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1288:(Amsterdam, 1829), pp. 72-74, "Sinterklaas" is referred to as "a black man" who was said to descend down the chimney "with a great noise of chains" which he used for fettering naughty children. Respondents to a 1943 survey of the Meertens Instituut wrote that they had known Saint Nicholas "as a bishop or as a black man with a chain on his foot" and "in the shape of a black man. The bishop was unknown in my youth" (J. Helsloot, "Sich verkleiden in der niederländischen Festkultur. Der Fall des 'Zwarte Piet'",
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fixed companion to the Saint is found in visual and textual sources from the
Netherlands from the 16th until the 19th century. According to a long-standing theory first proposed by Karl Meisen, Zwarte Piet and his equivalents in Germanic Europe were originally presented as one or more enslaved demons forced to assist their captor. These chained and fire-scorched demons may have been redeveloped as black-skinned humans during the early 19th-century in the Netherlands in the likeness of
283:
380:'Printed five years later in 1850, the revised illustrations in the second edition depict ‘Zwarte Piet’ in the formalized page uniform which was a prevalent representation during the Golden Age. The change in the Piet’s costume establishes a clear hierarchy, a formality which does not exist in the initial depiction. Piet seems to suddenly transition from a localized helper, who signifies a distant place to a distant other who exemplifies the role of service.'
498:, one of the miraculous deeds performed by Saint Nicholas after his death consisted of freeing a boy from slavery at the court of the "Emperor of Babylon" and delivering him back to his parents. No mention is made of the boy's skin color. However, over the course of the 20th century, narratives started to surface that claimed Zwarte Piet was a former slave who had been freed by the saint and had subsequently become his lifelong companion.
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that he was a representation of the devil, who Saint
Nicholas was able to conquer and force into his service. In annual observances over the years, Zwarte Piet was portrayed by a person in black face, and today some cultural commentators have criticized the legends and representations of Black Peter for racial stereotyping.
353:. Many of the terrifying characteristics that were later associated with Zwarte Piet were often attributed to him. The presentation of a holy man in this light was troubling for both teachers and priests. After the introduction of Zwarte Piet as Sinterklaas' servant, both characters adopted more gentle personas.
369:("Saint Nicholas and his Servant" in English). It is considered the first time a servant character was included in a printed version of the Saint Nicholas narrative. The inaugural servant of St. Nicolaas, ‘Zwarte Piet’, wears a costume which suggests membership to another culture or the dress of another land.
652:, who each decided to remove traditional Zwarte Piet products and promotions from their services. In November 2020, Vereniging van Openbare Bibliotheken, a national association of public libraries, also announced that they were in the process of removing books featuring Zwarte Piet from library shelves.
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With Arab influence remaining among the
Spanish population, Sinter Klaas had a Moorish assistant named Zwarte Piet, or Black Peter, an orphan who was pictured at times wearing a turban and a golden earring. Alternative explanations for his dark skin were that it was soot from sliding down chimneys or
732:
According to a 2013 survey, upward of 90 percent of the Dutch public did not perceive Zwarte Piet to be a racist character, didn't associate him with slavery, and were opposed to altering the character's appearance. A 2015 study among Dutch children aged 3 to 7 showed they perceived Zwarte Piet to be
756:
demonstrations in the
Netherlands in 2020 led to a further decrease in acceptance of the traditional version of Zwarte Piet. A June 2020 survey saw a drop-in support for the character's traditional blackface depiction. 47 percent of those surveyed supported the traditional appearance, compared to 71
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By 2018, studies showed that between 80 and 88 percent of the Dutch public did not perceive Zwarte Piet as racist, but between 41 and 54 percent were happy with the character's modernized Sooty Piet style. Others continued to make the case that Zwarte Piet was racist due to extreme undertones, among
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communities. 50 percent of the
Surinamese considered the figure discriminatory to others, whereas 27 percent consider the figure to be discriminatory toward themselves. Throughout the early 2010s, a large majority of the overall populace in both the Netherlands and Belgium was in favour of retaining
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The lyrics of older traditional
Sinterklaas songs, still sung today, warn that Sinterklaas and his assistant will leave well-behaved children presents but punish those who have been naughty. They might even take very poorly behaved children to their homeland of Spain in burlap sacks where, according
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Celebrations in Aruba stopped using the character in 2020 and the government banned him. Riot police were called to the village of
Staphorst after pro-blackface demonstrators violently attacked anti-Piet demonstrators prior to a celebration in November 2022. A similar incident occurred a year later
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However, in 2018, several members of a production crew refused to work on Dutch broadcaster NTR's nationally televised celebration because of a decision to alter the character. Several Dutch entertainers have also continued to use the traditional version of the character. Among them are the singers
530:
Throughout the latter half of the 2010s, communities and various organizations across the
Netherlands and elsewhere opted to use either the traditional version of Zwarte Piet in celebrations or variations, most commonly the sooty version. Some included both. These decisions resulted in protests and
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in 1850. In 1884, Alberdingk Thijm recalled that, when he was a child in 1828, he had attended a Saint
Nicholas celebration in the house of Dominico Arata, an Italian merchant and consul living in Amsterdam. On this occasion, a man portraying Saint Nicholas had been accompanied by another described
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are traditionally distributed to children. The holiday is celebrated on 6 December in
Belgium. The Zwarte Piet characters appear only in the weeks before the Feast of Saint Nicholas, first when the saint is welcomed with a parade as he arrives in the country (generally by boat, having traveled from
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revealed that 55 percent of those surveyed still supported the traditional appearance of Zwarte Piet while 34 percent supported changing the character's appearance and 11 percent were unsure. The survey reported that 78 percent did not see Zwarte Piet as a racist figure whereas 17 percent did. The
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Outside of the Netherlands, the character received criticism from a wide variety of international publications and organizations. In 2015, the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination wrote in a report that "the character of Black Pete is sometimes portrayed in a manner
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Because of ongoing controversies surrounding the character, many schools, businesses, and other organizations across the Netherlands changed Zwarte Piet's clothing and makeup or phased the character out entirely throughout the latter half of the 2010s. The most common variation used was Sooty Piet
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The Saint Nicholas tradition contains a number of elements that are not ecclesiastical in origin. In medieval iconography, Saint Nicholas is sometimes presented as taming a chained demon, who may or may not be black. However, no hint of a companion, demon, servant, or any other human or human-like
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Owing to the character's traditional depiction, which often involves white actors and volunteers dressing up in blackface while wearing black wigs and large earrings, Zwarte Piet became increasingly controversial beginning in the late 20th century. The public debate surrounding the figure was
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in the town of De Lier. Anti-Piet demonstrators were pelted with fireworks and eggs after pro-blackface demonstrators vandalized nearby surveillance cameras and were later discovered to have weapons in their vehicles as well as hay bales and containers of manure set aside for further attacks.
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In 1833, an Amsterdam-based magazine printed a humorous reference to "Pietermanknecht" while describing the fate that those who had sneaked out of their houses to attend that year's St. Nicholas celebrations were supposed to have endured after returning home. In 1859, the Dutch newspaper
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The portrayals of both Sinterklaas and Zwarte Piet can also further vary from region to region. Until 2020, the holiday was celebrated in the Netherlands Antilles where Sinterklaas was often played by a white-painted actor who was accompanied by several others dressed as Zwarte Piet.
168:), had become more common than the traditional variant at public events and in television specials, films, social media, and advertising. Sooty Piet features the natural skin tone of the actors playing the character with soot marks created by streaks of dark makeup on their faces.
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were attacked during a meeting. Windows were smashed, nearby vehicles were vandalized, and fireworks were shot into the building where the group was planning protests in 12 communities that still feature traditional versions of the character. In June 2020, American broadcaster
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to legend, they'll be forced to assist them in their workshop for an entire season or longer. These songs and stories also warn that a child who has been only slightly naughty will receive a bundle of birch twigs or a lump of coal instead of gifts.
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that reflects negative stereotypes of people of African descent and is experienced by many people of African descent as a vestige of slavery", and urged the Netherlands to "actively promote the elimination" of racial stereotyping. American writer
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showed that in the overwhelming majority of Dutch municipalities no changes would be made to the traditional appearance of the Zwarte Piet character. Only 6 percent of the municipalities approached mentioned (further unspecified) changes to the
1378:"Zij echter, die ter sluik op het St. Nicolaas feest hadden rondgewandeld, vonden, te huis komende, de Pietermanknecht te hunnent; de zoons in hunne vaders, de mannen in hunnen vrouwen en de dienstmeisjes in hunne gebiedsters." ("St. Nikolaas",
2282:"In a 2012 study by the municipality of Amsterdam, shows that majority of respondents do not consider the Zwarte Piet character to be racist or that the character is racists toward others, but this differs greatly when comparing ethnic groups"
538:
department store chain opted to replace holiday displays featuring Zwarte Piet with a golden-skinned version instead. Elsewhere, one in three Dutch primary schools announced plans to alter the character's appearance in their celebrations.
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The introduction of Zwarte Piet did coincide, by and large, with a change in the depiction of the Sinterklaas character. Prior to this change, he was often quite strict toward poorly behaved children and often presented as a sort of
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violent incidents involving pro-Piet demonstrators (those who endorse the traditional version of the character) and anti-Piet demonstrators (those who endorse a revised version of the character or doing away with him altogether).
155:
This version of Zwarte Piet became increasingly controversial beginning in the late 20th century and throughout the years that followed. Alternatives later debuted, among them multicolored Piets. By 2021 a revised version, dubbed
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in every Dutch province, the overwhelming majority did not support changes in the Zwarte Piet character's appearance. The largest percentage in support of changing the character's appearance (nine percent) was found in North
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a fantastical clownish figure rather than a black person. However, the number of Dutch people who were willing to change certain details of the character (for example his lips and hair) was later reported to be growing.
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described as polarized in the early 2010s. Opponents argued the character was an insult to black people while supporters considered him a harmless holiday tradition and an inseparable part of their cultural heritage.
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or "entry" ceremony of Saint Nicholas and his servant (then still nameless) involving a steamboat. Schenkman has the two characters arrive from Spain with no reference made to Nicholas' historical homeland of
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Pescatore Frisk, R. (2014) Contested Materiality in Imaginations of Community, The object of ‘Zwarte Piet’ asembedded in ideas of community in the Netherlands. unpublished thesis, Leiden University, Leiden.
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stated in a parliamentary debate on 5 June 2020 that he had changed his opinion on the issue and now better understands why many people consider the character's appearance to be racist. In August 2020,
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144:. This became the dominant representation of Zwarte Piet throughout the 20th century. Those portraying the traditional version of the character, since deemed a racial stereotype, usually put on
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One or more demons working as helpers for the saint can still be found in various Austrian, German, Swiss, Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, and Polish Saint Nicholas traditions in the characters of
136:
The depiction of Zwarte Piet has gone through several changes since the mid 19th century. The earliest known illustration of the character comes from an 1850 book by Amsterdam schoolteacher
594:, anti-Piet demonstrators were surrounded by an estimated group of 250 people described as "football hooligans" who attacked them with eggs and shouted racist insults. A similar protest in
624:. Series creator Greg Daniels released a statement saying that "blackface is unacceptable and making the point so graphically is hurtful and wrong. I am sorry for the pain that caused."
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updated its policies to ban depictions of blackface on its Facebook and Instagram platforms, including traditional blackface depictions of Zwarte Piet. In October 2020,
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1284:(Amsterdam, 1827), describes a (fictional?) St. Nicholas celebration in which the Saint appears "with a black face ... with a whip and a rod in his hands"; and in
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the traditional Zwarte Piet character. Studies showed the perception of Zwarte Piet differed greatly among different ethnic backgrounds, age groups, and regions.
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The book remained in print until 1950 and has had considerable influence on the current celebration. Although in Schenkman's book the servant was nameless, author
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279:. These helpers would listen, just like Zwarte Piet, at the chimneys of the homes they visited to tell Odin about the good and bad behavior of the mortals below.
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446:, the servant is named Pieter. However, up until 1920, several additional publications gave the character other names and depictions that varied considerably.
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after their vehicles were blocked on the A7 motorway by pro-Piet demonstrators, 34 of whom were later charged and found guilty of obstructing traffic. During
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In November 2017, a group of anti-Piet demonstrators were prevented from attending a demonstration during a nationally televised celebration in the town of
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337:. The characters act as foils to the benevolent gift-giver, or strict disciplinarians who threaten to thrash or abduct disobedient children. Mythologist
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81 percent only supported a solely black Zwarte Piet with an additional 10 percent supporting a majority of Zwarte Piets with a few soot-covered ones.
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who work as servants for Saint Nicholas. Others believe Zwarte Piet to be a continuation of a custom in which people with blackface appeared in
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also decided to use a racially mixed group of actors to portray Piet in their holiday broadcasts instead of white people wearing dark make-up.
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are often depicted as a group of closely related figures who accompany Saint Nicholas through the territories formerly controlled by the
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banned advertising featuring Zwarte Piet, including soot versions without blackface. Additional companies followed suit, among them
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2307:"VN wil einde Sinterklaasfeest - Binnenland | Het laatste nieuws uit Nederland leest u op Telegraaf.nl [binnenland]"
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2500:"Black Pete: Analyzing a Racialized Dutch Tradition Through the History of Western Creations of Stereotypes of Black Peoples"
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133:. Traditionally, Zwarte Piet serves as an assistant to the saint and distributes sweets and gifts to well-behaved children.
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most frequently mentioned reason of those who were in favor of changing the character was to put an end to the discussion.
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One version of the folklore surrounding the character suggests that Zwarte Piet's blackness is due to a permanent layer of
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See, for instance, the story of the Ethiopian slave "Piter" in Anton van Duinkerken, "De Geschiedenis van Sinterklaas",
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242:(special Sinterklaas-themed sweets) to those who come to meet the saint as he visits schools, stores, and other places.
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2606:"Niet alleen Rutte is van mening veranderd: de steun voor traditionele Zwarte Piet is gedaald - weblog Gijs Rademaker"
888:
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1439:; "Sint Nicolaas bevrijdde een slaaf. Uit dankbaarheid ging deze vrijwillig de Sint dienen; hij heet Zwarte Piet",
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made a similar decision in the autumn of 2016 and replaced the characters with actors with soot on their faces.
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1447:; and also, from a slightly different angle, Puck Volmer, "Hoe Zwarte Piet het knechtje van Sinterklaas werd",
833:) are on tour in Amsterdam, they encounter multiple people in blackface celebrating the Feast of St. Nicholas.
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1280:(Haarlem, 1871), p. 256, describes an ancient tradition of "Zwarte Klazen" in Amsterdam; A.B. van Meerten, in
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spoke negatively of the character, dubbing Zwarte Piet "a colonial hangover." In 2019, media personality
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275:, he flew through the air as the leader of the Wild Hunt. He was always accompanied by two black ravens,
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E. Boer-Dirks, "Nieuw licht op Zwarte Piet. Een kunsthistorisch antwoord op de vraag naar de herkomst",
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199:, which is known as St. Nicholas' Eve in English) in the Netherlands, Curaçao and Aruba. This is when
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covered the controversies surrounding the character during a 2017 segment on his television program
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2462:"The dark side of 'Zwarte Piet': A misunderstood tradition or racism in disguise? A legal analysis"
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1096:"Wodan en de oorsprong van het Sinterklaasfeest (Wodan and the origin of Saint Nicolas' festivity)"
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411:
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80:
1514:"Door de ervaringen in Friesland denken voorstanders van Zwarte Piet dat dreigen met geweld loont"
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as "Pieter de Knecht ..., a frizzy haired Negro" who brought a large basket filled with presents.
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Nikolauskult und Nikolausbrauch im Abendlande: Eine kultgeographisch-volkskundliche Untersuchung
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critiqued the tradition in his essay "Six to Eight Black Men" and British comedian and activist
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The Zwarte Piet character is part of the annual Feast of St. Nicholas that is celebrated on the
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851: – Collection of individual local dances from Herefordshire, Worcestershire and Shropshire
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celebrations throughout November 2018, violent incidents took place in the cities and towns of
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described Zwarte Piet as "disturbing" in a tweet to her over 62 million followers on Twitter.
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A children's book from 1915, titled "In the Bag: the grave fate of naughty Grietje and Pietje"
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2574:"Black Pete, "Smug Ignorance", and the Value of the Black Body in Postcolonial Netherlands"
1952:
863: – Character in Iranian folklore who appears in the streets by the beginning of Nowruz
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Reisje door het Koningrijk der Nederlanden en het Groot-Hertogdom Luxemburg, voor kinderen
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Comparison of Schenkman's first (1845) and second (1850) edition depictions of Zwarte Piet
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In 2019, it was decided that the nationally televised arrival of Sinterklaas hosted by
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percent in a similar survey held in November 2019. However, a December 2020 survey by
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who released songs promoted with music videos featuring Piets played by white actors.
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noticed that Saint Nicholas was often accompanied by "a Negro, who, under the name of
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1927:"Bibliotheken verwijderen boeken met Zwarte Piet: 'Smaldeel bepaalt niet ons beleid'"
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on his body acquired during his many trips down the chimneys of the homes he visits.
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In 1845, the Amsterdam-based primary school teacher Jan Schenkman published the book
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1775:"The Office: NBC and Netflix Remove Blackface Scene from "Dwight Christmas" Episode"
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2368:"Black Pete: Cheese-Face to Partially Replace Blackface During Dutch Festivities"
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opted to remove footage of a character dressed as Zwarte Piet from an episode of
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Several performers in Sooty Piet costumes during a 2016 celebration in Amsterdam
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2015 enquiry shows children perceive Zwarte Piet as a clown rather than black.
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Blacks in the Dutch World: The Evolution of Racial Imagery in a Modern Society
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1304:"Lezing met dia's over 'op zoek naar zwarte piet' (in search of Zwarte Piet)"
1077:"Lezing met dia's over 'op zoek naar zwarte piet' (in search of Zwarte Piet)"
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2675:"Zondag met Lubach: 'De discussie over Zwarte Piet is uit de hand gelopen'"
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Demonstrators at an anti-Zwarte Piet protest in Amsterdam in November 2013
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2179:[What do Amsterdammers think about Zwarte Piet?] (in Dutch). 2013
2107:"U.N. Urges the Netherlands to Stop Portrayals of 'Black Pete' Character"
958:"Sooty Piets take over, blackface out of favour in most towns and cities"
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meeting Sinterklaas and Zwarte Piet (V&D Amsterdam, 22 November 1957)
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2155:"Wat betekent de tweet van Kim Kardashian voor het imago van Nederland?"
1849:"Google to ban Zwarte Piet's sooty replacement as a 'racial stereotype'"
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1750:"Zwarte Piet protest group accuses police of failing to protect safety"
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De Nederlandsche Kindervriend, in gedichtjes voor de welopgevoede jeugd
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provided him with the name "Pieter-me-knecht" in a handwritten note to
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2085:"Zwarte Piet: Opposition Grows To 'Racist Black Pete' Dutch Tradition"
774:) dressed as Zwarte Piet during a scene in a December 2012 episode of
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2723:"'Atlanta' Season 3 Is a Startling, Stunning Master Class: TV Review"
1728:"Netherlands Christmas parade to replace blackface make-up with soot"
1684:"A7-blokkeerders wilden anti-Zwarte Piet-betogers 'alleen vertragen'"
637:
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442:, is no less popular than the Holy Bishop himself". In the 1891 book
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who appears as a dark-skinned person wearing clothes associated with
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1706:"Amnesty International, MPs call on PM to condemn pro-Piet violence"
1192:
2697:"'Atlanta' Kicks Off Season 3 With a Dark and Twisted Doubleheader"
2267:
A 2013 inquiry by Dutch public news program EenVandaag showed that
4258:
2944:
2513:
Mesman, Judi; Janssen, Sofie; van Rosmalen, Lenny (20 June 2016).
738:
699:
691:
663:
479:
468:
448:
410:
405:
371:
295:
281:
175:
42:
34:
1823:"Facebook is banning controversial Dutch character 'Zwarte Piet'"
1610:"RTL stopt met Zwarte Piet, voortaan alleen pieten met roetvegen"
605:
would feature only sooty versions. That November, a group called
4480:
4144:
2862:
2228:
1466:"Geen Sinterklaas meer op Curaçao, maar alternatief kinderfeest"
1394:"De oudst bekende naam van Zwarte Piet: Pieter-mê-knecht (1850)"
502:
401:
325:, Rubbels, Hanstrapp, Little Babushka, Pelzebock, Klaubauf, and
268:
2773:
2657:"Colorado Trumps the Netherlands - Robot Chicken - Adult Swim"
1362:"Sint Niklaasgoed 1850 (Een surprise van Thijm aan Potgieter)"
611:
2769:
2250:
A 2015 research project conducted by the national newspaper
1115:"St. Nicolas and the tradition of celebrating his birthday"
869: – Old Polish folk custom, celebrated on Easter Monday
716:, most opposition toward the character was found among the
152:
attire in addition to curly wigs and bright red lipstick.
2005:"Anti-blackface demonstrators pelted with fireworks, eggs"
995:"Wat heeft Sinterklaas met Germaanse mythologie te maken?"
2572:
Pijl, Yvon van der; Goulordava, Karina (1 January 2014).
218:
in Dutch) are mostly to amuse children and to distribute
845: – Folkloric figures who accompany the gift-bringer
668:
Advertisement from the early 1960s featuring Zwarte Piet
408:, which was located in what is now modern-day Turkey).
361:
Development and depiction in the 19th and 20th centuries
1979:"Police investigate Staphorst pro blackface mob action"
857: – Full-black body paint festival in Kerala, India
341:
associated the character with the pre-Christian spirit
2199:"Onderzoek RTL Nieuws: Zwarte Piet moet zwart blijven"
811:
Characterizations of Zwarte Piet were featured in the
889:"Zwarte Piet is vooral een spiegel van de tijdsgeest"
887:
Vermuyen, Cleo; Schuiling, Nienke (4 December 2019).
4473:
4442:
4389:
4363:
4342:
4221:
4166:
4153:
3951:
3846:
3757:
3588:
3310:
3231:
3142:
3019:
2873:
1797:"Rutte: ik ben anders gaan denken over Zwarte Piet"
2366:
1636:"Sintcomite Zaanstad trekt zich terug uit intocht"
19:"Black Peter" redirects here. For other uses, see
16:Saint Nicholas companion in Low Countries folklore
2578:New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids
1901:"Amazon also bans blackface Zwarte Piet products"
212:, Spain). The tasks of the various Zwarte Piets (
1187:
1185:
1183:
1040:"huginn and muninn "Myths of the Norsemen" from"
598:led to the arrest of 44 pro-Piet demonstrators.
494:, retold by Eelco Verwijs in his 1863 monograph
461:and Zwarte Piet visiting the fishing village of
263:and his helpers have been linked by some to the
87:), also known in English by the translated name
2515:"Black Pete through the Eyes of Dutch Children"
1339:""St Nicholas en zijn knecht" by Jan Schenkman"
660:Public opinion in the Netherlands and worldwide
345:, who could be either benevolent or malicious.
1769:
1767:
1585:"Nickelodeon presenteert ongeschminkte pieten"
2785:
1382:, 7, 10 (December 1833), pp. 294-299; p. 296)
1141:"Artikel: sinterklaas and Germanic mythology"
509:Development and depiction in the 21st century
39:A person in a traditional Zwarte Piet costume
8:
2399:"Onderzoek: Zwarte Piet is genoeg aangepast"
2177:"Hoe denken Amsterdammers over Zwarte Piet?"
2036:. Indiana University Press. pp. 48–49.
2753:Zwarte Piet: discriminerend of fascinerend?
1143:(in Dutch). historianet.nl. 3 December 2011
1060:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
213:
47:A person in a modernized Sooty Pete costume
4163:
2792:
2778:
2770:
2589:
2548:
2538:
2466:The International Journal of Human Rights
1562:"Hema Reportedly Phasing Out Zwarte Piet"
1487:Laarhoven, Kasper van (7 November 2019).
800:Dutch comedian and political commentator
2633:"Eenvandaag 'Sinterklaas in coronatijd'"
1536:"Zwarte Pieten in Bijenkorf worden goud"
737:them that Zwarte Piet was a subservient
1875:"Bol.com doet Zwarte Piet helemaal weg"
1398:Digitale nieuwsbrief Meertens Instituut
879:
286:Illustration from Jan Schenkman's book
2058:"Zwarte Piet heeft z'n glans verloren"
1612:. RTL. 24 October 2016. Archived from
1360:van Duinkerken, A. (5 December 1931).
1053:
993:Door Ernie Ramaker (3 December 2011).
904:
902:
526:Notable events during the 21st century
4626:Fictional toymakers and toy inventors
4122:Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus
1664:from the original on 17 November 2021
1538:. RTL. 10 August 2015. Archived from
1414:(The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1863),
791:Zwarte Piet was featured in the 2014
58:
7:
4616:Anti-black racism in the Netherlands
2488:– via Taylor and Francis+NEJM.
1730:. The Irish Times. 18 September 2018
1163:"Piet en Sint - veelgestelde vragen"
391:. The book also established another
259:and other historians, the origin of
2721:D'Addario, Daniel (20 March 2022).
2425:"Onderzoek: Rapportage Zwarte Piet"
1583:Takken, Wilfred (4 November 2015).
1290:Rheinisches Jahrbuch für Volkskunde
1264:
1220:, 19 (1993), pp. 1-35; 2-4, 10, 14.
1193:"Sinterklaas rituelen en tradities"
708:demonstration in Leeuwarden in 2020
2460:Lemmens, Koen (12 February 2017).
2434:. 15 November 2018. Archived from
1292:26 (2005/2006), pp. 137-153; 141).
1038:Hélène Adeline Guerber (d. 1929).
14:
4596:Black people in European folklore
2695:Sepinwall, Alan (25 March 2022).
4631:Controversies in the Netherlands
4543:
4542:
3998:Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004
3893:Old Santeclaus with Much Delight
2330:NRC Handelsblad 3 December 2015.
2133:"Russell Brand Over Zwarte Piet"
1489:"Zwarte pieten willen niet meer"
741:and that the tradition enforced
395:that would become standard: the
2379:from the original on 7 May 2022
2309:. Telegraaf.nl. 22 October 2013
1341:. Librivox.org. 12 October 2010
271:. While riding the white horse
3978:Bronner's Christmas Wonderland
3907:Christmas Day in the Workhouse
3290:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
3069:Legend of the Christmas Spider
1638:. De Telegraaf. 4 October 2018
1516:. Volkskrant. 18 November 2018
1468:. Parool.nl. 20 September 2020
1392:Helsloot, J. (November 2011).
940:University of California Press
784:and the NBC streaming service
541:Nickelodeon in the Netherlands
488:According to a story from the
465:and giving candy to kids, 1938
421:Joseph Albert Alberdingk Thijm
1:
4661:Blackface minstrel characters
3929:Christmas television specials
3828:The New Oxford Book of Carols
2915:Annunciation to the shepherds
2478:10.1080/13642987.2016.1276448
1752:. DutchNews. 11 November 2019
1708:. DutchNews. 19 November 2018
1276:For example: J. ter Gouw, in
797:episode "CatDog on a Stick".
383:The servant is depicted as a
131:folklore of the Low Countries
4651:Companions of Saint Nicholas
3983:Christmas and holiday season
2540:10.1371/journal.pone.0157511
1660:. YouTube. 4 November 2018.
1017:"American Christmas Origins"
934:Forbes, Bruce David (2007).
843:Companions of Saint Nicholas
780:. It was later removed from
766:In media and popular culture
704:Sign about Zwarte Piet at a
367:Sint Nikolaas en zijn Knecht
331:companions of Saint Nicholas
288:Sint Nikolaas en zijn Knecht
21:Black Peter (disambiguation)
1953:"Aruba verbant zwarte Piet"
1777:. Den of Geek. 29 June 2020
1564:. DutchNews. 26 August 2014
1113:Christina, Carlijn (2006).
936:Christmas: A Candid History
910:"100 drogredenen ontkracht"
93:companion of Saint Nicholas
4684:
4641:Race-related controversies
2895:Adoration of the Shepherds
1306:(in Dutch). Archived from
1098:(in Dutch). Archived from
1094:Almekinders, Jaap (2005).
1079:(in Dutch). Archived from
997:(in Dutch). Historianet.nl
855:Tattamangalam Kuthira Vela
25:
18:
4591:Dutch legendary creatures
4538:
4139:WWE Tribute to the Troops
3900:A Visit from St. Nicholas
3821:The Oxford Book of Carols
3397:Feast of the Seven Fishes
2960:Massacre of the Innocents
2809:
2591:10.1163/22134360-08803062
2030:Blakely, Allison (2001).
444:Het Feest van Sinterklaas
4656:Fictional Spanish people
4636:Controversies in Belgium
3941:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
2238:12 December 2015 at the
1267:, pp. 32, 34, 42–50
770:A character named Nate (
26:Not to be confused with
4601:Dutch words and phrases
4103:Small Business Saturday
3973:Black Friday (shopping)
3968:Black Friday (partying)
3462:Nine Lessons and Carols
3392:Events and celebrations
1418:. The slave is a young
893:University of Groningen
825:in 2022. While Alfred (
3747:Post-War United States
2594:– via brill.com.
709:
697:
669:
485:
477:
466:
416:
377:
290:
257:Hélène Adeline Guerber
238:in Belgium, and other
214:
188:
165:
140:and portrays him as a
126:
118:
110:
100:
84:
76:
68:
48:
40:
3796:Hit singles in the US
3791:Hit singles in the UK
3352:Carols by Candlelight
3280:Santa Claus' daughter
2888:Adoration of the Magi
2755:. Aspekt Uitgeverij.
2341:"Cookies op Trouw.nl"
2087:. UK: Huffington Post
750:George Floyd protests
703:
695:
667:
483:
472:
457:
414:
375:
285:
193:evening of 5 December
179:
60:[ˈzʋɑrtəˈpit]
46:
38:
4088:Santa's Candy Castle
3412:Google Santa Tracker
2751:Bas, Marcel (2013).
1686:. AD. 9 October 2018
1658:"1 Miljoen Schoenen"
1451:, 29 November 1941,
1435:, 21 November 1947,
1302:Booy, Frits (2003).
1218:Volkskundig Bulletin
1075:Booy, Frits (2003).
914:Kick Out Zwarte Piet
607:Kick Out Zwarte Piet
590:, and elsewhere. In
230:in the Netherlands,
4093:Santa Claus Village
4008:Christmas Mountains
3914:Journey of the Magi
2920:Baptism of the Lord
2631:Lubbe, Rozemarijn.
2531:2016PLoSO..1157511M
2441:on 19 February 2019
2375:. 15 October 2014.
2209:on 12 December 2015
1542:on 12 December 2015
1449:De Indische Courant
1443:, 3 December 1954,
1246:(in Dutch). dbnl.nl
1233:(Düsseldorf, 1931).
980:St. Nicholas Center
440:Pieter, mijn knecht
4621:Holiday characters
4611:Fictional servants
4576:Christian folklore
4203:Twelve-dish supper
4053:Jews and Christmas
4003:Christmas Lectures
3732:American Civil War
3467:NORAD Tracks Santa
2843:Saint Nicholas Day
2405:. 16 November 2018
2287:. Ois.amsterdam.nl
2011:. 18 November 2023
1985:. 21 November 2021
1933:. 12 November 2020
1310:on 12 October 2011
1167:Meertens Instituut
1083:on 12 October 2011
1019:. Arthuriana.co.uk
964:. 9 November 2021.
819:television series
754:Black Lives Matter
743:racial stereotypes
710:
706:Black Lives Matter
698:
670:
486:
478:
467:
417:
378:
291:
189:
187:mix for scattering
49:
41:
4646:Racism in Belgium
4558:
4557:
4534:
4533:
4198:Thirteen desserts
4118:Virginia O'Hanlon
3963:Advent Conspiracy
3877:Films (Christmas,
3869:A Christmas Carol
3814:Carols for Choirs
3357:Cavalcade of Magi
3337:Boar's Head Feast
3006:Star of Bethlehem
2977:Nativity of Jesus
2965:flight into Egypt
2850:St. Stephen's Day
2347:. 18 October 2014
2064:. 18 October 2014
1855:. 28 October 2020
1616:on 2 January 2018
1368:. pp. 21–22.
827:Brian Tyree Henry
806:Zondag Met Lubach
455:
335:Holy Roman Empire
277:Huginn and Muninn
4673:
4586:Belgian folklore
4550:
4546:
4545:
4381:Redcurrant sauce
4170:
4164:
4159:
4133:Winter festivals
3883:Christmas horror
3850:
3761:
3592:
3447:Meals and feasts
3367:Christmas jumper
3314:
3285:Santa's reindeer
3237:
3183:Father Christmas
3147:
3104:Santa's workshop
3025:
2987:in later culture
2865:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2803:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2771:
2766:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2637:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2584:(3–4): 262–291.
2569:
2563:
2562:
2552:
2542:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2457:
2451:
2450:
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2440:
2429:
2421:
2415:
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2410:
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2384:
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2354:
2352:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2286:
2278:
2272:
2265:
2259:
2252:Algemeen Dagblad
2248:
2242:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2205:. Archived from
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2113:. 28 August 2015
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2083:Felicity Morse.
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1907:. 18 August 2020
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1881:. 18 August 2020
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1829:. 11 August 2020
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
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1724:
1718:
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1715:
1713:
1702:
1696:
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1693:
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1680:
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1669:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1632:
1626:
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1623:
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1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1462:
1456:
1429:
1423:
1422:named Adeodatus.
1408:
1402:
1401:
1389:
1383:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1299:
1293:
1278:De volksvermaken
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1240:
1234:
1227:
1221:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1189:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1121:on 26 April 2012
1117:. Archived from
1111:
1109:
1107:
1102:on 26 April 2012
1092:
1090:
1088:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1059:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1035:
1029:
1028:
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1024:
1013:
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990:
984:
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954:
948:
947:
931:
925:
924:
922:
920:
906:
897:
896:
884:
815:of the American
726:Dutch-Surinamese
557:Herman van Doorn
456:
217:
197:Sinterklaasavond
69:Schwaarze Péiter
62:
57:
4683:
4682:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4606:Santa's helpers
4561:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4548:
4530:
4496:Pickled herring
4469:
4438:
4385:
4376:Cranberry sauce
4359:
4338:
4314:Red velvet cake
4299:Poppy seed roll
4217:
4168:
4157:
4155:
4149:
4128:White Christmas
4018:Christmas truce
4013:Christmas seals
3993:Christmas creep
3955:
3953:
3947:
3848:
3842:
3759:
3753:
3590:
3584:
3437:Lord of Misrule
3372:Christmas Peace
3322:Advent calendar
3312:
3306:
3255:Knecht Ruprecht
3235:
3233:
3227:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3027:
3023:
3015:
2940:Herod the Great
2875:
2869:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2763:
2750:
2747:
2742:
2741:
2731:
2729:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2705:
2703:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2663:. 20 June 2014.
2655:
2654:
2650:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2615:
2613:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2525:(6): e0157511.
2512:
2511:
2507:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2406:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2382:
2380:
2373:The Independent
2365:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2348:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2310:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2266:
2262:
2249:
2245:
2240:Wayback Machine
2226:
2222:
2212:
2210:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2182:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2138:
2136:
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2130:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2067:
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2056:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2014:
2012:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1934:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1910:
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1899:
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1894:
1884:
1882:
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1868:
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1856:
1847:
1846:
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1832:
1830:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1806:
1804:
1795:
1794:
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1773:
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1765:
1755:
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1559:
1555:
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1534:
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1507:
1497:
1495:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1430:
1426:
1410:Eelco Verwijs,
1409:
1405:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1380:De Arke Noach's
1377:
1373:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1344:
1342:
1337:
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1332:
1327:
1323:
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1311:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1275:
1271:
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1259:
1249:
1247:
1244:"Jan Schenkman"
1242:
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1237:
1228:
1224:
1215:
1211:
1201:
1199:
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1190:
1181:
1171:
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1112:
1105:
1103:
1093:
1086:
1084:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1042:. gutenberg.org
1037:
1036:
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987:
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951:
933:
932:
928:
918:
916:
908:
907:
900:
886:
885:
881:
876:
839:
777:The Office (US)
768:
752:and subsequent
662:
627:Prime Minister
528:
511:
474:Josephine Baker
449:
363:
323:Knecht Ruprecht
300:winter solstice
253:
248:
174:
55:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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4633:
4628:
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4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4581:Dutch folklore
4578:
4573:
4563:
4562:
4556:
4555:
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4539:
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4462:
4457:
4452:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4427:Smoking Bishop
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4367:
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4360:
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4321:
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4276:
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4231:
4225:
4223:
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4172:
4161:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4115:
4110:
4108:Super Saturday
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4038:Giving Tuesday
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3988:Christmas club
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3959:
3957:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3944:
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3917:
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3896:
3886:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3865:
3854:
3852:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3835:Piae Cantiones
3831:
3824:
3817:
3807:
3801:Music charts (
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3765:
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3755:
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3498:
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3449:
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3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3316:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3270:Père Fouettard
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3241:
3239:
3236:Saint Nicholas
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3188:Grandpa Indian
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3156:Saint Nicholas
3152:
3150:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3094:Old Man Winter
3091:
3086:
3081:
3079:Miner's figure
3076:
3071:
3066:
3064:Kallikantzaros
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2994:Nativity scene
2991:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2974:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2879:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2829:Children's Day
2825:
2818:
2815:Blue Christmas
2810:
2807:
2806:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2762:978-9461534095
2761:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2713:
2687:
2666:
2648:
2623:
2612:. 17 June 2020
2597:
2564:
2505:
2491:
2472:(2): 120–141.
2452:
2416:
2390:
2358:
2332:
2320:
2298:
2273:
2260:
2243:
2220:
2190:
2168:
2146:
2124:
2111:New York Times
2098:
2075:
2049:
2042:
2022:
1996:
1970:
1959:. 23 June 2020
1944:
1918:
1892:
1866:
1840:
1814:
1788:
1763:
1741:
1719:
1697:
1675:
1649:
1627:
1601:
1575:
1553:
1527:
1505:
1479:
1457:
1424:
1403:
1384:
1371:
1352:
1330:
1321:
1294:
1269:
1257:
1235:
1222:
1209:
1179:
1154:
1132:
1067:
1030:
1008:
985:
967:
949:
942:. p. 54.
926:
898:
878:
877:
875:
872:
871:
870:
864:
858:
852:
846:
838:
835:
767:
764:
687:Kim Kardashian
661:
658:
553:Leon Krijgsman
527:
524:
510:
507:
425:E.J. Potgieter
362:
359:
311:Père Fouettard
252:
249:
247:
244:
173:
170:
148:and colourful
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4679:
4678:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4551:
4541:
4540:
4537:
4527:
4524:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4474:Meat and fish
4472:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4435:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4412:Hot chocolate
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4113:Ugly sweaters
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4023:Controversies
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3950:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3922:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3858:In literature
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3845:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3756:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3727:United States
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3457:Moravian star
3455:
3453:
3452:Midnight Mass
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3342:Candle arches
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3332:Advent wreath
3330:
3328:
3327:Advent candle
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3234:Companions of
3230:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:Gift-bringers
3141:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3018:
3012:
3011:Twelfth Night
3009:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2972:Nativity Fast
2970:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2930:Christmastide
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2905:Angel Gabriel
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2883:Biblical Magi
2881:
2880:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2861:
2859:
2854:
2852:
2847:
2845:
2840:
2838:
2836:Christmas Eve
2833:
2831:
2826:
2824:
2819:
2817:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2764:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2714:
2702:
2701:Rolling Stone
2698:
2691:
2688:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2634:
2627:
2624:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2506:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2453:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2362:
2359:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2321:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2283:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2227:In a poll of
2224:
2221:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2086:
2079:
2076:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2043:9780253214331
2039:
2035:
2034:
2026:
2023:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1803:. 5 June 2020
1802:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1707:
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1698:
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1663:
1659:
1653:
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1637:
1631:
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1615:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1576:
1563:
1557:
1554:
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1537:
1531:
1528:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1480:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1441:De Nieuwsgier
1438:
1434:
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2135:. De Morgen
1756:15 November
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1412:Sinterklaas
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861:Hajji Firuz
712:In 2012 in
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496:Sinterklaas
459:Sinterklaas
339:Jacob Grimm
261:Sinterklaas
150:Renaissance
102:Sinterklaas
52:Zwarte Piet
4565:Categories
4229:Candy cane
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2015:10 January
1989:10 January
1963:10 January
1859:28 October
1801:NOS Nieuws
1620:25 October
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874:References
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759:EenVandaag
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621:The Office
584:Den Helder
580:Leeuwarden
327:Belsnickel
240:strooigoed
232:tangerines
227:pepernoten
221:kruidnoten
185:kruidnoten
181:Strooigoed
172:Traditions
158:Sooty Piet
142:black Moor
119:Sinteklaas
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81:Indonesian
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28:Piet Zwart
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4506:Romeritos
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4294:Pecan pie
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4249:Fruitcake
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4073:NFL games
4068:NBA games
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3484:Ornaments
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3203:Noel Baba
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1911:26 August
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714:Amsterdam
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536:Bijenkorf
315:Schmutzli
302:rituals.
265:Wild Hunt
236:speculoos
146:blackface
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127:Kleeschen
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4334:Yule log
4309:Qurabiya
4183:Julebord
4156:Food and
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4048:El Gordo
3935:Yule Log
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3620:Ethiopia
3605:Colombia
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3377:Crackers
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3161:folklore
3129:Yule cat
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3024:folklore
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2732:29 April
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2559:27322583
2519:PLOS ONE
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1662:Archived
1265:Bas 2013
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634:Facebook
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4058:In July
3956:society
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3697:Romania
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