Urination - Knowledge (XXG)

1242: 1130: 1148: 467: 533:, becomes difficult to ignore. Once the voluntary signal to begin voiding has been issued, neurons in the pontine micturition center fire maximally, causing excitation of sacral preganglionic neurons. The firing of these neurons causes the wall of the bladder to contract; as a result, a sudden, sharp rise in intravesical pressure occurs. The pontine micturition center also causes inhibition of Onuf's nucleus, resulting in relaxation of the external urinary sphincter. When the external urinary sphincter is relaxed urine is released from the urinary bladder when the pressure there is great enough to force urine to flow out of the urethra. The micturition reflex normally produces a series of contractions of the urinary bladder. 1083: 1043: 421:

brain and the firing rate of sensory fibers from the bladder and urethra. At low bladder volumes, afferent firing is low, resulting in excitation of the outlet (the sphincter and urethra), and relaxation of the bladder. At high bladder volumes, afferent firing increases, causing a conscious sensation of urinary urge. Individual ready to urinate consciously initiates voiding, causing the bladder to contract and the outlet to relax. Voiding continues until the bladder empties completely, at which point the bladder relaxes and the outlet contracts to re-initiate storage. The muscles controlling micturition are controlled by the

864:, the bladder is flaccid and distended for a while. Gradually, however, the muscle of the "decentralized bladder" becomes active, with many contraction waves that expel dribbles of urine out of the urethra. The bladder becomes shrunken and the bladder wall hypertrophied. The reason for the difference between the small, hypertrophic bladder seen in this condition and the distended, hypotonic bladder seen when only the afferent nerves are interrupted is not known. The hyperactive state in the former condition suggests the development of denervation hypersensitization even though the neurons interrupted are 79: 888:). After spinal shock has passed, a spinally mediated voiding reflex ensues, although there is no voluntary control and no inhibition or facilitation from higher centers. Some paraplegic patients train themselves to initiate voiding by pinching or stroking their thighs, provoking a mild mass reflex. In some instances, the voiding reflex becomes hyperactive. Bladder capacity is reduced and the wall becomes hypertrophied. This type of bladder is sometimes called the spastic neurogenic bladder. The reflex hyperactivity is made worse, and may be caused, by infection in the bladder wall. 374: 1861: 1098: 496:, which states that the pressure in a spherical viscus is equal to twice the wall tension divided by the radius. In the case of the bladder, the tension increases as the organ fills, but so does the radius. Therefore, the pressure increase is slight until the organ is relatively full. The bladder's smooth muscle has some inherent contractile activity; however, when its nerve supply is intact, stretch receptors in the bladder wall initiate a reflex contraction that has a lower threshold than the inherent contractile response of the muscle. 454: 1268:(port-a-potties) are frequently placed in outdoor situations where no immediate facility is available. These need to be serviced (cleaned out) on a regular basis. Urination in a heavily wooded area is generally harmless, actually saves water, and may be condoned for males (and less commonly, females) in certain situations as long as common sense is used. Examples (depending on circumstances) include activities such as camping, hiking, delivery driving, cross country running, rural fishing, amateur baseball, golf, etc. 1115: 1741: 1890: 1872: 1441: 1066: 1798:, a type of rodent, will stand on his hind legs and urinate on a female's rump, to which the female may respond by spraying a jet of urine backwards into the face of the male. The male's urination is meant to repel other males from his partner while the female's urination is a rejection of any approaching male when she is not receptive. Both anal digging and urination are more frequent during the breeding season and are more commonly done by males. 835:, also known as shy bladder syndrome, is an example of a bladder interruption from the brain that often causes total interruption until the person has left a public area. These people (males) may have difficulty urinating in the presence of others and will consequently avoid using urinals without dividers or those directly adjacent to another person. Alternatively, they may opt for the privacy of a stall or simply avoid public toilets altogether. 1843: 264: 1881: 562:

which amplifies gravitational force (hence flow rate), and increased urethra width, which increases flow rate. For smaller mammals a different phenomenon occurs, where urine is discharged as droplets, and urination in smaller mammals, such as mice and rats, can occur in less than a second. The posited benefits of faster voiding are decreased risk of predation (while voiding) and decreased risk of urinary tract infection.

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afferent signals cause relaxation of the bladder by inhibiting sacral parasympathetic preganglionic neurons and exciting lumbar sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Conversely, afferent input causes contraction of the sphincter through excitation of Onuf's nucleus, and contraction of the bladder neck and urethra through excitation of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons.

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bladder comes from the bladder itself, and can be felt there as well. In females the need to urinate is felt in the lower abdomen region when the bladder is full. When the bladder becomes too full, the sphincter muscles will involuntarily relax, allowing urine to pass from the bladder. Release of urine is experienced as a lessening of the discomfort.

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There is another facilitatory area in the posterior hypothalamus. In humans with lesions in the superior frontal gyrus, the desire to urinate is reduced and there is also difficulty in stopping micturition once it has commenced. However, stimulation experiments in animals indicate that other cortical areas also affect the process.

387: 4201: 1771:, though uraphagia refers to the consumption of urine regardless of whether the context is sexual. Involuntary urination during sexual intercourse is common, but rarely acknowledged. In one survey, 24% of women reported involuntary urination during sexual intercourse; in 66% of patients urination occurred on 420:

In healthy individuals, the lower urinary tract has two discrete phases of activity: the storage (or guarding) phase, when urine is stored in the bladder; and the voiding phase, when urine is released through the urethra. The state of the reflex system is dependent on both a conscious signal from the

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Techniques and body postures while urinating vary across cultures. Different anatomical conditions in men and women may presume different postures, yet these are largely shaped by cultural norms, types of clothing, and the sanitary facilities available. While sitting toilets are the most common form

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aids the expulsion of urine by increasing the pressure applied to the urinary bladder wall, but voiding can be initiated without straining even when the bladder is nearly empty. Voiding can also be consciously interrupted once it has begun, through a contraction of the perineal muscles. The external

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There is an inhibitory area for micturition in the midbrain. After transection of the brain stem just above the pons, the threshold is lowered and less bladder filling is required to trigger it, whereas after transection at the top of the midbrain, the threshold for the reflex is essentially normal.

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In 2010 in Washington state, a person who had died had received burns injuries on their body that were related to receiving an electric shock. It is thought that an electric current had traveled through their stream of urine and into their body. It is thought that the person had urinated into a

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There was a popular belief in the UK, that it was legal for a man to urinate in public so long as it occurred on the rear wheel of his vehicle and he had his right hand on the vehicle, but this is not true. Public urination still remains more accepted by males in the UK, although British cultural

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For land mammals over 1 kilogram, the duration of urination does not vary with body mass, being dispersed around an average of 21 seconds (standard deviation 13 seconds), despite a 4 order of magnitude (1000×) difference in bladder volume. This is due to increased urethra length of large animals,

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varies with the situation and with customs. Potential disadvantages include a dislike of the smell of urine, and exposure of genitals. It can be avoided or mitigated by going to a quiet place and/or facing a tree or wall if urinating standing up, or while squatting, hiding the back behind walls,

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There are three major types of bladder dysfunction due to neural lesions: (1) the type due to interruption of the afferent nerves from the bladder; (2) the type due to interruption of both afferent and efferent nerves; and (3) the type due to interruption of facilitatory and inhibitory pathways

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The need to urinate is experienced as an uncomfortable, full feeling. It is highly correlated with the fullness of the bladder. In many males the feeling of the need to urinate can be sensed at the base of the penis as well as the bladder, even though the neural activity associated with a full

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which contains a superficial layer of dome-like cells and multiple layers of stratified cuboidal cells underneath when evacuated. When the bladder is fully distended the superficial cells become squamous (flat) and the stratification of the cuboidal cells is reduced in order to provide lateral

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Action potentials carried by sensory neurons from stretch receptors in the urinary bladder wall travel to the sacral segments of the spinal cord through the pelvic nerves. Since bladder wall stretch is low during the storage phase, these afferent neurons fire at low frequencies. Low-frequency

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In infants, voiding occurs involuntarily (as a reflex). The ability to voluntarily inhibit micturition develops by the age of two–three years, as control at higher levels of the central nervous system develops. In the adult, the volume of urine in the bladder that normally initiates a reflex

947:/urinary tract is damaged, other urination techniques must be used. Most often in such cases, doctors will reposition the urethra to a location where urination can still be accomplished, usually in a position that would promote urination only while seated/squatting, though a permanent 408:

The physiology of micturition and the physiologic basis of its disorders are subjects about which there is much confusion, especially at the supraspinal level. Micturition is fundamentally a spinobulbospinal reflex facilitated and inhibited by higher brain centers such as the

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In many places, public urination is punishable by fines, though attitudes vary widely by country. In general, females are less likely to urinate in public than males. Women and girls, unlike men and boys, are restricted in where they can urinate conveniently and discreetly.

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In 2008 in London, a person died when they were urinating alongside a railway track at a train station and they received an electric shock. The person received the electric shock when their stream of urine connected with the electric current from the live third rail.

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Rajaofetra N, Passagia JG, Marlier L, Poulat P, Pellas F, Sandillon F, Verschuere B, Gouy D, Geffard M, Privat A (1992). "Serotoninergic, noradrenergic, and peptidergic innervation of Onuf's nucleus of normal and transected spinal cords of baboons (Papio papio)".

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de Jong Y, Pinckaers J, ten Brinck R, Lycklama à Nijeholt A (February 2014). "Invloed van mictiehouding op urodynamische parameters bij mannen: een literatuuronderzoek" [Influence of voiding posture on urodynamic parameters in men: a literature review].

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are available in some countries, recently becoming more common in Western countries. With the spread of pants among women, a standing posture became impractical, but in some regions where women wear traditional skirts or robes, an upright posture is common.

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The more developed and crowded a place is, the more public urination tends to be objectionable. In the countryside, it is more acceptable than in a street in a town, where it may be a common transgression. Often this is done after the consumption of

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Jung SY, Fraser MO, Ozawa H, Yokoyama O, Yoshiyama M, De Groat WC, Chancellor MB (July 1999). "Urethral afferent nerve activity affects the micturition reflex; implication for the relationship between stress incontinence and detrusor instability".

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is a figure in a work of art depicted as a prepubescent boy in the act of urinating, either actual or simulated. The puer mingens could represent anything from whimsy and boyish innocence to erotic symbols of virility and masculine bravado.

1319:, or to turn one's back to it when urinating or relieving bowels, but modesty requirements for females make it impossible for girls to relieve themselves without facilities. When toilets are unavailable, females can relieve themselves in 2162:

Gormley EA, Lightner DJ, Burgio KL, Chai TC, Clemens JQ, Culkin DJ, Das AK, Foster HE, Scarpero HM, Tessier CD, Vasavada SP (December 2012). "Diagnosis and Treatment of Overactive Bladder (Non-Neurogenic) in Adults: AUA/SUFU Guideline".

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in humans, all reflex contractions of the bladder are abolished. The bladder becomes distended, thin-walled, and hypotonic, but there are some contractions because of the intrinsic response of the smooth muscle to stretch.

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stimulation causes the detrusor muscle to contract and the internal urethral sphincter to relax. The external urethral sphincter (sphincter urethrae) is under somatic control and is consciously relaxed during micturition.

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Other expressions include "squirting" and "taking a leak", and, predominantly by younger persons for outdoor female urination, "popping a squat", referring to the position many women adopt in such circumstances. National

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Sie JA, Blok BF, de Weerd H, Holstege G (2001). "Ultrastructural evidence for direct projections from the pontine micturition center to glycine-immunoreactive neurons in the sacral dorsal gray commissure in the cat".

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Women generally need to urinate more frequently than men, but as opposed to the common misconception, it is not due to having smaller bladders. Resisting the urge to urinate because of lack of facilities can promote

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to initiate its contraction. Another possibility is the excitation or disinhibition of neurons in the pontine micturition center, which causes concurrent contraction of the bladder and relaxation of the sphincter.

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constitute the main afferent limb of the voiding reflex; the parasympathetic fibers to the bladder that constitute the excitatory efferent limb also travel in these nerves. Part of the urethra is surrounded by the

506:(production of urine by the kidney) occurs constantly, and as the bladder becomes full, afferent firing increases, yet the micturition reflex can be voluntarily inhibited until it is appropriate to begin voiding. 353:, although they do not encircle the urethra. Further along the urethra is a sphincter of skeletal muscle, the sphincter of the membranous urethra (external urethral sphincter). The bladder's epithelium is termed 1507:", but subsequently "pee", formerly associated with children, has become more common in general public speech. Since elimination of bodily wastes is, of necessity, a subject talked about with toddlers during 1495:

In many societies and in many social classes, even mentioning the need to urinate is seen as a social transgression, despite it being a universal need. Many adults avoid stating that they need to urinate.

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The mechanism by which voluntary urination is initiated remains unsettled. One possibility is that the voluntary relaxation of the muscles of the pelvic floor causes a sufficient downward tug on the

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The new ourselves, growing older: women aging with knowledge and power, Paula Brown Doress-Worters, Diana Laskin Siegal, Boston Women's Health Book Collective, Simon & Schuster, 1994, Page 301

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is regarded as the more efficient option among healthy males. In restrooms without urinals, and sometimes at home, men may be urged to use the sitting position as to diminish spattering of urine.

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It is possible for both sexes to urinate into bottles in case of emergencies. The technique can help children to urinate discreetly inside cars and in other places without being seen by others. A

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descending from the brain. In all three types the bladder contracts, but the contractions are generally not sufficient to empty the viscus completely, and residual urine is left in the bladder.

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During storage, bladder pressure stays low, because of the bladder's highly compliant nature. A plot of bladder (intravesical) pressure against the depressant of fluid in the bladder (called a

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Blok BF, Holstege G (January 1994). "Direct projections from the periaqueductal gray to the pontine micturition center (M-region). An anterograde and retrograde tracing study in the cat".

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sometimes has different characteristics. For example, the urine of birds and reptiles is whitish, consisting of a pastelike suspension of uric acid crystals, and discharged with the

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Kinder M, Bastiaanssen E, Janknegt R, Marani E (September 1995). "Neuronal circuitry of the lower urinary tract; central and peripheral neuronal control of the micturition cycle".

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Oliver S, Fowler C, Mundy A, Craggs M (2003). "Measuring the sensations of urge and bladder filling during cystometry in urge incontinence and the effects of neuromodulation".

3529: 1511:, other expressions considered suitable for use by and with children exist, and some continue to be used by adults, e.g. "weeing", "doing/having a wee-wee", "to tinkle", " 1819:

In 2014 in Spain, a person died while urinating on a lamp post when he received an electric shock, which may have traveled through the stream of urine and into his body.

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The bladder can be made to contract by voluntary facilitation of the spinal voiding reflex when it contains only a few milliliters of urine. Voluntary contraction of the

4829: 996:, etc.) is a special disposable bag containing absorbent material that solidifies the urine within seconds, making it convenient and safe to store and dispose of later. 919: 1471:

Females may also urinate while standing, and while clothed. It is common for women in various regions of Africa to use this position when they urinate, as do women in

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It is socially more accepted and more environmentally hygienic for those who are able, especially when indoors and in outdoor urban or suburban areas, to urinate in a

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A common technique used in many developing nations involves holding the child by the backs of the thighs, above the ground, facing outward, in order to urinate.

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for a large splash of liquid. One of the most common, albeit old-fashioned, euphemisms in British English is "to spend a penny", a reference to coin-operated

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enlargement may benefit from sitting down to urinate, with the seated voiding position found superior as compared with standing in elderly males with

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in infants, some elderly individuals, and those with neurological injury. It is normal for adult humans to urinate up to seven times during the day.

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The flow of urine through the urethra has an overall excitatory role in micturition, which helps sustain voiding until the bladder is empty.

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Toiletten und Urinale für Frauen und Männer: die Gestaltung von Sanitärobjekten und ihre Verwendung in öffentlichen und privaten Bereichen.

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is the process of learning to restrict urination to socially approved times and situations. Consequently, young children sometimes develop

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and somatic nervous systems. During the storage phase, the internal urethral sphincter remains tense and the detrusor muscle relaxed by

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by looking at or thinking of urine or urination. Urine may be consumed, or the person may bathe in it; this is known colloquially as a

5238: 3081: 1564: 3354:"Urinating Standing versus Sitting: Position Is of Influence in Men with Prostate Enlargement. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 5452: 1622: 817: 3566: 1503:

and some vulgar. For example, centuries ago the standard English word (both noun and verb, for the product and the activity) was "

1284:, which is disguised as a normal manhole by day but raises out of the ground at night to provide a public restroom for bar-goers. 5616: 4815: 1397:

Cultures around the world differ regarding socially accepted voiding positions and preferences: in the Middle-East and Asia, the

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Voiding begins when a voluntary signal is sent from the brain to begin urination, and continues until the bladder is empty.

4302: 1908:, urination often serves a social purpose beyond the expulsion of waste material. In dogs and other animals, urination can 3910: 3256: 2855: 738: 5472: 3810: 1791: 1687:(a worthless person; in non-slang usage the term refers to several species of ant whose colonies have a urine-like odor) 1418: 678: 4242: 4178: 1429: 350: 4139: 2627:

Yang PJ, Pham JC, Choo J, Hu DL (2013). "Law of Urination: all mammals empty their bladders over the same duration".

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When the sacral dorsal roots are cut in experimental animals or interrupted by diseases of the dorsal roots such as

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was more prevalent, while in the Western world the standing and sitting positions were more common. For practising

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Unveiling the Breath: One Woman's Journey Into Understanding Islam and Gender Equality, Donna Kennedy-Glans pg. 69

1604: 1589: 799: 784: 78: 1832: 1787: 1764: 1180: 1056: 681:, an enlargement of the prostate that can cause urinary frequency, urgency, retention, and the dribbling of urine 3441: 2987: 5682: 5507: 5457: 5189: 4929: 2609: 1980: 1308: 705: 701: 422: 199: 4046: 3748:

Hilton P (1988). "Urinary incontinence during sexual intercourse: a common, but rarely volunteered, symptom".

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In Western culture, females usually sit or squat for urination, depending on what type of toilet they use; a

884:, the bladder is flaccid and unresponsive. It becomes overfilled, and urine dribbles through the sphincters ( 5411: 5370: 5355: 5320: 4786: 3419: 1484: 1348: 1340: 1000: 989:

patient, when no toilet is available, or there is no other possibility to dispose of the urine immediately.

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Dirksen N, Langbein J, Schrader L, Puppe B, Elliffe D, Siebert K, Röttgen V, Matthews L (September 2021).

2833: 1014:, which uses suction to collect and recycle urine; the space toilet also has a receptacle for defecation. 944: 555: 438:

contraction is about 300–400 millilitres (11–14 imp fl oz; 10–14 US fl oz).

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in the second and third trimester of pregnancy. The amniotic fluid is then recycled by fetal swallowing.

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Babies have little socialized control over urination within traditions or families that do not practice

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TABER B. E., MACDONALD D. W. (1984). "Scent dispersing papillae and associated behaviour in the mara,

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A male porcupine urinates on a female porcupine prior to mating, spraying the urine at high velocity.

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Young cattle can be toilet-trained to urinate in a "latrine" where their urine can be collected for

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lesson", derived from the tinkling sound of urination against the China porcelain of a toilet bowl.

492:), will show a very slight rise as the bladder is filled. This phenomenon is a manifestation of the 453: 349:

Smooth muscle bundles pass on either side of the urethra, and these fibers are sometimes called the

5611: 5462: 5406: 5169: 5034: 4750: 3467: 2002: 1909: 1543:", "to piddle", "to splash (one's) boots", as well as "to have a slash", which originates from the 726: 637: 558:, and, by some men, manual squeezing along the length of the penis to expel the rest of the urine. 518: 211: 3186: 1983:

from the animals' urine in countries such as the Netherlands, the United States, and New Zealand.

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sphincter can be contracted voluntarily, which will prevent urine from passing down the urethra.

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Simons P (2009). "Manliness and the Visual Semiotics of Bodily Fluids in Early Modern Culture".

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are available to help women to urinate discreetly, as well to help them urinate while standing.

741:, a discoordination between the bladder and external urethral sphincter as a result of brain or 386: 3978: 5284: 5274: 5159: 5115: 5022: 5002: 4987: 4957: 4902: 4796: 4541: 4496: 4477: 4406: 4357: 4308: 4281: 4248: 4052: 4018: 4012: 3984: 3950: 3916: 3816: 3765: 3699: 3545: 3393: 3274: 3166: 3141: 3085: 2814: 2765: 2730: 2687: 2590: 2546: 2502: 2452: 2424: 2375: 2323: 2289: 2248: 2180: 2115: 2109: 2081: 2041: 2035: 1969: 1905: 1816:

roadside ditch and a live wire that was lying in the ditch gave the person an electric shock.

1373: 1296: 1277: 1232: 1208: 902: 697: 654: 643: 583: 343: 4171:"Teenage reveller dies after being electrocuted while URINATING on lamp-post during festival" 3944: 3726: 2317: 2077: 5702: 5651: 5646: 5636: 5502: 5184: 5174: 5049: 4936: 4887: 4696: 4531: 4523: 4396: 4341: 4273: 4216: 3891: 3852: 3757: 3383: 3373: 3307: 2954: 2804: 2757: 2722: 2679: 2582: 2538: 2494: 2414: 2406: 2365: 2240: 2232: 2172: 2144: 1544: 1524: 1121: 270: 128: 3642: 3620: 675:, an inflammation of the prostate gland that can cause urinary frequency, urgency, and pain 5421: 5380: 5375: 5294: 5248: 5079: 5054: 5028: 5017: 4982: 4941: 4791: 1997: 1965: 1842: 1795: 1760: 1710: 1664: 1536: 1508: 1265: 1228: 1188: 1174: 861: 856:

When the afferent and efferent nerves are both destroyed, as they may be by tumors of the

571: 318: 291: 281: 215: 4452:"Cow pee is an environmental problem. But now scientists say calves can be potty-trained" 2473:"Relative contributions of urine and anal-sac secretions in scent marks of large felids." 4392: 3665: 3369: 1871: 263: 5697: 5225: 4914: 4536: 4511: 4377:"Learned control of urinary reflexes in cattle to help reduce greenhouse gas emissions" 4220: 3895: 3761: 3388: 3353: 2923: 2419: 2394: 2370: 2353: 1676: 1532: 1425: 1300: 982: 932: 869: 844: 610: 547: 489: 339: 140: 124: 4328:

Henry JD (1977). "The Use of Urine Marking in the Scavenging Behavior of the Red Fox (

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The Behavior Guide to African Mammals: Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates

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DasGupta R, Kavia RB, Fowler CJ (2007). "Cerebral mechanisms and voiding function".

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de Jong Y, Pinckaers JH, Ten Brinck RM, Lycklama À Nijeholt AA, Dekkers OM (2014).

2558: 2410: 2395:"Reflexes to sacral parasympathetic neurones concerned with micturition in the cat" 1947:') urine possesses a strong odour, especially when it is used to mark territory or 1449: 1052: 1028: 1011: 1007: 881: 857: 753: 551: 550:

empties partially by gravity, with assistance from muscles. Urine remaining in the

85: 69: 64: 4571: 1512: 4424: 3602: 3481: 3378: 1303:, noted that to urinate in the presence of others was prohibited among Persians. 735:, the inability to urinate in the presence of others, such as in a public toilet. 5570: 5555: 5540: 5535: 5482: 5100: 5084: 5074: 4897: 4892: 4277: 2148: 1574: 1552: 1453: 1410: 1104: 970: 769: 672: 627:

Many clinical conditions can cause disturbances to normal urination, including:

540: 314: 3856: 3205:"06/07/2002 - Mobile crews must have prompt access to nearby toilet facilities" 2176: 5631: 5580: 5565: 5401: 5214: 5199: 5069: 5064: 4997: 4781: 4706: 4679: 4650: 4560: 4401: 4376: 3692: 3311: 2958: 2012: 1992: 1920: 1756: 1703: 1548: 1369: 414: 136: 4576: 3464:"Women Standing and Men Squatting to Pee – A Personal Story (Mobile Version)" 1939:

instead of uric acid, and is discharged via the urethra, separately from the

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is used for urination in a squatting position. Women averting contact with a

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which can lead to more serious infections and, in rare situations, can cause

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and to the cerebrum. At a certain level of afferent activity, the conscious

179:. The process of urination is under voluntary control in healthy humans and 144: 4545: 4410: 3397: 2818: 2769: 2691: 2594: 2550: 2379: 2184: 1851: 981:

may be used so that the urine can be examined for medical reasons or for a

4147: 3769: 3227:"Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) Prevention – Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)" 2809: 2792: 2734: 2506: 2428: 2252: 2244: 2072:

Evolution's Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and People

1504: 1010:, excrement tends to float freely, so astronauts use a specially designed 5530: 5467: 5335: 4962: 4852: 4701: 4635: 4527: 4361: 1328: 1280:. One proposed way to inhibit public urination due to drunkenness is the 1003:

can assist women and girls in urinating while standing or into a bottle.

993: 749: 717:, low urine output, usually due to a problem with the upper urinary tract 714: 693: 503: 303: 1276:, which causes production of additional urine as well as a reduction of 696:, abnormally large production of urine, associated with, in particular, 663:, a strong urge to urinate, usually accompanied by detrusor overactivity 5545: 5330: 5194: 5140: 5120: 5044: 5007: 4977: 4882: 4877: 4760: 4691: 4656: 4630: 4353: 2726: 1953: 1780: 1683: 1465: 1406: 1281: 1236: 1048: 688: 295: 285: 112: 108: 33: 17: 4083:"Polish tourist killed by urinating on 750-volt electric railway line" 3163:

Women and the U.S. Constitution: History, Interpretation, and Practice

2761: 5350: 5340: 4909: 4857: 4838: 4755: 4640: 2991: 2543:

10.1002/1096-9861(20010122)429:4<631::AID-CNE9>3.0.CO;2-M

1932: 1913: 1483:. An alternative method for women voiding while standing is to use a 1402: 1390: 1365: 1324: 1257:

Acceptability of outdoor urination in a public place other than at a

1250: 1224: 1204: 1184: 720: 396: 322: 311: 184: 132: 269:

Location of the bladder and urethra in adult human male and female (

248: 236: 190:

In some animals, in addition to expelling waste material, urination

1385: 1136:

Ein stallender Schimmel mit einem Bauern, der einen Sattel aufhängt

669:, a condition characterized by urinary frequency, urgency, and pain 4862: 4661: 2633: 1957: 1940: 1928: 1739: 1636: 1439: 1414: 1384: 1332: 1316: 1312: 1240: 927:

Ultrasound scan of male fetal micturition at 19 weeks of pregnancy

914: 649:

Mixed incontinence, a combination of the two types of incontinence

609: 476: 120: 116: 104: 2903:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

2354:"Neurophysiology of Lower Urinary Tract Function and Dysfunction" 4202:"A reassessment of the function of scent marking in territories" 1936: 1794:

or urinate on other individuals before mating with them. A male

1649:(to anger someone; alternatively, to leave somewhere in a hurry) 1472: 1361: 1320: 1307:

tradition itself seems to find such practices objectionable. In

480: 400: 4811: 4580: 1713:(to take liberties, be unreasonable, or to mock another person) 1444:

Sit-down toilets are the most common type in Western countries.

194:. Physiologically, urination involves coordination between the 4428: 3750:

BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology

3039:"HERODOTUS iii. DEFINING THE PERSIANS – Encyclopaedia Iranica" 1924: 1904:

While the primary purpose of urination is the same across the

1776: 1775:, while in 33% urine leakage was restricted to orgasm. Female 1568: 763: 640:, incontinence as a result of external mechanical disturbances 1335:

even when circumstances make this a highly desirable option.

965:

Sometimes urination is done in a container such as a bottle,

1935:, whereas mammals' urine is a yellowish colour, with mostly 1719:(energetic or ambitious late adolescent or young adult male) 943:

Occasionally, if a male's penis is damaged or removed, or a

3585:"Is there a formal way to say we want to go to the toilet?" 39:"Voiding" and "Pissing" redirect here. For other uses, see 4807: 1331:

in emergency, but it remains less accepted for females in

111:

to the outside of the body. Urine is released through the

4510:

de Groat WC, Griffiths D, Yoshimura N (17 January 2011).

4244:

Mammalian Olfaction, Reproductive Processes, and Behavior

1565:

Wiktionary:Appendix:English toilet slang § Urination

4425:"Cows toilet trained to reduce greenhouse gas emissions" 3839:

Genest H., Dubost G. (1974). "Pair living in the mara (

2448:

The Chemistry of Pheromones and Other Semiochemicals II

1731:(drunk in British English or angry in American English) 517:

Bladder afferent signals ascend the spinal cord to the

2653:"New Law of Urination: Mammals Take 20 Seconds to Pee" 1372:. Urinals for men are widespread worldwide, although 1675:(vulgar way to refer to someone who drinks too much 417:, subject to voluntary facilitation and inhibition. 206:. Brain centres that regulate urination include the 163:, and known colloquially by various names including 5589: 5523: 5435: 5389: 5308: 5267: 5150: 4950: 4845: 4774: 4724: 4670: 4621: 1699:

into the wind (to act in ways that cause self-harm)

1299:and highlighting the differences with those of the 931:The fetus urinates hourly and produces most of the 3691: 2069: 1779:may exhibit urolagnia during sex; one female will 1360:in Western countries, squat toilets are common in 32:"Urinate" redirects here. Not to be confused with 2982: 2980: 2277: 2275: 2273: 1964:by urinating in a raised-leg posture and release 756:decrease the production of urine by the kidneys. 4077: 4075: 3550:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2856:"The Complete Guide to Female Urination Devices" 1916:such as rats and mice, it marks familiar paths. 1154:Paard in een weiland dat aan een hek gebonden is 729:, a vasovagal response which may cause fainting. 4134: 4132: 4130: 3532:. Archived from the original on 11 October 2009 2919:"A secret history of the pissing figure in art" 2834:"Can I Pee in a Bottle If I'm Stuck in a Tent?" 2282:L. David Mech, Luigi Boitani (1 October 2010). 1783:while the other sticks her nose in the stream. 1693:up a flagpole (to partake in a futile activity) 723:refers to absent or almost absent urine output. 4017:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 214–. 2793:"Amniotic Fluid: Not Just Fetal Urine Anymore" 1725:(British expression for drinking to get drunk) 290:The main organs involved in urination are the 4823: 4592: 4140:"Man electrocuted by urinating on power line" 3834: 3832: 3292: 3290: 2791:Underwood MA, Gilbert WM, Sherman MP (2005). 1635:References to urination are commonly used in 256:external urethral orifice in adult human male 8: 4568:, describes the neurophysiology of urination 3685: 3683: 2947:Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2204:United States Department of Veterans Affairs 2040:. University of Chicago Press. p. 583. 1464:. However, this may not completely void the 1409:of squatting is also associated with proper 1215:exist, designed to be used in various ways. 748:A drug that increases urination is called a 192:can mark territory or express submissiveness 4616:Used to refer to daily self-care activities 4512:"Neural Control of the Lower Urinary Tract" 4474:Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation 3912:Wildlife of Pennsylvania: And the Northeast 3643:"have a slash – Dictionary of sexual terms" 3271:Ladies and Gents: Public Toilets and Gender 3187:"Report of the Task Group on Reference Man" 2288:. University of Chicago Press. p. 85. 2285:Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation 1960:scent-mark their territories using urine. 1748:from chemical signals in the female's urine 1603:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 798:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 554:is expelled by several contractions of the 342:originating in the cord, in an area termed 4830: 4816: 4808: 4599: 4585: 4577: 3165:. Columbia University Press. p. 157. 3103:"From buttoned-up Britain to urine nation" 2974:, twentieth edition, William F. Ganong, MD 2111:Environmental Physiology of the Amphibians 2076:. University of California Press. p. 2029: 2027: 1833:Self-anointing in animals § Ungulates 1253:, warning that public urination is illegal 4535: 4450:Hassan J, Pannett R (15 September 2021). 4400: 3505:"Herodotus – The Histories – Connections" 3387: 3377: 3191:Report of the Task Group on Reference Man 2808: 2632: 2451:. Springer Science & Business Media. 2440: 2438: 2418: 2369: 2319:Societies of Wolves and Free-ranging Dogs 2137:Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine 2108:Feder ME, Burggren WW (15 October 1992). 1972:with urine more frequently than females. 1623:Learn how and when to remove this message 818:Learn how and when to remove this message 27:Release of urine from the urinary bladder 3725:. Oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from 3556:, ABC 2 News, Maryland, 3 September 2009 3329:. Iman Suhaib Webb (USA). Archived from 2988:"A Woman's Guide on How to Pee Standing" 2475:American Zoologist 33.2 (1993): 167-172. 992:An alternative solution (for traveling, 687:, which can cause urinary frequency and 539:Many men, and some women, may sometimes 4109:"Urinating on electric track kills man" 3466:. Experienceproject.com. Archived from 2023: 1539:uses "going to see my aunt", "going to 1393:, voiding urine in a standing position. 1038: 5602:History of water supply and sanitation 5488:Sulabh International Museum of Toilets 4301:Sunquist M, Sunquist F (15 May 2017). 3983:. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 1088–. 3812:Pheromones and Reproduction in Mammals 3543: 2610:"Pee shivers: You know you're curious" 2393:de Groat WC, Ryall RW (January 1969). 2037:Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy 2034:Marvalee H. Wake (15 September 1992). 4014:A Natural History of Canadian Mammals 2646: 2644: 2200:"Urinary Incontinence – Part 2" 1790:in order to attract mates during the 657:, the inability to initiate urination 618:accepting urine samples for diagnosis 338:, which is innervated by the somatic 7: 3442:"Courtesy Laughs in the Ivory Coast" 3327:"Standing up and urinating in Islam" 3229:. Urologychannel.com. Archived from 3140:. Bilal Muslim Mission of Tanzania. 2883:"Boldly Go! NASA's New Space Toilet" 2008:Post micturition convulsion syndrome 1912:or express submissiveness. In small 1601:adding citations to reliable sources 1460:(or "hovering"), similar to using a 796:adding citations to reliable sources 5657:Workers' right to access the toilet 5607:Human right to water and sanitation 3946:Porcupines: The Animal Answer Guide 3909:Charles Fergus (1 September 2000). 3075:"Legal Curiosities: Fact or Fable?" 2917:Piepenbring D (20 September 2017). 2352:Yoshimura N, Chancellor MB (2003). 1667:(an unproductive ego-driven battle) 5239:Toilet-related injuries and deaths 4221:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1982.tb00492.x 4045:Trevor Carnaby (30 January 2008). 3896:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1984.tb02333.x 3762:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1988.tb06609.x 3698:. University of California Press. 3484:. Travelblog.org. 16 November 2005 3161:Schwarzenbach SA, Smith P (2004). 3082:Law Commission (England and Wales) 2135:Fry C (July 2006). "Micturition". 1919:The urine of animals of differing 1807:Electric shock injuries and deaths 483:raise their tails while urinating. 336:female external urethral sphincter 191: 25: 5453:Madison Museum of Bathroom Tissue 4268:Ewer RF (1968). "Scent marking". 3915:. Stackpole Books. pp. 75–. 3809:Vandenbergh J (2 December 2012). 2198:Heidi K. Wennemer (7 July 2008). 521:, where they project both to the 429:stimulation. During micturition, 403:raise their legs while urinating. 227:Anatomy of the bladder and outlet 5617:Infection prevention and control 4572:"Urination" at HowStuffWorks.com 4495:. University of Nebraska Press. 4241:Richard Doty (2 December 2012). 3943:Uldis Roze (28 September 2012). 3503:Rothstein E (10 December 2007). 2898: 2684:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.06749.x 2587:10.1097/00005392-199907000-00069 1979:, which could be used to reduce 1968:secretions in their urine. Male 1888: 1879: 1870: 1859: 1850: 1841: 1655:(to express contempt; see above) 1573: 1295:, writing on the culture of the 1146: 1128: 1113: 1096: 1081: 1064: 1041: 768: 760:Experimentally induced disorders 465: 452: 385: 372: 262: 247: 235: 147:. It is also known medically as 77: 56: 5205:Privatization of public toilets 4476:. University of Chicago Press. 4307:. University of Chicago Press. 4209:Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 3269:Gershenson O, Penner B (2009). 2114:. University of Chicago Press. 1707:(to squander or use wastefully) 1531:has coined "I am off to take a 1355:Sitting, standing, or squatting 614:Painting showing the physician 4146:. 2 March 2010. Archived from 3530:"Women Can 'Go' Like Men Now!" 3057:"Internet History Sourcebooks" 2411:10.1113/jphysiol.1969.sp008683 2322:. Cambridge University Press. 1759:, is an inclination to obtain 1479:described a similar custom in 1211:, usually for males, although 1158:Wouter Johannes van Troostwijk 634:, the inability to hold urine 606:Category:Urological conditions 131:, but is released through the 1: 4491:Young SP, Jackson HH (1978). 3621:"have Chinese singing lesson" 3412:"Preventing kidney infection" 3257:Berlin University of the Arts 1962:Wolves mark their territories 1898:Urination postures of mammals 1767:. Drinking urine is known as 1736:Urination and sexual activity 1661:down (to refer to heavy rain) 1639:. Usage in English includes: 1499:Many expressions exist, some 1291:The 5th-century BC historian 739:Bladder sphincter dyssynergia 302:of the bladder, known as the 5473:Public toilets in Bratislava 4048:Beat About the Bush: Mammals 3379:10.1371/journal.pone.0101320 3193:. Pergamon Press: 180. 1975. 3084:. April 2015. Archived from 2972:Review of Medical Physiology 2832:Maloney L (5 January 2019). 2651:Arnold C (23 October 2013). 2499:10.1016/0304-3940(94)90848-6 1315:to urinate while facing the 1219:Urination without facilities 1088:Urinating dog statue at the 679:Benign prostatic hyperplasia 180: 70:urinating boy (puer mingens) 5143:(combined toilet and bidet) 4472:Mech LD, Boitani L (2003). 4278:10.1007/978-1-4899-4656-0_5 4169:Rkaina S (31 August 2014). 3977:Marshall Cavendish (2007). 3949:. JHU Press. pp. 97–. 3571:forum.thefreedictionary.com 3273:. Temple University Press. 3138:Elements of Islamic Studies 2445:Schulz S (7 January 2005). 2149:10.1053/j.mpaic.2006.04.006 1970:dogs mark their territories 1430:benign prostate hyperplasia 1018:Social and cultural aspects 977:). A container or wearable 955:Alternative urination tools 951:may be used in rare cases. 543:after or during urination. 351:internal urethral sphincter 325:spinal cord. Fibers in the 242:The interior of the bladder 5719: 5693:Partial squatting position 5244:Toilet Revolution in China 4608:Activities of daily living 3882:(Rodentia: Caviomorpha)". 3857:10.1515/mamm.1974.38.2.155 2881:Elburn D (2 August 2019). 2316:Spotte S (15 March 2012). 2177:10.1016/j.juro.2012.09.079 1949:communicate in other ways. 1943:. Some animals' (example: 1826: 1562: 1417:. In Western culture, the 1222: 1207:. Public toilets may have 1172: 958: 900: 603: 523:pontine micturition center 411:pontine micturition center 308:sympathetic nervous system 279: 208:pontine micturition center 38: 31: 4614: 4402:10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.011 3723:"Definition of urolagnia" 3589:english.stackexchange.com 3312:10.1007/s13629-014-0008-5 3300:Tijdschrift voor Urologie 2959:10.1215/10829636-2008-025 2608:Briggs B (9 April 2012). 1181:elimination communication 1057:Hypnerotomachia Poliphili 5508:Toilets in New York City 5458:Modern Toilet Restaurant 5190:Islamic toilet etiquette 4516:Comprehensive Physiology 3005:Saner E (5 April 2023). 1981:greenhouse gas emissions 1717:Full of piss and vinegar 1349:Female urination devices 1341:urinary tract infections 1309:Islamic toilet etiquette 1090:Château de Fontainebleau 177:going (for a) number one 5412:Fecal sludge management 5371:Urine collection device 5356:Urinal deodorizer block 5321:Female urination device 4787:Personal care assistant 4346:10.1163/156853977X00496 4011:Donna Naughton (2012). 3607:www.merriam-webster.com 3420:National Health Service 3061:sourcebooks.fordham.edu 2797:Journal of Perinatology 2266:(subscription required) 1491:Talking about urination 1485:female urination device 1001:female urination device 979:urine collection device 961:Female urination device 685:Urinary tract infection 616:Constantine the African 591:Experience of urination 355:transitional epithelium 204:somatic nervous systems 72:in a standing position. 5642:Sustainable sanitation 5627:Reuse of human excreta 4304:Wild Cats of the World 4200:Gosling L. M. (1982). 3841:Dolichotis paragonum Z 3690:Richard Estes (1991). 2715:Anatomy and Embryology 2068:Roughgarden J (2004). 1931:of the animal via the 1749: 1555:) to charge that sum. 1445: 1394: 1254: 1076:in a medieval bestiary 939:Urination after injury 928: 619: 556:bulbospongiosus muscle 222:Anatomy and physiology 175:, and euphemistically 5597:Ecological sanitation 5498:Toilet History Museum 5448:Hundertwasser Toilets 5390:Feces-related aspects 5309:Urine-related aspects 5210:Swachh Bharat Mission 4725:Optional-instrumental 4113:Nine News (Australia) 3043:www.iranicaonline.org 2810:10.1038/sj.jp.7211290 2245:10.1002/cne.903180102 1788:urinate on themselves 1743: 1563:Further information: 1541:see a man about a dog 1456:may employ a partial 1443: 1388: 1244: 1223:Further information: 1120:Painting of a ram by 926: 901:Further information: 886:overflow incontinence 667:Interstitial cystitis 613: 546:After urination, the 183:, but may occur as a 45:Piss (disambiguation) 41:Void (disambiguation) 5513:Bryant Park restroom 5361:Urinal (health care) 5180:Honeywagon (vehicle) 4528:10.1002/cphy.c130056 4272:. pp. 104–133. 4247:. Elsevier Science. 3880:Dolichotis patagonum 3603:"Definition of WHIZ" 3251:B. Möllring (2003): 2210:on 25 September 2008 1977:wastewater treatment 1744:Male mammals detect 1597:improve this section 1521:varieties of English 792:improve this section 632:Urinary incontinence 5612:Improved sanitation 5463:National Poo Museum 5407:Defecation postures 5268:Jobs and activities 5170:Bathroom privileges 5126:Urine-diverting dry 4751:Emergency responses 4431:. 14 September 2021 4393:2021CBio...31R1033D 4387:(17): R1033–R1034. 4270:Ethology of Mammals 4181:on 12 December 2021 4150:on 12 December 2021 3623:. Definition-of.com 3370:2014PLoSO...9j1320D 3255:Publication of the 2862:. 10 September 2015 2657:National Geographic 2364:(Suppl 8): S3–S10. 2003:Post-void dribbling 1424:Elderly males with 1274:alcoholic beverages 1262:bushes, or a tree. 727:Micturition syncope 638:Stress incontinence 623:Clinical conditions 519:periaqueductal gray 306:, is innervated by 212:periaqueductal gray 5561:Groom of the Stool 5326:Interactive urinal 5280:Restroom attendant 4561:Neurogenic Bladder 3884:Journal of Zoology 3509:The New York Times 3422:. 11 December 2012 3233:on 3 February 2011 3037:electricpulp.com. 2727:10.1007/BF00184744 2575:Journal of Urology 2165:Journal of Urology 1750: 1553:pre-decimalisation 1529:Australian English 1458:squatting position 1446: 1399:squatting position 1395: 1255: 1193:nocturnal enuresis 1140:Francesco Casanova 929: 876:Spinal cord injury 743:spinal cord injury 710:diabetes insipidus 661:Overactive bladder 620: 103:is the release of 5665: 5664: 5285:Sanitation worker 5275:Manual scavenging 4903:Toilet seat riser 4805: 4804: 4797:Care of residents 4756:Safety procedures 4742: 4502:978-0-8032-5893-8 4493:The Clever Coyote 4483:978-0-226-51696-7 4314:978-0-226-51823-7 4287:978-1-4899-4658-4 4254:978-0-323-15450-5 4230:on 27 March 2018. 4058:978-1-77009-240-2 4024:978-1-4426-4483-0 3990:978-0-7614-7719-8 3980:EXPLORING MAMMALS 3956:978-1-4214-0735-7 3922:978-0-8117-2899-7 3822:978-0-323-15651-6 3799:Imaginova (2007e) 3705:978-0-520-08085-0 3280:978-1-59213-940-8 3172:978-0-231-50296-2 3147:978-9976-956-05-4 3136:Rizvi SS (1986). 2762:10.1002/nau.10082 2750:Neurourol. Urodyn 2458:978-3-540-21308-6 2329:978-1-107-37910-7 2295:978-0-226-51698-1 2171:(6S): 2455–2463. 2121:978-0-226-23944-6 2087:978-0-520-24073-5 2047:978-0-226-87013-7 1633: 1632: 1625: 1523:show creativity. 1419:standing position 1405:men, the genital 1233:Telescopic toilet 973:(also known as a 945:female's genitals 924: 903:Open-crotch pants 828: 827: 820: 698:diabetes mellitus 655:Urinary retention 644:Urge incontinence 584:abdominal muscles 566:Voluntary control 531:urination urgency 129:placental mammals 16:(Redirected from 5710: 5652:World Toilet Day 5647:Waste management 5637:Sewage treatment 5524:Historical terms 5503:Toilets in Japan 5185:Incontinence pad 5175:Bathroom reading 4937:Toilet rim block 4925:Holder/dispenser 4888:Electronic bidet 4832: 4825: 4818: 4809: 4775:Related articles 4732: 4692:Meal preparation 4631:Personal hygiene 4601: 4594: 4587: 4578: 4549: 4539: 4506: 4487: 4460: 4459: 4447: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4404: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4223:. Archived from 4206: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4177:. Archived from 4166: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4136: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4087:Evening Standard 4079: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4051:. Jacana Media. 4042: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3836: 3827: 3826: 3806: 3800: 3797: 3791: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3697: 3687: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3668:. Phrases.org.uk 3661: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3609:. 17 March 2024. 3599: 3593: 3592: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3563: 3557: 3555: 3549: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3470:on 29 July 2013. 3460: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3444:. Travelblog.org 3438: 3432: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3391: 3381: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3294: 3285: 3284: 3266: 3260: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3133: 3127: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3091:on 29 June 2015. 3090: 3079: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3034: 3028: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2990:. Archived from 2984: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2852: 2846: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2812: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2667: 2661: 2660: 2648: 2639: 2638: 2636: 2624: 2618: 2617: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2482: 2476: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2442: 2433: 2432: 2422: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2373: 2349: 2334: 2333: 2313: 2307: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2279: 2268: 2267: 2264: 2233:J. Comp. Neurol. 2226: 2220: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2206:. Archived from 2195: 2189: 2188: 2159: 2153: 2152: 2132: 2126: 2125: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2075: 2065: 2059: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2031: 1950: 1892: 1883: 1874: 1863: 1854: 1845: 1761:sexual enjoyment 1628: 1621: 1617: 1614: 1608: 1577: 1569: 1527:uses "to whiz". 1525:American English 1413:requirements or 1297:ancient Persians 1266:Portable toilets 1183:and instead use 1150: 1132: 1122:Abraham Teerlink 1117: 1100: 1085: 1068: 1045: 949:urinary catheter 925: 823: 816: 812: 809: 803: 772: 764: 469: 456: 389: 376: 321:fibers from the 310:fibers from the 271:sagittal section 266: 251: 239: 89:portrays a girl 81: 60: 21: 5718: 5717: 5713: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5708: 5707: 5683:Human positions 5668: 5667: 5666: 5661: 5585: 5519: 5431: 5422:Open defecation 5385: 5381:Urine diversion 5376:Urine deflector 5304: 5295:Toilet training 5263: 5249:Toilet Twinning 5152: 5146: 5097:(self-cleaning) 5060:Passenger train 4993:Container-based 4946: 4841: 4836: 4806: 4801: 4792:Assisted living 4770: 4766:Sexual activity 4720: 4666: 4641:Feeding oneself 4617: 4610: 4605: 4556: 4509: 4503: 4490: 4484: 4471: 4468: 4466:Further reading 4463: 4456:Washington Post 4449: 4448: 4444: 4434: 4432: 4423: 4422: 4418: 4381:Current Biology 4374: 4373: 4369: 4340:(1–2): 82–105. 4327: 4326: 4322: 4315: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4288: 4267: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4240: 4239: 4235: 4227: 4204: 4199: 4198: 4194: 4184: 4182: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4153: 4151: 4138: 4137: 4128: 4118: 4116: 4107: 4106: 4102: 4092: 4090: 4089:. 13 April 2012 4081: 4080: 4073: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4044: 4043: 4039: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4010: 4009: 4005: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3976: 3975: 3971: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3942: 3941: 3937: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3908: 3907: 3903: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3838: 3837: 3830: 3823: 3808: 3807: 3803: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3747: 3746: 3742: 3732: 3730: 3721: 3720: 3716: 3706: 3689: 3688: 3681: 3671: 3669: 3666:"Spend a penny" 3663: 3662: 3658: 3648: 3646: 3645:. Sex-lexis.com 3641: 3640: 3636: 3626: 3624: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3542: 3535: 3533: 3528: 3527: 3523: 3513: 3511: 3502: 3501: 3497: 3487: 3485: 3482:"Road to Hanoi" 3480: 3479: 3475: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3447: 3445: 3440: 3439: 3435: 3425: 3423: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3336: 3334: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3296: 3295: 3288: 3281: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3250: 3246: 3236: 3234: 3225: 3224: 3220: 3210: 3208: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3173: 3160: 3159: 3155: 3148: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3121: 3111: 3109: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3088: 3077: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3012: 3010: 3004: 3003: 2999: 2994:on 4 June 2003. 2986: 2985: 2978: 2970: 2966: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2929: 2927: 2916: 2915: 2911: 2899: 2891: 2889: 2880: 2879: 2875: 2865: 2863: 2854: 2853: 2849: 2839: 2837: 2831: 2830: 2826: 2790: 2789: 2785: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2712: 2711: 2707: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2650: 2649: 2642: 2626: 2625: 2621: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2571: 2570: 2566: 2531:J. Comp. Neurol 2527: 2526: 2522: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2471:Asa, Cheryl S. 2470: 2466: 2459: 2444: 2443: 2436: 2392: 2391: 2387: 2351: 2350: 2337: 2330: 2315: 2314: 2310: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2281: 2280: 2271: 2265: 2228: 2227: 2223: 2213: 2211: 2197: 2196: 2192: 2161: 2160: 2156: 2134: 2133: 2129: 2122: 2107: 2106: 2102: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2067: 2066: 2062: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2033: 2032: 2025: 2021: 1998:Human positions 1989: 1966:preputial gland 1948: 1902: 1901: 1900: 1899: 1895: 1894: 1893: 1885: 1884: 1876: 1875: 1866: 1865: 1864: 1856: 1855: 1847: 1846: 1835: 1825: 1809: 1796:Patagonian mara 1738: 1711:Taking the piss 1665:Pissing contest 1629: 1618: 1612: 1609: 1594: 1578: 1567: 1561: 1559:Use in language 1537:British English 1533:Chinese singing 1509:toilet training 1493: 1438: 1383: 1374:women's urinals 1357: 1239: 1229:Urine deflector 1221: 1201: 1189:Toilet training 1177: 1175:Toilet training 1171: 1169:Toilet training 1166: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1151: 1142: 1133: 1124: 1118: 1109: 1101: 1092: 1086: 1077: 1073:Lapis lynxurius 1069: 1060: 1046: 1025: 1020: 963: 957: 941: 915: 913: 911:Fetal urination 905: 899: 894: 878: 862:filum terminale 854: 841: 839:Deafferentation 824: 813: 807: 804: 789: 773: 762: 625: 608: 602: 593: 572:detrusor muscle 568: 512: 486: 485: 484: 474: 473: 472: 471: 470: 460: 459: 458: 457: 444: 431:parasympathetic 406: 405: 404: 394: 393: 392: 391: 390: 380: 379: 378: 377: 364: 319:parasympathetic 292:urinary bladder 288: 282:Urinary bladder 280:Main articles: 278: 277: 276: 275: 274: 267: 259: 258: 252: 244: 243: 240: 229: 224: 216:cerebral cortex 98: 97: 96: 95: 94: 82: 74: 73: 61: 48: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5716: 5714: 5706: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5670: 5669: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5593: 5591: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5527: 5525: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5517: 5516: 5515: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5439: 5437: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5312: 5310: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5271: 5269: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5230: 5229: 5226:Skibidi Toilet 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5156: 5154: 5153:policy aspects 5148: 5147: 5145: 5144: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5026: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4954: 4952: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4933: 4932: 4927: 4917: 4915:Toilet cleaner 4912: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4842: 4837: 4835: 4834: 4827: 4820: 4812: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4778: 4776: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4728: 4726: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4716: 4704: 4699: 4697:Managing money 4694: 4689: 4688: 4687: 4676: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4627: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4611: 4606: 4604: 4603: 4596: 4589: 4581: 4575: 4574: 4569: 4555: 4554:External links 4552: 4551: 4550: 4522:(1): 327–396. 4507: 4501: 4488: 4482: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4461: 4442: 4416: 4367: 4320: 4313: 4293: 4286: 4260: 4253: 4233: 4192: 4161: 4126: 4115:. 23 July 2008 4100: 4071: 4057: 4037: 4023: 4003: 3989: 3969: 3955: 3935: 3921: 3901: 3890:(2): 298–301. 3870: 3851:(2): 155–162. 3828: 3821: 3801: 3792: 3783: 3756:(4): 377–381. 3740: 3729:on 9 July 2012 3714: 3704: 3679: 3656: 3634: 3612: 3594: 3576: 3558: 3521: 3495: 3473: 3455: 3433: 3403: 3364:(7): e101320. 3344: 3333:on 30 May 2013 3325:Mustafa Umar. 3317: 3286: 3279: 3261: 3244: 3218: 3196: 3178: 3171: 3153: 3146: 3128: 3119: 3094: 3066: 3048: 3029: 3020: 3009:. UK: Guardian 2997: 2976: 2964: 2953:(2): 331–373. 2937: 2924:The New Yorker 2909: 2873: 2847: 2824: 2803:(5): 341–348. 2783: 2740: 2721:(3): 195–209. 2705: 2662: 2640: 2619: 2600: 2581:(1): 204–212. 2564: 2520: 2487:Neurosci. Lett 2477: 2464: 2457: 2434: 2385: 2335: 2328: 2308: 2294: 2269: 2221: 2190: 2154: 2143:(7): 237–239. 2127: 2120: 2100: 2086: 2060: 2046: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1988: 1985: 1910:mark territory 1906:animal kingdom 1897: 1896: 1887: 1886: 1878: 1877: 1869: 1868: 1867: 1858: 1857: 1849: 1848: 1840: 1839: 1838: 1837: 1836: 1824: 1821: 1808: 1805: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1732: 1726: 1720: 1714: 1708: 1700: 1694: 1688: 1680: 1668: 1662: 1656: 1650: 1631: 1630: 1581: 1579: 1572: 1560: 1557: 1551:, which used ( 1492: 1489: 1437: 1434: 1426:prostate gland 1382: 1379: 1356: 1353: 1220: 1217: 1213:female urinals 1200: 1197: 1173:Main article: 1170: 1167: 1162: 1161: 1152: 1145: 1143: 1134: 1127: 1125: 1119: 1112: 1110: 1102: 1095: 1093: 1087: 1080: 1078: 1070: 1063: 1061: 1047: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 956: 953: 940: 937: 933:amniotic fluid 912: 909: 898: 897:Young children 895: 893: 890: 877: 874: 870:postganglionic 853: 850: 845:tabes dorsalis 840: 837: 826: 825: 776: 774: 767: 761: 758: 746: 745: 736: 730: 724: 718: 712: 691: 682: 676: 670: 664: 658: 652: 651: 650: 647: 641: 624: 621: 601: 598: 592: 589: 567: 564: 548:female urethra 541:briefly shiver 511: 508: 494:law of Laplace 490:cystometrogram 475: 464: 463: 462: 461: 451: 450: 449: 448: 447: 446: 445: 443: 440: 395: 384: 383: 382: 381: 371: 370: 369: 368: 367: 366: 365: 363: 360: 344:Onuf's nucleus 340:pudendal nerve 268: 261: 260: 253: 246: 245: 241: 234: 233: 232: 231: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 159:, or, rarely, 141:urinary system 125:urinary meatus 115:and exits the 83: 76: 75: 62: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5715: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5688:Medical signs 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5622:Public health 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5588: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5522: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5493:Toilet (room) 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5434: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5417:Flying toilet 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5388: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5316:Female urinal 5314: 5313: 5311: 5307: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5266: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5254:Unisex public 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5228: 5227: 5223: 5222: 5221: 5220:Toilet humour 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5149: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4943: 4942:Trap (U-bend) 4940: 4938: 4935: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4904: 4901: 4900: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4833: 4828: 4826: 4821: 4819: 4814: 4813: 4810: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4773: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4746:Child rearing 4744: 4740: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4723: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4681: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4669: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4620: 4613: 4609: 4602: 4597: 4595: 4590: 4588: 4583: 4582: 4579: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4563: 4562: 4558: 4557: 4553: 4547: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4508: 4504: 4498: 4494: 4489: 4485: 4479: 4475: 4470: 4469: 4465: 4457: 4453: 4446: 4443: 4430: 4426: 4420: 4417: 4412: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4371: 4368: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4330:Vulpes vulpes 4324: 4321: 4316: 4310: 4306: 4305: 4297: 4294: 4289: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4264: 4261: 4256: 4250: 4246: 4245: 4237: 4234: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4215:(2): 89–118. 4214: 4210: 4203: 4196: 4193: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4165: 4162: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4127: 4114: 4110: 4104: 4101: 4088: 4084: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4060: 4054: 4050: 4049: 4041: 4038: 4026: 4020: 4016: 4015: 4007: 4004: 3992: 3986: 3982: 3981: 3973: 3970: 3958: 3952: 3948: 3947: 3939: 3936: 3924: 3918: 3914: 3913: 3905: 3902: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3874: 3871: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3835: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3818: 3814: 3813: 3805: 3802: 3796: 3793: 3787: 3784: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3744: 3741: 3728: 3724: 3718: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3701: 3696: 3695: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3667: 3660: 3657: 3644: 3638: 3635: 3622: 3616: 3613: 3608: 3604: 3598: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3580: 3577: 3572: 3568: 3562: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3531: 3525: 3522: 3510: 3506: 3499: 3496: 3483: 3477: 3474: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3456: 3443: 3437: 3434: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3348: 3345: 3332: 3328: 3321: 3318: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3276: 3272: 3265: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3248: 3245: 3232: 3228: 3222: 3219: 3206: 3200: 3197: 3192: 3188: 3182: 3179: 3174: 3168: 3164: 3157: 3154: 3149: 3143: 3139: 3132: 3129: 3123: 3120: 3108: 3107:New Statesman 3104: 3098: 3095: 3087: 3083: 3076: 3070: 3067: 3062: 3058: 3052: 3049: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3030: 3024: 3021: 3008: 3001: 2998: 2993: 2989: 2983: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2941: 2938: 2926: 2925: 2920: 2913: 2910: 2906: 2905:public domain 2888: 2884: 2877: 2874: 2861: 2857: 2851: 2848: 2835: 2828: 2825: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2787: 2784: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2744: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2709: 2706: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2666: 2663: 2658: 2654: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2635: 2630: 2623: 2620: 2615: 2611: 2604: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2568: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2524: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2468: 2465: 2460: 2454: 2450: 2449: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2412: 2408: 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