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88:. The oldest theory of distribution, it poses that people spend money on obtaining luxury goods and services to give an indication of their wealth to other members of society. He highlights society's endless quest for novelty maintaining that 'elegance' or elaborateness of dress, and new styles, which are both indicative of expense, are the main drivers of fashion change. Each social class imitates the consumption behaviour of the class above it in order to enhance their social status.
95:, or simply a perceived lower social class, adopts the fashion, it is no longer desirable to the leaders in the highest social class. The theory has been associated with later trickle-down theories as importantly, Veblen also observed that the upper classes found more extravagant ways of exercising conspicuous consumption in order to differentiate themselves from the class imitating their original consumption behaviour.
138:
social strata. He includes other demographics such as gender, age and ethnicity. McCracken also acknowledges that the trickle down effect does not necessitate the appropriation of style but that the group can selectively borrow aspects of fashion, maintaining some of its own qualities. He also accounts for the influence of distribution, investors and location in relation to the trickle-down effect.
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behaviour is impacted. Fashion information in contemporary society is democratised; it is no longer solely the upper class that has the ability to affect fashion behaviour, but a range of social classes and groups. Mass media exposure through televised fashion information, fashion magazines and editorials have allowed simultaneous adoption of new styles at all levels of society.
234:
It is generally accepted among fashion researchers that fashions propagate more across social classes rather than trickle down (or up) as consumers tend to be more influenced by opinion leaders within their own social groups. As a result, each social group has its own fashion innovators who determine
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summarizes Von
Jhering's theory: " is the result of the need for superior classes to distinguish themselves on the outside from the inferior classes. Because on one side the latter constantly tend to imitate the former, fashion spreads in society by means of contagion. But, on the other side, because
194:
Furthermore, it has been claimed that in most cases the diffusion of trends follows a trickle-down movement, even when at a quick glance they seem to be emerging from the street (Bubble-up model). Often, an innovation that seems to originate from the fringes of society does not become a trend until
159:
When applied to fashion, the theory states that a style is first offered and adopted by the top strata of society and gradually becomes accepted by subordinate groups. This is because fashion is considered a vehicle of conspicuous consumption and upward mobility within society and allowed people to
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aims to rehabilitate the trickle-down theory by expanding it for modern day application and use in the study of contemporary fashion. He adapts the theory to include groups that assume superordinate and subordinate roles in the modern trickle-down process but are not necessarily defined in terms of
33:
dynamic. Lesser social groups seek to establish new status claims by adopting the fashions of higher social groups in imitation, whilst higher social groups respond by adopting new fashions to differentiate themselves. This provokes an endless cycle of change, driving fashion forward in a continual
230:
This is because elite fashion has largely been replaced by mass fashion, which does not involve the same dynamic of imitation and differentiation observed by the trickle-down effect. The power of fashion depends on communication; the more fashion information is communicated, the more human fashion
179:
The trickle-down theory offers a straightforward way of predicting fashion diffusion. If a lesser social group begins to appropriate superordinate fashion by wearing cheaper versions of styles, the superordinate group will likely differentiate themselves by assuming a new trend, leading to further
238:
Another criticism is that fashion is innately disorderly and complex. Trying to assign order to a complex phenomenon that usually consists of a range of factors including imitation and differentiation, adoptions and rejects all in relation to an individual's social surroundings has restricted the
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aspect of the trickle-down theory is still highly applicable to the contemporary fashion industry. This can be seen, for example, when looking at the movement of a trend from the catwalk to the high street. When a catwalk trend is assumed by the affluent at a high price, comparable pieces may be
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In a society experiencing social and economic progress, "...the entire population has been upwardly mobile. From this point of view, the status-symbolic goods and services do not 'trickle down' but rather remain in fixed positions; the population moves up through the hierarchy of status-symbolic
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to strive for social success, and hence for maintaining efficiency of performance in occupational roles, in a system in which differential success is possible for only a few. Status-symbolic consumption goods trickle down, thus giving the "illusion" of success to those who fail to achieve
195:
it is adopted by some form of "elite" within a society. In other words, a single product can be originated from the streets, but the process that turns its adoption into a trend requires some form of elite to leverage the masses, hence it is nothing but a trickle-down in disguise.
210:
In a revision of the theory, McCracken states that Simmel does not explain the trickle down effect in its full detail and complexity, failing to account for the fact that only the lowest and highest-ranking groups in society have a single motive for their
219:
whilst the highest-ranking group acts only to differentiate themselves as they have no higher-ranking social group to imitate. All intermediate groups, however, may have a dual motive. They may act either in imitation, in differentiation or both.
46:
The trickle down theory has been modified greatly from the Veblen–Jhering model, produced in the end of the 19th century, to date. However, it provides an overall theory of how novelty is first introduced then disseminated throughout society.
37:
Due to this dynamic, initially, a product may be so expensive that only the wealthy can afford it. Over time, however, the price will fall until it is inexpensive enough for the general public to purchase.
206:
Whilst the theory has received attention due to its pioneering nature, conceptual development and its use in subsequent and related explanations of fashion diffusion and change, it faces many criticisms.
29:
It states that fashion flows vertically from the upper classes to the lower classes within society, each social class influenced by a higher social class. Two conflicting principles drive this
227:
were writing, the Simmel–Veblen model has little place in today's society. Firstly, the modern social and marketing environment is different to the class system that existed before.
183:
A trickle-down theory that supplies a cultural context can predict not only the fact that the fashion change will take place but also the direction and properties of the change.
176:, or a class simply perceived to be subordinate, adopt the fashion, it is rejected by the superordinate social class as it is no longer desirable, and another fashion assumed.
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Basically, in a shorter description who started the trend in the upper class and how they influenced others to use/wear/carry on the trend down to the lower class.
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released by high street stores at a cheaper price to meet the demand of the perceived lower classes, who seek to imitate the fashion behavior of the affluent.
589:
Changing
Fashion: A Critical Introduction to Trend Analysis and Cultural Meaning (Dress, Body, Culture): A Critical Introduction to Trend Analysis and Meaning
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59:
is probably the first author who developed a full theory of cultural diffusion from the upper classes to the lower classes, applied to fashion, in his book
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it lost all its value once it is adopted by everybody, it is condemned by its very nature to renew itself continuously". It can be observed that it is not
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who invented the trickle-down theory: in his 1904 article this author does not even cite his compatriot, unlike
Durkheim seven years earlier.
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He also holds that whilst the theory may have been an accurate representation of fashion at the turn of the 19th century, when Simmel and
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Hirsch, Eric; Hirsch, Lecturer in Social
Anthropology Department of Human Sciences Eric; Silverstone, Roger (2003-09-02).
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d’Aura, G. (2020). Shifting
Paradigms Impact of Technology on the diffusion of trends. ZoneModa Journal, 10(2), 119–129.
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The trickle-down theory has long been identified as a central principle of explanation for the historical study of
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success in the opportunity and status pyramid. From this point of view the trickle effect becomes a "treadmill".
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215:. The lowest-ranking group have no lower group from which they must differentiate themselves so act solely in
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Lloyd A. Fallers of the East
African Institute of Social Research put forth this hypothesis in 1954:
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Culture and
Consumption: New Approaches to the Symbolic Character of Consumer Goods and Activities
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Consumer behaviour : a
European perspective / Michael Solomon ... [et al.]
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7 ed. Michael Levy and Barton A. Weitz. (2009). publisher: McGraw-Hill Irwin.
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251: – Process by which the market accepts a new idea or product
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When applied to fashion, this theory states that when the lowest
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Consuming
Technologies: Media and Information in Domestic Spaces
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is a model of product adoption in marketing that affects many
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Fallers, Lloyd A. (1954). "A Note on the "Trickle Effect"".
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The
Advanced Dictionary Of Marketing: Putting Theory to Use
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Fashion Adoption: A Rebuttal to the 'Trickle-Down' Theory
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The theory of conspicuous consumption was introduced by
643:(4th ed.). Harlow: Prentice Hall/Financial Times.
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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The trickle effect is a mechanism for maintaining the
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373:Revue Philosophique de la France et de l'Étranger
587:Strauss, Mitchell; Lynch, Annette (2007-08-01).
180:acts of appropriation by the subordinate group.
369:"La science positive de la morale en Allemagne"
63:(second volume, 1883). The French sociologist
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825:Timeline of clothing and textiles technology
547:https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2611-0563/11787
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667:Consumer Behaviour: A European Perspective
616:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, U.S.A.
477:Fashion Classics: From Carlyle to Barthes
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16:Model of product adoption in marketing
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968:Social media in the fashion industry
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164:whilst maintaining the security of
156:and its sociological implications.
664:Solomon, Michael R. (2010-01-01).
637:Solomon, Michael R. (2010-01-01).
559:"The Genteel: Trickle Down Theory"
257: – Fashion marketing strategy
142:The trickle-down theory in fashion
14:
670:. Prentice Hall/Financial Times.
400:The American Journal of Sociology
42:History and evolution of the term
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810:History of clothing and textiles
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433:Veblen, Thorstein (2015-01-26).
352:Der Zweck im Recht, zweiter Band
743:Environmental impact of fashion
86:The Theory of the Leisure Class
1:
357:P. 227-238 are about fashion.
349:Rudolph, Von Jhering (1883).
263: – Class of wage-earners
168:with other members of their
612:Dacko, Scott (2008-01-01).
591:. Oxford: Berg Publishers.
436:Theory of the Leisure Class
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815:History of Western fashion
391:Simmel, Georg (May 1957).
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820:History of fashion design
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729:Index of fashion articles
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355:. Breitkopf & Härtel.
303:McCracken, Grant (2005).
1200:British country clothing
758:Fashion design copyright
493:Public Opinion Quarterly
475:Carter, Michael (2003).
381:The quote is from p. 57.
367:Durkheim, Émile (1887).
1559:Anti-sweatshop movement
131:Culture and Consumption
121:consumption patterns."
34:process of innovation.
1610:Chinoiserie in fashion
379:. Félix Alcan: 33–142.
278: – Fashion theory
946:Fashion merchandising
523:"Theories of Fashion"
460:Retailing Management.
1521:South Korean fashion
983:Trickle-down fashion
921:Fashion illustration
906:Fashion entrepreneur
783:Semiotics of fashion
249:Diffusion (business)
20:Trickle-down fashion
1569:Sustainable fashion
1536:Vietnamese clothing
1067:Western dress codes
941:Fashion photography
916:Fashion forecasting
1673:Product management
1652:Fashion portal
1600:Ballet and fashion
1584:Zero-waste fashion
1300:Sportswear fashion
978:Trickle-up fashion
963:Red carpet fashion
931:Fashion journalism
926:Fashion influencer
276:Trickle-up fashion
255:Mass-market theory
213:consumer behaviour
148:Mass-market theory
61:Der Zweck im Recht
57:Rudolf von Jhering
55:The German jurist
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1215:Cruise collection
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886:Designer clothing
881:Clothing industry
748:Fashion accessory
677:978-0-273-71726-3
650:978-0-273-71726-3
623:978-0-19-928600-3
598:978-1-84520-390-0
572:King, Charles W.
446:978-3-7368-0823-2
335:978-1-134-81757-3
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1564:Circular fashion
1546:Fashion activism
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1574:Slow fashion
1554:Anti-fashion
1531:Thai fashion
1192:Smart casual
1112:Evening gown
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951:Fast fashion
896:Fashion blog
858:Fashion week
853:Fashion show
835:21st century
830:19th century
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93:social class
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84:in his book
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70:Georg Simmel
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1412:Heavy metal
1334:Alternative
1317:Bling-bling
1247:Young fogey
1097:Semi-formal
992:Traditional
936:Fashion law
439:. BookRix.
261:Prole drift
51:Von Jhering
1667:Categories
1615:Dress code
1442:By country
1427:Rockabilly
1290:Athleisure
1285:Sportswear
1265:Streetwear
1242:Teddy Boys
1225:Ivy League
1011:Diplomatic
1001:Ceremonial
532:2015-11-04
527:LoveToKnow
283:References
202:Criticisms
166:conformity
109:motivation
1382:Steampunk
1342:Androgyny
1154:Christian
1146:Religious
1107:Black tie
1090:Ball gown
1085:White tie
973:Sweatshop
420:222424000
393:"Fashion"
217:imitation
125:McCracken
31:diffusion
1593:See also
1579:Trashion
1377:Skinhead
1347:Bohemian
1305:Surfwear
1295:Gorpcore
1134:Pantsuit
1119:Informal
1023:Military
1016:Academic
994:clothing
956:in China
868:Industry
721:articles
243:See also
239:theory.
133:(1990),
1678:Fashion
1620:Undress
1499:History
1397:Greaser
1280:Hipster
1270:Hip hop
1164:Islamic
1038:Service
802:History
736:General
719:Fashion
154:fashion
99:Fallers
1407:Grunge
1392:Rocker
1367:Lolita
1362:Gothic
1357:Fetish
1275:Hippie
1220:Preppy
1183:Casual
1159:Jewish
1075:Formal
1050:Combat
1043:Sailor
876:Awards
845:Events
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332:
225:Veblen
76:Veblen
1422:Skate
1372:Queer
1006:Court
416:S2CID
396:(PDF)
1417:Punk
1402:Glam
1210:Chic
1124:Suit
1057:Folk
1033:Mess
1028:Full
672:ISBN
645:ISBN
618:ISBN
593:ISBN
441:ISBN
330:ISBN
186:The
1352:Emo
1232:Mod
502:doi
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