1840:, the consensus has generally been that where possible, algorithms should be presented in pseudocode. The use of pseudocode is completely language agnostic, and is more NPOV with respect to programming languages in general. Pseudocode also provides far more flexibility with regard to the level of implementation detail, allowing algorithms to be presented at however high a level is required to focus on the algorithm and its core ideas, rather than the details of how it is implemented. Finally, suitably high-level pseudocode provides the most
45:
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The sample should use a language that clearly illustrates the algorithm to a reader who is relatively unfamiliar with the language— even if you believe that the language is well-known. To remain language-neutral, choose languages based on clarity, not popularity. Languages that emphasize readability,
1028:
It is a good idea to begin the main part of the article with an informal introduction, commonly titled "Background" though "Overview" has also been used, that gives the non-technical reader a basic understanding of the fundamental concepts of the topic being presented. If the concept in question is
915:
Probably the hardest part of writing any technical article is the difficulty of addressing the level of technical knowledge on the part of the reader. A general approach is to start simple, and then move toward more formal and technical statements as the article proceeds. The following structure is
2775:
development team is sufficient for a point about the internal architecture of the Rust compiler, or the motivation behind a specific decision about the Rust language design. However, such a source cannot be used for providing Rust benchmarks, or contrasting Rust's features versus those of another
1067:
Computer science is a broad field which encompasses a number of different kinds of ideas. The structure of the main part of an article will vary with the type of article. Here are some general guidelines for structuring a few different classes of computer science articles. Where possible, these
1537:
Samples of actual sources get included in articles for a variety of reasons, although the most typical reasons are to demonstrate the "look" of a particular language, to provide examples of language-specific constructs or features, and to provide examples of algorithms not easily expressed in
931:, which describes the subject in general terms and properly summarizes the article. This opening material should give the casual reader a quick understanding of the concept. Name the field(s) of computer science this concept belongs to and describe the context in which the term is used.
1538:
pseudocode. While there's nothing inherently wrong with including sample code, excessive amounts of it can detract from the content of the article itself; avoid writing sample code unless it contributes significantly to a fundamental understanding of the encyclopedic content.
1674:
of code by one or more spaces (unlike the above method, this allows you to use basic text formatting like italic, bold, etc. in the sample) This typesets them in a monospaced typeface to ensure that spacing is preserved and provides additional information to
1019:, as well as a secure ecommerce system. The theory of CSP itself is also still the subject of active research, including work to increase its range of practical applicability (e.g., increasing the scale of the systems that can be tractably analyzed).
164:
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As many computer science theorems and conjectures are often stated informally in popular literature it may also be beneficial to provide some discussion of common misconceptions or misinterpretations of the theorem or conjecture.
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has some good advice on how to discuss more theoretical topics, as well as when and how to include proofs of important theorems. It also includes guidance on how to typeset equations, logical expressions, and other mathematical
1679:
and users with customized CSS. Doing this is particularly important for languages where whitespace has syntactic significance— ideally we'd like people to be able to copy and paste sample code into a text editor or IDE. For
1076:, not hard-and-fast rules: some articles will need to deviate from this structure; some articles will be hard to classify; some won't fit into these classifications at all. Use common sense in applying these guidelines.
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Providing proper source citations enables other editors and our readers to verify the given information and evaluate the sources. This is especially important in any science topic, since the state of the art is always
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Important algorithms, theorems, or definitions should cite the concept-originating papers as historical and technical information, in addition to later secondary reference works relied on for modern, applied
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Since code listings are not line-wrapped, and many people read
Knowledge (XXG) in space-constrained environments, ensure that code listings have a maximum line length of 60 chars. Apply manual word wrap if
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1544:. Code that is not relevant to encyclopedic content should be moved out of Knowledge (XXG). WikiBooks is the appropriate Wikimedia project for existing GFDL-compatible code; in particular
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that contrast is important to the encyclopedic content of the article. If possible, accentuate differences by providing the alternate implementation in the same language as the original.
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Some notions are defined differently depending on context or author. Articles require references that support the given usage, and should identify conflicting usages (giving
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language, since such claims from the developers may have a promotional element and involve analysis, evaluation, interpretation, or synthesis of facts and evidence, which
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toward the top of the article, either concisely in the lead section or in a post-lead introductory section. It is also useful to have some representative
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by Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph
Johnson, and John Vlissides (the "Gang of Four" or GoT; 1994, Addison-Wesley / O'Reilly). Our article on the book at
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All control structure keywords should be bolded, and comments should be in italics (in addition to whatever other manner for denoting comments is used).
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Various works on design patterns for specific languages and other applications are available for free reading via the
Internet Archive Open Library
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There are no universally accepted standards for presenting algorithms on
Knowledge (XXG). A past attempt at standardized pseudocode is archived at
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description of the core algorithm when possible, so that anyone can understand how the algorithm works. See below for guidelines on pseudocode.
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Try to focus on outlining the algorithm, and where possible keep discussion and explanation of the algorithm outside of the pseudocode.
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is any reasonable format of function name and arguments. Alternatively, inputs and outputs can be specified within the function block:
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All assignment, comparison, and other mathematical operators should be rendered with proper mathematical symbols wherever possible:
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This manual contains some suggestions which aim to contribute towards writing clear, pleasant looking, and hopefully interesting
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for non-controversial and non-promotional claims about the subject or its author(s). Examples: referencing a blog post from the
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merely recommended; editorial discretion and consensus might find an alternative structure more appropriate for some subjects.
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an article demonstrates the style we're aiming for in that particular class of article. Always keep in mind that these are
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A picture is a great way of bringing a point home, and often it could even precede the technical discussion of a concept.
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1181:) should draw on industry best-practice models provided by reliable sources on the subject. Some of these include:
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Try to keep the algorithm description sufficiently high level so as to avoid most implementation specific details.
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Try to avoid using structures or techniques that are idiomatic to a particular language or programming paradigm.
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of the concept is often useful and can provide additional insight. This often forms its own "History" section.
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to a reliable secondary source. Some additional reasons for citing high-quality sources are the following:
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Multiple source code implementations are not appropriate unless they contrast specific aspects of the code
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Substeps of the algorithm, due to branch conditions or loop structures should be indented and subnumbered.
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is for). Many research papers and books of benefit to topical newcomers are now freely available online.
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be transferred to the
LiteratePrograms wiki because Knowledge (XXG) content is licensed under the
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for use of "See also", "Notes", "References", "External links" sections, and navigation templates.
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has some hints on how to create graphs and other pictures, and how to include them in articles.
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An example of pseudocode roughly hewing to these guidelines is provided as the example on the
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A brief overview of what the construct is, and how it is used (perhaps including an informal
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Sample implementations of algorithms are fine, but every algorithm article should include a
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for supported languages. The following is syntax-highlighted Java code, for example, using
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Some pointers to articles that describe particular aspects of the field in greater detail
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A description of the structure, and any operations that can be performed on the structure
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Style of type-checking, support for design by contract or other specification techniques
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try to present them in a generic high-level way in line with the style outlined below:
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A brief outline of the history of the formalism (originator, major developments, etc.)
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Termination of the algorithm with a return value should be denoted using the keyword
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A description of the important principles, theorems, or results produced by the field
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programming language and also influenced the design of programming languages such as
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A discussion of impacts, consequences, or implications of the theorem or conjecture.
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sample implementations, along with descriptions of how those implementations work.
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gives advice on formatting e.g. binary or hexadecimal numbers and memory addresses.
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It is a generally accepted standard that editors should attempt to follow, though
33:"MOS:COMP" redirects here. For a former proposal that did not gain consensus, see
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Make sure the algorithm is understandable without having to read this page first.
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An article describing theorems or conjectures should generally contain at least:
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Descriptions of steps should be high level, and may simply be
English sentences.
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An article describing a programming language should generally include at least:
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A discussion of relationships with other fields of study (inside and outside CS)
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Code blocks should be indented. If sufficiently clear, block closing keywords (
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Brief description of the key underlying algorithms or implementation techniques
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An article describing a field of study within computer science should include:
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the concurrent aspects of a variety of different systems, such as the T9000
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Description of any equivalences between the construct and other constructs
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All code samples should be marked up using one of the following methods:
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A basic introduction to the language syntax (including some code samples)
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Knowledge (XXG) does not enforce a specific reference and citation style
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Algorithms that are most easily presented at a very high level, such as
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An article describing a programming construct should generally include:
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A basic introduction to the key concepts around which the field revolves
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An article describing a classic problem should generally consist of:
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essential for article content to be verifiable with reliable sources
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Pseudocode or a small code sample demonstrating the construct in use
1603:, are good choices. Avoid esoteric or language-specific operations.
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An overview of the formal semantics of the language (if one exists)
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If not included in the introductory material, a section about the
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presentation of an algorithm, particularly for non-programmers.
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An article describing a class of tools should generally contain:
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A discussion of any variations in the semantics of the construct
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A formal discussion of the algorithm's time and space complexity
2741:
A reader may desire more details, but
Knowledge (XXG) is not a
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int main(void) { printf("hello, world\n"); return 0; }
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Design
Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software
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An article describing some kind of formalism should contain:
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An overview of the applications for the structure in question
1484:
WP:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers § Non-base-10 notations
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guidelines include one or two examples of a "good" article,
1007:'s core.async. CSP was first described in a 1978 article by
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WP:Manual of Style/Layout § Standard appendices and footers
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are not capitalized except where they contain a proper name
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A list of available implementations and supported platforms
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Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style/Computing (failed proposal)
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A brief informal description of the theorem or conjecture.
2786:; just use one consistently within a particular article.
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A discussion of the history of the theorem or conjecture.
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A discussion of any disadvantages to use of the construct
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A discussion of any implementation and performance issues
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A discussion of any implementation and performance issues
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Source code implementations must be compatible with the
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Design
Patterns for Object-Oriented Software Development
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An article on an algorithm should generally consist of:
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A brief history of the development of the class of tool
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Discussion of important applications or implementations
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A description of solutions to the problem if any exist.
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is any suitable clause to control a for loop, such as
1211:, and a variety of others are hosted on free websites.
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A discussion of the history of the problem if notable.
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Description of major tools that support the formalism
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A description of the algorithm (including pseudocode)
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WP:How to create graphs for
Knowledge (XXG) articles
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somewhat theoretical, it is helpful to describe its
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articles. This guide is a complement to the general
1703:attribute specifying the language name (the value
1197:links to a number of such design-pattern articles.
1109:An article on a data structure should consist of:
979:. CSP was highly influential in the design of the
911:Suggested structure of a computer science article
1385:A formal statement of the theorem or conjecture.
1291:A listing of alternative names for the construct
1576:, while LiteratePrograms uses the more liberal
1542:Knowledge (XXG) is not a source code repository
1264:Brief overview of related or derived formalisms
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2687:Examples of algorithms in this format include
2469:The preferred function definition structure is
1331:A brief outline of the history of the language
2003:be the flow capacity of the residual network
1690:Syntax highlighting may be obtained by using
1135:A discussion of the relevance of the problem.
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2650:''(description of a step in the algorithm)''
1564:existing implementations on Knowledge (XXG)
1224:A brief overview of the history of the field
929:of length appropriate to the article content
1906:is the flow capacity from node u to node v)
1426:A brief overview of the purpose of the tool
778:Categories, lists, and navigation templates
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1902:is the flow from node u to node v, and c
1205:by Wolfgang Pree (1995, Addison-Wesley)
1063:Structuring different kinds of articles
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1334:An overview of the language features
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2656:''(the next step in the algorithm)''
2412:The preferred looping constructs are
1556:wikis are appropriate places to put
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1707:is used for MediaWiki markup). See
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1546:Wikibooks:Algorithm Implementation
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2821:(2nd ed.). Springer.
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172:Gender identity
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58:Manual of Style
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2745:(that is what
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1824:MOS:PSEUDOCODE
1820:
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1800:
1799:
1779:"Hello World!"
1723:
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1677:screen readers
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788:Citing sources
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739:Figure skating
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342:Lists of works
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2827:1-85233-802-4
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2728:
2725:
2722:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2709:− 1 algorithm
2708:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2662:''(substep)''
2623:using markup:
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2549:page, and in
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1650:" inline: -->
1645:
1637:<code: -->
1633:short, inline
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935:article title
930:
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489:
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483:Record charts
481:
479:
478:Music samples
476:
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364:By topic area
361:
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331:
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318:
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248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
232:Pronunciation
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
217:Abbreviations
215:
214:
211:
206:
205:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
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166:
163:
162:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
150:Accessibility
148:
147:
144:
139:
138:
124:
123:
120:
116:
104:
100:
97:
93:
92:
89:
84:
79:
75:
71:
67:
61:
59:
55:
49:
42:
41:
36:
29:
19:
2818:
2788:
2782:
2763:
2718:
2706:
2686:
2681:
2641:'''Output'''
2632:'''Inputs'''
2616:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2591:
2586:
2583:
2544:
2538:
2534:
2528:end function
2527:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2488:end function
2487:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2458:item in list
2454:loop_control
2446:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2370:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2290:
2286:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2206:
2153:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1948:← 0
1943:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1898:(Note that f
1897:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1831:
1696:<pre: -->
1664:<pre: -->
1622:
1582:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1554:Rosetta Code
1540:
1536:
1491:Code samples
1472:
1458:
1438:
1421:
1405:
1398:
1394:
1377:
1365:
1342:
1338:
1326:
1309:continuation
1306:
1279:
1267:
1244:
1219:
1201:
1192:
1185:
1156:
1144:
1127:
1108:
1097:
1083:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1054:
1047:
1027:
952:
948:
942:
934:
927:lead section
926:
923:
914:
900:
898:
838:WikiProjects
768:Article size
693:
307:Lead section
69:
51:
2551:Bucket sort
2371:unavoidable
2243:Arithmetic
2228:Comparison
2196:Assignment
1658:of code in
1445:text editor
971:, based on
743:Terminology
699:Mathematics
602:Philippines
455:Visual arts
450:Video games
177:Hidden text
103:MOS:COMPSCI
70:substantive
2839:Categories
2754:due weight
2738:advancing.
2705:Pollard's
2668:''(etc.)''
2521:code block
2481:code block
2444:code block
2424:code block
2419:condition
2393:condition
2383:condition
2259:⌊, ⌋, ⌈, ⌉
2056:}
1885:such that
1842:accessible
1803:Algorithms
1798:necessary.
1728:HelloWorld
1589:pseudocode
1527:See also:
1519:MOS:SYNTAX
1512:MOS:SOURCE
1241:Formalisms
1074:guidelines
1017:Transputer
1009:Tony Hoare
933:Write the
828:User pages
803:Signatures
798:Notability
729:Cue sports
445:Television
440:Philosophy
386:Trademarks
210:Formatting
2747:Wikibooks
2610:(substep)
2547:Algorithm
2526:variable
2486:variable
2462:1 ≤ i ≤ n
2404:code path
2398:code path
2388:code path
2182:Operator
1853:algorithm
1809:Shortcuts
1497:Shortcuts
1480:notation.
1370:article.
1161:or other
672:Chemicals
662:Chemistry
612:Singapore
587:Macedonia
567:Indonesia
182:Infoboxes
155:Biography
88:Shortcuts
78:talk page
74:consensus
54:guideline
2799:See also
2760:context.
2502:function
2474:function
2283:Logical
2191:Example
2058:for each
2024:) ← min{
1963:← 0
1909:for each
1817:MOS:ALGO
1705:wikitext
1680:example,
1612:CC-BY-SA
1595:such as
1574:CC-BY-SA
1505:MOS:CODE
1441:compiler
1343:how well
1339:supports
1039:examples
977:channels
961:patterns
856:Contents
851:Overview
808:Subpages
793:Hatnotes
709:Taxonomy
704:Medicine
630:Religion
597:Pakistan
592:Malaysia
525:Regional
267:Captions
237:Spelling
2574:or the
2515:output:
2391:else if
2199:← or :=
2188:Entity
2185:Result
1879:output:
1848:Example
1773:println
1572:and/or
1057:history
1031:purpose
1005:Clojure
1001:Crystal
989:RaftLib
955:) is a
733:Snooker
655:Science
572:Ireland
505:History
420:Blazons
187:Linking
143:Content
2719:It is
2703:, and
2682:return
2617:(etc.)
2592:Output
2584:Inputs
2557:, and
2539:repeat
2524:return
2509:input:
2493:where
2484:return
2452:where
2447:repeat
2427:repeat
2407:end if
2232:, ≤, ≥
2151:return
2060:edge (
1911:edge (
1862:Graph
1860:input:
1761:System
1749:String
1737:static
1734:public
1646:lang="
1597:Python
1566:cannot
1531:, and
1447:, and
1341:, and
1315:, and
1177:, and
1003:, and
993:Erlang
722:Sports
682:Safety
607:Poland
557:Hawaii
537:Canada
435:Novels
415:Comics
312:Tables
302:Layout
295:Layout
282:Images
260:Images
96:MOS:CS
2417:while
2321:Sums
2273:⌋ + ⌈
2219::= 2π
2041:) | (
1971:from
1965:while
1904:(u,v)
1900:(u,v)
1881:Flow
1725:class
1672:block
1656:block
1418:Tools
985:Limbo
981:occam
637:Islam
582:Korea
577:Japan
562:India
547:Egypt
469:Music
381:Legal
374:Legal
337:Lists
330:Lists
277:Icons
52:This
16:<
2823:ISBN
2790:See
2726:must
2464:etc.
2401:else
2395:then
2385:then
2324:∑ ∏
2209:← 2π
1994:let
1752:args
1743:main
1740:void
1713:<
1701:lang
1667:tags
1642:<
1610:and
1608:GFDL
1601:Ruby
1599:and
1570:GFDL
1552:and
1460:See
1410:and
1102:, a
1070:i.e.
975:via
861:Tips
425:Film
399:Arts
2659::##
2553:,
2535:end
2460:or
2437:for
2432:and
2334:← ∑
2307:and
2287:and
2269:← ⌊
2135:← −
2092:←
1975:to
1893:to
1767:out
1662:or
1640:or
1623:and
1616:GPL
1558:new
1043:why
1033:or
953:CSP
943:In
2841::
2780:.
2711:.
2699:,
2695:,
2691:,
2665::#
2653::#
2647::#
2561:.
2537:,
2506:is
2478:is
2441:do
2421:do
2381:if
2344:1/
2312:≤
2302:≥
2291:or
2289:,
2214:,
2144:,
2129:,
2107:+
2101:,
2086:,
2076:do
2070:in
2068:)
2064:,
2051:in
2049:)
2045:,
2037:,
1992:do
1980:in
1957:,
1942:,
1932:do
1921:in
1919:)
1915:,
1857:is
1782:);
1618:).
1451:.
1443:,
1414:.
1319:.
1311:,
1272:.
1173:,
1169:,
1149:.
1106:.
999:,
997:Go
995:,
991:,
987:,
947:,
907:.
2830:.
2707:p
2638::
2629::
2346:a
2341:A
2339:∈
2337:a
2332:h
2314:c
2310:a
2304:b
2300:a
2277:⌉
2275:c
2271:b
2267:a
2221:r
2217:c
2211:r
2207:c
2154:f
2148:)
2146:v
2142:u
2140:(
2137:f
2133:)
2131:u
2127:v
2125:(
2122:f
2118:p
2116:(
2113:f
2109:c
2105:)
2103:v
2099:u
2097:(
2094:f
2090:)
2088:v
2084:u
2082:(
2079:f
2073:p
2066:v
2062:u
2054:p
2047:v
2043:u
2039:v
2035:u
2033:(
2030:f
2026:c
2022:p
2020:(
2017:f
2013:c
2009:f
2005:G
2000:f
1996:c
1988:f
1984:G
1977:t
1973:s
1969:p
1961:)
1959:u
1955:v
1953:(
1950:f
1946:)
1944:v
1940:u
1938:(
1935:f
1928:E
1924:G
1917:v
1913:u
1895:t
1891:s
1887:f
1883:f
1876:t
1872:s
1868:c
1864:G
1791:}
1788:}
1776:(
1770:.
1764:.
1758:{
1755:)
1746:(
1731:{
1719::
1648:x
1288:)
951:(
888:e
881:t
874:v
745:)
741:(
735:)
731:(
80:.
60:.
37:.
30:.
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