Water footprint - Knowledge

529: 124:

water shortages, climate change, and environmental concerns, transitioning towards a fair impact of water use is critical. The water footprint concept offers detailed insights for adequate and equitable water resource management. It advocates for a balanced and sustainable water-use approach, aiming to tackle global challenges. This approach is essential for responsible and equitable water resource utilization globally. Thus, it gives a grasp on how economic choices and processes influence the availability of adequate water resources and other ecological realities across the globe (and vice versa).

1267:

livestock feed and forage has been estimated to account for about 9 percent, and other withdrawn freshwater use for the livestock sector (for drinking, washdown of facilities, etc.) is estimated at about 0.7 percent. Because agriculture is a major user of withdrawn water, changes in the magnitude and efficiency of its water use are important. In the US, from 1980 (when agriculture's withdrawn water use peaked) to 2010, there was a 23 percent reduction in agriculture's use of withdrawn water, while US agricultural output increased by 49 percent over that period.

552:, is sometimes called "total actual renewable freshwater resources". Its magnitude was in 2012 estimated at 52,579 km (12,614 cu mi)/year. It represents water that can be used either in-stream or after withdrawal from surface and groundwater sources. Of this remainder, about 3,918 km (940 cu mi) were withdrawn in 2007, of which 2,722 km (653 cu mi), or 69 percent, were used by agriculture, and 734 km (176 cu mi), or 19 percent, by other industry. Most agricultural use of withdrawn water is for 1051: 1283: 981: 503:

where water-intensive products (for example agricultural goods) are concerned that need to therefore undergo a life-cycle assessment. In addition, regional assessments are equally as necessary as the impact of water use depends on its location. In short, LCA is important as it identifies the impact of water use in certain products, consumers, companies, nations, etc. which can help reduce the amount of water used.

38: 5482: 4336: 3215: 3204: 3237: 2932: 1297: 5506: 1075:, i.e. the water used or polluted in connection to all agricultural and industrial commodities) leaving and entering the country. When taking the use of domestic water resources as a starting point for calculating a nation's water footprint, one should subtract the virtual water flows that leave the country and add the virtual water flows that enter the country. 993:. The largest share (76%) of the virtual water flows between countries is related to international trade in crops and derived crop products. Trade in animal products and industrial products contributed 12% each to the global virtual water flows. The four major direct factors determining the water footprint of a country are: volume of consumption (related to the 5494: 3226: 498:(LCA) is a systematic, phased approach to assessing the environmental aspects and potential impacts that are associated with a product, process or service. "Life cycle" refers to the major activities connected with the product's life-span, from its manufacture, use, and maintenance, to its final disposal, and also including the acquisition of 1164:, there is almost no mention of the potential impacts of the prescriptions arising from that analysis on farm households in industrialized or developing countries. It is essential to consider more carefully the inherent flaws in the virtual water and water footprint perspectives, particularly when seeking guidance regarding policy decisions." 1143:, where water use issues are sometimes severe because of drought, about 48 percent of "dedicated water use" in an average water year is for the environment (somewhat more than for agriculture). Such environmental water use is for keeping streams flowing, maintaining aquatic and riparian habitats, keeping wetlands wet, etc. 1232:

believe that water is the source and foundation of all life and have many spiritual associations with water and places associated with water. On a national and global scale, water sustainability requires strategic and long term planning to ensure appropriate sources of clean water are identified and

1172:

The application and interpretation of water footprints may sometimes be used to promote industrial activities that lead to facile criticism of certain products. For example, the 140 litres required for coffee production for one cup might be of no harm to water resources if its cultivation occurs

1126:

In south India the state Tamil Nadu is one of the main agricultural producers in India and it relies largely in groundwater for irrigation. In ten years, from 2002 to 2012, the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment calculated that the groundwater reduced in 1.4 m yr−1, which "is nearly 8% more than

1037:

The global water footprint in the period 1996–2005 was 9.087 Gm/yr (Billion Cubic Metres per year, or 9.087.000.000.000.000 liters/year), of which 74% was and green, 11% blue, 15% grey. This is an average amount per capita of 1.385 Gm/yr., or 3.800 liters per person per day. On average 92% of this is

132:

There are many different aspects to water footprint and therefore different definitions and measures to describe them. Blue water footprint refers to groundwater or surface water usage, green water footprint refers to rainwater, and grey water footprint refers to the amount of water needed to dilute

1219:

water use involves the rigorous assessment of all source of clean water to establish the current and future rates of use, the impacts of that use both downstream and in the wider area where the water may be used and the impact of contaminated water streams on the environment and economic well being

988:

The water footprint of a nation is the amount of water used to produce the goods and services consumed by the inhabitants of that nation. Analysis of the water footprint of nations illustrates the global dimension of water consumption and pollution, by showing that several countries rely heavily on

1262:

66.2%, manufacturing 13.6%, residential 9.0%, agriculture 4.7%, commercial and institutional 2.7%, water treatment and distribution systems 2.3%, mining 1.1%, and oil and gas extraction 0.5%. The 38 billion m of freshwater withdrawn in that year can be compared with the nation's annual freshwater

1173:

mainly in humid areas, but could be damaging in more arid regions. Other factors such as hydrology, climate, geology, topography, population and demographics should also be taken into account. Nevertheless, high water footprint calculations do suggest that environmental concern may be appropriate.

1042:

countries such as Greece, Italy and Spain (2300–2400 m/yr per capita). High water footprints can also be found in Malaysia and Thailand. In contrast, the Chinese people have a relatively low per capita water footprint with an average of 700 m/yr. (These numbers are also from the period 1996-2005.)

515:

initiative can be defined as the concept where an entity, such as a company, community, or individual, goes beyond simply conserving water and actively contributes to the sustainable management and restoration of water resources. A commercial or residential development is considered water positive

502:

required to manufacture the product. Thus a method for assessing the environmental impacts of freshwater consumption was developed. It specifically looks at the damage to three areas of protection: human health, ecosystem quality, and resources. The consideration of water consumption is crucial

123:

concept introduced in the 1990s. The water footprint is a geographically explicit indicator, not only showing volumes of water use and pollution, but also the locations. The global issue of water footprinting underscores the importance of fair and sustainable resource management. Due to increasing

1749:

Pfister, Stephan; Boulay, Anne-Marie; Berger, Markus; Hadjikakou, Michalis; Motoshita, Masaharu; Hess, Tim; Ridoutt, Brad; Weinzettel, Jan; Scherer, Laura; Döll, Petra; Manzardo, Alessandro; Núñez, Montserrat; Verones, Francesca; Humbert, Sebastien; Buxmann, Kurt; Harding, Kevin; Benini, Lorenzo;

1082:

The top 10 gross virtual water exporting nations, which together account for more than half of the global virtual water export, are the United States (314 Gm/year), China (143 Gm/year), India (125 Gm/year), Brazil (112 Gm/year), Argentina (98 Gm/year), Canada (91 Gm/year), Australia (89 Gm/year),

483:, to provide practical guidance to practitioners from various backgrounds, such as large companies, public authorities, non-governmental organizations, academic and research groups as well as small and medium enterprises, for carrying out a water footprint assessment. The ISO standard is based on 568:

The water footprint of a product is the total volume of freshwater used to produce the product, summed over the various steps of the production chain. The water footprint of a product refers not only to the total volume of water used; it also refers to where and when the water is used. The Water

1079:

Italy, Germany, the UK and the Netherlands—have external water footprints that constitute 50–80% of their total water footprint. The agricultural products that on average contribute most to the external water footprints of nations are: bovine meat, soybean, wheat, cocoa, rice, cotton and maize.

1078:

The external part of a nation's water footprint varies strongly from country to country. Some African nations, such as Sudan, Mali, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Malawi and Chad have hardly any external water footprint, simply because they have little import. Some European countries on the other hand—e.g.

863:

The water footprint of a business, the 'corporate water footprint', is defined as the total volume of freshwater that is used directly or indirectly to run and support a business. It is the total volume of water use to be associated with the use of the business outputs. The water footprint of a

1266:

Within the agricultural sector, withdrawn water use is for irrigation and for livestock. Whereas all irrigation in the US (including loss in conveyance of irrigation water) is estimated to account for about 38 percent of US withdrawn freshwater use, the irrigation water used for production of

1041:

In absolute terms, India is the country with the largest water footprint in the world, a total of 987 Gm/yr. In relative terms (i.e. taking population size into account), the people of the USA have the largest water footprint, with 2480 m/yr per capita, followed by the people in south European

1270:

In the US, irrigation water application data are collected in the quinquennial Farm and Ranch Irrigation Survey, conducted as part of the Census of Agriculture. Such data indicate great differences in irrigation water use within various agricultural sectors. For example, about 14 percent of

1021:

of a country looks at the amount of water used or polluted (locally, or in the case of imported goods, in other countries) in connection with all the goods and services that are consumed by the inhabitants of that country. The water footprint of production and that of consumption, can also be

1263:

yield (estimated as streamflow) of 3,472 billion m. Sectoral distribution is different in many respects in the US, where agriculture accounts for about 39% of fresh water withdrawals, thermoelectric power generation 38%, industrial 4%, residential 1%, and mining (including oil and gas) 1%.

1195:

emissions, which are globally identical, to account for the environmental harm. The difference is due to the somewhat more complex nature of water; while involved in the global hydrological cycle, it is expressed in conditions both local and regional through various forms like river basins,

989:

foreign water resources and that (consumption patterns in) many countries significantly and in various ways impact how, and how much, water is being consumed and polluted elsewhere on Earth. International water dependencies are substantial and are likely to increase with continued global

1086:

The top 10 gross virtual water importing nations are the United States (234 Gm/year), Japan (127 Gm/year), Germany (125 Gm/year), China (121 Gm/year), Italy (101 Gm/year), Mexico (92 Gm/year), France (78 Gm/year), the United Kingdom (77 Gm/year), and The Netherlands (71 Gm/year).

1257:

Several nations estimate sectoral distribution of use of water withdrawn from surface and groundwater sources. For example, in Canada, in 2005, 42 billion m of withdrawn water were used, of which about 38 billion m were freshwater. Distribution of this use among sectors was:

906:

The water footprint of an individual refers to the sum of their direct and indirect freshwater use. The direct water use is the water used at home, while the indirect water use relates to the total volume of freshwater that is used to produce the goods and services consumed.

516:

when it generates more water than it consumes. This involves implementing practices and technologies that reduce water consumption, improve water quality, and enhance water availability. The goal of being water positive is to leave a positive impact on water

307:

of water. That of a product is the whole footprint (sum) of processes in its complete supply chain divided by the number of product units. For consumers, businesses and geographic area, water footprint is indicated as volume of water per time, in particular:

2796:

Zering, K. D., T. J. Centner, D. Meyer, G. L. Newton, J. M. Sweeten and S. Woodruff. 2012. Water and land issues associated with animal agriculture: a U.S. perspective. CAST Issue Paper No. 50. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, Ames, Iowa. 24

875:(GSK) analysed four key categories: water availability, water quality, health impacts, and licence to operate (including reputational and regulatory risks) in order to enable GSK to quantitatively measure, and credibly reduce, its year-on-year water impact. 572:

The water footprints involved in various diets vary greatly, and much of the variation tends to be associated with levels of meat consumption. The following table gives examples of estimated global average water footprints of popular agricultural products.

2180:

Mekonnen, M. M. and A. Y. Hoekstra. 2010. The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products. Volume 2. Appendices main report. Value of Water Research Report Series No. 47. UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education. 1196

886:. It has now set out goals to reduce its water footprint such as treating the water it uses so it goes back into the environment in a clean state. Another goal is to find sustainable sources for the raw materials it uses in its drinks, such as 1066:

is the amount of water used in other countries to produce goods and services imported and consumed by the inhabitants of the country. When assessing the water footprint of a nation, it is crucial to take into account the international flows of

5292: 2478: 1191:, because the water footprint concept includes sums of water quantities without necessarily evaluating related impacts. This is in contrast to the carbon footprint, where carbon emissions are not simply summarized but normalized by CO 161:

crops), or been incorporated into a product or taken from one body of water and returned to another, or returned at a different time. Irrigated agriculture, industry and domestic water use can each have a blue water footprint.

1233:

the environmental and economic impact of such choices are understood and accepted. The re-use and reclamation of water is also part of sustainability including downstream impacts on both surface waters and

1139:" section above), and much "green water" is used in maintaining forests and wild lands, there is also direct environmental use (e.g. of surface water) that may be allocated by governments. For example, in 870:

argue that a more robust approach is for businesses to go beyond simple volumetric measurement to assess the full range of water impact from all sites. Its work with leading global pharmaceutical company

264: 1249:

as its last phase. One of the developments is to employ sustainable efficiency and equity ("Sefficiency in Sequity"), which present a comprehensive approach to assessing the sustainable use of water.

3366: 2171:

Mekonnen, M. M. and A. Y. Hoekstra. 2010. The green, blue and grey water footprint of farm animals and animal products. Volume 1: Main report. UNESCO-IHE., Institute for Water Education. 50 pp.

1038:

embedded in agricultural products consumed, 4.4% in industrial products consumed, and 3.6% is domestic water use. The global water footprint related to producing goods for export is 1.762 Gm/y.

882:

operates over a thousand manufacturing plants in about 200 countries. Making its drink uses a lot of water. Critics say its water footprint has been large. Coca-Cola has started to look at its

462:, practical solutions and strategic insights that empower companies, governments, individuals and small-scale producers to transform the way we use and share fresh water within earth's limits. 1228:

in order to manage water demand. In some localities, water may also have spiritual relevance and the use of such water may need to take account of such interests. For example, the

1271:

corn-for-grain land and 11 percent of soybean land in the US are irrigated, compared with 66 percent of vegetable land, 79 percent of orchard land and 97 percent of rice land.

569:

Footprint Network maintains a global database on the water footprint of products: WaterStat. Nearly over 70% of the water supply worldwide is used in the agricultural sector.

2830:

US Department of Agriculture. 2009. 2007 Census of agriculture. Farm and ranch irrigation survey (2008). Volume 3. Special Studies. Part 1. AC-07-SS-1. 177 pp. + appendices.

321:

That of a geographically delineated area is the footprint of all processes undertaken in this area. The virtual change in water of an area is the net import of virtual water

2191: 100:

world, in which products are not always consumed in their country of origin. International trade of agricultural and industrial products in effect creates a global flow of

5287: 446:

levels, and their impacts on people and nature. The network consists of around 100 partners from all sectors – producers, investors, suppliers and regulators – as well as

540:

falling on land each year (about 117,000 km (28,000 cu mi)), is used by rain-fed agriculture and about half is subject to evaporation and transpiration in

471:

In February 2011, the Water Footprint Network, in a global collaborative effort of environmental organizations, companies, research institutions and the UN, launched the

5277: 3128: 1259: 476: 1448:

taken from the Hoekstra, A.Y. and Chapagain, A.K. (2008) Globalization of water: Sharing the planet's freshwater resources, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK.

1034:

water footprint (that nation's water footprint divided by its number of inhabitants) can be used to compare its water footprint with those of other nations.

1017:

estimates how much water from local sources is used or polluted in order to provide the goods and services produced in that country. The water footprint of

57:

used to produce the goods and services consumed by the individual or community or produced by the business. Water use is measured in water volume consumed (

3273: 119:

of water use, that could provide useful information in addition to the traditional production-sector-based indicators of water use. It is analogous to the

5327: 2719: 386:

to measure the amount of water consumed and polluted to produce goods and services along their full supply chain. Water footprint is one of a family of

84:

Traditionally, water use has been approached from the production side, by quantifying the following three columns of water use: water withdrawals in the

2839:

USDA. 2009. 2007 Census of agriculture. United States summary and State Data. Vol. 1. Geographic Area Series. Part 51. AC-07-A-51. 639 pp. + appendices.

1520: 1180:

to generated impacts, which is about its performance. Such a comparison between descriptive and performance factors and indicators is basically flawed.

910:

The average global water footprint of an individual is 1,385 m per year. Residents of some example nations have water footprints as shown in the table:

1389: 2239: 1157: 864:

business consists of water used for producing/manufacturing or for supporting activities and the indirect water use in the producer's supply chain.

1578:

Hoekstra, A.Y. (2003) (ed) Virtual water trade: Proceedings of the International Expert Meeting on Virtual Water Trade, IHE Delft, the Netherlands

5360: 5332: 4372: 2016: 1752:"Understanding the LCA and ISO water footprint: A response to Hoekstra (2016) "A critique on the water-scarcity weighted water footprint in LCA"" 1569:

Jayne M. Godfrey, Keryn Chalmers. 2012 Water Accounting: International Approaches to Policy and Decision-making. Edward Elgar Publishing. page222

898:. By making its water footprint better, the company can reduce costs, improve the environment, and benefit the communities in which it operates. 438:) which serves as a platform for sharing knowledge, tools and innovations among governments, businesses and communities concerned about growing 5337: 4653: 3307: 2682: 1917:"GPCC's new land surface precipitation climatology based on quality-controlled in-situ data and its role in quantifying the global water cycle" 5395: 5302: 1832: 1643: 998: 5385: 2277: 5537: 5342: 4906: 4494: 2162:

Vanham, D., M. M.Mekonnen and A. Y. Hoekstra. 2013. The water footprint of the EU for different diets. Ecological Indicators 32: 1-8.

1111: 274: 31: 5547: 5542: 4410: 1107: 2532: 1114:

plants. Energy production annual water consumption in the EU 27 in 2011 was, in billion m: for gas 0.53, coal 1.54 and nuclear 2.44.

422:. Cooperation between global leading institutions in the field has led to the establishment of the Water Footprint Network in 2008. 5552: 5400: 4926: 4509: 4189: 2729: 2112:

Chinnasamy, Pennan; Agoramoorthy, Govindasamy (2015-05-01). "Groundwater Storage and Depletion Trends in Tamil Nadu State, India".

2199: 3813: 2084: 2856: 2771:

Statistics Canada. 2010. Human activity and the environment. Freshwater supply and demand in Canada. Catalogue no. 16-201-X.

2660: 2059: 220: 5557: 5043: 4671: 4648: 3266: 2883: 2409: 5562: 5317: 5267: 5079: 4976: 4737: 4638: 4551: 2220: 2787:

Maupin, M. A. et al. 2014. Estimated use of water in the United States 2010. U. S. Geological Survey Circular 1405. 55 pp.

528: 5510: 5150: 4921: 3330: 3103: 1177: 447: 2570: 1858: 1630: 5015: 4742: 3882: 3717: 2807: 1808: 1135:

Although agriculture's water use includes provision of important terrestrial environmental values (as discussed in the "

2297: 1110:

consumes 4,815 litres of water per day on average; 44% is used in power production primarily to cool thermal plants or

5162: 5055: 4966: 4779: 4767: 4676: 4365: 4206: 3038: 1101: 1245:

Water footprint accounting has advanced substantially in recent years, however, water footprint analysis also needs

5232: 5157: 5062: 4598: 4339: 4223: 4167: 3259: 5217: 2661:"Integrating Water Footprint and Sefficiency: Overcoming Water Footprint Criticisms and Improving Decision Making" 5354: 5349: 4916: 4623: 4581: 4545: 4452: 3754: 3075: 1341: 1246: 207: 848: 5498: 5192: 4891: 4603: 4499: 3739: 3060: 2989: 2374:"U.K. Water Footprint: The Impact of the U.K.'s Food and Fibre Consumption on Global Water Resources, Volume 1" 214:) to such an extent that the quality of the water meets agreed water quality standards. It is calculated as: 5463: 5390: 5222: 3914: 3803: 1396: 459: 206:(industrial discharges, seepage from tailing ponds at mining operations, untreated municipal wastewater, or 50: 4961: 2243: 1993: 1524: 5486: 5458: 5237: 4447: 4358: 4317: 4160: 4032: 3171: 3113: 2545: 431: 66: 53:

by people. The water footprint of an individual, community, or business is defined as the total volume of

2424: 5443: 5227: 4762: 4663: 4556: 4405: 4114: 4109: 3904: 3845: 3080: 2753: 1495: 1050: 994: 495: 484: 407: 383: 295:

the natural concentration of the pollutant in the receiving water body (both expressed in mass/volume).

4806: 1009:

The assessment of total water use in connection to consumption can be approached from both ends of the

3236: 1424: 1176:

Many of the criticisms, including the above ones, compare the description of the water footprint of a

1118:

avoided the use of 387 million cubic metres (mn m) of water in 2012, avoiding a cost of €743 million.

61:) and/or polluted per unit of time. A water footprint can be calculated for any well-defined group of 5418: 5202: 5067: 5033: 4981: 4801: 4747: 4703: 4593: 4531: 4420: 4415: 4308: 4280: 4245: 4172: 3972: 3909: 3727: 3548: 3176: 3009: 2613: 2487: 2314: 2121: 1928: 1763: 1713: 1321: 1201: 883: 387: 371: 349:

results from this as the sum of the water footprint of national area and its virtual change in water.

304: 120: 5428: 5423: 5197: 4996: 4986: 4821: 4430: 4303: 4211: 4199: 4089: 4042: 3850: 3773: 3499: 3290: 3181: 2921: 2876: 78: 3203: 2931: 1956: 5050: 4633: 4482: 4313: 4298: 4228: 4184: 4074: 3660: 3565: 3320: 2629: 2145: 1316: 1288: 1022:

estimated for any administrative unit such as a city, province, river basin or the entire world.

487:(LCA) principles and can be applied for different sorts of assessment of products and companies. 403: 179: 116: 74: 481:

ISO 14046:2014, Environmental management—Water footprint—Principles, requirements and guidelines

410:). The most elaborate publications on how to estimate water footprints are a 2004 report on the 96:

sector. While this does provide valuable data, it is a limited way of looking at water use in a

3229: 2602:"Virtual water and water footprints offer limited insight regarding important policy questions" 1152:

Insufficient consideration of consequences of proposed water saving policies to farm households

378:, and co-founder and scientific director of the Water Footprint Network, whilst working at the 5212: 5207: 5135: 5084: 4858: 4838: 4826: 4786: 4757: 4725: 4643: 4536: 4504: 4400: 4285: 3749: 3655: 3628: 3475: 3425: 3361: 3315: 3188: 2971: 2911: 2725: 2515: 2388: 2342: 2273: 2137: 1891: 1866: 1789: 1731: 1639: 1331: 1054:

Global average numbers and composition of all national water footprints, internal and external

879: 1390:"Water footprints of nations: Water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern" 1030:

The absolute water footprint is the total sum of water footprints of all people. A country's

178:

that, after having been stored in the root zone of the soil (green water), is either lost by

5377: 5130: 5089: 4901: 4876: 4688: 4618: 4462: 4235: 4194: 4177: 4064: 3962: 3494: 3398: 3282: 3108: 2906: 2621: 2505: 2495: 2373: 2332: 2322: 2225: 2129: 1936: 1779: 1771: 1721: 1466: 1326: 1311: 1282: 1205: 1188: 980: 867: 391: 367: 2601: 845: 5438: 5140: 4943: 4936: 4871: 4811: 4693: 4683: 4613: 4586: 4571: 4526: 4516: 4467: 4252: 4218: 4104: 4084: 3994: 3643: 3609: 3543: 3340: 3325: 3070: 3065: 3004: 2994: 2943: 2360: 1445: 1346: 1160:: "Although one goal of virtual water analysis is to describe opportunities for improving 872: 852: 443: 203: 109: 1659: 1590: 1229: 115:

In 2002, the water footprint concept was introduced in order to have a consumption-based

2617: 2491: 2318: 2125: 1932: 1767: 1717: 1200:

systems). Furthermore, looking at the definition of the footprint itself, and comparing

5532: 5125: 4911: 4848: 4833: 4816: 4774: 4576: 4457: 4293: 4240: 4150: 4069: 4054: 4049: 4001: 3889: 3685: 3633: 3616: 3450: 3218: 2869: 2705: 2510: 2473: 2337: 2033: 1784: 1751: 1664:

Environmental management -- Water footprint -- Principles, requirements and guidelines"

1356: 1351: 1302: 1161: 954: 891: 549: 512: 451: 439: 395: 363: 2088: 1548: 1168:

Regional water scarcity should be taken into account when interpreting water footprint

37: 5526: 5433: 5312: 5120: 5094: 4971: 4931: 4896: 4886: 4866: 4608: 4566: 4541: 4489: 4477: 4472: 4381: 4257: 4094: 3984: 3941: 3722: 3599: 3485: 3435: 3299: 3143: 3138: 3123: 2633: 2063: 2020: 1579: 1336: 1225: 1221: 1068: 964: 537: 399: 175: 146: 101: 97: 89: 2149: 315:

That of a community or a nation is the sum for all of its members resp. inhabitants.

69:(e.g., a public organization, private enterprise, or economic sector), for a single 5453: 4881: 4730: 4720: 4698: 4628: 4521: 4435: 4059: 4017: 3793: 3744: 3680: 3536: 3440: 3207: 3087: 3053: 1234: 1010: 499: 211: 183: 1775: 1001:); climate (growth conditions); and agricultural practice (water use efficiency). 2625: 1458: 5448: 5145: 4843: 4752: 4715: 4155: 4099: 3921: 3899: 3894: 3761: 3638: 3604: 3592: 3480: 3403: 3148: 3118: 3043: 3033: 2999: 2961: 2916: 1470: 1216: 1115: 560:

resources. World water use has been growing rapidly in the last hundred years.

545: 375: 150: 85: 54: 520:

and ensure that more water is conserved and restored than is used or depleted.

5074: 4796: 4262: 4079: 4037: 3979: 3948: 3587: 3519: 3457: 3430: 3393: 2578: 2449: 2133: 2041: 1980: 1941: 1916: 1278: 1140: 1031: 990: 557: 553: 379: 158: 58: 2141: 1870: 544:

and other natural or quasi-natural landscapes. The remainder, which goes to

5172: 4991: 4561: 4442: 4145: 4027: 3835: 3830: 3808: 3697: 3690: 3509: 3504: 3411: 3388: 3153: 3048: 3014: 2500: 2327: 2037: 1208:

and water footprint, we realize that the three terms are indeed legitimate.

887: 517: 435: 278: 65:(e.g., an individual, family, village, city, province, state, or nation) or 2519: 2346: 1793: 1735: 1833:"¿Qué es ser "water positive"? El nuevo objetivo de las grandes compañías" 5038: 4791: 4425: 4395: 4272: 3840: 3766: 3707: 3702: 3650: 3560: 3531: 3524: 3514: 3445: 3419: 3415: 3407: 187: 182:

or incorporated by plants. It is particularly relevant for agricultural,

62: 17: 1859:"Corporations are pledging to be 'water positive'. What does that mean?" 4710: 4140: 3936: 3931: 3877: 3783: 3712: 3555: 3356: 1700:

Pfister, Stephan; Koehler, Annette; Hellweg, Stefanie (20 March 2009).

1197: 1083:

Indonesia (72 Gm/year), France (65 Gm/year), and Germany (64 Gm/year).

934: 154: 70: 3240: 1726: 1702:"Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Freshwater Consumption in LCA" 1701: 1136: 430:

The Water Footprint Network is an international learning community (a

5005: 3989: 3954: 3778: 3734: 3582: 3380: 2272:(1st ed.). North Shore, N.Z.: Cengage Learning. pp. 56–58. 1750:

Oki, Taikan; Finkbeiner, Matthias; Henderson, Andrew (January 2017).

541: 3251: 312:

That of a consumer is the sum of footprint of all consumed products.

1515: 1513: 5167: 4022: 3862: 3788: 3575: 3025: 2966: 2951: 2892: 1983:

water requirement and water withdrawal by country. AQUASTAT, FAO.

1685:

Scientific Applications International Corporations (SAIC) (2006).

1632:

The water footprint assessment manual: Setting the global standard

944: 924: 527: 420:

The water footprint assessment manual: Setting the global standard

36: 2851: 5099: 4350: 3967: 3823: 3818: 3798: 3672: 3623: 3467: 2305: 895: 398:. The water footprint concept is further related to the idea of 93: 4354: 3255: 2865: 1062:

is the amount of water used from domestic water resources; the

3926: 3570: 2956: 2930: 2721:

Water Consumption and Sustainable Water Resources Management

2472:

Hoekstra, Arjen Y.; Mekonnen, Mesfin M. (28 February 2012).

30:"Water consumption" redirects here. Not to be confused with 5293:

Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety

2755:

Transparent Water Management Theory: Sefficiency in Sequity

318:

That of a business is the footprint of all produced goods.

259:{\displaystyle {\frac {L}{c_{\text{max}}-c_{\text{nat}}}}} 2450:"Angela Morelli - The Global Water Footprint of Humanity" 902:

Water footprint of individual consumers (domestic sector)

556:, which uses about 5.1 percent of total actual renewable 202:

refers to the volume of water that is required to dilute

145:

refers to the volume of water that has been sourced from

2861: 27:

Extent of water use in relation to consumption by people

2683:"Policies and measure to promote sustainable water use" 1425:"Waterfootprint.org: Water footprint and virtual water" 2359:

Data obtained from the Finnish Knowledge article page

1196:

watersheds, on down to groundwater (as part of larger

1187:

can also confuse people familiar with the notion of a

223: 2606:

International Journal of Water Resources Development

2291: 2289: 1220:

of the area. It also involves the implementation of

5411: 5370: 5257: 5246: 5183: 5108: 5024: 4952: 4857: 4662: 4388: 4271: 4129: 4010: 3870: 3861: 3671: 3466: 3379: 3349: 3298: 3289: 3164: 3096: 3023: 2982: 2942: 2899: 1616:, A.Y. Hoekstra and A.K. Chapagain, Blackwell, 2008 1419: 1417: 984:

Global view of national per capita water footprints

2808:"USDA ERS - Agricultural Productivity in the U.S." 2706:"Tangaroa – the sea - Water as the source of life" 2017:"Looming water crisis simply a management problem" 532:Total renewable water resources per capita in 2020 258: 2229:, 26 November 2014. Retrieved on 20 January 2015. 2192:"How much water does it take to grow an avocado?" 564:Water footprint of products (agricultural sector) 402:trade introduced in the early 1990s by Professor 303:The water footprint of a process is expressed as 2685:. Europeanm Environment Agency. 18 February 2008 2414:JournalistsResource.org, retrieved 20 March 2012 1666:. International Organization for Standardization 1624: 1622: 859:Water footprint of companies (industrial sector) 328:, defined as the difference of the gross import 41:Infographic of water footprints around the world 2704:e Ahukaramū Charles Royal (22 September 2012). 2659:Haie, N.; Freitas, M.R.; Pereira, J.C. (2018). 157:) and has either evaporated (for example while 1975: 1973: 1687:Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Practice 1549:"Water Footprint Network - Aims & history" 846:Product Gallery of the Water Footprint Network 477:International Organization for Standardization 342:. The water footprint of national consumption 4366: 3267: 2877: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2571:"California State Water Project-Water Supply" 2107: 2105: 1253:Sectoral distributions of withdrawn water use 997:); consumption pattern (e.g. high versus low 49:shows the extent of water use in relation to 8: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2546:"Saving water with wind energy Summary EWEA" 844:(For more product water footprints: see the 2467: 2465: 2463: 1809:"What Does it Mean to Be 'Water Positive'?" 5328:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 5254: 4373: 4359: 4351: 4133: 3867: 3295: 3274: 3260: 3252: 2884: 2870: 2862: 2263: 2261: 2240:"2013 Water Report: The Coca-Cola Company" 575: 5288:Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 5278:Center for Disease Control and Prevention 2509: 2499: 2336: 2326: 1994:"Water withdrawal by sector, around 2007" 1940: 1783: 1725: 1523:. Water Footprint Network. Archived from 1395:. Water Footprint Network. Archived from 1384: 1382: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1372: 247: 234: 224: 222: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1158:International Water Management Institute 1049: 979: 912: 288:the maximum allowable concentration and 5333:Health departments in the United States 2242:. The Coca-Cola Company. Archived from 1521:"The Water Footprint Assessment Manual" 1368: 454:. It describes its mission as follows: 335:of virtual water from its gross export 153:resources (lakes, rivers, wetlands and 5338:Council on Education for Public Health 2221:"Water, water everywhere... or is it?" 1543: 1541: 1459:"16030, 1841-01-13, PERROT (fabrique)" 5396:Professional degrees of public health 5303:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare 582:Global average water footprint, L/kg 7: 5493: 5386:Bachelor of Science in Public Health 3225: 1156:According to Dennis Wichelns of the 382:Institute for Water Education, as a 174:refers to the amount of water from 5505: 4654:Workers' right to access the toilet 4495:Human right to water and sanitation 2857:Personal Water Footprint Calculator 1979:Frenken, K. and V. Gillet. 2012. 1921:Theoretical and Applied Climatology 1915:Schneider, U.; et al. (2014). 32:Daily consumption of drinking water 491:Life-cycle assessment of water use 73:(such as growing rice) or for any 25: 4927:Commercial determinants of health 2474:"The water footprint of humanity" 2410:"The Water Footprint of Humanity" 2298:"The Water Footprint of Humanity" 299:Calculation for different factors 5504: 5492: 5481: 5480: 4510:National public health institute 4335: 4334: 3235: 3224: 3214: 3213: 3202: 1295: 1281: 390:indicators, which also includes 4907:Open-source healthcare software 4649:Sociology of health and illness 2724:. OECD Library. 25 March 1998. 2708:. Encyclopaedia of New Zealand. 1260:thermoelectric power generation 473:Global Water Footprint Standard 414:from UNESCO-IHE, the 2008 book 210:such as agricultural runoff or 5268:Caribbean Public Health Agency 5080:Sexually transmitted infection 4977:Statistical hypothesis testing 4738:Occupational safety and health 4639:Sexual and reproductive health 4552:Occupational safety and health 2387:Chapagain, A.K. & Orr, S. 2372:Chapagain, A.K. & Orr, S. 1890:Pandey, Rajdeep (2018-10-23). 1857:Schupak, Amanda (2021-10-14). 448:non-governmental organisations 408:Stockholm Water Prize Laureate 1: 4922:Social determinants of health 3104:Extraterrestrial liquid water 2533:Saving water with wind energy 1776:10.1016/J.ECOLIND.2016.07.051 1591:"Water footprints of nations" 1498:. The Water Footprint Network 1427:. The Water Footprint Network 536:Globally, about 4 percent of 426:Water Footprint Network (WFN) 4982:Analysis of variance (ANOVA) 4743:Human factors and ergonomics 3300:Pollution / quality 2626:10.1080/07900627.2010.519494 1807:Loher, Nicole (2023-03-15). 1496:"What is a water footprint?" 5163:Good manufacturing practice 4967:Randomized controlled trial 1471:10.1163/2210-7886_asc-16030 1463:Art Sales Catalogues Online 1137:Water footprint of products 1127:the annual recharge rate." 1102:Category:Droughts in Europe 5579: 5538:Water resources management 5233:Theory of planned behavior 5158:Good agricultural practice 5063:Public health surveillance 4955:epidemiological statistics 4599:Public health intervention 2425:"National water footprint" 2114:Water Resources Management 1099: 976:Water footprint of nations 412:Water footprint of nations 29: 5548:Environmental terminology 5543:Water and the environment 5476: 5355:World Toilet Organization 5350:World Health Organization 4917:Public health informatics 4624:Right to rest and leisure 4453:Globalization and disease 4330: 4136: 3871:Types / location 3197: 2928: 2600:Wichelns, Dennis (2010). 2456:. TEDxOslo. 21 June 2011. 2134:10.1007/s11269-015-0932-z 2023:28 Aug., 2008, pp. 28-32. 1942:10.1007/s00704-013-0860-x 1551:. Water Footprint Network 1342:Water resource management 1247:sustainability assessment 1241:Sustainability assessment 1013:. The water footprint of 1005:Production or consumption 208:nonpoint source pollution 5553:Macroeconomic indicators 5401:Schools of public health 5193:Diffusion of innovations 4892:Health impact assessment 4604:Public health laboratory 4500:Management of depression 1839:(in Spanish). 2022-05-10 1629:Hoekstra, Arjen (2011). 1064:external water footprint 1060:internal water footprint 108:(akin to the concept of 5464:Social hygiene movement 5391:Doctor of Public Health 5223:Social cognitive theory 5025:Infectious and epidemic 4807:Fecal–oral transmission 2852:Water Footprint Network 2501:10.1073/pnas.1109936109 2328:10.1073/pnas.1109936109 2019:by Jonathan Chenoweth, 1892:"Water Positive Campus" 1131:Environmental water use 1091:Water use in continents 919:annual water footprint 362:was coined in 2002, by 128:Definition and measures 5558:Economic globalization 5459:Germ theory of disease 5238:Transtheoretical model 3114:Planetary oceanography 2936: 2268:Naumann, Ruth (2011). 2198:. 2019. Archived from 2042:"Water Use and Stress" 1614:Globalization of Water 1055: 1026:Absolute or per capita 985: 533: 467:International standard 464: 418:, and the 2011 manual 416:Globalization of Water 260: 42: 5563:Environmental indices 5343:Public Health Service 5228:Social norms approach 5218:PRECEDE–PROCEED model 4664:Preventive healthcare 4557:Pharmaceutical policy 4406:Chief Medical Officer 2934: 2296:Hoekstra, AY (2012). 1837:Hidrología Sostenible 1756:Ecological Indicators 1706:Environmental Science 1638:. London: Earthscan. 1212:Sustainable water use 1053: 995:gross national income 983: 531: 496:Life-cycle assessment 485:life-cycle assessment 456: 432:non-profit foundation 261: 172:green water footprint 166:Green water footprint 40: 5419:Sara Josephine Baker 5318:Public Health Agency 5203:Health communication 5068:Disease surveillance 5034:Asymptomatic carrier 5016:Statistical software 4704:Preventive nutrition 4532:Medical anthropology 4421:Environmental health 4246:remnant natural area 3883:storage and recovery 3549:habitat conservation 3367:Deforestation (REDD) 3177:Ocean stratification 3010:Doubly labeled water 1322:Ecological footprint 1202:ecological footprint 1183:The use of the term 1046:Internal or external 991:trade liberalisation 884:water sustainability 475:. In July 2014, the 388:ecological footprint 372:University of Twente 305:volumetric flow rate 221: 200:grey water footprint 194:Grey water footprint 143:blue water footprint 137:Blue water footprint 121:ecological footprint 5429:Carl Rogers Darnall 5424:Samuel Jay Crumbine 5198:Health belief model 5051:Notifiable diseases 4987:Regression analysis 4822:Waterborne diseases 4411:Cultural competence 4200:Earth Overshoot Day 3774:Marine conservation 3755:non-timber products 3182:Lake stratification 3165:Physical parameters 2752:Haie, Naim (2020). 2618:2010IJWRD..26..639W 2492:2012PNAS..109.3232H 2319:2012PNAS..109.3232H 2126:2015WatRM..29.2139C 1933:2014ThApC.115...15S 1813:Meta Sustainability 1768:2017EcInd..72..352P 1718:2009EnST...43.4098P 1689:. Reston, VA: SAIC. 5027:disease prevention 4962:Case–control study 4634:Security of person 4483:Health care reform 4185:Ecosystem services 3308:Ambient standards 3129:List of Candidates 2990:Deuterium-depleted 2937: 2665:Water Alternatives 2429:waterfootprint.org 1317:Deficit irrigation 1289:Environment portal 1056: 986: 851:2020-07-30 at the 707:groundnuts, shell 548:replenishment and 534: 524:Water availability 256: 180:evapotranspiration 43: 5520: 5519: 5472: 5471: 5382:Higher education 5213:Positive deviance 5208:Health psychology 5184:Health behavioral 5111:safety management 5085:Social distancing 4859:Population health 4839:Smoking cessation 4787:Pharmacovigilance 4758:Injury prevention 4726:Infection control 4644:Social psychology 4594:Prisoners' rights 4537:Medical sociology 4505:Public health law 4401:Biological hazard 4348: 4347: 4326: 4325: 4125: 4124: 3804:genetic resources 3740:genetic resources 3375: 3374: 3283:Natural resources 3249: 3248: 3189:Ocean temperature 2202:on 7 October 2019 2046:Our World in Data 1727:10.1021/es802423e 1645:978-1-84971-279-8 1332:Social metabolism 973: 972: 880:Coca-Cola Company 842: 841: 715:leather (bovine) 358:The concept of a 254: 250: 237: 16:(Redirected from 5570: 5508: 5507: 5496: 5495: 5484: 5483: 5378:Health education 5255: 5109:Food hygiene and 5090:Tropical disease 4902:Infant mortality 4877:Community health 4753:Controlled Drugs 4689:Health promotion 4619:Right to housing 4463:Health economics 4375: 4368: 4361: 4352: 4338: 4337: 4289: 4236:Natural heritage 4195:overexploitation 4134: 3868: 3814:herbal medicines 3794:FAO Plant Treaty 3334: 3311: 3296: 3276: 3269: 3262: 3253: 3239: 3228: 3227: 3217: 3216: 3206: 3109:Asteroidal water 3097:Extraterrestrial 2886: 2879: 2872: 2863: 2840: 2837: 2831: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2811:www.ERS.USDA.gov 2804: 2798: 2794: 2788: 2785: 2772: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2760: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2656: 2645: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2577:. Archived from 2575:www.Water.ca.gov 2567: 2561: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2542: 2536: 2535:, EWEA June 2014 2530: 2524: 2523: 2513: 2503: 2486:(9): 3232–3237. 2469: 2458: 2457: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2421: 2415: 2413: 2406: 2400: 2399: 2393: 2384: 2378: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2340: 2330: 2313:(9): 3232–3237. 2302: 2293: 2284: 2283: 2279:978-017021-034-8 2265: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2246:on 19 April 2014 2236: 2230: 2226:The Carbon Trust 2218: 2212: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2188: 2182: 2178: 2172: 2169: 2163: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2120:(7): 2139–2152. 2109: 2100: 2099: 2097: 2096: 2087:. Archived from 2081: 2075: 2074: 2072: 2071: 2062:. Archived from 2056: 2050: 2049: 2030: 2024: 2014: 2008: 2007: 2005: 2004: 1998: 1990: 1984: 1977: 1968: 1967: 1965: 1964: 1953: 1947: 1946: 1944: 1912: 1906: 1905: 1903: 1902: 1887: 1881: 1880: 1878: 1877: 1854: 1848: 1847: 1845: 1844: 1829: 1823: 1822: 1820: 1819: 1804: 1798: 1797: 1787: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1729: 1712:(11): 4008–104. 1697: 1691: 1690: 1682: 1676: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1656: 1650: 1649: 1637: 1626: 1617: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1602: 1601: 1595: 1587: 1581: 1576: 1570: 1567: 1561: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1545: 1536: 1535: 1533: 1532: 1517: 1508: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1492: 1481: 1480: 1478: 1477: 1455: 1449: 1443: 1437: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1421: 1412: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1402:on 17 April 2018 1401: 1394: 1386: 1327:Runoff footprint 1312:Carbon footprint 1305: 1300: 1299: 1298: 1291: 1286: 1285: 1206:carbon footprint 1189:carbon footprint 999:meat consumption 913: 868:The Carbon Trust 779:peach/nectarine 587:almonds, shelled 576: 392:carbon footprint 368:water management 265: 263: 262: 257: 255: 253: 252: 251: 248: 239: 238: 235: 225: 21: 5578: 5577: 5573: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5568: 5567: 5523: 5522: 5521: 5516: 5468: 5439:Margaret Sanger 5407: 5366: 5250: 5248: 5242: 5185: 5179: 5151:Safety scandals 5110: 5104: 5026: 5020: 4954: 4948: 4944:Social medicine 4937:Race and health 4872:Child mortality 4853: 4812:Open defecation 4694:Human nutrition 4684:Family planning 4672:Behavior change 4658: 4614:Right to health 4527:Maternal health 4517:Health politics 4468:Health literacy 4384: 4379: 4349: 4344: 4322: 4287: 4267: 4253:Systems ecology 4219:Natural capital 4121: 4006: 3995:reclaimed water 3857: 3819:UPOV Convention 3667: 3462: 3371: 3345: 3341:Ozone depletion 3332: 3309: 3285: 3280: 3250: 3245: 3193: 3160: 3092: 3019: 2978: 2938: 2926: 2895: 2890: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2815: 2813: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2758: 2751: 2750: 2746: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2688: 2686: 2681: 2680: 2676: 2658: 2657: 2648: 2638: 2636: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2584: 2582: 2581:on 7 April 2017 2569: 2568: 2564: 2554: 2552: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2531: 2527: 2471: 2470: 2461: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2433: 2431: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2408: 2407: 2403: 2391: 2386: 2376: 2371: 2370: 2366: 2358: 2354: 2300: 2295: 2294: 2287: 2280: 2267: 2266: 2259: 2249: 2247: 2238: 2237: 2233: 2219: 2215: 2205: 2203: 2190: 2189: 2185: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2157: 2111: 2110: 2103: 2094: 2092: 2083: 2082: 2078: 2069: 2067: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2034:Ritchie, Hannah 2032: 2031: 2027: 2015: 2011: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1991: 1987: 1978: 1971: 1962: 1960: 1955: 1954: 1950: 1914: 1913: 1909: 1900: 1898: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1875: 1873: 1856: 1855: 1851: 1842: 1840: 1831: 1830: 1826: 1817: 1815: 1806: 1805: 1801: 1748: 1747: 1743: 1699: 1698: 1694: 1684: 1683: 1679: 1669: 1667: 1658: 1657: 1653: 1646: 1635: 1628: 1627: 1620: 1612: 1608: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1588: 1584: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1554: 1552: 1547: 1546: 1539: 1530: 1528: 1519: 1518: 1511: 1501: 1499: 1494: 1493: 1484: 1475: 1473: 1457: 1456: 1452: 1444: 1440: 1430: 1428: 1423: 1422: 1415: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1392: 1388: 1387: 1370: 1366: 1361: 1347:Water resources 1301: 1296: 1294: 1287: 1280: 1277: 1255: 1243: 1222:social policies 1214: 1194: 1170: 1154: 1149: 1133: 1124: 1104: 1098: 1093: 1048: 1028: 1007: 978: 904: 873:GlaxoSmithKline 861: 853:Wayback Machine 827:tomatoes, dried 819:tomatoes, fresh 566: 526: 509: 493: 469: 444:water pollution 442:and increasing 428: 366:, Professor in 360:water footprint 356: 347: 340: 333: 326: 301: 294: 287: 243: 230: 229: 219: 218: 196: 168: 139: 130: 110:embodied energy 47:water footprint 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5576: 5574: 5566: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5525: 5524: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5514: 5502: 5490: 5477: 5474: 5473: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5405: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5380: 5374: 5372: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5364: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5346: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5322: 5321: 5320: 5315: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5297: 5296: 5295: 5290: 5282: 5281: 5280: 5272: 5271: 5270: 5261: 5259: 5252: 5247:Organizations, 5244: 5243: 5241: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5189: 5187: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5177: 5176: 5175: 5170: 5160: 5155: 5154: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5114: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5071: 5070: 5060: 5059: 5058: 5048: 5047: 5046: 5036: 5030: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5018: 5013: 5012: 5011: 5003: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4958: 4956: 4953:Biological and 4950: 4949: 4947: 4946: 4941: 4940: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4919: 4914: 4912:Multimorbidity 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4863: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4851: 4849:Vector control 4846: 4841: 4836: 4834:School hygiene 4831: 4830: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4817:Sanitary sewer 4814: 4809: 4804: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4783: 4782: 4775:Patient safety 4772: 4771: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4735: 4734: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4708: 4707: 4706: 4701: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4680: 4679: 4668: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4590: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4513: 4512: 4507: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4486: 4485: 4480: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4458:Harm reduction 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4439: 4438: 4433: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4392: 4390: 4386: 4385: 4380: 4378: 4377: 4370: 4363: 4355: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4342: 4331: 4328: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4320: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4288:(perpetuation) 4283: 4277: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4249: 4248: 4241:Nature reserve 4238: 4233: 4232: 4231: 4226: 4216: 4215: 4214: 4204: 4203: 4202: 4197: 4187: 4182: 4181: 4180: 4175: 4165: 4164: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4137: 4131: 4127: 4126: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4119: 4118: 4117: 4112: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4046: 4045: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4004: 3999: 3998: 3997: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3976: 3975: 3965: 3960: 3959: 3958: 3946: 3945: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3924: 3919: 3918: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3886: 3885: 3874: 3872: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3855: 3854: 3853: 3848: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3827: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3770: 3769: 3759: 3758: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3732: 3731: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3718:climate change 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3694: 3693: 3686:Bioprospecting 3683: 3677: 3675: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3665: 3664: 3663: 3658: 3648: 3647: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3621: 3620: 3619: 3614: 3613: 3612: 3607: 3597: 3596: 3595: 3590: 3580: 3579: 3578: 3568: 3563: 3553: 3552: 3551: 3541: 3540: 3539: 3529: 3528: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3491: 3490: 3489: 3488: 3472: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3460: 3455: 3454: 3453: 3448: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3385: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3353: 3351: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3343: 3338: 3337: 3336: 3331:Clean Air Act 3323: 3318: 3313: 3304: 3302: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3281: 3279: 3278: 3271: 3264: 3256: 3247: 3246: 3244: 3243: 3232: 3221: 3210: 3198: 3195: 3194: 3192: 3191: 3186: 3185: 3184: 3179: 3172:Stratification 3168: 3166: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3158: 3157: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3133: 3132: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3093: 3091: 3090: 3085: 3084: 3083: 3078: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3057: 3056: 3051: 3041: 3036: 3030: 3028: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2986: 2984: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2976: 2975: 2974: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2948: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2903: 2901: 2897: 2896: 2891: 2889: 2888: 2881: 2874: 2866: 2860: 2859: 2854: 2847: 2846:External links 2844: 2842: 2841: 2832: 2823: 2799: 2789: 2773: 2764: 2744: 2730: 2711: 2696: 2674: 2646: 2612:(4): 639–651. 2592: 2562: 2537: 2525: 2459: 2441: 2416: 2401: 2364: 2361:Vesijalanjälki 2352: 2285: 2278: 2270:Sustainability 2257: 2231: 2213: 2183: 2173: 2164: 2155: 2101: 2076: 2060:"WFN Glossary" 2051: 2040:(2017-11-20). 2025: 2009: 1985: 1969: 1948: 1927:(1–2): 15–40. 1907: 1882: 1849: 1824: 1799: 1741: 1692: 1677: 1662:ISO 14046:2014 1651: 1644: 1618: 1606: 1582: 1571: 1562: 1537: 1509: 1482: 1450: 1438: 1413: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1359: 1357:Water positive 1354: 1352:Water scarcity 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1308: 1307: 1306: 1303:Ecology portal 1292: 1276: 1273: 1254: 1251: 1242: 1239: 1213: 1210: 1192: 1169: 1166: 1162:water security 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1132: 1129: 1123: 1120: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1073:embodied water 1047: 1044: 1027: 1024: 1006: 1003: 977: 974: 971: 970: 967: 961: 960: 957: 955:United Kingdom 951: 950: 947: 941: 940: 937: 931: 930: 927: 921: 920: 917: 903: 900: 860: 857: 840: 839: 836: 832: 831: 828: 824: 823: 820: 816: 815: 812: 808: 807: 804: 800: 799: 796: 792: 791: 788: 784: 783: 780: 776: 775: 772: 768: 767: 764: 760: 759: 756: 752: 751: 748: 744: 743: 740: 736: 735: 732: 728: 727: 724: 720: 719: 716: 712: 711: 708: 704: 703: 700: 696: 695: 692: 688: 687: 684: 680: 679: 676: 672: 671: 668: 664: 663: 660: 656: 655: 652: 648: 647: 644: 640: 639: 636: 632: 631: 628: 624: 623: 620: 616: 615: 612: 608: 607: 604: 600: 599: 596: 592: 591: 588: 584: 583: 580: 565: 562: 550:surface runoff 525: 522: 513:Water Positive 508: 507:Water positive 505: 492: 489: 468: 465: 440:water scarcity 427: 424: 396:land footprint 364:Arjen Hoekstra 355: 352: 351: 350: 345: 338: 331: 324: 319: 316: 313: 300: 297: 292: 285: 275:pollutant load 267: 266: 246: 242: 233: 228: 195: 192: 167: 164: 138: 135: 129: 126: 106:embodied water 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5575: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5513: 5512: 5503: 5501: 5500: 5491: 5489: 5488: 5479: 5478: 5475: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5434:Joseph Lister 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5410: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5369: 5362: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5313:Health Canada 5311: 5310: 5308: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5258:Organizations 5256: 5253: 5245: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5182: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5095:Vaccine trial 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5069: 5066: 5065: 5064: 5061: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5052: 5049: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5014: 5010: 5008: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4979: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4972:Relative risk 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4951: 4945: 4942: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4932:Health equity 4930: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4897:Health system 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4887:Global health 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4867:Biostatistics 4865: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4856: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4799: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4781: 4778: 4777: 4776: 4773: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4739: 4736: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4713: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4696: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4661: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4609:Right to food 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4543: 4542:Mental health 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4490:Housing First 4488: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4478:Health system 4476: 4475: 4474: 4473:Health policy 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4382:Public health 4376: 4371: 4369: 4364: 4362: 4357: 4356: 4353: 4341: 4333: 4332: 4329: 4319: 4318:Non-renewable 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4270: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4258:Urban ecology 4256: 4254: 4251: 4247: 4244: 4243: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4220: 4217: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4208: 4205: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4192: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4169: 4166: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4143: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4135: 4132: 4128: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4107: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4090:Privatization 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4044: 4041: 4040: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4003: 4000: 3996: 3993: 3992: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3985:Surface water 3983: 3981: 3978: 3974: 3971: 3970: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3957: 3956: 3952: 3951: 3950: 3947: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3902: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3879: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3860: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3843: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3791: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3768: 3765: 3764: 3763: 3760: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3737: 3736: 3733: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3715: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3692: 3689: 3688: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3670: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3653: 3652: 3649: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3625: 3622: 3618: 3615: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3602: 3601: 3598: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3585: 3584: 3581: 3577: 3574: 3573: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3558: 3557: 3554: 3550: 3547: 3546: 3545: 3542: 3538: 3535: 3534: 3533: 3530: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3507: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3487: 3486:peak farmland 3484: 3483: 3482: 3479: 3478: 3477: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3443: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3378: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3348: 3342: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3277: 3272: 3270: 3265: 3263: 3258: 3257: 3254: 3242: 3238: 3233: 3231: 3222: 3220: 3211: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3199: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3174: 3173: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3124:Hycean planet 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3099: 3095: 3089: 3086: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3073: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3046: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3022: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2973: 2970: 2969: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2935:Water droplet 2933: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2887: 2882: 2880: 2875: 2873: 2868: 2867: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2849: 2845: 2836: 2833: 2827: 2824: 2812: 2809: 2803: 2800: 2793: 2790: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2768: 2765: 2757: 2756: 2748: 2745: 2733: 2731:9789264162648 2727: 2723: 2722: 2715: 2712: 2707: 2700: 2697: 2684: 2678: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2596: 2593: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2566: 2563: 2551: 2547: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2526: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2480: 2475: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2451: 2445: 2442: 2430: 2426: 2420: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2402: 2397: 2390: 2385:and volume 2 2382: 2375: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2356: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2307: 2299: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2275: 2271: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2245: 2241: 2235: 2232: 2228: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2214: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2187: 2184: 2177: 2174: 2168: 2165: 2159: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2091:on 2015-04-01 2090: 2086: 2080: 2077: 2066:on 2015-04-01 2065: 2061: 2055: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2029: 2026: 2022: 2021:New Scientist 2018: 2013: 2010: 1995: 1989: 1986: 1982: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1958: 1952: 1949: 1943: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1911: 1908: 1897: 1893: 1886: 1883: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1853: 1850: 1838: 1834: 1828: 1825: 1814: 1810: 1803: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1745: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1696: 1693: 1688: 1681: 1678: 1665: 1663: 1655: 1652: 1647: 1641: 1634: 1633: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1607: 1592: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1575: 1572: 1566: 1563: 1550: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1527:on 2015-02-10 1526: 1522: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1497: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1439: 1426: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1398: 1391: 1385: 1383: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1363: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1337:Virtual water 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1304: 1293: 1290: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1252: 1250: 1248: 1240: 1238: 1236: 1235:ground waters 1231: 1227: 1226:water pricing 1223: 1218: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1179: 1174: 1167: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1151: 1146: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1130: 1128: 1121: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1112:nuclear power 1109: 1103: 1095: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1074: 1071:(also called 1070: 1069:virtual water 1065: 1061: 1052: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1033: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1004: 1002: 1000: 996: 992: 982: 975: 968: 966: 965:United States 963: 962: 958: 956: 953: 952: 948: 946: 943: 942: 938: 936: 933: 932: 928: 926: 923: 922: 918: 915: 914: 911: 908: 901: 899: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 876: 874: 869: 865: 858: 856: 854: 850: 847: 837: 835:vanilla beans 834: 833: 829: 826: 825: 821: 818: 817: 813: 810: 809: 805: 802: 801: 797: 794: 793: 789: 786: 785: 781: 778: 777: 773: 770: 769: 765: 762: 761: 757: 754: 753: 749: 746: 745: 741: 738: 737: 733: 730: 729: 725: 722: 721: 717: 714: 713: 709: 706: 705: 701: 698: 697: 693: 690: 689: 685: 682: 681: 677: 674: 673: 669: 666: 665: 661: 658: 657: 653: 650: 649: 645: 642: 641: 637: 634: 633: 629: 627:bread, wheat 626: 625: 621: 618: 617: 613: 610: 609: 605: 602: 601: 597: 594: 593: 589: 586: 585: 581: 578: 577: 574: 570: 563: 561: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 538:precipitation 530: 523: 521: 519: 514: 506: 504: 501: 497: 490: 488: 486: 482: 478: 474: 466: 463: 461: 460:science-based 455: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 425: 423: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 400:virtual water 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 353: 348: 341: 334: 327: 320: 317: 314: 311: 310: 309: 306: 298: 296: 291: 284: 280: 276: 272: 244: 240: 231: 226: 217: 216: 215: 213: 209: 205: 201: 193: 191: 189: 185: 184:horticultural 181: 177: 176:precipitation 173: 165: 163: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 136: 134: 127: 125: 122: 118: 113: 111: 107: 103: 102:virtual water 99: 95: 91: 87: 82: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 39: 33: 19: 5509: 5497: 5485: 5454:Radium Girls 5449:Typhoid Mary 5136:Microbiology 5006: 4998: 4882:Epidemiology 4780:Organization 4731:Oral hygiene 4721:Hand washing 4699:Healthy diet 4629:Right to sit 4522:Labor rights 4316: / 4190:Exploitation 4075:Conservation 4018:Desalination 3953: 3846:conservation 3681:Biodiversity 3629:conservation 3476:Agricultural 3404:Fossil fuels 3054:Hydrobiology 3039:Distribution 2835: 2826: 2814:. Retrieved 2810: 2802: 2792: 2767: 2754: 2747: 2735:. Retrieved 2720: 2714: 2699: 2687:. Retrieved 2677: 2668: 2664: 2637:. Retrieved 2609: 2605: 2595: 2583:. Retrieved 2579:the original 2574: 2565: 2553:. Retrieved 2549: 2540: 2528: 2483: 2477: 2453: 2444: 2432:. Retrieved 2428: 2419: 2404: 2395: 2380: 2367: 2355: 2310: 2304: 2269: 2248:. Retrieved 2244:the original 2234: 2224: 2216: 2204:. Retrieved 2200:the original 2195: 2186: 2176: 2167: 2158: 2117: 2113: 2093:. Retrieved 2089:the original 2079: 2068:. Retrieved 2064:the original 2054: 2045: 2028: 2012: 2001:. Retrieved 1988: 1961:. Retrieved 1951: 1924: 1920: 1910: 1899:. Retrieved 1895: 1885: 1874:. Retrieved 1863:The Guardian 1862: 1852: 1841:. Retrieved 1836: 1827: 1816:. Retrieved 1812: 1802: 1759: 1755: 1744: 1709: 1705: 1695: 1686: 1680: 1668:. Retrieved 1661: 1654: 1631: 1613: 1609: 1598:. Retrieved 1596:. UNESCO-IHE 1585: 1574: 1565: 1553:. Retrieved 1529:. Retrieved 1525:the original 1500:. Retrieved 1474:. Retrieved 1462: 1453: 1441: 1429:. Retrieved 1404:. Retrieved 1397:the original 1269: 1265: 1256: 1244: 1215: 1184: 1182: 1178:water system 1175: 1171: 1155: 1134: 1125: 1105: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1063: 1059: 1057: 1040: 1036: 1029: 1018: 1014: 1011:supply chain 1008: 987: 909: 905: 877: 866: 862: 843: 771:pasta (dry) 739:mango/guava 571: 567: 535: 510: 500:raw material 494: 480: 472: 470: 457: 429: 419: 415: 411: 359: 357: 343: 336: 329: 322: 302: 289: 282: 270: 268: 212:urban runoff 199: 197: 171: 169: 142: 140: 133:pollutants. 131: 114: 105: 86:agricultural 83: 46: 44: 5511:WikiProject 5251:and history 5131:Engineering 4844:Vaccination 4716:Food safety 4309:Nationalism 4281:Common-pool 3922:Hydrosphere 3915:remediation 3900:Groundwater 3495:Degradation 3119:Ocean world 3044:Hydrosphere 2972:superheated 2761:. Springer. 2454:youtube.com 2196:Danwatch.dk 2085:"WaterStat" 1999:. FAO. 2014 1957:"Water Use" 1762:: 352–359. 1217:Sustainable 1116:Wind energy 1019:consumption 675:cotton lint 546:groundwater 458:To provide 376:Netherlands 151:groundwater 55:fresh water 51:consumption 5527:Categories 5264:Caribbean 5141:Processing 5075:Quarantine 4997:Student's 4797:Sanitation 4431:History of 4304:Extraction 4263:Wilderness 4224:accounting 4207:Management 4173:ecological 4161:tragedy of 4080:Peak water 4065:Efficiency 4038:Sanitation 3980:Stormwater 3973:harvesting 3949:Irrigation 3851:management 3809:gene banks 3750:management 3728:management 3644:resilience 3610:phosphorus 3566:industrial 3544:Management 3520:soundscape 3426:Geothermal 3241:Wiktionary 3076:management 2922:Properties 2671:: 933–956. 2639:21 January 2389:"Volume 2" 2095:2012-10-02 2070:2012-10-02 2038:Roser, Max 2003:2023-11-07 1981:Irrigation 1963:2023-11-07 1901:2024-04-24 1876:2023-12-22 1843:2023-12-22 1818:2023-12-22 1600:2023-11-07 1555:27 January 1531:2015-01-20 1476:2021-10-25 1446:Definition 1431:30 October 1364:References 1141:California 1108:EU citizen 1100:See also: 1032:per capita 1015:production 558:freshwater 554:irrigation 404:John Allan 380:UNESCO-IHE 204:pollutants 190:products. 159:irrigating 98:globalised 90:industrial 59:evaporated 5444:John Snow 5371:Education 5361:Full list 5249:education 5173:ISO 22000 5126:Chemistry 5039:Epidemics 4992:ROC curve 4802:Emergency 4582:Radiation 4562:Pollution 4546:Ministers 4443:Euthenics 4314:Renewable 4299:Depletion 4286:Conflict 4168:Economics 4146:enclosure 4105:Resources 4085:Pollution 4002:Watershed 3905:pollution 3836:Seed bank 3831:Rangeland 3713:Fisheries 3698:Biosphere 3691:biopiracy 3634:fertility 3510:cityscape 3505:Landscape 3412:peak coal 3399:Resources 3350:Emissions 3154:Enceladus 3135:Specific 3071:Resources 3066:Pollution 3049:Hydrology 3015:Hydronium 3005:Tritiated 2995:Semiheavy 2900:Overviews 2634:154664691 2206:7 October 2142:1573-1650 1871:0261-3077 1185:footprint 1147:Criticism 888:sugarcane 755:olive oil 683:cucumber 667:chocolate 518:ecosystem 452:academics 436:Dutch law 279:mass flux 241:− 117:indicator 67:producers 63:consumers 18:Water Use 5487:Category 5186:sciences 5121:Additive 4792:Safe sex 4763:Medicine 4677:Theories 4448:Genomics 4426:Eugenics 4416:Deviance 4396:Auxology 4340:Category 4273:Resource 4212:adaptive 4110:improved 4070:Conflict 4055:Security 4050:Scarcity 4043:improved 4033:Leaching 3910:recharge 3890:Drinking 3841:Wildlife 3708:Bushmeat 3703:Bushfood 3656:planning 3561:gemstone 3556:Minerals 3537:property 3525:viewshed 3515:seascape 3446:sunlight 3420:peak oil 3416:peak gas 3219:Category 2737:26 April 2689:26 April 2550:EWEA.org 2520:22331890 2434:10 March 2347:22331890 2150:54761901 1794:30344449 1736:19569336 1275:See also 1224:such as 969:2,842 m 959:1,695 m 949:1,089 m 939:1,733 m 929:1,071 m 849:Archived 838:126,505 803:pumpkin 659:chicken 643:cabbage 603:avocado 346:area,nat 188:forestry 155:aquifers 94:domestic 5499:Commons 5412:History 5309:Canada 5284:Europe 4768:Nursing 4748:Hygiene 4711:Hygiene 4436:Liberal 4389:General 4141:Commons 4130:Related 4095:Quality 4011:Aspects 3937:glacial 3878:Aquifer 3784:Pasture 3735:Forests 3661:reserve 3436:Nuclear 3406: ( 3362:Trading 3357:Airshed 3230:Commons 2907:Outline 2614:Bibcode 2511:3295316 2488:Bibcode 2338:3295316 2315:Bibcode 2250:8 April 2122:Bibcode 1929:Bibcode 1896:Enviraj 1785:6192425 1764:Bibcode 1714:Bibcode 1670:4 March 1502:8 March 1406:3 March 1198:aquifer 935:Finland 892:oranges 795:potato 763:orange 758:14,430 723:lettuce 718:17,093 670:17,196 651:cheese 635:butter 622:15,415 611:banana 590:16,194 579:Product 542:forests 479:issued 370:at the 354:History 273:is the 147:surface 79:service 75:product 71:process 5299:India 5274:China 5146:Safety 4827:Worker 4151:global 4115:policy 4060:Supply 4023:Floods 3990:Sewage 3963:Marine 3955:huerta 3789:Plants 3779:Meadow 3639:health 3617:rights 3605:copper 3583:mining 3481:arable 3381:Energy 3321:Indoor 3234: 3223: 3212: 3208:Portal 3201: 3139:Europa 3088:Supply 3081:policy 3061:Origin 2952:Liquid 2944:States 2728: 2632: 2518: 2508: 2396:WWF-UK 2381:WWF-UK 2345: 2335: 2276: 2148: 2140: 1869: 1792: 1782: 1734: 1642: 1096:Europe 916:Nation 894:, and 830:4,275 814:2,497 790:5,988 774:1,849 750:1,021 742:1,800 734:1,222 731:maize 710:2,782 702:3,300 694:2,277 691:dates 678:9,114 662:4,325 654:3,178 638:5,553 630:1,608 595:apple 434:under 406:(2008 384:metric 325:i, net 269:where 92:, and 5533:Water 5324:U.S. 5168:HACCP 5117:Food 5009:-test 5001:-test 4587:Light 4572:Water 4294:Curse 4100:Right 3942:polar 3932:bergs 3895:Fresh 3863:Water 3576:metal 3500:Field 3451:shade 3441:Solar 3431:Hydro 3316:Index 3034:Cycle 3026:Earth 3000:Heavy 2983:Forms 2967:Steam 2962:Vapor 2917:Model 2893:Water 2816:5 May 2759:(PDF) 2630:S2CID 2585:5 May 2555:5 May 2392:(PDF) 2377:(PDF) 2301:(PDF) 2146:S2CID 1997:(PDF) 1959:. FAO 1636:(PDF) 1594:(PDF) 1400:(PDF) 1393:(PDF) 1230:Maori 1106:Each 945:India 925:China 811:rice 787:pork 699:eggs 104:, or 5100:WASH 5056:List 5044:List 4577:Soil 4229:good 4178:land 4156:land 3968:Rain 3824:wood 3799:food 3762:Game 3673:Life 3624:Soil 3600:peak 3593:sand 3468:Land 3458:Wind 3333:(US) 3310:(US) 3149:Moon 3144:Mars 2912:Data 2818:2017 2739:2016 2726:ISBN 2691:2016 2641:2015 2587:2017 2557:2017 2516:PMID 2479:PNAS 2436:2018 2343:PMID 2306:PNAS 2274:ISBN 2252:2014 2208:2019 2138:ISSN 1867:ISSN 1790:PMID 1732:PMID 1672:2018 1640:ISBN 1557:2018 1504:2018 1433:2023 1408:2018 1122:Asia 1058:The 896:corn 878:The 822:214 806:353 798:287 782:910 766:560 747:milk 726:238 686:353 646:237 619:beef 614:790 606:283 598:822 511:The 450:and 394:and 277:(as 186:and 4567:Air 4028:Law 3927:Ice 3767:law 3745:law 3723:law 3651:Use 3588:law 3571:ore 3532:Law 3408:gas 3394:Law 3389:Bio 3326:Law 3291:Air 3024:On 2957:Ice 2797:pp. 2622:doi 2506:PMC 2496:doi 2484:109 2333:PMC 2323:doi 2311:109 2181:pp. 2130:doi 1937:doi 1925:115 1780:PMC 1772:doi 1722:doi 1467:doi 293:nat 286:max 281:), 249:nat 236:max 149:or 112:). 77:or 5529:: 3418:, 3414:, 3410:, 2776:^ 2669:11 2667:. 2663:. 2649:^ 2628:. 2620:. 2610:26 2608:. 2604:. 2573:. 2548:. 2514:. 2504:. 2494:. 2482:. 2476:. 2462:^ 2452:. 2427:. 2394:. 2379:. 2341:. 2331:. 2321:. 2309:. 2303:. 2288:^ 2260:^ 2223:, 2194:. 2144:. 2136:. 2128:. 2118:29 2116:. 2104:^ 2044:. 2036:; 1972:^ 1935:. 1923:. 1919:. 1894:. 1865:. 1861:. 1835:. 1811:. 1788:. 1778:. 1770:. 1760:72 1758:. 1754:. 1730:. 1720:. 1710:43 1708:. 1704:. 1621:^ 1540:^ 1512:^ 1485:^ 1465:. 1461:. 1416:^ 1371:^ 1237:. 1204:, 890:, 855:) 374:, 344:WF 198:A 170:A 141:A 88:, 81:. 45:A 5363:) 5359:( 5007:Z 4999:t 4548:) 4544:( 4374:e 4367:t 4360:v 3422:) 3275:e 3268:t 3261:v 2885:e 2878:t 2871:v 2820:. 2741:. 2693:. 2643:. 2624:: 2616:: 2589:. 2559:. 2522:. 2498:: 2490:: 2438:. 2412:. 2398:. 2383:. 2349:. 2325:: 2317:: 2282:. 2254:. 2210:. 2152:. 2132:: 2124:: 2098:. 2073:. 2048:. 2006:. 1966:. 1945:. 1939:: 1931:: 1904:. 1879:. 1846:. 1821:. 1796:. 1774:: 1766:: 1738:. 1724:: 1716:: 1674:. 1660:" 1648:. 1603:. 1559:. 1534:. 1506:. 1479:. 1469:: 1435:. 1410:. 1193:2 339:e 337:V 332:i 330:V 323:V 290:c 283:c 271:L 245:c 232:c 227:L 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.