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107:) is the elephant species that inhabits southern Africa. While elephant populations in Eastern and Central Africa are steadily decreasing, elephant population sizes in southern Africa are stable. The current elephant population in southern Africa is 293, 447. However, poaching continues to threaten the status of elephant populations, specifically in Kruger National Park, where the PIKE (Proportion of Illegally Killed Elephants) value has increased 23% from 2014 to 2015.
154:
Consumers at the end of the market change can be local or international. African consumers purchase illegal wildlife commodities for pets, medicinal uses, and belief uses. In
Namibia and South Africa, the trade of exotic birds and reptiles are popular among consumers as pets. Exotic birds are popular
127:
Large-scale poaching is more complex and may include more organized groups. Criminal groups consist of advanced communication systems, automobiles and weapons that facilitate large quantities of killings with minimal detection. Commercial poachers pay individuals who have limited sources for income.
178:
database, most international wildlife exports from Africa go to Europe, Japan and the United States. The buyer are pet shops, private collectors, animal brokers, game farms, biomedical labs, circuses, exotic meat dealers. International consumers purchase illegal wildlife products for medicinal uses,
123:
Small-scale poaching may occur to protect domestic animals and crops. Farmers poach predatory animals, such as lions, cheetahs and leopards. Another driver of poaching for locals is inadequate sources of income. Poaching presents a lucrative alternative for people in need. In rural areas in
Namibia,
140:
Wildlife traffickers tend to travel through areas where enforcement is more lenient. Crime syndicates move wildlife commodities through an organized network of people. Transporters hide living and dead wildlife commodities in luggage. Corrupt government officials also play a significant role in the
96:
Elephants and rhinoceros are poached for ivory and rhinoceros horn. The trends of rhinoceros and elephant poaching are largely dependent on global demand. Rhinoceros horns are used for decorative purposes and some Asian medicines. In South Africa, rhino poaching commonly happens on privately owned
199:
work to track the illegal trafficking of wildlife commodities, identify the animals that are most at risk, and promote the conservation of wildlife. There are also initiatives to increase local community participation in wildlife conservation. The
Integrated Rural Resource Development Project in
187:
There is a wide range of government enforcement and regulation to combat illegal wildlife trafficking. In South Africa and
Namibia regulation is a prominent force to defend against illegal trade. The penalties for unauthorized poaching can result in prison sentences of fines. Also, the Trade in
136:
Traffickers facilitate the transport of products from the poachers to the consumers. Intermediaries include politicians that are hired to help transport illegal goods across borders. Other intermediaries are people who are unaware of their involvement. Local traders can act as the “middle-man”
48:. Involvement in the illegal trading network can be divided into three general roles: poachers, traffickers and intermediaries, and consumers. There are a wide range of motives depending on an individual's role in the network. Some motivations include profit, sustenance, and reducing
85:) population is concentrated in east and southern Africa. Trade of lion skin, teeth, and claws occurs most frequently within the continent. While domestic trade of lion parts is much more common, there is also a significant amount of lion bone trade across East-Southeast Asia.
64:
include any animal that is not explicitly sanctioned by the government to wound, kill, or export. In the southern region of Africa, some species that are common in the illegal trading network are exotic birds, large
African cats, rhinoceros, and elephants.
78:
Large
African cats that are poached include lions, cheetahs, and leopards. Body parts of African cats, particularly lions, are traded both pan-nationally and transnationally for zootherapeutic practices. Eighty percent of the African Lion
68:
Threatened exotic bird species are the most exported wildlife from the southern region of Africa. Top importer of exotic birds is South Africa, though there are also buyers in the United States and Europe. The
African Gray Parrot
141:
transport of wildlife commodities. The seizures of wildlife poaching is largely undocumented in some areas, such as
Tanzania, which suggests there are state workers forging paperwork for unlawful commodities
115:
Poachers function as the suppliers to the wildlife market. Illegal poaching occurs locally and on larger, commercial scales. There are various motivations for poaching, some of which include an aim to reduce
280:
Hinsley, Amy; King, Emily; Sinovas, Pablo (2016), "Tackling
Illegal Wildlife Trade by Improving Traceability: A Case Study of the Potential for Stable Isotope Analysis",
654:
421:
Warchol, Greg L.; Zupan, Linda L.; Clack, Willie (May 2003). "Transnational
Criminality: An Analysis of the Illegal Wildlife Market in Southern Africa".
621:
467:
Harrison, Joseph R.; Roberts, David L.; Hernandez-Castro, Julio (2016-04-28). "Assessing the extent and nature of wildlife trade on the dark web".
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Warchol, Greg; Harrington, Michael (2016-01-28). "Exploring the dynamics of South Africa's illegal abalone trade via routine activities theory".
192:(SADF) in 2019 to enforce wildlife trade regulation and increase communication about illicit trade of wildlife in the southern region of Africa.
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pets because they require minimal maintenance and are low-cost. Local collectors display exotic pets to reel in tourists and accrue revenue.
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Belief uses of illegal wildlife commodities vary by region. For example, leopard paws are sold in South Africa to fight against bad luck.
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297:
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Duffy, Rosaleen, and Jasper Humphreys. "Mapping donors: key areas for tackling illegal wildlife trade (Africa and Asia)." (2014).
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in southern Africa involves the illicit extraction, transportation and transaction of wildlife within and across the nations of
546:"STATUS OF ELEPHANT POPULATIONS, LEVELS OF ILLEGAL KILLING AND THE TRADE IN IVORY: A REPORT TO THE CITES STANDING COMMITTEE"
223:. Technical report prepared for the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI). UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK, 2016.
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are prevalent in Central, East, and Southern Africa, and have a variety of uses that are specific to different areas.
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Bayraktar, Nihal (2017), "Changing International Trade Linkages in Sub-Saharan Africa: BRIC versus OECD Countries",
875:
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Tafirenyika, Masimba (2019-12-31), "2.6 Commerce, Crime, and Corruption: Illicit Financial Flows from Africa",
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Broad, Steven, Teresa Mulliken, and Dilys Roe. "The nature and extent of legal and illegal trade in wildlife."
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a single poached animal can sell for one-hundred USD. Also, one rhinoceros horn can sell for six-hundred USD.
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The complexity and distance between intermediaries and poachers makes it difficult to identify the source.
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also occurs throughout the southern region of Africa, as vulture bushmeat has medicinal and belief uses.
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Macdonald, David W.; Newton, David J.; Loveridge, Andrew J.; Williams, Vivienne L. (2017-10-26).
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land, which is difficult for officials to prevent. Another common place to poach is
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760:"The world's most trafficked mammal is being slaughtered for its scales"
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Zambia ( IRRDP) puts local people in charge of protecting wildlife.
319:"Questionnaire survey of the pan-African trade in lion body parts"
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247:"South Africa's Trade Policy and Southern and Eastern Africa"
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Wildlife Information Exchange (TWIX) was implemented for the
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Wildlife poaching : Africa's surging trafficking threat
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Fighting Terrorism through Multilevel Criminal Legislation
655:"Tools and terms for understanding illegal wildlife trade"
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Phelps, Jacob; Biggs, Duan; Webb, Edward L (2016-09-21).
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Foreign Capital Flows and Economic Development in Africa
723:, University of California Press, pp. 130–140,
214:The trade in wildlife: regulation for conservation
75:) is the most poached parrot of South Africa.
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570:, Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 299–321,
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282:The Geography of Environmental Crime
92:White Rhinoceros in Southern Africa
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837:10.1163/ej.9789004177574.i-488.55
831:, Brill, 2009, pp. 241–254,
195:Organizations such as CITES and
132:Traffickers and intermediaries
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700:Wildlife Crime Tech Challenge
622:"Poaching animals, explained"
251:Commonwealth Trade Hot Topics
628:. 2019-02-12. Archived from
576:10.1057/978-1-137-53496-5_14
555:: 3. 2017 – via CITES.
344:10.1371/journal.pone.0187060
26:wildlife trafficking network
764:African Wildlife Foundation
290:10.1057/978-1-137-53843-7_5
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435:10.1177/105756770301300101
798:10.1007/s12117-016-9265-4
786:Trends in Organized Crime
729:10.1525/9780520962514-016
179:pets, or status symbols.
259:10.14217/5k3w8fb9psd3-en
101:. The African elephant (
696:"Detect Transit Routes"
118:human-wildlife conflict
50:human-wildlife conflict
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20:Map of Southern Africa
164:African Vulture trade
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469:Conservation Biology
219:Sinovas, P., et al.
99:Kruger National Park
62:wildlife trafficking
56:Wildlife commodities
598:Anderson, Bradley.
335:2017PLoSO..1287060W
72:Psittacus erithacus
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228:References
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267:2071-9914
183:Responses
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371:29073202
323:PLOS ONE
111:Poachers
46:Eswatini
30:Botswana
626:Animals
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