
524:
409:, meaning hair head, which would be a more accurate name; however the generic name is now
298:
214:
616:, having bipolar plugs and a smooth shell. Rectal prolapse can be diagnosed easily using
1018:
2863:
2826:
2771:
2586:
2565:
2534:
2492:
2371:
2320:
2299:
2268:
2240:
2183:
2110:
1674:
1639:
1447:
1420:
1363:
1336:
1312:
1285:
1197:
1172:
944:
194:
185:
90:
57:
31:
1927:
1870:
1745:
1188:
1106:"Parasites - Trichuriasis (also known as Whipworm Infection) Prevention & Control"
1105:
1070:
3031:
2850:
2831:
2605:
2600:
2351:
2339:
2090:
1974:
1535:
1519:
1171:
GBD 2015 Disease and Injury
Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (8 October 2016).
674:
414:
1284:
Ziegelbauer, K; Speich, B; Mäusezahl, D; Bos, R; Keiser, J; Utzinger, J (Jan 2012).
2946:
2842:
2749:
2624:
2195:
1226:. Baltimore: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 604.
1086:
677:
320:
241:
1223:
Laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases: essentials of diagnostic microbiology
1881:
1484:
1353:
1302:
661:
urban centre demonstrated a significant reduction in prevalence and incidence of
2977:
2962:
2818:
2699:
2680:
2671:
2659:
2513:
2477:
2459:
2426:
2412:
2204:
2130:
2075:
2010:
1911:
685:
681:
613:
512:
326:
308:
258:
254:
226:
157:
153:
27:
1892:
1388:"Helminth Infections: Soil-transmitted Helminth Infections and Schistosomiasis"
1387:
2882:
2804:
2789:
2559:
2518:
1922:
1657:
1437:
904:
699:
692:
612:
eggs are detected in stool examination. Eggs will appear barrel-shaped and un
586:
497:
370:
277:
262:
245:
230:
222:
161:
148:
1665:
2504:
2347:
2000:
1995:
1855:
401:
378:
268:
Whipworm infection affected about 464 million in 2015. It is most common in
1798:
1731:
1683:
1527:
1492:
1456:
1372:
1321:
1206:
1078:
1592:
1575:
985:
877:
Development of subunit vaccines requires the identification of protective
2931:
2812:
2704:
2653:
2468:
1982:
900:
882:
878:
830:
647:
496:
by sexual contact. Some major outbreaks have been traced to contaminated
390:
366:
273:
202:
94:
1823:
2542:
2284:
1394:(2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. Chapter 24.
1019:"Parasites - Trichuriasis (also known as Whipworm Infection) Diagnosis"
281:
269:
249:
198:
1850:
1835:
316:
106:
1610:
Bench Aids for the diagnosis of intestinal parasites, Second edition
519:
and develop into adults (over 2–3 days). They then migrate into the
1789:
1772:
1473:
Transactions of the Royal
Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
713:
560:
520:
218:
1943:
233:. Eggs are barrel-shaped. Trichuriasis belongs to the group of
1335:
Jia, TW; Melville, S; Utzinger, J; King, CH; Zhou, XN (2012).
986:"Parasites - Trichuriasis (also known as Whipworm Infection)"
340:) and exacerbation of symptoms and pathogenesis of the other
1752:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 25 April 2019
1750:
Parasites - Trichuriasis (also known as
Whipworm Infection)
389:
Trichuriasis is caused by a parasitic worm also known as a
244:
before cooking. Other measures include improving access to
1722:
Viswanath, A; Yarrarapu, SNS; Williams, M (26 June 2018).
542:
as ova are resistant to cold, but not resistant to drying.
19:
This article is about the disease. For the organism, see
945:"Soil-transmitted helminth infections Fact sheet N°366"
265:. People often become infected again after treatment.
284:
against the disease. Trichuriasis is classified as a
1813:
1771:
Knopp S, Mohammed KA, Speich B, et al. (2010).
425:
Humans are the main, but not the only reservoir for
2961:
2930:
2881:
2788:
2698:
2670:
2623:
2512:
2503:
2476:
2467:
2458:
2445:
2382:
2298:
2283:
2194:
2161:
2074:
2009:
1994:
1981:
1902:
1817:
1220:Engelkirk, Paul G.; Duben-Engelkirk, Janet (2008).
688:, sometimes in conjunction with other medications.
167:
147:
139:
127:
113:
100:
84:
72:
47:
42:
1392:Disease control priorities in developing countries
891:is an antigenically similar laboratory model for
1574:Areekul, Pannatat; Jongwutiwes (February 2010).
721:for trichuriasis per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004
143:Improved sanitation, handwashing, mass treatment
272:. Those infected with whipworm often also have
1955:
1013:
1011:
381:deficiency may also result due to infection.
248:such as ensuring use of functional and clean
8:
1166:
1164:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
109:, poor intellectual and physical development
1133:
1131:
903:vaccines marketed to date have been of the
853:, a German physician. Soon after, the name
581:, the shape of the balls used in Rugby and
240:Prevention is by properly cooking food and
16:Infection by Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)
2509:
2473:
2464:
2455:
2295:
2006:
1991:
1962:
1948:
1940:
1814:
56:
39:
1788:
1673:
1591:
1446:
1436:
1362:
1352:
1311:
1301:
1249:
1247:
1196:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
917:
706:which often accompanies trichuriasis.
955:from the original on 21 February 2014
344:(as is typical with coinfection with
7:
1607:Dr A. Montresor (2 September 2019).
1265:from the original on 4 December 2014
1149:from the original on 20 October 2014
881:and their formulation in a suitable
608:Trichuriasis can be diagnosed when
365:Heavy infestations may have bloody
1700:. WrongDiagnosis.com. 2009-05-06.
1645:The Korean Journal of Parasitology
1116:from the original on 20 March 2014
1029:from the original on 20 March 2014
845:was made by the Italian anatomist
14:
996:from the original on 1 March 2014
1520:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02727.x
1408:from the original on 2016-10-10.
1341:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
1240:from the original on 2017-09-08.
447:Non-biting cyclorrhaphan flies (
209:may occur due to loss of blood.
1704:from the original on 2004-06-19
1556:from the original on 2011-06-06
548:The average total life span of
537:The exact incubation period of
663:soil-transmitted helminthiasis
235:soil-transmitted helminthiases
1:
3053:Parasitic nematodes of humans
1724:Trichuris trichiura Infection
1613:. World Health Organization.
1255:"Neglected Tropical Diseases"
1189:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
1071:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68653-4
719:Disability-adjusted life year
673:Trichuriasis is treated with
2421:Diphyllobothrium mansonoides
1552:. Medterms.com. 2000-04-15.
1485:10.1016/j.trstmh.2003.10.009
1354:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001621
1303:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001162
841:The first written record of
585:. They are about 50–54
2758:Angiostrongylus cantonensis
2407:Spirometra erinaceieuropaei
857:was given to this species.
475:) have been found to carry
3069:
1746:"Prevention & Control"
847:Giovanni Battista Morgagni
399:. It belongs to the genus
356:soil-transmitted helminths
286:neglected tropical disease
217:and where untreated human
25:
18:
2998:Capillaria philippinensis
2921:Halicephalobus gingivalis
2892:Strongyloides stercoralis
1658:10.3347/kjp.2009.47.3.275
1438:10.3390/clinpract11040094
949:World Health Organization
829:is the third most common
698:In people with diarrhea,
528:life cycle to the start.
207:Low red blood cell levels
184:, is an infection by the
64:
55:
3004:Intestinal capillariasis
2099:Dicrocoelium dendriticum
313:nutritional deficiencies
26:Not to be confused with
2991:Trichuriasis / Whipworm
2941:Enterobius vermicularis
2736:Cutaneous larva migrans
2309:Echinococcus granulosus
2249:Heterophyes heterophyes
2235:Gastrodiscoides hominis
2058:Trichobilharzia regenti
2839:Visceral larva migrans
2634:Gnathostoma spinigerum
2487:Dracunculus medinensis
2393:Diphyllobothrium latum
2172:Paragonimus westermani
2139:Opisthorchis viverrini
1386:Jamison, Dean (2006).
802:
704:iron-deficiency anemia
569:
375:iron-deficiency anemia
323:but it is not common.
2720:Ancylostoma duodenale
2263:Metagonimus yokogawai
1698:"Trichuris trichiura"
1593:10.2478/abm-2010-0006
851:Johann Georg Roederer
717:
618:defecating proctogram
564:
473:Wohlfarthia magnifica
305:Physical growth delay
2972:Trichinella spiralis
2799:Ascaris lumbricoides
2613:Lymphatic filariasis
2595:Wuchereria bancrofti
1627:on October 18, 2019.
1425:Clinics and Practice
1183:(10053): 1545–1602.
1145:. January 10, 2013.
1112:. January 10, 2013.
1025:. January 10, 2013.
992:. January 10, 2013.
457:Chrysomya rufifacies
405:, formerly known as
117:Eat food containing
2986:Trichuris trichiura
2913:Trichostrongyliasis
2529:Onchocerca volvulus
2085:Clonorchis sinensis
2020:Schistosoma mansoni
2001:Trematode infection
1508:Trop Med Int Health
855:Trichuris trichiura
822:Infection estimates
599:Trichuris trichiura
566:Trichuris trichiura
477:Trichuris trichiura
396:Trichuris trichiura
347:Schistosoma mansoni
342:parasitic infection
190:Trichuris trichiura
120:Trichuris trichiura
67:Trichuris trichiura
21:Trichuris trichiura
3048:Parasitic diseases
2872:Parascaris equorum
2858:Dioctophyme renale
2764:Angiostrongyliasis
2744:Necator americanus
2714:Hookworm infection
2574:Dirofilaria repens
2399:Diphyllobothriasis
2290:Tapeworm infection
2221:Fasciolopsis buski
1903:External resources
803:
799: more than 60
570:
513:Unembryonated eggs
502:soil contamination
352:sub-Saharan Africa
292:Signs and symptoms
270:tropical countries
182:whipworm infection
171:464 million (2015)
79:Infectious disease
51:Whipworm infection
3043:Tropical diseases
3025:
3024:
3021:
3020:
2957:
2956:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2315:E. multilocularis
2279:
2278:
2119:Fasciola hepatica
1971:Parasitic disease
1937:
1936:
1620:978-92-4-151534-4
1580:Asian Biomedicine
1401:978-0-8213-6180-1
1233:978-0-7817-9701-6
1065:(9521): 1521–32.
733: less than 5
583:Gridiron football
579:prolate spheroids
532:Incubation period
500:(due to presumed
469:Calliphora vicina
175:
174:
129:Diagnostic method
37:Medical condition
3060:
2906:Trichostrongylus
2898:Strongyloidiasis
2778:Metastrongylosis
2510:
2474:
2465:
2456:
2360:Hymenolepis nana
2296:
2196:Intestinal fluke
2007:
1992:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1941:
1815:
1803:
1802:
1792:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1677:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1623:. Archived from
1604:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1450:
1440:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1366:
1356:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1315:
1305:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1261:. June 6, 2011.
1251:
1242:
1241:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1200:
1168:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1135:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1102:
1091:
1090:
1054:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1015:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1001:
982:
965:
964:
962:
960:
941:
798:
792:
786:
780:
774:
768:
762:
756:
750:
744:
738:
732:
726:
369:. Long-standing
337:Salmonella typhi
215:defecate outside
180:, also known as
134:Stool microscopy
60:
40:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3017:
2953:
2926:
2877:
2784:
2732:Ancylostomiasis
2702:
2686:
2666:
2646:Gnathostomiasis
2619:
2516:
2499:
2450:
2447:
2433:
2384:Pseudophyllidea
2378:
2329:Taenia saginata
2287:
2275:
2227:Fasciolopsiasis
2212:Echinostomiasis
2190:
2157:
2151:Opisthorchiasis
2070:
2050:Schistosomiasis
2044:S. intercalatum
1998:
1996:Fluke/trematode
1987:
1984:
1977:
1968:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1898:
1897:
1826:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1777:Clin Infect Dis
1770:
1769:
1765:
1755:
1753:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1707:
1705:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1621:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1559:
1557:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1402:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1296:(1): e1001162.
1283:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1234:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1170:
1169:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1137:
1136:
1129:
1119:
1117:
1104:
1103:
1094:
1056:
1055:
1042:
1032:
1030:
1017:
1016:
1009:
999:
997:
984:
983:
968:
958:
956:
943:
942:
919:
914:
888:Trichuris muris
875:
863:
839:
824:
816:open defecation
808:
801:
800:
796:
794:
790:
788:
784:
782:
778:
776:
772:
770:
766:
764:
760:
758:
754:
752:
748:
746:
742:
740:
736:
734:
730:
728:
724:
712:
680:agents such as
671:
644:
631:
626:
595:
559:
534:
525:ascending colon
510:
489:
449:Musca domestica
445:
423:
387:
299:rectal prolapse
294:
38:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3066:
3064:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3030:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3008:
3007:
3006:
2994:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2967:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2936:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2887:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2864:Dioctophymosis
2854:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2827:Toxocara canis
2823:
2822:
2821:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2794:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2772:Metastrongylus
2768:
2767:
2766:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2726:A. braziliense
2716:
2710:
2708:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2676:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2629:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2587:Dirofilariasis
2577:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2566:Mansonelliasis
2556:
2555:
2554:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2535:Onchocerciasis
2524:
2522:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2493:Dracunculiasis
2482:
2480:
2471:
2462:
2453:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2388:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2372:Hymenolepiasis
2356:
2355:
2354:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2321:Echinococcosis
2304:
2302:
2300:Cyclophyllidea
2293:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2269:Metagonimiasis
2259:
2258:
2257:
2255:Heterophyiasis
2245:
2244:
2243:
2241:Amphistomiasis
2231:
2230:
2229:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2200:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2184:Paragonimiasis
2167:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2111:Dicrocoeliasis
2095:
2094:
2093:
2080:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2064:Swimmer's itch
2054:
2053:
2052:
2038:S. haematobium
2015:
2013:
2004:
1989:
1979:
1978:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1944:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1919:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1884:
1873:
1858:
1843:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1818:Classification
1811:
1810:External links
1808:
1805:
1804:
1790:10.1086/657310
1783:(12): 1420–8.
1763:
1737:
1714:
1689:
1652:(3): 275–280.
1630:
1619:
1599:
1566:
1541:
1498:
1462:
1431:(4): 785–790.
1411:
1400:
1378:
1327:
1276:
1243:
1232:
1212:
1160:
1127:
1092:
1040:
1007:
966:
916:
915:
913:
910:
874:
871:
862:
859:
838:
835:
823:
820:
807:
804:
795:
789:
783:
777:
771:
765:
759:
753:
747:
741:
735:
729:
723:
722:
711:
708:
670:
667:
643:
640:
630:
627:
625:
622:
594:
591:
558:
555:
554:
553:
546:
543:
533:
530:
509:
506:
488:
485:
465:Lucina cuprina
444:
441:
422:
419:
407:Trichocephalus
386:
383:
293:
290:
195:abdominal pain
186:parasitic worm
173:
172:
169:
165:
164:
151:
145:
144:
141:
137:
136:
131:
125:
124:
115:
111:
110:
104:
98:
97:
91:Abdominal pain
88:
82:
81:
76:
70:
69:
65:Life cycle of
62:
61:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
36:
32:Trichomoniasis
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3065:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3038:Helminthiases
3036:
3035:
3033:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2851:Baylisascaris
2848:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2601:Brugia malayi
2597:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2444:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2352:Cysticercosis
2349:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2178:P. kellicotti
2174:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2091:Clonorchiasis
2089:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1985:platyhelminth
1980:
1976:
1975:helminthiases
1972:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1764:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1715:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1634:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1603:
1600:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1567:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1290:PLOS Medicine
1287:
1280:
1277:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1012:
1008:
995:
991:
987:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
967:
954:
951:. June 2013.
950:
946:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
918:
911:
909:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
889:
884:
880:
872:
870:
868:
860:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
836:
834:
832:
828:
821:
819:
817:
813:
810:Infection of
805:
727: no data
720:
716:
709:
707:
705:
701:
696:
694:
689:
687:
683:
679:
676:
675:benzimidazole
668:
666:
664:
660:
657:A study in a
655:
651:
649:
641:
639:
635:
628:
623:
621:
619:
615:
611:
606:
602:
600:
592:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
567:
563:
556:
551:
547:
544:
540:
536:
535:
531:
529:
526:
522:
518:
514:
507:
505:
503:
499:
495:
486:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
442:
440:
438:
437:
433:, as well as
432:
428:
420:
418:
416:
415:helminthiasis
412:
408:
404:
403:
398:
397:
392:
384:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:
343:
339:
338:
332:
328:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
300:
291:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
251:
247:
243:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
191:
187:
183:
179:
170:
166:
163:
159:
155:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
135:
132:
130:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
108:
105:
103:
102:Complications
99:
96:
93:, tiredness,
92:
89:
87:
83:
80:
77:
75:
71:
68:
63:
59:
54:
50:
46:
41:
33:
29:
22:
3011:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2970:
2947:Enterobiasis
2939:
2919:
2905:
2890:
2870:
2856:
2849:
2843:Toxocariasis
2832:
2825:
2811:
2797:
2770:
2756:
2750:Necatoriasis
2742:
2725:
2718:
2679:
2652:
2639:
2632:
2625:Thelazioidea
2606:
2599:
2593:
2580:
2572:
2558:
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2125:F. gigantica
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2104:
2097:
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2037:
2031:
2026:S. japonicum
2025:
2018:
1928:Trichuriasis
1921:
1910:
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1766:
1754:. Retrieved
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1625:the original
1609:
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1118:. Retrieved
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998:. Retrieved
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957:. Retrieved
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896:
893:T. trichiura
892:
886:
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867:T. trichiura
866:
864:
854:
843:T. trichiura
842:
840:
827:T. trichiura
826:
825:
812:T. trichiura
811:
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710:Epidemiology
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678:anthelmintic
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610:T. trichiura
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575:T. trichiura
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550:T. trichiura
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539:T. trichiura
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511:
494:T. trichiura
493:
490:
487:Transmission
481:T. trichiura
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431:T. trichiura
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427:T. trichiura
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394:
388:
373:may lead to
364:
360:T. trichiura
359:
345:
335:
331:T. trichiura
330:
325:
321:eosinophilia
303:
295:
267:
242:hand washing
239:
211:
188:
181:
178:Trichuriasis
177:
176:
118:
66:
43:Trichuriasis
3012:C. hepatica
2978:Trichinosis
2963:Adenophorea
2819:Anisakiasis
2700:Strongylida
2681:Gongylonema
2672:Spiruroidea
2660:Thelaziasis
2640:G. hispidum
2514:Filarioidea
2478:Camallanida
2460:Secernentea
2427:Sparganosis
2413:Sparganosis
2366:H. diminuta
2335:T. asiatica
2205:Echinostoma
2145:O. felineus
2131:Fasciolosis
2076:Liver fluke
2011:Blood fluke
1912:MedlinePlus
1269:28 November
793: 50-60
787: 45-50
781: 40-45
775: 35-40
769: 30-35
763: 25-30
757: 20-25
751: 15-20
745: 10-15
686:mebendazole
682:albendazole
648:eating soil
614:embryonated
461:C. bezziana
327:Coinfection
309:weight loss
259:mebendazole
255:albendazole
227:large bowel
221:is used as
158:mebendazole
154:Albendazole
48:Other names
28:Trichinosis
3032:Categories
2883:Rhabditida
2805:Ascariasis
2790:Ascaridida
2581:D. immitis
2560:Mansonella
2552:filariasis
2519:Filariasis
2446:Roundworm/
2163:Lung fluke
2032:S. mekongi
1973:caused by
1923:Patient UK
1888:DiseasesDB
1756:27 October
1708:2009-05-19
1560:2009-05-19
912:References
905:irradiated
739: 5-10
700:loperamide
693:ivermectin
642:Sanitation
624:Prevention
557:Morphology
508:Life cycle
498:vegetables
453:M. sorbens
371:blood loss
278:ascariasis
263:ivermectin
246:sanitation
231:microscope
223:fertilizer
162:ivermectin
149:Medication
140:Prevention
2607:B. timori
2505:Spirurida
2451:infection
2348:Taeniasis
2341:T. solium
2105:D. hospes
1988:infection
1983:Flatworm/
1666:0023-4001
1536:205391965
669:Treatment
659:Brazilian
629:Deworming
593:Diagnosis
577:eggs are
436:T. vulpis
421:Reservoir
411:Trichuris
402:Trichuris
379:Vitamin A
168:Frequency
74:Specialty
2932:Oxyurida
2813:Anisakis
2705:hookworm
2654:Thelazia
2469:Spiruria
2449:Nematode
1799:21062129
1732:29939620
1702:Archived
1684:19724702
1554:Archived
1528:21281406
1493:15138075
1457:34842643
1406:Archived
1373:22590656
1322:22291577
1263:Archived
1238:Archived
1207:27733282
1147:Archived
1120:20 March
1114:Archived
1079:16679166
1033:20 March
1027:Archived
994:Archived
953:Archived
901:Nematode
897:T. muris
883:adjuvant
879:antigens
873:Research
861:Synonyms
831:nematode
391:helminth
367:diarrhea
274:hookworm
203:diarrhea
95:diarrhea
86:Symptoms
2833:T. cati
2550:Loa loa
2543:Loa loa
2285:Cestoda
1882:D014257
1675:2735694
1448:8628709
1364:3348161
1313:3265535
1259:cdc.gov
1198:5055577
1153:5 March
1087:8425278
1000:5 March
959:5 March
837:History
806:Regions
393:called
282:vaccine
250:toilets
199:fatigue
2343:(pork)
1917:001364
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443:Vector
317:anemia
315:, and
114:Causes
107:Anemia
1893:31146
1871:127.3
1532:S2CID
1083:S2CID
521:cecum
385:Cause
358:like
219:feces
2908:spp.
1877:MeSH
1866:9-CM
1841:1F6G
1795:PMID
1758:2022
1728:PMID
1680:PMID
1662:ISSN
1615:ISBN
1524:PMID
1489:PMID
1453:PMID
1396:ISBN
1369:PMID
1318:PMID
1271:2014
1228:ISBN
1203:PMID
1155:2014
1122:2014
1075:PMID
1035:2014
1002:2014
961:2014
523:and
471:and
276:and
201:and
123:eggs
1862:ICD
1856:B79
1847:ICD
1832:ICD
1785:doi
1670:PMC
1654:doi
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1359:PMC
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