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stone on the board is never a disadvantage in Y. Y is a complete and perfect information game in which no draw can be conceived, so there is a winning strategy for one player. The second player has no winning strategy so the first player has one. It is nevertheless possible for the first player to lose by making a sufficiently bad move, since although that stone has value, it may have significantly less value than the second move—an important consideration for understanding the nature of the pie rule.
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three "sides" (each 1/3 the circumference of the hemisphere), the distance from the "north pole" of the hemisphere to the equator was 1/4 the circumference, and thus the distance ratio improved from 1/3 to 3/4. This made defending a side from a center attack much more plausible. Thus the present "official" board is essentially a geodesic dome hemisphere squashed flat into a triangle to provide this effect.
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can be applied. It proves that the second player has no winning strategy. The argument is that if the second player had a winning strategy, then the first player could choose a random first move and then pretend that she is the second player and apply the strategy. An important point is that an extra
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Y's chief criticism is that on the standard hexagonal board a player controlling center can easily reach any edge no matter what the other player does. This is because the distance from the center to an edge is only approximately 1/3 the distance along the edge from corner to corner. As a result,
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Schensted and Titus attacked this problem with successive versions of the game board, culminating in the present "official" board with three pentagons inserted among the hexagons. They noted that were players to play on a hemisphere rather than a plane with hexagons, with the equator divided into
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Schensted and Titus argue that Y is a superior game to Hex because Hex can be seen as a subset of Y. Consider a board subdivided by a line of white and black pieces into three sections. The portion of the board at the bottom-right can then be considered a 5×5 Hex board, and played identically.
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In practice, assuming the pie rule is in force and the official
Schensted/Titus board is being used, Y is a very well balanced game giving essentially equal chances for any two players of equal strength. The balance is achieved because the first player will intentionally make a move that is
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If the "pie rule" is in force, however, the second player wins, because the second player can in principle evaluate whether or not the first move is a winning move and choose to invoke the pie rule if it is (thereby effectively becoming the first player).
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Y is typically played on a triangular board with hexagonal spaces; the "official" Y board has three points with five-connectivity instead of six-connectivity, but it is just as playable on a regular triangle. Schensted and Titus' book
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Y, like Hex, yields a strong first-player advantage. The standard approach to solving this difficulty is the "pie" rule: one player chooses where the first move will go and the other player then chooses who will be the first player.
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sufficiently "bad" that it is not clear to the second player whether it is a winning move or a losing move. It is up to the judgement of the second player to make this difficult determination and invoke the pie rule accordingly.
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As in most games of this type, one player takes the part of Black and one takes the part of White; they place stones on the board one at a time, neither removing nor moving any previously placed stones. The
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However, this sort of artificial construction on a Y board is extremely uncommon, and the games have different enough tactics (outside of constructed situations) to be considered separate, though related.
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Once a player connects all three sides of the board, the game ends and that player wins. The corners count as belonging to both sides of the board to which they are adjacent.
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has a large number of boards for play of Y, all hand-drawn; most of them seem irregular but turn out to be topologically identical to a regular Y board.
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58:, and others; it is also an early member in a long line of games Schensted has developed, each game more complex but also more generalized.
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It has been formally shown that Y cannot end in a draw. That is, once the board is complete there must be one and only one winner.
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A commercially-sold Y board, featuring three pentagonal points within the hex grid, representing half of a geodesic sphere
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As in most connection games, the size of the board changes the nature of the game; small boards tend towards pure
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John F. Nash. Some games and machines for playing them. RAND Corporation Report D-1164, February 2, 1952.
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Schensted and Titus argue that Y is a superior game to Hex because Hex can be seen as a subset of Y.
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in the early 1950s. The game was independently invented in 1953 by
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Players take turns placing one stone of their color on the board.
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defending an edge against a center attack is very difficult.
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Hexaflexagons, Probability
Paradoxes, and the Tower of Hanoi
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play, whereas larger boards tend to make the game more
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293:https://www.rand.org/pubs/documents/D1164.html
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329:Craige Schensted. "A Bit of History". In
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42:and Charles Titus. It is a member of the
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370:Schensted, Craige and Titus, Charles.
333:(Game Manual). Kadon Enterprises Inc.
320:, Volume 4A. Addison-Wesley. Page 547.
307:. Cambridge University Press. Page 87.
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120:Relation to other connection games
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80:A simple board, 8 spaces per side
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318:The Art of Computer Programming
409:Board games introduced in 1953
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214:the claims made and adding
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248:strategy-stealing argument
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414:Abstract strategy games
372:Mudcrack Y & Poly-Y
303:Martin Gardner. 2008.
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70:Mudcrack Y & Poly-Y
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343:Y Can't End in a Draw
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403:Categories
280:References
208:improve it
32:board game
246:In Y the
212:verifying
155:Criticism
114:strategic
263:See also
224:May 2014
172:No draws
110:tactical
87:pie rule
62:Gameplay
52:Havannah
206:Please
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141:Poly-Y
27:is an
149:*Star
93:Rules
56:TwixT
362:ISBN
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269:Hex
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25:Y
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