Upper Skagit Indian Tribe

1000:. Looking for a new way of making money, many Upper Skagit tried to start their own logging endeavors, floating logs down the river to trade at the mills. Forest rangers came and tried to prevent the Upper Skagit from cutting wood. At this point, many members of the Upper Skagit appealed to the government for allotments of land in the National Forest, all of them being denied. Eventually, in 1907 and 1909, several allotments were granted to the Upper Skagit on the Suiattle River, an extremely isolated area, even into the late 1900s. Some Upper Skagit moved to the area, believing the U.S. government would be creating a reservation for them there. Because of this, the people living on the Sauk River system (which the Suiattle River is a part of) were isolated from mainstream American society. By 1921, zero Upper Skagit children were enrolled in school. 882: 978: 47: 61: 1067: 1224:

Whites, and as more settlers came to the region, they further utilized the Native population for their labor, both in the forests, the home (as domestic laborers), and in their farms. In the 20th century, logging became the main industry in which Upper Skagit citizens were employed. By 1974, most Upper Skagit continued to be employed in the logging industry. Some Upper Skagit were employed as letter carriers, using their canoes to travel swiftly up and down the Skagit River.

715:, according to tradition, is a noble and benevolent being in the form of a man with blue eyes and white hair. He reduced the intelligence and size of animals, making it so humans could form a society. Additionally, he taught mankind craftwork and art. According to their traditions, he would at one point return once again. Others who are involved in the origin stories of the Upper Skagit include the trickster-changers: Raven, Mink, and Coyote. 2809: 1220:

hunting, fishing, and gathering throughout the Skagit Valley. From 1792 to the mid-20th century, the economy gradually shifted from one based on hunting and gathering, to one based on agriculture and wage labor. Furthermore, as the economy shifted towards wage labor, economic independence dropped, as people began to rely more on food, tools, weapons, and jobs which were introduced and supplied by settlers.

688: 768:. Once again they watched the people working in the bay, this time fishing from their canoes. There were several other periodic visits from Europeans into the region, although they never came inland enough to come into contact with the peoples of the Skagit River. Despite this, there were likely Upper Skagit who would have seen the European ships as they travelled outside their territory. 3072: 832:(which Chirouse had learned) as well as the local language of Lushootseed. After the death of his first wife, he remarried into a highly prestigious Nuwaha family under the famous warrior-leader Petius, which greatly increased his prestige. He became a famous orator and missionary, introducing his own brand of religion to the Upper Skagit, which was a mixture of the 1261:, an inter-tribal organization that regulates and enhances fishing along the Skagit River. The tribe operates a hatchery on the Skagit River, which facilitated the return of coho salmon to the reservation in 2008 for the first time in 50 years. In 2009, the Upper Skagit tribe received a $ 105,000 grant to restore 140 acres of salmon habitat near the reservation. 218:

disputes as settlers and the government continued to assert power over the Upper Skagit. Although they fought for their rights as a treaty tribe, the Upper Skagit remained an unrecognized tribe until 1974, when they were recognized by the federal government. In 1981, a reservation was finally established for the Upper Skagit.

872:, selected representatives from many tribes in the Puget Sound area to sign the Treaty of Point Elliott. Only two Upper Skagit tribes sent representatives: the Nookachamps and the Mesekwigwils. The Nookachamps were represented by Chlahben, and the Mesekwigwils were represented by Sdzekdunum. Other prominent leaders, such as 939:

that he leave their lands. After he denied, they destroyed his compass leading him to acquiesce and return downriver. A few days later, the Upper Skagit demanded that all settlers leave the upper Skagit River region, else they would be harmed. The settlers agreed, although some stopped at the homestead of

822:(the younger) lived on the western side of the mountains, he would often visit his family on the eastern side. There, he became acquainted with a Frenchman named Eugene Casimir Chirouse, who would later become a famous Catholic missionary in the Puget Sound region. When Chirouse arrived in Puget Sound, 889:

The Upper Skagit continued to live traditionally, hunting and fishing along the banks of the Skagit River and in the surrounding forests. The Upper Skagit also expanded their permanent settlements, clearing areas of land around their homes in order to plant potatoes as well as new crops such as corn,

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Prior to the Historic period, the predecessor bands of the Upper Skagit Tribe built permanent settlements up and down the Skagit River, and built summer camps in the forests and on the mountains near their homes. Roots and plants such as potatoes were cultivated in prairies, and clams were dug across

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No agreement was reached at the council. The five Upper Skagit left the council and camped on the riverbank opposite the homestead with the others who had come. Von Pressentin secretly went downriver to La Conner, where he sent a telegram to the US government asking for aid. The United States sent a

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The Upper Skagit Indian Tribe was granted federal recognition on December 4, 1974. From 1977 to 1982, the tribe applied for federal grants, which it used to purchase land. The tribe purchased 25 acres over four years on Bow Hill, including from individual tribal citizens who owned land in the area.

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in 1878; settlers began to slowly homestead the Skagit River soon after. Furthermore, the settlers trespassed on lands containing graves and burned down a village of eight longhouses at the confluence of the Skagit and Sauk rivers. This new pressure from settlement caused the Upper Skagit to resist

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in 1855, and ceded their land in return for a reservation and hunting, fishing, and gathering rights. Throughout the 19th century, society rapidly shifted for the Upper Skagit as their systems of governance evolved and they faced encroachment from settlers. The late 19th century was marked by land

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Early after contact, trade with settlers became a large factor in the Indigenous economy. Trading posts in forts allowed people to buy trade goods, as well as new foods, which could be planted. Logging in the region started around 1865. Settlers opened logging camps that employed both Indians and

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for trial by the White authorities, which angered the Upper Skagit (more so than the murder itself), as they had the right to try criminals according to the treaty. Shortly after this event, a surveyor named Henry came to the area. The Upper Skagit, who held surveyors in great disregard, demanded

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village which was located on the bay. Nearby, on Boundary Bay, they had met other peoples who they were surprised to find large amounts of European trade goods and even horses in their possession, with locals even saying that they had seen ships even larger pass by before, implying that there had

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For most of history, prior to the formation of the Upper Skagit Indian Tribe, the precursor groups were hunter-gatherers who relied on hunting, fishing, and gathering for subsistence. This has carried on to today, and members of the tribe utilize their treaty rights to participate in traditional

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Historically, the society of the Upper Skagit peoples was based on extensive kinship ties. The highest level of permanent authority was never above the family unit, and as such, "chiefs" (as they are described in the literature) were non-existent at the time of colonization. During the colonial

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In 1951, the tribe filed a claim, alledging that the payment offered for the 1,769,804 acres (7,162.14 km) was "unconscionably low". Because the claim overlapped with the claims presented by the Lower Skagit Tribe, they amended their claim seven years later in 1958. This petition, filed on

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himself was followed by his son, John Campbell. John Campbell's sister, Lahabulitsa, succeeded him. When she died, she was succeeded by John Campbell's son, Joseph Campbell. When Joseph Campbell died, his eldest son, John Campbell became chief. By 1974, the Chief of the Upper Skagit was Peter

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region. Following this was the Intermediate period, roughly from 700–1250 CE. By this time, local peoples had begun utilizing both marine and inland resources. The Recent period, roughly from 1250–1750 CE, was categorized by the development (and continued use) of fortifications, new

953:), and they travelled to the homestead, joined by more than 100 canoes full of people. The five people who were sent to the Americans formally protested at the council, saying that they never signed any treaty with the United States, nor had they received any compensation for land seizure. 901:. Further White settlement was discouraged by a two-mile logjam at the confluence of the forks of the Skagit River, near its mouth. Settlers had established small towns downriver of the logjam, but it continued to discourage settlement any further upriver for several decades. 1057:

Today, the Upper Skagit Indian Tribe is governed by the Upper Skagit Tribal Council, a seven-member elected body which carries out the governmental responsibilities of the tribe. The chairman of the tribe is elected through a popular vote from all members of the tribe.

1350:, an Upper Skagit citizen, died in 2008. Today, the language is primarily spoken in ceremonial contexts. Despite this, there are efforts across Puget Sound to revitalize the language. Vi Hilbert dedicated much of her life to recording and revitalizing the language. 965:. Once again, the Upper Skagit formally protested the seizure of land by settlers. Simmons argued that he could not do anything. Furthermore, he said that if the Upper Skagit continued to resist there would be "reprisals", and that they should make a case to the 297:

The Upper Skagit Indian Tribe is descended from several aboriginal village groups (also called bands, tribes, or (extended) villages) who had villages along the Skagit River and its tributaries. These villages are counted between nine and eleven. The

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culture have been found, pointing to a period where humans relied primarily on big game hunting for survival. This period was possibly followed by the development of the marine culture in the Early Maritime period, which has been well-studied in the

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The U.S. Government attempted to make small allotments of land to the Upper Skagit in 1892, but these were rejected by the tribe, who said that they already owned the land and that accepting small allotments would be meaningless. In 1897, the

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period, Upper Skagit society began to shift towards centralization, and certain figures began to appear whose influence and authority reached outside of their family and across society. Several figures emerged during this period, including

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established himself as the leader of this religion, deviating significantly from the traditionally democratic social order at the time, holding widely-attended church sessions during the summer at his large wooden house near what is today

1298:, and is a syncretic religion which combines elements of both Christian beliefs and Indigenous beliefs, to various degrees in various churches. In the mid-1900s, other Upper Skagit still followed the traditional Indigenous religion. 969:

for assistance; the Upper Skagit delegation agreed. Following this, the five Upper Skagit, led by one Chief Wawitkin, went to Roger S. Green, the territorial judge, to ask for assistance. Green told them to make an appeal to the

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In 1981, the tribe purchased a 24-acre parcel from a local resident, which they took into trust. A reservation of approximately 100 acres was established on September 10, 1981, with another seven acres being acquired in 1997.

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Around 1855, there were about 300 people who lived along the Skagit River. In 1984, there were 233 members of the Upper Skagit Indian Tribe. In 1994, the tribe had 600 members, and by 2008, the tribe had 1,031 citizens.

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to both the Skagit proper, as well as those living along the Skagit River, creating the distinction between the "Upper" and "Lower" Skagits. In historic times, the peoples of the Skagit river would have used the term

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In 1870, the first surveyors of the Northern Pacific Railroad entered Upper Skagit territory, which began to encourage settlement. The first White settler to claim land past the logjam was William Hamilton, founding

255:. "Upper Skagit" in particular refers to the peoples whose villages were located along the Skagit River and its tributaries, contrasting with the "Lower Skagit" of Whidbey island. Early settlers applied the name 168: 1383:

have historically been considered a part of the Upper Skagit by some anthropologists due to their closeness. However, modern scholars separate the two groups due to the existence as a distinct tribal entity.

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2263: 2183: 947:. A council among the settlers was held, and they asked that five unarmed Indians meet with them. The peoples of the Skagit River selected five people who would meet with the Americans (one of whom was 1004:

October 17, 1958, also changed the name of the tribe from the Skagit Tribe of Indians to the Upper Skagit Tribe of Indians. On September 23, 1968, the tribe was awarded $ 385,471.42 for their land.

2948: 1309:, began encouraging Upper Skagits to become members. Although most members of the congregation were white by the 1970s, there were a growing number of Upper Skagit members of the congregation. 1250:

The Tribe provides health services to its citizens from its Upper Skagit Tribal Health Facility, a 4,500 square feet (420 m) favility that provides primary care and other social services.

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of 1855-1856. The first wagon trail along the Skagit River was created by settlers in 1852, coming from the mountains of British Columbia. In 1858, prospectors discovered gold upriver at

878:, attended the treaty convention, but did not sign it. To this day, all members of the Upper Skagit Indian Tribe are descended from or otherwise related to those that signed the treaty. 974:

for assistance. It is unknown if an appeal to congress was made. After the council, some Upper Skagit moved from the Skagit River to the Sauk River, where settlement had not occurred.

3379: 2848: 1239:. The casino opened in 1995 and is 65,000 square feet (6,000 m). It employs 450 people and attracts 1 million visitors annually. The Upper Skagit Tribe also has managed the 2775: 783:, it was common for the Upper Skagit peoples to visit the forts to trade. It became tradition to visit one of the forts (usually Victoria) at least once during one's life. 881: 2828: 2790: 60: 2838: 1147: 1116: 46: 2996: 2943: 1085: 993: 2783: 1025: 2843: 2813: 1207:

Most tribal members live in Skagit County and are employed in surrounding communities. In 2004, the tribe was awarded a grant of $ 1,369,611 to build

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would establish himself as the sole "chief" of the Upper Skagit, uniting the once-independent peoples of the Skagit River around himself.

966: 175:. The tribe is the successor-in-interest to approximately eleven historic tribes (or bands) which had many permanent villages along the 869: 3266: 2544: 1254: 977: 728:

projectile and spear points, and new styles of fish hooks. This period led into the Historic period of the 18th century to present.

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Sercombe, Laurel (2003). "Researching the music of the first people of the Pacific Northwest: From the academy to the brain room".

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The tribe holds the annual Upper Skagit Celebration and Stick Game Tournament each year in August, which is held in Sedro-Wooley.

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Use of Lushootseed has declined since the beginning of the colonial period, and the last fluent native speaker of Lushootseed,

909:. Eventually, a store was built past the logjam at Mount Vernon in 1876. This attracted settlers from the close settlements of 3261: 2453: 1021: 996:(known today as the Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest) was established. Forest rangers came and destroyed Upper Skagit 3374: 2536: 2513: 792:(also called Slaybebtikud, Stababutkin, or Captain Campbell) gained a large religious following among the Upper Skagit. 1028:

to adopt "comprehensive internal hunting regulations", by which the tribes would "set seasons, report kills, and issue

961:. Upon seeing the soldiers, the Upper Skagit fled upriver. The soldiers followed, and eventually the two groups met at 2982: 2898: 2833: 1264:

Over 500 people are employed by the Upper Skagit Tribe on the reservation, both in government and business positions.

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further settlement, and increased tensions between the settlers and the Indigenous peoples of the Skagit River.

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The earliest humans in the Puget Sound region likely arrived roughly 12,000 years ago. Tools belonging to the

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The first Europeans to record their encounter the with the predecessors of the Upper Skagit were the crew of

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Collins, June McCormick (1950). "The Indian Shaker Church: A Study of Continuity and Change in Religion".

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A Cultural Resource Overview: Prehistory, Ethnography, and History: Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest

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For thousands of years, the predecessors of the Upper Skagit Indian Tribe lived along the Skagit River,

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was established on September 10, 1981. It consists of three separate small parcels of land in western

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Due to the lack of pressure from settlers, the various Upper Skagit peoples did not take part in the

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been previous contact between the Indigenous peoples of the region and Europeans, albeit unrecorded.

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Miller, Bruce G. (1998). "Culture as Cultural Defense: An American Indian Sacred Site in Court".

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The tribe was initially called "The Skagit Tribe of Indians", but changed their name in 1958.

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and to raise livestock such as chickens. This way, they could trade for more at the forts.

3296: 3276: 3216: 3201: 2878: 1287: 1029: 1017: 894: 841: 807: 187: 1290:. By the 20th century, another Christian religion had gained prominence, that being the 3343: 3271: 3135: 2933: 2893: 1306: 1302: 661: 248: 92: 3363: 2763: 2599: 1639: 1380: 865: 833: 724: 647: 319: 299: 230: 709:, the culture hero of the Upper Skagit, who changed the world into how it is today. 3140: 2858: 2507: 1359: 1232: 997: 772: 349: 244: 199: 176: 2690: 2583: 687: 529:

Ten house sites, twenty-two winter houses. The largest group on the Skagit River.

756:), they could see many people who were gathering shellfish, likely from a nearby 3286: 3091: 3021: 3005: 2868: 2100: 1324: 1318: 753: 733: 703: 602: 361: 357: 312: 234: 203: 88: 3071: 2237: 2069: 1577: 3231: 2498: 2445: 2374: 2304: 1347: 934:

In 1886, a White man murdered a Sauk-Suiattle man. The suspect was brought to

2627: 2535:. Civilization of the American Indian. Vol. 173 (3rd ed.). Norman: 2521: 1162: 1149: 1131: 1118: 1100: 1087: 3211: 2471: 252: 17: 2607:

Deloria, Vine; Frank, Billy; Lane, Vernon; Poole, Dick; Ziontz, Al (2011).

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around 1791. When they arrived in what they called the "Seno de Padilla" (

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The Upper Skagit Tribe is one of the three member nations (alongside the

922: 268:, '(people who) have a river', to refer to themselves as a unit. 2719: 2669: 2095: 3150: 2953: 2758: 2648: 2591: 1187:(0.404686 km²). Its resident population was 238 persons as of the 1183:, BC on Interstate Highway 5. The total land area is approximately 107 757: 341: 109: 2698: 213:

The predecessor bands to the Upper Skagit Tribe were signatory to the

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Valley of the Spirits: The Upper Skagit Indians of Western Washington

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Campbell, his eldest brother and the second son of Joseph Campbell.

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Padilla Bay was again visited by Europeans in June of 1792, by

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List of village groups preceding the Upper Skagit Indian Tribe

2516:, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. pp. 126–137. 2738: 2677:

Smith, Marian W. (1941). "The Coast Salish of Puget Sound".

1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1673: 2398: 2396: 2328: 2326: 2154: 2152: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 1870: 1868: 1767: 1765: 1527: 1525: 1424: 1422: 1331:. The dialect spoken by the Upper Skagit is called Skagit ( 691:

The Skagit River, homeland of the Upper Skagit Indian Tribe

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Descendants enrolled in both Upper Skagit Indian Tribe and

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Ruby, Robert H.; Brown, John A.; Collins, Cary C. (2010).

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A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest

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Federally-recognized Indian Tribe in Washington state

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sub-dialects: Lower Skagit, Upper Skagit, and Sauk.

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The Upper Skagit were introduced to Christianity by

1032:, much to the displeasure of non-Indian sportsmen". 3336: 3310: 3244: 3179: 3128: 3117: 3079: 3047: 3031: 3020: 128: 120: 108: 80: 70: 32: 1329:a variety of Indigenous peoples across Puget Sound 1281: 1048: 1042: 948: 873: 856: 845: 823: 817: 811: 799: 793: 787: 710: 701: 284: 278: 272: 263: 256: 238: 2361: 2344: 2212: 2170: 1815: 1786: 1756: 1741: 1703: 1664: 1614: 1602: 1466: 1451: 1413: 1026:Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife 251:, whose territory encompassed the land around 210:for several tribes in the Puget Sound region. 2990: 2791: 2609:"The Boldt Decision: A Roundtable Discussion" 1016:In 1990, the Upper Skagit were joined by the 8: 3380:Native American tribes in Washington (state) 1327:, a Central Coast Salish language spoken by 1113:, while the smaller western sections are at 568:West of Rockport, at the bend of the river ( 2706:Yoder, Janet (2007). "Burning at Nooksak". 2483:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 1257:and the Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe) of the 1227:The Upper Skagit Indian Tribe operates the 3125: 3070: 3028: 2997: 2983: 2975: 2798: 2784: 2776: 2734:Upper Skagit Indian Tribe official website 1859: 1803: 1691: 1531: 1428: 412:Eight house sites, sixteen winter houses. 59: 29: 1294:. The Indian Shaker Church originated in 65:Location of the Upper Skagit Indian Tribe 1323:The Upper Skagit peoples speak Northern 957:company of soldiers from Tacoma, led by 305: 2402: 2332: 2224: 2158: 2143: 2131: 2064: 2062: 2053: 2032: 2020: 2008: 1996: 1984: 1972: 1960: 1948: 1936: 1895: 1874: 1836: 1771: 1726: 1626: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1560: 1516: 1478: 1397: 1372: 1030:hunting and identification requirements 828:offered to translate, knowing both the 637:Three house sites, three winter houses 583:Three house sites, three winter houses 460:People who climb the banks of the river 443:Three house sites, seven winter houses 277:is composed of the nominalizing prefix 1906: 1904: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1542: 1540: 885:First page of the Point Elliot Treaty 798:was born at the Snohomish village of 553:Four house sites, five winter houses 7: 2572:Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 981:Man in a canoe on the Skagit River, 612:Six house sites, five winter houses 2096:"Mount Vernon -- Thumbnail History" 470:Two house sites, two winter houses 1286:, and many initially converted to 1195:, the population was 266 persons. 870:Territorial Governor of Washington 786:Sometime before 1855, a man named 564:People upriver from the confluence 25: 3267:Swinomish Indian Tribal Community 2772:, NW Portland Indian Health Board 2616:Journal of Northwest Anthropology 1255:Swinomish Indian Tribal Community 771:After the establishment of forts 488:One house site, one winter house 169:federally-recognized Indian tribe 2807: 2766:, NW Indian Fisheries Commission 2479:Collins, June McCormick (1974). 921:. The logjam was destroyed with 45: 3323:Port Madison Indian Reservation 1076:Upper Skagit Indian Reservation 1062:Upper Skagit Indian Reservation 188:hunting, fishing, and gathering 129:Domestic dependent nation 3262:Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians 2454:University of Washington Press 2416:"About dxʷləšucid Lushootseed" 2362:Ruby, Brown & Collins 2010 2345:Ruby, Brown & Collins 2010 2213:Ruby, Brown & Collins 2010 2171:Ruby, Brown & Collins 2010 1816:Bates, Hess & Hilbert 1994 1787:Bates, Hess & Hilbert 1994 1757:Bates, Hess & Hilbert 1994 1742:Bates, Hess & Hilbert 1994 1704:Bates, Hess & Hilbert 1994 1665:Bates, Hess & Hilbert 1994 1615:Bates, Hess & Hilbert 1994 1603:Bates, Hess & Hilbert 1994 1467:Bates, Hess & Hilbert 1994 1452:Ruby, Brown & Collins 2010 1414:Ruby, Brown & Collins 2010 425:Bsigwigwilts, Meeseequaguilch 1: 3370:History of Washington (state) 2691:10.1525/aa.1941.43.2.02a00050 2584:10.1086/soutjanth.6.4.3628566 1362: – Native American tribe 982: 683:Oral tradition and prehistory 398:to below Sedro-Wooley; along 387:People of Nookachamps Creek ( 202:, and historically spoke the 171:located in the U.S. state of 3318:Swinomish Indian Reservation 3272:Tulalip Tribes of Washington 2537:University of Oklahoma Press 2514:US Department of Agriculture 1070:Sign at reservation entrance 623:People upriver from the bend 433:Along the Skagit River from 198:. They are related to other 3245:Federally recognized tribes 2554:Sampson, Martin J. (1972). 2506:Hollenbeck, Jan L. (1987). 1339:), which consists of three 1229:Skagit Valley Casino Resort 3396: 3257:Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe 1917:Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe 1316: 994:Washington National Forest 844:, and the local religion. 695:According to Upper Skagit 669:Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe 519:); along the Baker River ( 477:Bsxwexwehwa'1, Baslohaloh 3292:Puyallup Tribe of Indians 3252:Upper Skagit Indian Tribe 3068: 2824: 2637:American Indian Quarterly 2444:Bates, Dawn; Hess, Thom; 2380:Upper Skagit Indian Tribe 2310:Upper Skagit Indian Tribe 2243:Upper Skagit Indian Tribe 2075:Upper Skagit Indian Tribe 1583:Upper Skagit Indian Tribe 1497:Upper Skagit Indian Tribe 1259:Skagit System Cooperative 732:the coast at places like 550:and the surrounding area 485:and the surrounding area 467:and the surrounding area 429:(People of) the big rocks 157:Upper Skagit Indian Tribe 136: 58: 42: 34:Upper Skagit Indian Tribe 3287:Muckleshoot Indian Tribe 3087:Salishan oral narratives 2739:The Skagit Casino Resort 2708:The Massachusetts Review 2556:Indians of Skagit County 1243:, which is located near 560:Shayayotsid, Beskiotsid 356:); along the coast from 229:The name "Skagit" is an 131:within the United States 101:Indigenous folk religion 75:Sedro-Wooley, Washington 3282:Snoqualmie Indian Tribe 2679:American Anthropologist 1336: 1282: 1231:, which is located off 1175:, about midway between 1049: 1043: 949: 874: 857: 846: 824: 818: 812: 800: 794: 788: 711: 702: 285: 279: 273: 264: 257: 239: 164: 3297:Nisqually Indian Tribe 2450:Lushootseed Dictionary 1305:churches, such as the 1303:Evangelical Protestant 1163:48.56861°N 122.34528°W 1132:48.55917°N 122.34500°W 1101:48.54194°N 122.18750°W 1071: 988: 972:United States Congress 941:Bernard von Pressentin 886: 692: 328:Traditional territory 243:, which refers to the 215:Treaty of Point Elliot 194:to as far upstream as 3337:Non-recognized groups 3328:Nisqually Reservation 3010:-speaking peoples of 2285:"U.S. Census website" 1341:mutually-intelligible 1069: 980: 967:Department of Justice 884: 740:Early colonial period 690: 289:, 'to hide'. 271:The Lushootseed word 3375:Lushootseed language 3302:Squaxin Island Tribe 3023:Lushootseed language 2658:Fontes Artis Musicae 2539:. pp. 361–364. 1645:Samish Indian Nation 1301:Since 1947, various 1292:Indian Shaker Church 1215:Economy and services 1211:on the reservation. 1168:48.56861; -122.34528 1137:48.55917; -122.34500 1106:48.54194; -122.18750 653:People who dig roots 601:From Marblemount to 368:Samish Indian Nation 204:Lushootseed language 200:Coast Salish peoples 144:upperskagittribe-nsn 97:Indian Shaker Church 3097:Transformer/Changer 3039:Lushootseed grammar 2844:Jamestown S'Klallam 2814:Indian reservations 2420:Tulalip Lushootseed 1296:Mud Bay, Washington 1159: / 1128: / 1097: / 1022:Stillaguamish Tribe 504:Sabelxu, Sabaliuhk 308: 2770:Upper Skagit Tribe 2764:Upper Skagit Tribe 2759:Skagit Ridge Hotel 2347:, p. 363-364. 2173:, p. 362-363. 1939:, p. 211-212. 1307:Pentecostal Church 1209:affordable housing 1072: 989: 887: 746:José María Narváez 693: 597:People way upriver 543:Alongside the path 515:to Faber's Ferry ( 306: 3357: 3356: 3240: 3239: 3066: 3065: 2972: 2971: 2749:The Market Buffet 2490:978-0-295-95327-4 2463:978-0-295-97323-4 1288:Roman Catholicism 830:Okanagan language 810:man, also called 675: 674: 667:Succeeded by the 508:Mixture of people 400:Nookachamps Creek 383:, Nookwachahmish 293:Predecessor bands 208:heritage language 153: 152: 16:(Redirected from 3387: 3349:Steilacoom Tribe 3180:Southern peoples 3129:Northern peoples 3126: 3121: 3074: 3029: 3024: 3014: 3008: 2999: 2992: 2985: 2976: 2812: 2811: 2800: 2793: 2786: 2777: 2723: 2702: 2673: 2652: 2631: 2613: 2603: 2559: 2550: 2525: 2502: 2475: 2431: 2430: 2428: 2427: 2412: 2406: 2405:, p. 43-44. 2400: 2391: 2390: 2388: 2387: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2335:, p. 39-40. 2330: 2321: 2320: 2318: 2317: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2292: 2291: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2268: 2260: 2254: 2253: 2251: 2250: 2234: 2228: 2227:, p. 36-37. 2222: 2216: 2210: 2195: 2194: 2188: 2180: 2174: 2168: 2162: 2161:, p. 42-43. 2156: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2134:, p. 40-41. 2129: 2112: 2111: 2109: 2108: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2083: 2082: 2066: 2057: 2056:, p. 38-39. 2051: 2036: 2030: 2024: 2023:, p. 32-35. 2018: 2012: 2011:, p. 41-42. 2006: 2000: 1994: 1988: 1982: 1976: 1975:, p. 29-30. 1970: 1964: 1963:, p. 24-25. 1958: 1952: 1951:, p. 21-22. 1946: 1940: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1925: 1924: 1908: 1899: 1893: 1878: 1877:, p. 18-19. 1872: 1863: 1857: 1840: 1834: 1819: 1813: 1807: 1801: 1790: 1784: 1775: 1774:, p. 16-18. 1769: 1760: 1754: 1745: 1739: 1730: 1724: 1707: 1701: 1695: 1689: 1668: 1662: 1656: 1655: 1653: 1652: 1636: 1630: 1624: 1618: 1612: 1606: 1600: 1594: 1593: 1591: 1590: 1574: 1535: 1529: 1520: 1514: 1508: 1507: 1505: 1504: 1488: 1482: 1476: 1470: 1464: 1455: 1449: 1432: 1426: 1417: 1411: 1385: 1377: 1285: 1241:Resort Semiahmoo 1174: 1173: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1164: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1143: 1142: 1140: 1139: 1138: 1133: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1112: 1111: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1102: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1090: 1052: 1046: 987: 984: 952: 877: 860: 849: 827: 821: 815: 805: 797: 791: 781:British Columbia 766:George Vancouver 714: 707: 309: 288: 282: 276: 267: 260: 242: 148: 145: 121:Enrolled members 63: 49: 30: 21: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3385: 3384: 3360: 3359: 3358: 3353: 3332: 3306: 3277:Suquamish Tribe 3236: 3175: 3119: 3113: 3075: 3062: 3043: 3022: 3016: 3012: 3006: 3003: 2973: 2968: 2820: 2806: 2804: 2730: 2705: 2676: 2655: 2634: 2611: 2606: 2569: 2566: 2564:Further reading 2553: 2547: 2528: 2505: 2491: 2478: 2464: 2443: 2440: 2435: 2434: 2425: 2423: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2401: 2394: 2385: 2383: 2373: 2372: 2368: 2360: 2351: 2343: 2339: 2331: 2324: 2315: 2313: 2303: 2302: 2298: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2266: 2264:"Tribe Profile" 2262: 2261: 2257: 2248: 2246: 2236: 2235: 2231: 2223: 2219: 2211: 2198: 2186: 2184:"Tribe Profile" 2182: 2181: 2177: 2169: 2165: 2157: 2150: 2142: 2138: 2130: 2115: 2106: 2104: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2080: 2078: 2068: 2067: 2060: 2052: 2039: 2031: 2027: 2019: 2015: 2007: 2003: 1995: 1991: 1983: 1979: 1971: 1967: 1959: 1955: 1947: 1943: 1935: 1931: 1922: 1920: 1910: 1909: 1902: 1894: 1881: 1873: 1866: 1860:Hollenbeck 1987 1858: 1843: 1835: 1822: 1814: 1810: 1804:Hollenbeck 1987 1802: 1793: 1785: 1778: 1770: 1763: 1755: 1748: 1740: 1733: 1725: 1710: 1702: 1698: 1692:Hollenbeck 1987 1690: 1671: 1663: 1659: 1650: 1648: 1638: 1637: 1633: 1625: 1621: 1613: 1609: 1601: 1597: 1588: 1586: 1576: 1575: 1538: 1532:Hollenbeck 1987 1530: 1523: 1515: 1511: 1502: 1500: 1490: 1489: 1485: 1477: 1473: 1465: 1458: 1450: 1435: 1429:Hollenbeck 1987 1427: 1420: 1412: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1388: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1356: 1321: 1315: 1278: 1270: 1217: 1201: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1158: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1146: 1145: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1127: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1115: 1114: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1096: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1084: 1083: 1064: 1038: 1018:Suquamish Tribe 1010: 1008:Reservation era 985: 932: 895:Puget Sound War 750:Santa Saturnina 742: 720:old Cordilleran 685: 680: 629:Damnation Creek 295: 283:, and the root 224: 179:in what is now 149: 142: 141: 132: 104: 66: 54: 51: 50: 38: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3393: 3391: 3383: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3362: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3351: 3346: 3344:Duwamish Tribe 3340: 3338: 3334: 3333: 3331: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3241: 3238: 3237: 3235: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3183: 3181: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3136:Skagit peoples 3132: 3130: 3123: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3111: 3110: 3109: 3103:Spirit Powers 3101: 3100: 3099: 3089: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3076: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3063: 3061: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3049: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3041: 3035: 3033: 3026: 3018: 3017: 3004: 3002: 3001: 2994: 2987: 2979: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2939:Squaxin Island 2936: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2919:Shoalwater Bay 2916: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2825: 2822: 2821: 2805: 2803: 2802: 2795: 2788: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2729: 2728:External links 2726: 2725: 2724: 2714:(4): 594–602. 2703: 2685:(2): 197–211. 2674: 2664:(2/4): 81–88. 2653: 2643:(1/2): 83–97. 2632: 2622:(1): 111–122. 2604: 2578:(4): 399–411. 2565: 2562: 2561: 2560: 2551: 2545: 2526: 2503: 2489: 2476: 2462: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2432: 2407: 2392: 2366: 2364:, p. 364. 2349: 2337: 2322: 2296: 2276: 2255: 2229: 2217: 2215:, p. 363. 2196: 2175: 2163: 2148: 2136: 2113: 2087: 2058: 2037: 2025: 2013: 2001: 1989: 1977: 1965: 1953: 1941: 1929: 1900: 1879: 1864: 1862:, p. 130. 1841: 1820: 1818:, p. 176. 1808: 1806:, p. 129. 1791: 1776: 1761: 1746: 1744:, p. 110. 1731: 1708: 1706:, p. 174. 1696: 1694:, p. 128. 1669: 1657: 1631: 1619: 1617:, p. 190. 1607: 1595: 1536: 1534:, p. 127. 1521: 1509: 1483: 1471: 1469:, p. 173. 1456: 1454:, p. 362. 1433: 1431:, p. 126. 1418: 1416:, p. 361. 1396: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1371: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1363: 1355: 1352: 1317:Main article: 1314: 1311: 1277: 1274: 1269: 1266: 1247:, since 2003. 1216: 1213: 1200: 1197: 1063: 1060: 1037: 1034: 1009: 1006: 931: 928: 779:in modern-day 741: 738: 697:oral tradition 684: 681: 679: 676: 673: 672: 665: 655: 650: 645: 639: 638: 635: 625: 620: 617: 614: 613: 610: 599: 594: 588: 585: 584: 581: 566: 561: 558: 555: 554: 551: 545: 540: 537: 531: 530: 527: 526:to Baker Lake 510: 505: 496: 490: 489: 486: 480: 478: 475: 472: 471: 468: 462: 457: 451: 445: 444: 441: 431: 426: 420: 414: 413: 410: 393: 384: 378: 372: 371: 364: 346: 344: 339: 333: 332: 329: 326: 323: 316: 294: 291: 249:Whidbey Island 223: 220: 151: 150: 137: 134: 133: 130: 126: 125: 122: 118: 117: 112: 106: 105: 103: 102: 99: 93:Pentecostalism 87:Christianity ( 84: 82: 78: 77: 72: 68: 67: 64: 56: 55: 52: 44: 43: 40: 39: 36: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3392: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3243: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3178: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3166:Stillaguamish 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3116: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3095: 3094: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3040: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3019: 3015: 3009: 3000: 2995: 2993: 2988: 2986: 2981: 2980: 2977: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2944:Stillaguamish 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2914:Sauk-Suiattle 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2826: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2801: 2796: 2794: 2789: 2787: 2782: 2781: 2778: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2727: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2567: 2563: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2546:9780806124797 2542: 2538: 2534: 2533: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2510: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2441: 2437: 2421: 2417: 2411: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2382: 2381: 2376: 2370: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2312: 2311: 2306: 2300: 2297: 2286: 2280: 2277: 2272: 2271:Skagit County 2265: 2259: 2256: 2245: 2244: 2239: 2233: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2191:Skagit County 2185: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2146:, p. 42. 2145: 2140: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2103: 2102: 2097: 2091: 2088: 2077: 2076: 2071: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2035:, p. 32. 2034: 2029: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2014: 2010: 2005: 2002: 1999:, p. 22. 1998: 1993: 1990: 1987:, p. 31. 1986: 1981: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1930: 1919: 1918: 1913: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1898:, p. 19. 1897: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1839:, p. 18. 1838: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1789:, p. 33. 1788: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1759:, p. 66. 1758: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1729:, p. 16. 1728: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1700: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1667:, p. 85. 1666: 1661: 1658: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1635: 1632: 1629:, p. 20. 1628: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1599: 1596: 1585: 1584: 1579: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1519:, p. 15. 1518: 1513: 1510: 1499: 1498: 1493: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1408: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1391: 1382: 1381:Sauk-Suiattle 1376: 1373: 1366: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1353: 1351: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1320: 1312: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1275: 1273: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1221: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1205: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1172: 1141: 1110: 1081: 1080:Skagit County 1077: 1068: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1045: 1035: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1014: 1007: 1005: 1001: 999: 998:fishing weirs 995: 979: 975: 973: 968: 964: 960: 954: 951: 946: 942: 937: 930:Land disputes 929: 927: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 902: 900: 896: 891: 883: 879: 876: 871: 867: 866:Isaac Stevens 862: 859: 854: 848: 843: 839: 835: 834:Prophet Dance 831: 826: 820: 814: 809: 804: 803: 796: 790: 784: 782: 778: 774: 769: 767: 762: 759: 755: 751: 747: 739: 737: 735: 729: 726: 725:Fraser Valley 721: 716: 713: 708: 706: 705: 698: 689: 682: 677: 670: 666: 663: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 640: 636: 634: 630: 626: 624: 621: 618: 616: 615: 611: 608: 607:Cascade River 604: 600: 598: 595: 592: 589: 587: 586: 582: 579: 575: 571: 567: 565: 562: 559: 557: 556: 552: 549: 546: 544: 541: 538: 536: 533: 532: 528: 525: 522: 518: 514: 511: 509: 506: 503: 500: 497: 495: 492: 491: 487: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 473: 469: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456:Chobahahbish 455: 452: 450: 447: 446: 442: 440: 436: 432: 430: 427: 424: 422:Mesekwegwils, 421: 419: 416: 415: 411: 408: 405: 404:Lake McMurray 401: 397: 394: 392: 388: 385: 382: 379: 377: 374: 373: 369: 365: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 334: 330: 327: 324: 321: 317: 314: 311: 310: 304: 301: 300:Sauk-Suiattle 292: 290: 287: 281: 275: 269: 266: 259: 254: 250: 246: 245:Skagit people 241: 236: 232: 231:anglicization 227: 221: 219: 216: 211: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 184: 182: 181:Skagit County 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 147: 140: 135: 127: 123: 119: 116: 113: 111: 107: 100: 98: 94: 90: 86: 85: 83: 79: 76: 73: 69: 62: 57: 48: 41: 31: 19: 3311:Reservations 3251: 2959:Upper Skagit 2889:Port Madison 2754:Express Eats 2711: 2707: 2682: 2678: 2661: 2657: 2640: 2636: 2619: 2615: 2575: 2571: 2555: 2531: 2512:. Portland: 2508: 2480: 2449: 2438:Bibliography 2424:. Retrieved 2422:. 2014-12-05 2419: 2410: 2403:Collins 1974 2384:. Retrieved 2379: 2378: 2369: 2340: 2333:Collins 1974 2314:. Retrieved 2309: 2308: 2299: 2288:. Retrieved 2279: 2270: 2258: 2247:. Retrieved 2242: 2241: 2238:"Government" 2232: 2225:Collins 1974 2220: 2190: 2178: 2166: 2159:Collins 1974 2144:Collins 1974 2139: 2132:Collins 1974 2105:. Retrieved 2099: 2090: 2079:. Retrieved 2074: 2073: 2070:"Who We Are" 2054:Collins 1974 2033:Collins 1974 2028: 2021:Collins 1974 2016: 2009:Collins 1974 2004: 1997:Sampson 1972 1992: 1985:Collins 1974 1980: 1973:Collins 1974 1968: 1961:Collins 1974 1956: 1949:Collins 1974 1944: 1937:Collins 1974 1932: 1921:. Retrieved 1915: 1896:Collins 1974 1875:Collins 1974 1837:Collins 1974 1811: 1772:Collins 1974 1727:Collins 1974 1699: 1660: 1649:. Retrieved 1643: 1634: 1627:Collins 1974 1622: 1610: 1605:, p. 4. 1598: 1587:. Retrieved 1582: 1581: 1578:"Who We Are" 1517:Collins 1974 1512: 1501:. Retrieved 1496: 1495: 1486: 1481:, p. 5. 1479:Collins 1974 1474: 1375: 1360:Lower Skagit 1345: 1322: 1300: 1283:sƛ̕abəbtikəd 1279: 1271: 1263: 1252: 1249: 1233:Interstate 5 1226: 1222: 1218: 1206: 1202: 1199:Demographics 1191:. As of the 1075: 1073: 1056: 1050:sƛ̕abəbtikəd 1044:sƛ̕abəbtikəd 1039: 1015: 1011: 1002: 990: 959:M.T. Simmons 955: 950:sƛ̕abəbtikəd 933: 903: 892: 888: 875:sƛ̕abəbtikəd 868:, the first 863: 858:sƛ̕abəbtikəd 855:Eventually, 847:sƛ̕abəbtikəd 825:sƛ̕abəbtikəd 819:sƛ̕abəbtikəd 813:sƛ̕abəbtikəd 795:sƛ̕abəbtikəd 789:sƛ̕abəbtikəd 785: 770: 763: 749: 743: 730: 717: 700: 694: 652: 642: 622: 619:Kwabatsabsh 596: 569: 563: 542: 539:Saylayotsid 534: 524: 520: 517:qʷəq̓ʷqʷəq̓ʷ 516: 507: 502: 493: 459: 454: 448: 428: 423: 418:bəsikʷigʷilc 417: 406: 396:Mount Vernon 390: 386: 375: 353: 350:Samish River 336: 325:Translation 296: 270: 228: 225: 212: 192:Mount Vernon 185: 177:Skagit River 156: 154: 138: 124:1,031 (2008) 115:Upper Skagit 71:Headquarters 18:Upper Skagit 3013:Puget Sound 3007:Lushootseed 2884:Port Gamble 2869:Muckleshoot 2854:Lower Elwha 2452:. 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