52:
480:
658:
the east. As mentioned above, the Yiqu first appear as one of the many "Rong" which moved into the
Central Plain around 720, settling in territory nominally controlled by the Zhou king. After this development, references to Xianyun, Xunyu, and Qian Rong in the Jing River basin are supplanted by "Yiqu" or "Yiqu Rong".
634:). However, it cannot be said for certain that the Yiqu were a "Rong" people, or that there was a common "Rong" identity. Scholarly consensus has it that "Rong" was used ambiguously in Chinese sources as a blanket term for the various alien peoples around the Zhou territories, with no particular ethnic connotation.
402:, served as regent. However, though the King grew older, the Queen Dowager kept control. She had the support of a powerful minister and three generals inside the court, and the support of the Yiqu King outside it. The Queen's need for a backup force against her son may be why the Yiqu were spared for a while.
657:
in the Jing River basin, which is where Yiqu established a state in the late eighth century. In addition, at the end of
Western Zhou (781 BC–771 BC) the Quan Rong launched a series of attacks and invaded the Zhou capital, which weakened royal power and contributed to the moving of the Zhou capital to
590:
fashion. Moreover, the fact that pottery objects and bricks (possibly used to build a palace) were discovered at the remains of the Yiqu capital further suggests a developed urban culture. The similarities of the type of bricks here and those excavated from remains of cities in other states of Zhou
430:
commanderies ." The attribution of the Yiqu King's murder to the Queen
Dowager may be a way to disguise the fact that it was actually King Zhao who had him killed. Indeed, King Zhao could personally take power after the removal of his mother's military support, and banished the Queen Dowager and her
381:
The Yiqu first attacked and defeated Qin in the mid fourth century. Qin followed this with an attack four years later when Yiqu was in turmoil. Yiqu then submitted to Qin and became its vassal in 327 BC. Qin set up a county in its territory. However, the Yiqu were never subservient to Qin, and the
284:
Contemporary textual evidence for the Yiqu is sparse, beginning only with the foundation of the state of Yiqu in the late eighth century BCE. It lasted approximately four-and-a-half centuries, until its end in the early third century. However, the origins of the Yiqu people as descendants of other
447:, there were still references to "Yiqu" but these were in the general sense of "barbarian", not in specific reference to the people of the former state of Yiqu. Some members of the Yiqu people took Yiqu as their clan name. Others, descending from Yiqu nobility, took Gongsun (
685:/) may be an Old Qiang toponym meaning "Four Waters", which corresponds to the four rivers which meet at the old Yiqu capital at present-day Miaojuping. However, evidence for this is based on alleged correspondence between the unattested Old Qiang language and
382:
two sides continued to do battle. Qin attacked soon later, taking the city of Yuzhi. Although Yiqu beat Qin at Libo two years later in 318 BC, it suffered a heavy defeat soon after: Yiqu ceded twenty-five cities to Qin in 315 BC, during the reign of
611:
In the pre-Han era, nomadic agriculturalists and pastoralists were considered alien peoples, whose history can be only tentatively traced through written sources and archaeological finds. Written sources identify the Yiqu a part of the
409:
says, "When King Zhao of Qin came to the throne, the Yiqu King had an audience with him in Qin. Consequently, the Yiqu King had relations with his mother, the Queen
Dowager Xuan, who bore him two sons. In the 43rd year of the reign of
397:
that the Yiqu were destroyed. Historians have analysed this as part of a power struggle in the Qin court, with the Queen
Dowager on one side, and the King on the other. When King Zhao came to power, he was but a boy, so his mother,
350:, and there were the Dali Rong in Luochuan." King Ping died in 720 BC, which means that the state of Yiqu was founded no earlier than that year. From this source it is clear that the Yiqu were considered one of the peoples called "
434:
After Qin destroyed Yiqu, it established commanderies and set up counties in the Yiqu territories, and the Yiqu Rong became subjects of Qin. Qin then built "long walls" to protect against other peoples in these new territories.
517:, on the confluence of four rivers. Archaeologists have discovered the remains of city walls and artefacts dating from the Zhou to Han dynasties. Textual evidence suggests it was abandoned before the
301:
Around 720 BC, the Yiqu Rong migrated eastwards. Indeed, this is the first mention of Yiqu in textual sources. At this time, the Zhou kings have been weakened by war and natural disasters. In 770 BC,
524:
It is not known exactly how many cities the Yiqu built in their lands; from the number of cities cited which were taken by Qin according to historical texts, they may have numbered over twenty.
389:
However, approximately forty years intervened before the final destruction of Yiqu. In 311 BC, a few years after Qin took twenty-five cities from Yiqu, King Hui died. His son became
374:
valley, which was not far south from the Yiqu settlements in the Jing River valley. From approximately 460 BC, Qin and other states attacked the other Rong peoples who lived in the
471:'noble grandson') as their clan names, and became generals. Aside from these fleeting references, the Yiqu disappear from the historical records during the Han dynasty.
689:, which is spoken in southern Gansu, and the assumption of a close relationship between these Tibetan speakers and the ancient Qiang and Rong, which cannot be firmly verified.
378:, until the Yiqu were the only Rong people left. Until that time, the Yiqu and other Rong had occasionally pillaged Qin cities, but no large-scale hostilities had broken out.
1990:
51:
578:
indicates that they must have had significant agriculture to support themselves. This sets the Yiqu apart from the nomadic "non-Huaxia" peoples of East Asia such as the
1965:
1405:
1303:
1960:
1995:
393:, who attacked the Yiqu in the second year of his reign. However, he died just three years later, in 307 BC. It was not until the late reign of
669:
basin in what is now eastern Gansu, which dates to approximately the 14th century BCE, which some scholars believe is the remains of a
1308:
Studies in
Chinese and Sino-Tibetan Linguistics: Dialect, Phonology, Transcription and Text. Language and Linguistics Monograph Series
1970:
1398:
1254:
1216:
1178:
1955:
1543:
257:
197:
140:
354:", a kind of warlike foreigner. For the remainder of the Spring and Autumn period, contemporary sources are silent on Yiqu.
1608:
189:
132:
483:
The Wei, Jing, and Luo rivers. The
Xianyun, ancestors of the Yiqu, lived in the upper reaches of the Jing and Luo rivers.
405:
In the end, Qin plotted to trap and kill the Yiqu King, and sent troops to launch a surprise attack to destroy Yiqu. The
1603:
1391:
1980:
1865:
1422:
2000:
269:
1985:
1653:
1633:
674:
314:
342:
Rivers, the Rong were everywhere. Thereupon, there were for the first time Di, Huan, Kai, and Ji Rong in the
1414:
289:
on the basis of textual scholarship and archaeological evidence, although this remains controversial (see
1950:
1792:
1352:西北民族学院学报 （哲学社会科版） Journal of Northwest College for Nationalities (Philosophy and Social Science edition)
363:
326:
268:
by contemporary writers, whom modern scholars have attempted to identify as one of the ancestors of the
215:
1324:内蒙古师范大学学报 （哲学社会科版） Journal of Inner Mongolia Normal University (Philosophy and Social Science edition)
1302:
Schuessler, Axel (2014). "Phonological Notes on Hàn Period
Transcriptions of Foreign Names and Words"
1268:
1975:
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1154:
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If the Yiqu Rong are to be tentatively identified with any other "Rong" people, it would be the "
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330:, "During the late reign of King Ping, Zhou was undergoing decline. The Rong harried the
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390:
1944:
1915:
1880:
1733:
1638:
1628:
1593:
1507:
1477:
1295:
1269:"Ji 姬 and Jiang 姜: The Role of Exogamic Clans in the Organization of the Zhou Polity"
286:
1890:
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1839:
1758:
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1738:
1723:
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1708:
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1447:
709:
686:
662:
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89:
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1235:
The
Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC
1208:
1197:
The
Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC
1170:
1159:
The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC
755:秦本紀：義渠敗秦師于洛。後四年，義渠國亂，秦惠王遣庶長操將兵定之，義渠遂臣於秦。後八年，秦伐義渠，取郁郅。後二年，義渠敗秦師于李伯。明年，秦伐義渠，取徒涇二十五城。
677:. Indeed, the word "Yiqu" borrowed into ancient Chinese with the characters "義渠" (
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1910:
1900:
1860:
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1829:
1824:
1809:
1778:
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773:范睢蔡澤列傳：昭王至，聞其與宦者爭言，遂延迎，謝曰：「寡人宜以身受命久矣，會義渠之事急，寡人旦暮自請太后。」...於是廢太后，逐穰侯、高陵、華陽、涇陽君於關外。
678:
600:
592:
571:
506:
444:
367:
242:
168:
112:
66:
32:
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It is alleged that modern Chinese "yìqú" corresponds to Amdo Tibetan "བཞི་ཆུ" (
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1855:
1819:
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737:至周貞王八年，秦厲公滅大荔，取其地。趙亦滅代戎，即北戎也。韓、魏復共稍并伊、洛、陰戎，滅之。其遺脫者皆逃走，西踰汧、隴。自是中國無戎寇，唯餘義渠種焉。
532:
Not much is known about the culture of the Yiqu, other than they practised
56:
The Yiqu state was located north-west of Qin during the Eastern Zhou period
1383:
638:
246:
231:
479:
1773:
697:
646:
579:
541:
306:
234:
223:
285:"non-Huaxia" Chinese peoples have been traced back to the time of the
625:
613:
553:
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456:
351:
331:
265:
251:
205:
148:
1310:. Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica (53). p.
418:. raised troops and exterminated the Yiqu kingdom, and established
1573:
1568:
670:
653:(mid 12th century BCE), forcing the Zhou out of the city-state of
642:
514:
478:
310:
227:
219:
70:
603:) may suggest a degree of trade between Yiqu and its neighbours.
544:
their deceased. The fact that the Yiqu leader is called "king" (
414:, the Queen Dowager Xuan trapped and killed the Yiqu King in the
1112:[Book of the Later Han: Treatise on the Western Qiang].
764:及昭王立，義渠王朝秦，遂與昭王母宣太后通，生二子。至王赧四十三年，宣太后誘殺義渠王於甘泉宮，因起兵滅之，始置隴西、北地、上郡焉。
728:及平王之末，周遂陵遲，戎逼諸夏，自隴山以東，及乎伊、洛，往往有戎。於是渭首有狄、铠、邽、冀之戎，涇北有義渠之戎，洛川有大荔之戎。
487:
The capital of Yiqu has been identified as lying in Miaojuping (
1387:
313:, and the weakened royal authority spelled the dawn of the
1040:
1038:
1155:"Chapter 13: The Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China"
1128:
920:
918:
574:
economy. The fact that they were settled in established
562:) suggests a degree of political sophistication above a
1055:
1053:
370:
began its expansion. The central region of Qin was the
700:
who later established the first nomadic empire on the
704:
were part of the Yiqu people, before the Qin general
1233:. In Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (eds.).
1195:. In Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (eds.).
1157:. In Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (eds.).
1001:
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972:
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903:
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305:moved the capital east to Chengzhou in present-day
109:
99:
85:
77:
61:
18:
1378:China News article on Yiqu heritage in Ning County
649:"). This people attacked Zhou during the reign of
346:valley, there was the Yiqu Rong in north of the
172:
290:
241:, and was a centuries-long western rival of the
1350:[New Research on the Yiqu Rong State].
959:
957:
661:Furthermore, the Xianyun may be linked to the
1399:
1231:"Chapter 9: Warring States Political History"
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
570:people, or at least had a mixed agricultural/
183:
24:
8:
566:. What is more likely is that they were an
1083:
782:及平王之末，周遂陵遲，戎逼諸夏，自隴山以東，及乎伊、洛，往往有戎...涇北有義渠之戎。
466:
1797:
1427:
1406:
1392:
1384:
334:from Mount Long to the east. Up until the
101:• Establishment of the state of Yiqu
50:
15:
1991:3rd-century BC disestablishments in China
1193:"Chapter 8: The Spring and Autumn Period"
1071:
1044:
990:
924:
1237:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
1199:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
1161:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
817:
721:
163:
1966:States of the Spring and Autumn period
1017:
936:
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98:
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264:), who were regarded as a branch of
1961:States of the Warring States period
1059:
1029:
1005:
978:
948:
909:
869:
857:
845:
833:
1135:[The Historical Records].
14:
322:The Treatise on the Western Qiang
1996:Ethnic groups in Chinese history
1322:[Researching the Yiqu].
963:
366:, the Yiqu came under threat as
890:
824:Schuessler, Axel (2014). p. 265
521:period, when it was destroyed.
630:
558:
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461:
261:
245:. It was inhabited by a semi-
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1:
1247:10.1017/CHOL9780521470308.011
1209:10.1017/CHOL9780521470308.010
1171:10.1017/CHOL9780521470308.015
407:Treatise on the Western Qiang
291:"Ethnic identity of the Yiqu"
708:drove them north out of the
1108:Hou Han Shu: Xi Qiang Zhuan
431:supporters from the state.
2017:
1288:10.1017/S0362502800004259
796:
621:
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492:
452:
122:
95:
49:
44:
25:
1971:Ancient peoples of China
586:or migrated around in a
315:Spring and Autumn period
297:Spring and Autumn period
65:(located in present day
1342:Xue, Fangcheng (1988).
222:region and what is now
184:
174:
1956:Ancient Chinese states
1415:Ancient Chinese states
484:
1265:Pulleyblank, Edwin G.
584:truly nomadic herders
482:
364:Warring States period
358:Warring States period
327:Book of the Later Han
218:which existed in the
216:ancient Chinese state
1137:Chinese Text Project
1114:Chinese Text Project
616:as the "Yiqu Rong" (
1346:Yiqu Rongguo Xinkao
872:, pp. 546–547.
266:western Rong people
198:traditional Chinese
180:Eastern Han Chinese
141:traditional Chinese
1981:History of Shaanxi
1227:Lewis, Mark Edward
582:, who were either
534:levirate marriages
485:
400:Queen Dowager Xuan
303:Ping, King of Zhou
249:people called the
190:simplified Chinese
133:simplified Chinese
111:• Annexed by
2001:Former monarchies
1938:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1787:
1786:
1062:, pp. 19–20.
1032:, pp. 22–23.
951:, pp. 90–91.
806:[bʒitsʰu]
694:Edwin Pulleyblank
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2008:
1986:History of Gansu
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987:
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801:Lhasa dialect
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681:(444 BCE): */
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1951:Zhou dynasty
1905:
1896:Western Zhou
1871:Eastern Zhou
1849:Minor states
1802:Seven states
1748:
1517:Minor states
1431:Major states
1423:Zhou dynasty
1380:(in Chinese)
1360:. Retrieved
1355:
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1327:
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1282:(25): 1–27.
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1189:Hsu, Cho-yun
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1136:
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1127:Sima, Qian.
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710:Ordos region
691:
687:Amdo Tibetan
682:
663:Siwa culture
660:
651:Gugong Danfu
636:
629:
610:
588:transhumance
568:agricultural
564:tribal chief
557:
531:
523:
519:Northern Wei
502:miáo jǔ píng
500:
486:
460:
442:
433:
406:
404:
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321:
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300:
283:
250:
243:state of Qin
239:Zhou dynasty
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162:
152:
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127:
90:Zhou dynasty
36:
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1976:Qin (state)
1564:Western Guo
1559:Eastern Guo
1276:Early China
712:in 215 BC.
692:Sinologist
679:Old Chinese
576:city-states
538:stepmothers
536:(including
507:Ning County
445:Western Han
443:During the
362:During the
237:during the
171:(444 BCE):
169:Old Chinese
67:Ning County
33:Old Chinese
1945:Categories
1362:2017-11-05
1334:2017-11-05
1330:(6): 90–93
1142:2017-11-29
1119:2017-11-29
1094:References
1018:Lewis 1999
937:Lewis 1999
348:Jing River
226:, eastern
214:), was an
159:Wade–Giles
78:Government
1921:Zhongshan
1769:Zhongshan
1296:162159081
1106:"後漢書：西羌傳
706:Meng Tian
667:Tao River
639:Quan Rong
591:(such as
475:Geography
439:Aftermath
372:Wei River
344:Wei River
247:sinicized
185:ŋɨɑiᴴ-gɨɑ
105:c. 720 BC
1584:Han (SE)
1579:Han (NW)
1344:"义渠戎国新考
1318:Yiqu Kao
1267:(2000).
1229:(1999).
1191:(1999).
1153:(1999).
1060:Xue 1988
1030:Xue 1988
1006:Xue 1988
979:Xin 2004
949:Xin 2004
910:Xue 1988
870:Hsu 1999
858:Xin 2004
846:Xue 1988
834:Xin 2004
572:pastoral
542:cremated
511:Qingyang
462:gōng sūn
332:many Xia
232:northern
81:Monarchy
1774:Zhoulai
1764:Zhongli
1358:: 19–24
1239:587–650
1201:545–586
1163:885–966
1102:Fan, Ye
793:Tibetan
698:Xiongnu
683:ŋaih-ga
665:in the
647:Xianyun
618:Chinese
580:Xiongnu
546:Chinese
528:Culture
489:Chinese
449:Chinese
324:in the
307:Luoyang
280:History
258:Chinese
254:of Yiqu
235:Shaanxi
224:Ningxia
175:ŋaih-ga
62:Capital
37:ŋaih-ga
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1253:
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626:pinyin
620::
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457:pinyin
451::
426:, and
420:Longxi
260::
208::
206:pinyin
200::
192::
164:I-ch'ü
161::
151::
149:pinyin
143::
135::
118:272 BC
1916:Zheng
1629:Liang
1594:Huang
1574:Guzhu
1569:Gumie
1508:Zheng
1316:"义渠考
1304:(PDF)
1292:S2CID
1272:(PDF)
1131:Shiji
716:Notes
675:Qiang
643:Xunyu
515:Gansu
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424:Beidi
311:Henan
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220:Hetao
188:, or
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1759:Zeng
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1724:Xing
1719:Xian
1709:Teng
1704:Tang
1689:Shěn
1684:Shēn
1669:Quan
1654:Peng
1634:Liao
1549:Deng
1534:Chao
1483:Song
1448:Chen
1251:ISBN
1213:ISBN
1175:ISBN
1129:"史記
964:Sima
622:義渠之戎
614:Rong
599:and
559:wáng
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338:and
262:義渠之戎
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230:and
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154:Yìqú
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1911:Yue
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