472:
810:
1129:
3169:
31:
725:, the head of the family used to sprinkle juniper on the log and place coins on it while reciting a prayer in the name of the Trinity. Then, wine was drunk at will and the remaining wine was thrown by the head of the family on the log; it was also customary, during the log ceremony, to cut three panettone and keep a piece for healing purposes for the whole following year.
111:(January 6). The log is subsequently placed beneath the bed for luck, and particularly for protection from the household threats of lightning and, with some irony, fire. Many have beliefs based on the yule log as it burns, and by counting the sparks and such, they seek to discern their fortunes for the new year and beyond.
718:, especially in the Val di Chiana (province of Arezzo), it was customary to sing a prayer during the "cerimonia del ceppo" (log ceremony). Later, blindfolded children (later rewarded with sweets and other gifts), had to hit the log, while the rest of the family sang a particular song, called "Ave Maria del Ceppo".
131:
extends far into the ancient
Germanic record long before Christianization, the first "clear" references to the tradition appear in the 17th century, and thus it is unclear from where or when exactly the custom extends. However, it has long been observed that the custom may have much earlier origins,
247:
Communal bon-bons with feasting and jollification have a pagan root—ritual bonfires at the beginning of
November once signaled the start of another year and the onset of winter. Their subsequent incorporation into the Christian calendar, to become part and parcel of the festival of Christmas, and,
833:
and the Yule log tradition. As observed by M. E. Durham (1940), the
Badnjak is a sapling that is placed on the hearth on Christmas Eve. Varying customs involving the Badnjak may be performed, such as smearing it with fowl blood or goat blood and the ashes may be "strewn on the fields or garden to
364:
H. J. Rose records a similar folk belief from
Killinghall, Yorkshire in 1923: "In the last generation the Yule log was still burned, and a piece of it saved to light the next year's log. On Christmas morning something green, a leaf or the like, was brought into the house before anything was taken
359:
is eaten), while the Yule log is burning, all other lights are put out, and the candles are lit from the Yule log by the youngest person present. While they are lit, all are silent and wish. It is common practice for the wish to be kept a secret. Once the candles are on the table, silence may be
279:
comments that the pagan Yule feast "had a pronounced religious character" and that "it is uncertain whether the
Germanic Yule feast still had a function in the cult of the dead and in the veneration of the ancestors, a function which the mid-winter sacrifice certainly held for the West European
528:(blessing of the log): the log, or branch from a fruit-bearing tree, is first paraded three times around the house by the grandfather of the family, then blessed with wine; it is often lighted together with the saved ashes of the previous year's log. Other regional names include
248:
later, their association with the New Year (January 1st) is an intriguing story. Many, if not all, of the various customs and traditions at one time extensively witnessed at
Christmas and the 'old' New Year stem from this common source, e.g. Twelfth Night bonfires, including '
649:
The children of the house are in charge of saying beautiful phrases, blessings and rituals (although in some places the blessing is done by the oldest or owner of the house). Sometimes the blessing is done after filling the log with a little wine while the blessing is said.
670:
defecate nougat candy and small gifts. In the eastern areas in contact with
Catalonia, the ritual has a more playful part, when the children of the house hit the log so it "shits" the presents, which are used to be jellies, candies, nuts and other things to eat or play.
870:
footage was filmed on 16 millimeter film at Gracie
Mansion, New York City's mayoral residence. New footage of a flaming yule log was shot in 1970, in a different location, producing a seven-minute loop on 35 millimeter film. The station still broadcasts the
637:
burns from
December 24 until the new year in the fireplace of many houses and leaves sweet buns for the children. Then his ashes, which were attributed healing and protective powers for the home, were scattered around the house, the stables and other rooms.
393:
For slaves, Christmas had special meaning. December was a slow work month on the typical plantation, and it became the social season for them. The slaves' holiday lasted until the Yule log burned, which sometimes took over a
421:. First recorded at the beginning of the 19th century, the ashen faggot is burnt on Christmas Eve, is associated with a variety of folk beliefs, and is "made of smaller ash sticks bound into a faggot with strips of hazel,
107:
The familiar custom of burning the Yule log dates back to earlier solstice celebrations and the tradition of bonfires. The
Christmas practice calls for burning a portion of the log each evening until
884:
428:
The term "Yule log" is not the only term used to refer to the custom. It was commonly called a "Yule Clog" in north-east England, and it was also called the "Yule Block" in the Midlands and
349:
The Yule log is generally given, and is at once put on the hearth. It is unlucky to have to light it again after it has once been started, and it ought not go out until it has burned away.
173:. These were to Illuminate the House, and turn the Night into Day; which custom, in some Measure, is still kept up in the Northern Parts. It hath, in all probability, been derived from the
368:
The Yule log is also attested as a custom present elsewhere in the English-speaking world, such as the United States. Robert Meyer, Jr. records in 1947 that a "Yule-Log Ceremony" in
2420:
2415:
862:, a local New York television station first broadcast a six-minute loop of a yule log burning in a fireplace over the course of several hours. The broadcast, called simply
260:, first footing, etc. … Any traces of primitive ritual such as scattering of burnt ashes or embers as an omen of fertilisation or purification have long since disappeared.
115:
Watts notes that the Yule log is one of various "emblem of divine light" that feature in winter holiday customs (other examples include the Yule fire and Yule candle).
209:
therefore hath probably been a Part of those Ceremonies which were perform'd that Night's Ceremonies. It seems to have been used, as an Emblem of the return of the
2371:
2757:
2118:
500:
it was customary, especially in Hesse and Westphalia, to burn the log slowly and then remove it and throw it back on the fire as protection from lightning.
2016:
1847:
687:
burns until the end of the year. The log gives life to good wishes, burns curses, prevents diseases and ensures good harvests. Alternate names include
233:, from its being burnt as an Emblem of the returning Sun, and the Increase of its Light and Heat. This was probably the Reason of the custom among the
3207:
322:'s work from 1686. Prior to that century, there has been no evidence of Yule logs let alone evidence that can be traced back to the holiday of Yule.
3569:
2351:
508:
The custom of burning a Yule log for one or more nights starting on Christmas Eve was also formerly widespread in France, where the usual term is
1091:
Cycle des douze jours: tournées et chansons de quète – personnification du cycle, feux, bûchers et brandons mobiles, la bûche et le tison de Noël
2746:
2553:
1358:
2627:
866:, premiered in full color on Dec. 24, 1966, at 9:30 p.m. on WPIX (Channel 11 in New York City) and became a yearly tradition. The original
875:
for four to five hours every Christmas morning and, through the years, has had many imitators at television stations across the country.
2356:
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2214:
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1376:
1333:
1287:
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1062:
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333:. For example, in his section regarding "Christmas Observances", J. B. Partridge recorded then-current (1914) Christmas customs in
2827:
2622:
2517:
680:
229:, upon Account of the Sun's Returning, and the Increase of the Days; so, I am apt to believe, the Log has had the Name of the
2531:
1914:
1693:
1198:
3200:
2452:
2239:
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1748:
1539:
77:
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are big bonfires that are lit in the center of the village, in the main square or in the churchyard on Christmas Eve.
1297:
3551:† dagger indicates extinction. ° degree symbol indicates changes in date, name or location. ( ) indicate demographic
376:
had occurred since 1934. He describes the custom: "It starts with the yule log hunt and is climaxed by drinking of
3574:
3346:
1519:
706:
the “cachafuòc” or “soc de Nadal” it's also one of the traditional elements that accompany and cheer up Christmas.
325:
The Yule log is recorded in the folklore archives of much of England, but particularly in collections covering the
2763:
2752:
2672:
2524:
2445:
2264:
2021:
1909:
1623:
1584:
737:, it was customary to put a piece of bread on the log and (similar to the Lombard custom) sprinkle it with wine.
237:; but I cannot think the Observation of it was continued for the same Reason, after Christianity was embraced. …"
471:
355:
Two large coloured candles are a Christmas present from the grocery. Just before supper on Christmas Eve (where
3193:
2779:
2565:
2487:
2405:
2398:
2301:
2184:
1606:
1438:
1102:
830:
797:
318:'s poetry collection of 1648 where it is called a "Christmas log". It is not referred to as a "Yule log" until
137:
1904:
689:
eguberri, gabon, gabonzuzi, gabon-subil, gabon-mukur, olentzero-enbor, onontzoro-mokor, suklaro-egur, sukubela
2727:
2712:
2647:
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2366:
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81:
352:
To sit around the Yule log and tell ghost stories is a great thing to do on this night, also card-playing.
2657:
2281:
2224:
1769:
1473:
826:
381:
3467:
2559:
2331:
2229:
1976:
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1512:
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The remains of the log were preserved as they were believed to prevent damage usually caused by storms.
315:
36:
24:
2742:
2697:
2346:
2321:
2286:
2276:
2271:
2249:
2036:
2006:
1961:
1936:
1146:
388:, the Yule log was also maintained as a tradition. For example, according to scholar Allen Cabaniss:
141:
2717:
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2632:
2538:
2504:
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2341:
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1728:
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1326:
1308:
1255:
777:
761:
306:, and others, which Simek takes as "indicat the significance of the feast in pre-Christian times."
570:
425:, or bramble". G. R. Wiley observes that the ashen faggot may have developed out of the Yule log.
3280:
3172:
2677:
2291:
2174:
2113:
2108:
2091:
2051:
1559:
1466:
1402:
1338:
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360:
broken. They must be allowed to burn themselves out, and no other lights may be lit that night.
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2822:
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2438:
2135:
2001:
1981:
1894:
1703:
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1601:
1589:
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1372:
1354:
1329:
1283:
1237:
1121:
1094:
1078:
1058:
803:
653:
611:
476:
341:
involving the Yule log as related by "Mrs. Day, Minchinhampton (Gloucestershire), a native of
133:
85:
64:
as a winter tradition in regions of Europe, and subsequently North America. The origin of the
3507:
3342:
3276:
3245:
3005:
2863:
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1991:
1807:
1708:
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and "Gule Block" in Lincolnshire. In Cornwall, the term "Stock of the Mock" was found. In
330:
100:
89:
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809:
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20:
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269:(although specific dating is a matter of debate), and feasting, drinking, and sacrifice (
3398:
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3051:
2913:
2858:
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2662:
2612:
2459:
2179:
2147:
2141:
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1971:
1812:
1780:
1718:
1688:
1618:
847:
568:. The custom has now long been replaced by the eating of a log-shaped cake, also named
338:
253:
57:
516:, gifts would be hidden under the log. Prayers were offered as the log was lighted in
3584:
3563:
3115:
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1956:
1951:
1874:
1596:
1554:
1507:
1459:
1368:
1272:
859:
745:
299:
294:
257:
512:. This may derive from a custom requiring peasants to bring a log to their lord. In
409:
Scholars have observed similarities between the Yule log and the folk custom of the
3441:
3435:
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2893:
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2152:
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1683:
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1966:
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642:
369:
319:
65:
30:
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2189:
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1889:
1869:
1822:
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1713:
1678:
1668:
1445:
1342:
1256:
Teutonic Mythology: Translated from the Fourth Edition with Notes and Appendix
734:
303:
285:
1228:
Cabaniss, Allen. 2006. Aily Wright "Christmas" in Charles Reagan Wilson, ed.
959:
Hesperides Or, The Works Both Humane and Divine of Robert Herrick · Volume 29
3431:
3321:
3220:
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2908:
2903:
2898:
2873:
2199:
1832:
1827:
1802:
1758:
1698:
1549:
1425:
1381:
Wiley, J. R. 1983. "Burning the Ashen Faggot: A Surviving Somerset Custom".
703:
696:
606:
541:
342:
334:
289:
281:
73:
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2125:
565:
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3089:
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2807:
2707:
2158:
1899:
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1658:
1647:
1318:, Vol. 34, No. 2 (Jun. 30, 1923), pp. 154–158. Taylor & Francis.
814:
722:
630:
583:
549:
521:
517:
513:
445:
373:
356:
195:: And the very Night before, which is now Holy to us, was by them called
183:
tells us, That this very Night was observed in this Land before, by the
1125:
825:
in the early 19th century, scholars have observed parallels between the
3304:
3079:
3074:
2979:
2943:
2868:
2837:
1884:
1723:
1663:
1529:
1169:
A History of Pagan Europe, Prudence Jones p. 174 Psychology Press, 1995
715:
489:
461:
418:
377:
271:
3084:
3041:
3031:
2667:
2545:
2041:
2011:
1797:
1743:
1524:
843:
749:
61:
1303:
Partridge, J. B. 1914. "Folklore from Yorkshire (North Riding)" in
187:. They began, says he, their Year on the Eight of the Calenders of
3497:
3481:
3457:
3415:
3368:
3364:
3352:
3286:
2883:
1569:
1250:, Vol. 51, No. 2 (June 1940), pp. 84–89). Taylor and Francis.
1203:
808:
662:
is a magic log "fed" before Christmas. Singing children cover the
470:
433:
422:
29:
3503:
3294:
3270:
3235:
3105:
2769:
1487:
1277:
The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain
179:
128:
69:
3189:
1398:
1199:"LOCAL NEWS: Celebrate Christmas with the iconic WPIX Yule Log"
1118:
Le légendaire des provinces françaises à travers notre folklore
1385:, Vol. 94, No. 1 (1983), pp. 40–43. Taylor & Francis.
1292:
Meyer Jr., Robert. 1947. "Calendar of Western Folk Events" in
314:
The first mention of a log burned around Christmas comes from
1394:
103:
Linda Watts provides the following overview of the custom:
885:
Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology
265:
The events of Yule were generally held to have centred on
609:
also have their local variant of this tradition known as
850:, the evil monsters of local folklore, from one's home.
153:
were over, and Night was come on, were wont to light up
524:, where the custom is still widely observed and called
1253:
Grimm, Jacob (James Steven Stallybrass trans.). 1882.
913:
911:
813:
Badnjak logs burning in the hearth, Christmas Eve in
34:
An illustration of people collecting a Yule log from
1307:, Vol. 25, No. 3 (Sep. 30, 1914), pp. 375–377.
666:
with a blanket and beat him with sticks to make the
288:." Yule customs and the traditions of the Yule log,
3527:
3408:
3314:
3259:
3228:
3098:
3067:
3014:
2988:
2967:
2846:
2791:
2778:
2576:
2471:
2382:
2213:
1935:
1856:
1767:
1644:
1498:
68:is unclear. Like other traditions associated with
976:. London: W. Satchess, Peyton, and co. p. 5.
1296:, Vol. 6, No. 4 (Oct. 1947), pp. 367–370.
1246:Durham, M. E. 1940. "Some Balkan Festivals" in
494:Christklotz, Christbrand, Christblock, Julklotz
444:(the Christmas Log or the Festival Block). In
347:
213:, and the lengthening of the Days. For as both
846:, the yule log was believed to drive away the
768:) where people in a village would drag a log (
16:Log burnt on a hearth as a Christmas tradition
3201:
1410:
784:) or a tree stump through the village at the
149:Our Fore-Fathers, when the common Devices of
8:
1041:
1039:
1037:
699:is a modern personification of the old log.
80:as similar traditions have been recorded in
165:of Wood upon the Fire, which they termed a
3208:
3194:
3186:
2788:
1417:
1403:
1395:
1321:Simek, Rudolf (Angela Hall trans.). 2007.
934:
932:
901:
899:
961:. Indiana University: Houghton, Mifflin .
242:More recently, G. R. Willey (1983) says:
76:), the custom may ultimately derive from
1230:The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture
1083:Manuel de folklore français contemporain
1314:Rose, H. J. 1923. "Folklore Scraps" in
895:
157:of an uncommon Size, which were called
1151:Official website for tourism in France
834:promote fertility on New Year's Eve".
2747:Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus
1259:Vol. I. London: George Bell and Sons.
140:sought an origin for the Yule log in
7:
1087:Les cérémonies familiales à la tombe
1267:Observations on Popular Antiquities
1147:"Yule Log - History and Traditions"
1120:, Paris: Horizons de France, 1950,
132:extending from customs observed in
1234:University of North Carolina Press
1197:Cook, Lauren (December 23, 2021).
974:Remains of Gentilisme and Judaisme
23:. For the television program, see
14:
1365:Encyclopedia of American Folklore
400:Regional variations and analogues
3496:°: Ireland, Isle of Man, Wales (
3168:
3167:
2623:Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004
2518:Old Santeclaus with Much Delight
1347:A Dictionary of English Folklore
1323:Dictionary of Northern Mythology
917:Simpson and Roud (2003:402–403).
656:have a similar tradition, where
1298:Western States Folklore Society
475:Cacho fio Noël celebrations in
3570:Christmas traditions in Europe
2603:Bronner's Christmas Wonderland
2532:Christmas Day in the Workhouse
1915:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
1694:Legend of the Christmas Spider
1093:, Paris: Picard, (1958) 1987,
310:Diffusion and modern practices
125:Dictionary of English Folklore
1:
2554:Christmas television specials
2453:The New Oxford Book of Carols
1540:Annunciation to the shepherds
1057:, Chicago: World Book, 1996,
788:and then at the end burn it.
345:". The custom is as follows:
298:) are still reflected in the
2608:Christmas and holiday season
1232:, vol. 4, pp. 210–211.
78:Proto-Indo-European religion
1022:Simpson and Roud (2003:11).
452:(the Christmas Old Wife).
3601:
3442:Dies Natalis Solis Invicti
1520:Adoration of the Shepherds
1031:Hutton (1996:38–39).
795:
256:and burning the bush from
127:, although the concept of
18:
3580:Traditions involving fire
3548:
3163:
2764:WWE Tribute to the Troops
2525:A Visit from St. Nicholas
2446:The Oxford Book of Carols
2022:Feast of the Seven Fishes
1585:Massacre of the Innocents
1434:
1128:, repr. Pygmalion, 1978,
986:Partridge (1914:375–376).
464:, the yule log is called
413:, recorded solely in the
380:around the fire." In the
275:) were involved. Scholar
2566:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
957:Herrick, Robert (1889).
806:in which oak is burned.
798:Badnjak (disambiguation)
56:is a specially selected
2728:Small Business Saturday
2598:Black Friday (shopping)
2593:Black Friday (partying)
2087:Nine Lessons and Carols
2017:Events and celebrations
1351:Oxford University Press
1281:Oxford University Press
468:(the Christmas Block).
2372:Post-War United States
1103:pp. 2118–60
926:Bourne (1740:155–162).
818:
802:Serbian people have a
781:
773:
765:
757:
752:called "log pulling" (
480:
397:
384:before the end of the
382:Southern United States
362:
263:
240:
113:
41:
2421:Hit singles in the US
2416:Hit singles in the UK
1977:Carols by Candlelight
1905:Santa Claus' daughter
1513:Adoration of the Magi
972:Aubrey, John (1881).
947:Simek (2007:379–380).
812:
474:
390:
244:
146:
105:
37:Chambers Book of Days
33:
25:Yule Log (TV program)
3283:° (African American)
2713:Santa's Candy Castle
2037:Google Santa Tracker
1363:Watts, Linda. 2005.
1309:Taylor & Francis
1187:Durham (1940:83–89).
1013:Cabaniss (2014: 211)
748:also have a similar
492:, where it’s called
203:Night of the Mothers
142:Anglo-Saxon paganism
136:. As early as 1725,
2718:Santa Claus Village
2633:Christmas Mountains
2539:Journey of the Magi
1545:Baptism of the Lord
1339:Simpson, Jacqueline
1055:Christmas in France
191:, which is now our
2828:Twelve-dish supper
2678:Jews and Christmas
2628:Christmas Lectures
2357:American Civil War
2092:NORAD Tracks Santa
1468:Saint Nicholas Day
819:
685:Subilaro-egur also
481:
386:American Civil War
42:
19:For the cake, see
3575:Winter traditions
3557:
3556:
3552:
3434:: Roman Empire° (
3333:Deygān, Maidyarem
3183:
3182:
3159:
3158:
2823:Thirteen desserts
2743:Virginia O'Hanlon
2588:Advent Conspiracy
2502:Films (Christmas,
2494:A Christmas Carol
2439:Carols for Choirs
1982:Cavalcade of Magi
1962:Boar's Head Feast
1631:Star of Bethlehem
1602:Nativity of Jesus
1590:flight into Egypt
1475:St. Stephen's Day
1359:978-0-19-860766-3
1089:Volume 7 Part 1:
1079:Arnold van Gennep
1045:Hutton (1996:39).
1004:Meyer (1947:370).
804:similar tradition
588:Madeiros de Natal
477:Beaumes-de-Venise
292:, and Yule boar (
159:Christmas-Candles
134:Germanic paganism
123:According to the
3592:
3550:
3537:°: New Zealand (
3428:: Ancient Greece
3210:
3203:
3196:
3187:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3006:Redcurrant sauce
2795:
2789:
2784:
2758:Winter festivals
2508:Christmas horror
2475:
2386:
2217:
2072:Meals and feasts
1992:Christmas jumper
1939:
1910:Santa's reindeer
1862:
1808:Father Christmas
1772:
1729:Santa's workshop
1650:
1612:in later culture
1490:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1428:
1419:
1412:
1405:
1396:
1294:Western Folklore
1216:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1179:
1178:Grimm (1882:52).
1176:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1143:
1137:
1135:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1076:
1070:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1011:
1005:
1002:
996:
995:Rose (1923:157).
993:
987:
984:
978:
977:
969:
963:
962:
954:
948:
945:
939:
938:Wiley (1983:42).
936:
927:
924:
918:
915:
906:
905:Watts (2006:71).
903:
620:
442:Blocyn y Gwyliau
96:, among others.
3600:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3544:
3523:
3474:Montol Festival
3404:
3375:Sanghamitta Day
3361:Makar Sankranti
3310:
3255:
3248:: West Africa (
3224:
3217:Winter solstice
3214:
3184:
3179:
3173:
3155:
3121:Pickled herring
3094:
3063:
3010:
3001:Cranberry sauce
2984:
2963:
2939:Red velvet cake
2924:Poppy seed roll
2842:
2793:
2782:
2780:
2774:
2753:White Christmas
2643:Christmas truce
2638:Christmas seals
2618:Christmas creep
2580:
2578:
2572:
2473:
2467:
2384:
2378:
2215:
2209:
2062:Lord of Misrule
1997:Christmas Peace
1947:Advent calendar
1937:
1931:
1880:Knecht Ruprecht
1860:
1858:
1852:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1652:
1648:
1640:
1565:Herod the Great
1500:
1494:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1393:
1388:
1224:
1219:
1209:
1207:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1155:
1153:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1116:Roger Dévigne,
1115:
1111:
1105:
1077:
1073:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1003:
999:
994:
990:
985:
981:
971:
970:
966:
956:
955:
951:
946:
942:
937:
930:
925:
921:
916:
909:
904:
897:
893:
881:
856:
840:
800:
794:
786:winter solstice
743:
731:
712:
677:
675:Pyrenean Europe
647:tizón de Nadal.
614:
599:
580:
506:
486:
458:
438:Boncyff Nadolig
407:
402:
312:
193:Christmas Party
171:Christmas-Block
161:, and to lay a
121:
94:Slavic paganism
54:Christmas block
28:
21:Yule log (cake)
17:
12:
11:
5:
3598:
3596:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3562:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3511:
3501:
3491:
3485:
3471:
3461:
3451:
3445:
3444:: Roman Empire
3439:
3429:
3423:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3392:
3382:
3372:
3350:
3340:
3330:
3325:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3298:
3284:
3274:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3243:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3190:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3052:Smoking Bishop
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2786:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2740:
2735:
2733:Super Saturday
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2663:Giving Tuesday
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2613:Christmas club
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2511:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2490:
2479:
2477:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2460:Piae Cantiones
2456:
2449:
2442:
2432:
2426:Music charts (
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2390:
2388:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2221:
2219:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1895:Père Fouettard
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1861:Saint Nicholas
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1813:Grandpa Indian
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1781:Saint Nicholas
1777:
1775:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1719:Old Man Winter
1716:
1711:
1706:
1704:Miner's figure
1701:
1696:
1691:
1689:Kallikantzaros
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1655:
1653:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1619:Nativity scene
1616:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1504:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1454:Children's Day
1450:
1443:
1440:Blue Christmas
1435:
1432:
1431:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1414:
1407:
1399:
1392:
1391:External links
1389:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1361:
1336:
1319:
1312:
1301:
1290:
1273:Hutton, Ronald
1270:
1260:
1251:
1244:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1189:
1180:
1171:
1162:
1138:
1109:
1071:
1047:
1033:
1024:
1015:
1006:
997:
988:
979:
964:
949:
940:
928:
919:
907:
894:
892:
889:
888:
887:
880:
877:
855:
852:
848:kallikantzaroi
839:
836:
829:custom of the
796:Main article:
793:
790:
766:blukio vilkimo
758:bluķa vilkšana
742:
739:
730:
727:
711:
708:
681:Basque Country
676:
673:
654:Catalan People
612:tizón de Nadal
598:
595:
579:
576:
538:mouchon de Nau
505:
502:
485:
482:
466:Bloc na Nollag
457:
454:
406:
405:United Kingdom
403:
401:
398:
396:
395:
316:Robert Herrick
311:
308:
262:
261:
254:Worcestershire
239:
238:
235:Heathen Saxons
185:Heathen Saxons
120:
117:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3597:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3547:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:°: Cornwall (
3479:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3377:: Sri Lanka (
3376:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3343:Dōngzhì, Tōji
3341:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3206:
3204:
3199:
3197:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3176:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:Meat and fish
3097:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3037:Hot chocolate
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:Ugly sweaters
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2648:Controversies
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2575:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2483:In literature
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2470:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2381:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2352:United States
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2082:Moravian star
2080:
2078:
2077:Midnight Mass
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1967:Candle arches
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1957:Advent wreath
1955:
1953:
1952:Advent candle
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1859:Companions of
1855:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:Gift-bringers
1766:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
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1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
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1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1643:
1637:
1636:Twelfth Night
1634:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1597:Nativity Fast
1595:
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1533:
1531:
1530:Angel Gabriel
1528:
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1510:
1509:
1508:Biblical Magi
1506:
1505:
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1465:
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1461:Christmas Eve
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1377:9781438129792
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1369:Facts on File
1366:
1362:
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1335:
1334:0-85991-513-1
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1288:9780198205708
1285:
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1263:Bourne, Henry
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1242:9781469616704
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1099:9782708400740
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1063:9780716608769
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746:Baltic people
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738:
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728:
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724:
719:
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709:
707:
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698:
694:
690:
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674:
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665:
661:
660:
655:
651:
648:
645:it is called
644:
639:
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632:
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625:
624:cepo de Nadal
621:
618:
613:
608:
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596:
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591:
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571:Bûche de Noël
567:
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558:Île de France
555:
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547:
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531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
510:bûche de noël
503:
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366:
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353:
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344:
340:
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331:North Country
328:
323:
321:
317:
309:
307:
305:
301:
300:Christmas ham
297:
296:
291:
287:
283:
278:
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273:
268:
259:
258:Herefordshire
255:
251:
246:
245:
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236:
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109:Twelfth Night
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72:(such as the
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
39:
38:
32:
26:
22:
3514:Ziemassvētki
3478:Mummer's Day
3385:Şeva Zistanê
3111:Gefilte fish
3059:Ponche crema
2894:Melomakarono
2762:
2653:Cyber Monday
2558:
2523:
2492:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2434:Music books
2427:
2265:Nazi Germany
2204:
2157:
2153:Secret Santa
2140:
2027:Flying Santa
1734:Tió de Nadal
1684:Korvatunturi
1535:Annunciation
1501:Christianity
1482:Sol Invictus
1382:
1364:
1346:
1322:
1315:
1304:
1293:
1276:
1266:
1254:
1247:
1229:
1208:. Retrieved
1202:
1192:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1154:. Retrieved
1150:
1141:
1117:
1112:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1074:
1054:
1050:
1027:
1018:
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991:
982:
973:
967:
958:
952:
943:
922:
872:
867:
863:
857:
841:
827:South Slavic
821:As early as
820:
801:
744:
732:
720:
713:
701:
692:
688:
684:
678:
667:
663:
659:Tió de Nadal
657:
652:
646:
640:
634:
628:
623:
610:
600:
592:
587:
581:
569:
561:
553:
545:
537:
530:cosse de Nau
529:
525:
509:
507:
497:
493:
487:
465:
459:
450:Yeel Carline
449:
448:it's called
441:
437:
436:it's called
430:West Country
427:
415:West Country
411:ashen faggot
408:
367:
363:
354:
351:
348:
327:West Country
324:
313:
304:Yule singing
293:
277:Rudolf Simek
270:
264:
241:
234:
230:
226:
222:
221:were called
218:
214:
210:
206:
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162:
158:
154:
150:
138:Henry Bourne
124:
122:
114:
106:
98:
53:
49:
45:
43:
35:
3468:Anglo-Saxon
3466:: England (
3450:°: Scotland
3337:Zoroastrian
3301:We Tripantu
3126:Roast goose
3047:Mulled wine
3027:Champurrado
3022:Apple cider
2996:Bread sauce
2949:Szaloncukor
2929:Pumpkin pie
2879:Gingerbread
2833:Smörgåsbord
2474:Other media
2312:Philippines
2302:New Zealand
2185:Twelve Days
2142:Räuchermann
2097:Nutcrackers
2047:Las Posadas
2007:Decorations
1987:Christingle
1927:Zwarte Piet
1922:Snegurochka
1843:Sinterklaas
1793:Santa Claus
1327:D.S. Brewer
1269:. T. Saint.
1210:December 2,
1134:(in French)
1130:p. 204
1106:(in French)
823:Jacob Grimm
643:High Aragon
615: [
370:Palmer Lake
320:John Aubrey
286:Bronze Ages
66:folk custom
60:burnt on a
3564:Categories
3516:: Baltic (
3494:Wren's Day
3488:Saturnalia
3347:East Asian
3267:Inti Raymi
3246:Dzon'ku Nu
2854:Candy cane
2803:Joulupöytä
2703:Pikkujoulu
2367:New Mexico
2216:By country
2190:Wassailing
2131:Poinsettia
1938:Traditions
1890:Mrs. Claus
1870:Belsnickel
1823:Julemanden
1818:Joulupukki
1749:Wenceslaus
1714:North Pole
1679:Jack Frost
1669:Christkind
1624:Neapolitan
1447:Boxing Day
1343:Steve Roud
1222:References
1156:2017-12-08
1067:p. 55
778:Lithuanian
762:Lithuanian
735:Montenegro
729:Montenegro
693:porrondoko
295:Sonargöltr
101:folklorist
3464:Mōdraniht
3436:Christian
3432:Christmas
3322:Amaterasu
3303:: Chile (
3281:Caribbean
3269:°: Peru (
3223:festivals
3221:midwinter
3141:Tourtière
3131:Romeritos
3068:Dumplings
3015:Beverages
2919:Pecan pie
2909:Panettone
2904:Pampushka
2899:Mince pie
2874:Fruitcake
2818:Réveillon
2698:NFL games
2693:NBA games
2688:In August
2658:Economics
2428:Billboard
2282:Indonesia
2225:Australia
2200:Yule goat
2175:Stockings
2109:Ornaments
1838:Père Noël
1833:Olentzero
1828:Noel Baba
1803:Ded Moroz
1759:Yule Lads
1699:Mari Lwyd
1550:Bethlehem
1427:Christmas
1265:. 1777 .
704:Occitania
697:Olentzero
635:Nataliegu
607:Galicians
562:tréfouiau
542:Angoumois
526:cacho fio
343:Swaledale
335:Yorkshire
290:Yule goat
267:Midwinter
207:Yule-Clog
201:, or the
198:Mædrenack
167:Yule-Clog
99:American
74:Yule boar
50:Yule clog
3535:Matariki
3508:Germanic
3454:Korochun
3448:Hogmanay
3426:Brumalia
3397:: Iran (
3379:Buddhist
3277:Jonkonnu
3260:Americas
3238:: Mali (
3174:Category
3145:meat pie
3136:Stuffing
3090:Varenyky
2959:Yule log
2934:Qurabiya
2808:Julebord
2781:Food and
2708:SantaCon
2673:El Gordo
2560:Yule Log
2332:Scotland
2245:Ethiopia
2230:Colombia
2205:Yule log
2159:Spanbaum
2136:Pyramids
2002:Crackers
1900:Sack Man
1786:folklore
1754:Yule cat
1659:Badalisc
1649:folklore
1560:Epiphany
1383:Folklore
1345:(2003).
1316:Folklore
1305:Folklore
1275:. 1996.
1248:Folklore
1085:Part 1:
879:See also
873:Yule Log
868:Yule Log
864:Yule Log
815:Dalmatia
723:Lombardy
631:Asturias
584:Portugal
578:Portugal
550:Normandy
522:Provence
518:Brittany
514:Burgundy
498:Julblock
446:Scotland
374:Colorado
329:and the
231:Yule-Log
215:December
86:Germanic
46:Yule log
3528:Oceania
3399:Persian
3389:Kurdish
3328:Choimus
3324:: Japan
3305:Mapuche
3080:Pierogi
3075:Hallaca
2980:Borscht
2944:Stollen
2914:Pavlova
2889:Makówki
2869:Cozonac
2838:Wigilia
2723:Scrooge
2683:In July
2581:society
2513:Poetry
2347:Ukraine
2322:Romania
2287:Ireland
2277:Iceland
2272:Hungary
2260:Germany
2250:Finland
2240:England
2235:Denmark
2195:Windows
2126:Piñatas
2114:Parades
2067:Markets
2052:Letters
2042:Hampers
1885:Krampus
1724:Perchta
1664:Caganer
1126:4351361
858:In the
831:Badnjak
792:Balkans
770:Latvian
754:Latvian
741:Baltics
716:Tuscany
603:Galicia
564:in the
556:in the
546:chuquet
520:and in
490:Germany
484:Germany
462:Ireland
456:Ireland
419:England
378:wassail
357:furmety
339:Britain
252:' from
250:Old Meg
219:January
189:January
155:Candles
119:Origins
3518:Romuva
3490:: Rome
3409:Europe
3357:Pongal
3289:: US (
3250:Papaws
3229:Africa
3151:Turkey
3085:Tamale
3042:Kissel
3032:Eggnog
2989:Sauces
2975:Menudo
2954:Turrón
2864:Cookie
2847:Sweets
2813:Kūčios
2794:Dinner
2668:Grinch
2579:modern
2546:Tomten
2505:Santa,
2488:novels
2406:Operas
2394:Carols
2362:Hawaii
2342:Sweden
2337:Serbia
2327:Russia
2317:Poland
2307:Norway
2297:Mexico
2255:France
2170:Stamps
2165:Szopka
2057:Lights
2012:Didukh
1848:Others
1798:Befana
1744:Vertep
1607:in art
1575:Joseph
1525:Advent
1375:
1357:
1332:
1286:
1240:
1124:
1097:
1061:
844:Greece
838:Greece
782:blukis
774:bluķis
750:ritual
605:, the
586:, the
566:Vendée
560:, and
554:souche
504:France
365:out."
205:… The
177:. For
175:Saxons
90:Baltic
82:Celtic
62:hearth
40:(1832)
3539:Māori
3498:Celts
3482:Celts
3458:Slavs
3420:Saami
3416:Beiwe
3395:Yalda
3369:Hindu
3365:India
3353:Lohri
3287:Soyal
3240:Dogon
2884:Kutia
2783:drink
2411:Songs
2385:Music
2292:Italy
2148:Seals
2102:dolls
2032:Gifts
1972:Cards
1875:Elves
1739:Turoń
1709:Nisse
1674:Grýla
1570:Jesus
1204:PIX11
891:Notes
710:Italy
619:]
597:Spain
534:Berry
434:Wales
423:withy
394:week.
282:Stone
223:Guili
169:, or
52:, or
3585:Yule
3506:°: (
3504:Yule
3456:°: (
3335:°: (
3315:Asia
3295:Hopi
3291:Zuni
3271:Inca
3236:Goru
3219:and
3106:Carp
2968:Soup
2859:Cake
2770:Xmas
2399:list
2180:Tree
2119:list
1580:Mary
1489:Yule
1373:ISBN
1355:ISBN
1341:and
1330:ISBN
1284:ISBN
1238:ISBN
1212:2022
1122:OCLC
1095:ISBN
1059:ISBN
633:the
284:and
272:blót
227:Yule
217:and
180:Bede
129:Yule
92:and
70:Yule
44:The
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151:Eve
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
