668:
680:
292:
731:
778:
503:. So the link between Sinterklaas and Spain goes through the oranges, a much appreciated treat in the 19th century. Later the connection with the oranges got lost, and Spain became his home. Traditionally, the city of origin of the steamboat has been the port city of Alicante (Spain). This could be based on the fact that Alicante's patron is Saint Nicholas, and that the city's cathedral is dedicated to this saint. The province of Alicante is also famous for its oranges.
3120:
356:
33:
2314:, 19 (1993), pp. 1â35, this tradition is derived from German folkloristic research of the first decades of the 19th century (p. 2). This happened relatively early; already in 1863, the Dutch lexicographer Eelco Verwijs is found comparing the feast of St. Nicholas with Germanic pagan traditions and noting that the appearance of Wodan and Eckart in December reminds him of that of St. Nicholas and "his servant Ruprecht" (
311:("chimney Petes"). In a 2013 survey, 92 per cent of the Dutch public did not perceive Zwarte Piet as racist or associate him with slavery, and 91 per cent were opposed to altering the character's appearance. In a similar survey in 2018, between 80 and 88 per cent of the Dutch public did not perceive Zwarte Piet as racist, and between 41 and 54 per cent were happy with the character's modernised appearance (a mix of
4990:
590:
344:
723:. Those helpers would listen, just like Zwarte Piet, at the chimney â which was just a hole in the roof at that time â to tell Wodan about the good and bad behaviour of the mortals. Historian Rita Ghesquiere asserts that it is likely that certain pre-christian elements survived in the honouring of Saint Nicholas. Indeed, it seems clear that the tradition contains a number of elements that are not
133:
1448:
512:
1462:
859:, which at that time was an exciting modern invention. Perhaps building on the fact that Saint Nicholas historically is the patron saint of the sailors (many churches dedicated to him have been built near harbours), Schenkman could have been inspired by the Spanish customs and ideas about the saint when he portrayed him arriving via the water in his book. Schenkman introduced the song
3076:
1074:) as a postcolonial replacement of Sinterklaas. Instead of a white man, Gudu Ppa was black. His helpers symbolised Suriname's different ethnic groups, replacing Zwarte Piet. Although promoted by the military regime in the eighties, Gudu Ppa never really caught on. In 2011, opposition member of parliament and former president
1172:, the traditional New Netherlands observance had completely disappeared." However, Irving's stories prominently featured legends of the early Dutch settlers, so while the traditional practice may have died out, Irving's St. Nicholas may have been a revival of that dormant Dutch strand of folklore. In his 1812 revisions to
645:
In recent years, influenced by North-American media and the Anglo-Saxon
Christmas tradition, when the children reach the age where they get told "the big secret of Sinterklaas", some people will shift to Christmas Eve or Christmas Day for the present giving. Older children in Dutch families where the
302:
Since the 2010s, the traditions surrounding the holiday of
Sinterklaas have been the subject of a growing number of editorials, debates, documentaries, protests and even violent clashes at festivals. In most cities and television channels now only display Zwarte Piet characters with some soot smudges
228:
collar) and a feathered cap. He is typically depicted carrying a bag which contains candy for the children, which he tosses around, a tradition supposedly originating in the story of Saint
Nicholas saving three young girls from prostitution by tossing golden coins through their window at night to pay
111:
on 6 December. The feast is celebrated annually with the giving of gifts on St. Nicholas' Eve (5 December) in the
Netherlands and on the morning of 6 December, Saint Nicholas Day, Belgium, Luxembourg, western Germany, northern France (French Flanders, Lorraine, Alsace and Artois), Romania, Poland and
617:
On the evening of 5 December, parents, family, friends or acquaintances pretend to act on behalf of "Sinterklaas", or his helpers, and fool the children into thinking that "Sinterklaas" has really given them presents. This may be done through a note that is "found", explaining where the presents are
824:
officially became a
Protestant country and abolished public Catholic celebrations. Nevertheless, the Saint Nicholas feast never completely disappeared in the Netherlands. In Amsterdam, where the public Saint Nicholas festivities were very popular, main events like street markets and fairs were kept
529:
In the weeks between his arrival and 5 December, Sinterklaas visits schools, hospitals, and shopping centres. He is said to ride his white-grey horse over the rooftops at night, delivering gifts through the chimney to the well-behaved children. Traditionally, naughty children risked being caught by
622:
sack of presents with them. Sometimes a neighbour will knock on the door (pretending to be a Zwarte Piet) and leave the sack outside for the children to retrieve; this varies per family. When the presents arrive, the living room is decked out with them, much as on
Christmas Day in English-speaking
1187:
in which he calls for making Saint
Nicholas the patron Saint of New York and starting a Sinterklaas tradition. He was apparently assisted by the Dutch because in his pamphlet he included an old Dutch Sinterklaas poem with an English translation. In the Dutch poem, Saint Nicholas is referred to as
626:
In the
Southern Netherlands and Belgium, most children have to wait until the morning of 6 December to receive their gifts, and Sinterklaas is seen as a festivity almost exclusively for children. The shoes are filled with a poem or wish list for Sinterklaas and carrots, hay or sugar cubes for the
367:
The festivities traditionally begin each year in mid-November (the first
Saturday after 11 November), when Sinterklaas "arrives" by a steamboat at a designated seaside town, supposedly from Alicante (Spain). In the Netherlands this takes place in a different port each year, whereas in Belgium it
1159:
noted that the feast day of "St. a Claus" was celebrated "by the descendants of the ancient Dutch families, with their usual festivities." In a study of the "children's books, periodicals and journals" of New
Amsterdam, the scholar Charles Jones did not find references to Saint Nicholas or
395:(arrival of Sinterklaas). Local arrivals usually take place later on the same Saturday of the national arrival, the next day (Sunday), or one weekend after the national arrival. In places a boat cannot reach, Sinterklaas arrives by train, horse, horse-drawn carriage or even a fire truck.
328:
In the Netherlands, Sinterklaas is a very popular tradition. The festival is celebrated by a wide range of people including Dutch Jews and Muslims, and by generally all age groups. However, a 2023 survey showed that most are "less keen" to celebrate following the controversy surrounding
808:
and moved the date for giving presents from 6 December to Christmas Eve. Certain Protestant municipalities and clerics forbade Saint Nicholas festivities, as the Protestants wanted to abolish the cult of saints and saint adoration, while keeping the midwinter gift-bringing feast alive.
1318:
is a Sinterklaas-themed soap opera aimed at children. The popular television series has run since 1999 and has had a number of spin-off series. Since 2001, a Sinterklaas "news" program aimed at children is broadcast daily on Dutch television during the holiday season, the
773:
In early traditions, students elected one of their classmates as "bishop" on St. Nicholas Day, who would rule until 28 December (Innocents Day), and they sometimes acted out events from the bishop's life. As the festival moved to city streets, it became more lively.
991:
This is a variation of one of the best-known traditional Sinterklaas rhymes, with "RAF" replacing "Sinterklaas" in the first line (the two expressions have the same metrical characteristics in the first and second, and in the third and fourth lines). The Dutch word
244:'s broom made of willow branches, used to spank children who had been naughty. Some of the older Sinterklaas songs make mention of naughty children being put in Zwarte Piet's bag and being taken back to Spain. This part of the legend refers to the times that the
315:
and blackface). A June 2020 survey saw a drop in support for leaving the character's appearance unaltered: 47 per cent of those surveyed supported the traditional appearance, compared to 71 per cent in a similar survey held in November 2019. Prime Minister
220:("St. Nicholas and His Servant"), published in 1850 by Amsterdam schoolteacher Jan Schenkman; however, the tradition appears to date back at least as far as the early 19th century. Zwarte Piet's colourful dress is based on 16th-century noble attire, with a
267:
Over the years many stories have been added, and Zwarte Piet has developed into a valuable assistant to the absent-minded saint. In modern adaptations for television, Sinterklaas has developed a Zwarte Piet for every function, such as a Head Piet
537:, or a door). They leave the shoe with a carrot or some hay in it and a bowl of water nearby "for Sinterklaas' horse", and the children sing a Sinterklaas song. The next day they find some candy or a small present in their shoes.
410:, traditionally gifts associated with St. Nicholas, led to the misconception that he must have been from Spain. This theory is backed by a Dutch poem documented in 1810 in New York and provided with an English translation:
851:('Saint Nicholas and his servant'), written in 1850 by the teacher Jan Schenkman (1806â1863). Some say he introduced the images of Sinterklaas' delivering presents by the chimney, riding over the roofs of houses on a
825:
alive with persons impersonating Nicholas dressed in red clothes instead of a bishop's tabard and mitre. The Dutch government eventually tolerated private family celebrations of Saint Nicholas' Day, as can be seen on
1023:, but just after the liberation of the Netherlands, Canadian soldiers organised a Sinterklaas party with many Zwarte Pieten, and ever since this has been the custom, each Piet normally having his own dedicated task.
641:
Poems from Sinterklaas usually accompany gifts, bearing a personal message for the receiver. It is usually a humorous poem which often teases the recipient for well-known bad habits or other character deficiencies.
627:
horse on the evening of the fifth and in Belgium often a bottle of beer for Zwarte Piet and a cup of coffee for Sinterklaas are placed next to them. Also in some areas, when it is time for children to give up their
83:
667:
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2318:(The Hague, 1863), p. 40). An older reference to a possible pagan origin of a "St. Nicholas and his black servant with chains", apparently in a Dutch setting, is found in L. Ph. C. van den Bergh,
3108:
2411:
1192:
to pop up as Santa Claus in the Christmas celebration, which returned – freed of episcopal dignity and ties – via England and later Germany to Europe again.
320:
stated in a parliamentary debate on 5 June 2020 that he had changed his opinion on the issue and now has more understanding for people who consider the character's appearance to be racist.
104:("The Good Holy Man"). Many descendants and cognates of "Sinterklaas" or "Saint Nicholas" in other languages are also used in the Low Countries, nearby regions, and former Dutch colonies.
4241:
2212:
1035:, Dutch-style Sinterklaas events were organised until 2020. The Zwarte Piet costumes were purple, gold, blue, yellow and orange but especially black and dark black. Prime Minister
866:
In Schenkman's version, the medieval figures of the mock devil, which later changed to Oriental or Moorish helpers, was portrayed for the first time as black African and called
372:. The steamboat anchors, then Sinterklaas disembarks and parades through the streets on his horse, welcomed by children cheering and singing traditional Sinterklaas songs. His
1736:
5091:
4236:
1176:, Irving inserted a dream sequence featuring St. Nicholas soaring over treetops in a flying wagon – a creation others would later dress up as Santa Claus.
890:(RAF) was often celebrated. In 1941, for instance, the RAF dropped boxes of candy over the occupied Netherlands. One classical poem turned contemporary was the following:
1361:
poisoning, he briefly turns into Sinterklaas, using his magic to play tricks and make toys appear in people's shoes, before regaining control of his current incarnation.
766:. The feast was both an occasion to help the poor, by putting money in their shoes (which evolved into putting presents in children's shoes) and a wild feast, similar to
1872:
1078:
called for an official ban on Sinterklaas because he considered Zwarte Piet to be a racist element. Since 2013, the Sinterklaas feast on 5 December has been replaced by
3101:
2322:(Utrecht, 1836), p. 74 ("...de verschijning van den zwarten knecht van St. Nikolaas met kettingen, die de kinders verschrikt, ... acht ik van heidenschen oorsprong").
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Sinterklaas has been the subject of a number of Dutch novels, films and television series, primarily aimed at children. Sinterklaas-themed children's films include
4192:
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216:("Black Pete"), a helper dressed in Moorish attire and in a black painted face. Zwarte Piet first appeared in print as the nameless servant of Saint Nicholas in
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poems of this time noted the lack of food and basic necessities, and the German occupiers having taken everything of value; others expressed admiration for the
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Before going to bed, children each leave a single shoe next to the fireplace chimney of the coal-fired stove or fireplace (or in modern times close to the
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In the Netherlands, Saint Nicholas' Eve, 5 December, became the chief occasion for gift-giving during the winter holiday season. The evening is called
715:
or Odin, a major god among the Germanic peoples, who was worshipped in Northern and Western Europe prior to Christianization. Riding the white horse
2415:
2310:. Retrieved 19 November 2013. According to E. Boer-Dirks, "Nieuw licht op Zwarte Piet. Een kunsthistorisch antwoord op de vraag naar de herkomst",
1810:
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1278:
150:
in present-day Turkey. He is depicted as an elderly, stately and serious man with white hair and a long, full beard. He wears a long red cape or
1710:
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280:) to wrap all the gifts, and Acrobatic Piet to climb roofs and chimneys. Traditionally Zwarte Piet's face is said to be black because he is a
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figures. Newer treats include gingerbread biscuits and a figurine of Sinterklaas made of chocolate and wrapped in coloured aluminium foil.
2216:
1927:
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against the use of Zwarte Piet. Since 2020, the Sinterklaas feast is no longer nationally celebrated in Curaçao and has been replaced by
398:
Sinterklaas is said to come from Spain, possibly because in 1087, half of Saint Nicholas' relics were transported to the Italian city of
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654:. Because of the popularity of his "older cousin" Sinterklaas, Santa Claus is however not commonly seen in the Netherlands and Belgium.
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1000:. The second line is straight from the original rhyme, but in the third and fourth line the RAF is encouraged to drop bombs on the
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In the 19th century, the saint emerged from hiding and the feast became more secularised at the same time. The modern tradition of
5101:
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4648:
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1781:"VN wil einde Sinterklaasfeest â Binnenland | Het laatste nieuws uit Nederland leest u op Telegraaf.nl [binnenland]"
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1205:(corrupted in English to Kris Kringle). Similarly, the date of giving gifts changed from 5 or 6 December to Christmas Eve.
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The present is often creatively disguised by being packaged in a humorous, unusual or personalised way. This is called a
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631:, they place it into his or her shoe ("safekeeping by Sinterklaas") and it is replaced with chocolate the next morning.
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1898:
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Sinterklaas. Not all scholars agree with Jones' findings, which he reiterated in a book in 1978. Howard G. Hageman, of
5031:
5026:
2742:
1873:"Niet alleen Rutte is van mening veranderd: de steun voor traditionele Zwarte Piet is gedaald - weblog Gijs Rademaker"
1257:
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684:
650:. Instead of such gifts being brought by Sinterklaas, family members ordinarily draw names for an event comparable to
264:
and children are no longer told that they will be taken back to Spain in Zwarte Piet's bag if they have been naughty.
2612:
820:, the new Calvinist regents, ministers and clericals prohibited celebration of Saint Nicholas. The newly independent
1404:
in Bari, South Tyrol, Alpine municipalities, and many others); parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia (
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tradition. Apparently he got help from the Dutch community in New York, that provided him with the original Dutch
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children are too old to believe in Sinterklaas any more, also often celebrate Christmas with presents instead of
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1357:) is an "immortal avatar" who has existed in many different incarnations throughout history. After experiencing
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Sinterklaas carries a big, red book which records whether each child has been good or naughty in the past year.
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in 16thâ17th-century Europe, many Protestants changed the gift bringer from Sinterklaas to the Christ Child or
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because of the region's Dutch heritage. It includes Sinterklaas' crossing the Hudson River and then a parade.
291:
2508:
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1164:, maintains that the tradition of celebrating Sinterklaas in New York existed in the early settlement of the
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1314:
2414:. Stiftung LuthergedenkstĂ€tten in Sachsen-Anhalt â Staatliche GeschĂ€ftsstelle "Luther 2017". Archived from
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Hungary. The tradition is also celebrated in some territories of the former Dutch Empire, including Aruba.
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of the largely Protestant northern provinces of the Low Countries against the rule of Roman Catholic king
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4152:
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E. Boer-Dirks, "Nieuw licht op Zwarte Piet. Een kunsthistorisch antwoord op de vraag naar de herkomst",
1595:
770:, that often led to costumes, a "topsy-turvy" overturning of daily roles, and mass public drunkenness.
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388:, into the crowd. The event is broadcast live on national television in the Netherlands and Belgium.
248:, and as far as Iceland, to abduct the local people into slavery. This quality can be found in other
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1928:"Most Dutch people are less keen to celebrate Sinterklaas due to Zwarte Piet discussions | NL Times"
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2213:"Wodan en de oorsprong van het Sinterklaasfeest (Wodan and the origin of Saint Nicolas' festivity)"
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Other holiday figures based on Saint Nicholas are celebrated in some parts of Germany and Austria (
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is about the Sinterklaas tradition, including chapter 4 "Sinterklaas Eve" and 5 "Sinterklaas Day".
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1168:. He agrees that "there can be no question that by the time the revival of St. Nicholas came with
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1981:
Seeing through the archival prism: A history of the representation of Muslims on Dutch television
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185:("oh so fast"), after a passage in a well-known Sinterklaas song. In Belgium, the horse is named
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he flew through the air as the leader of the Wild Hunt, always accompanied by two black ravens,
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De christelijke feesten: Eene bijdrage tot de kennis der germaansche mythologie. I. Sinterklaas
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as Sinterklaas. They converse in Dutch and sing a Sinterklaas song while she sits on his lap.
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countries. On 6 December "Sinterklaas" departs without any ado, and all festivities are over.
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The Saint Nicholas Society of New York celebrates a feast on 6 December to this day. In the
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863:("Look over yonder, the steamboat is arriving"), which is still popular in the Netherlands.
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159:
4623:
2340:; Lev-Aladgem, Shulamith; Martin, Jacqueline; Sauter, Willmar; Schoenmakers, Henri (2007).
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tradition, as Saint Nicholas was a symbol of the city's non-English past. In the 1770s the
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483:. Pintard wanted St. Nicholas to become patron saint of New York and hoped to establish a
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released in New York in 1810. It is the earliest source mentioning Spain in connection to
260:. In modern versions of the Sinterklaas feast, however, Zwarte Piet no longer carries the
221:
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1004:(slur for Germans, like "krauts" in English) and candy over the Netherlands. Many of the
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Some of these were collected, published in 2009 by Hinke Piersma, a researcher at the
2346:. Amsterdam and New York: International Federation for Theatre Research. p. 291.
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threatened to withdraw the grant for the Dutch tradition after the Curaçaoan activist
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1113:), they were banned by the government as part of its broader decolonization efforts.
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1246:, his helpers are "Christmas angels" who are deceased people of all nationalities.
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996:(little rascal) is traditional to the rhyme, but in this case it also alludes to a
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181:, but he was "pensioned" (i.e., died) in 2019 and replaced with a new horse called
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is based on the historical figure of Saint Nicholas (270â343), a Greek bishop of
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as a children's feast was likely confirmed with the illustrated children's book
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2194:"Lezing met dia's over 'op zoek naar zwarte piet' (in search of Zwarte Piet)"
1739:[RTL stops with Black Pete, from now on only Petes with soot marks].
1242:: he and his wife have Dutch accents, and she calls him Nicolaas. In lieu of
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276:) to navigate the steamboat from Spain to the Netherlands, a Presents Piet (
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because he has to climb through chimneys to deliver gifts for Sinterklaas.
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1992:
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Flights of Fancy, Leaps of Faith: Children's Myths in Contemporary America
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assistants throw candy and small, round, gingerbread-like cookies, either
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from Spain. Today, some children are told that his face is blackened with
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628:
582:
151:
2886:
2869:
2494:
4900:
4895:
4800:
4764:
4689:
4658:
3705:
3544:
3484:
3350:
1120:
region of New York, Sinterklaas is celebrated annually in the towns of
672:
369:
253:
167:
2452:"Hitler heeft den strijd gestart, maar aan 't eind krijgt hij de gard"
1711:"Zwarte Piet: Opposition Grows To 'Racist Black Pete' Dutch Tradition"
4905:
4862:
4852:
4488:
4366:
3862:
3832:
3618:
3564:
3345:
3143:
2632:"Suramnya Hari Sinterklas 1957, Buntut Naiknya Sentimen Anti-Belanda"
1291:
619:
530:
Black Pete, who carried a jute bag and willow cane for that purpose.
523:
92:, patron saint of children. Other Dutch names for the figure include
2595:"Starnieuws - NDP ondersteunt Venetiaan met afschaffing Sinterklaas"
2301:
1652:
Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean
1031:
The festival has also been adhered in the former Dutch colonies. In
1599:[Saint Nicholas with horse and carriage on Market Square].
1582:"25 jaar geleden kwam de 1e aflevering van "Dag Sinterklaas" op tv"
1039:
has spoken negatively of the tradition. In 2011, the government of
115:
Sinterklaas is one of the sources of the popular Christmas icon of
4704:
3390:
2759:
Saint Nicholas of Myra, Bari, and Manhattan: Biography of a Legend
2739:
Saint Nicholas of Myra, Bari, and Manhattan: Biography of a Legend
2495:"In Willemstad is piet vooral donker zwart en sint wit geschminkt"
1147:, the inhabitants of New York City, a former Dutch colonial town (
997:
776:
729:
712:
678:
666:
588:
510:
491:
poem. Strictly speaking, the poem does not state that Sinterklaas
354:
342:
290:
281:
230:
163:
131:
1737:"RTL stopt met Zwarte Piet, voortaan alleen pieten met roetvegen"
391:
Following this national arrival, other towns celebrate their own
4926:
4590:
3308:
1615:"Sinterklaas gedichten | Kies nu jouw leuke sinterklaasgedicht!"
1306:
399:
285:
225:
147:
3219:
3090:
1763:[No more Black Pete in Amsterdam, only Chimney Petes].
2099:(in Dutch). Female-Gamers.nl. 15 November 2011. Archived from
1978:
Meuzelaar, A. (2014). "3: Reporting on the Rituals of Islam".
1761:"Geen Zwarte Piet meer in Amsterdam, alleen Schoorsteenpieten"
568:(the first letter of the child's name made out of chocolate),
295:
A person in costume as the modernized "Sooty Pete" version of
170:, a long ceremonial shepherd's staff with a fancy curled top.
155:
1654:, the Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500â1800, Robert Davis, 2004
3215:
893:
798:
in 16th- and 17th-century Europe, Protestant reformers like
413:
2232:"St. Nicolas and the tradition of celebrating his birthday"
2149:"Wat heeft Sinterklaas met Germaanse mythologie te maken?"
785:("Saint Nicholas and his servant"), by Jan Schenkman, 1850
1236:
Santa Claus is portrayed as Sinterklaas in the 1985 film
2343:
Festivalising!: Theatrical Events, Politics and Culture
2040:
2038:
675:
during 1â8 December 1655 (to combat Catholic idolatry).
236:
Traditionally, he would also carry a birch rod (Dutch:
1987:(PhD thesis). Amsterdam School for Cultural Analysis.
1058:
Dutch-style Sinterklaas events were also organised in
802:
changed the Saint gift bringer to the Christ Child or
618:
hidden, as though Zwarte Piet visited them and left a
1264:
Sinterklaas-themed films aimed at adults include the
886:
rhymes were rewritten to reflect current events. The
671:
Municipal ban on Sint-Nicolaas pastry in the town of
5072:
Supernatural beings identified with Christian saints
2847:
2845:
614:("gifts evening", or literally "packages evening").
347:
Sinterklaas and his Zwarte Piet helpers arriving by
4919:
4888:
4835:
4809:
4788:
4667:
4612:
4599:
4397:
4292:
4203:
4034:
3756:
3677:
3588:
3465:
3319:
3182:
3131:
1899:"Rutte: ik ben anders gaan denken over Zwarte Piet"
1547:, Landelijk Centrum voor Cultuur van Alledag (LECA)
475:The text presented here comes from a pamphlet that
45:
23:
2412:"Martin Luther soll das Christkind erfunden haben"
1594:
1188:'Sancta Claus'. Ultimately, his initiative helped
1027:Popularity and celebration outside the Netherlands
303:on the face rather than full blackface, so-called
1584:, Alexander Verstraete, VRT NWS, 26 November 2017
540:Typical Sinterklaas treats traditionally include
2581:Historische Kranten, Erfgoed Leiden en Omstreken
2172:"huginn and muninn 'Myths of the Norsemen' from"
2007:"Sinterklaas ArrivalâAmsterdam, the Netherlands"
177:. In the Netherlands, the last horse was called
49:Delivering gifts to children on St Nicholas' Eve
2723:Jones, Charles W. "Knickerbocker Santa Claus".
2577:"Leidse Courant â 19 november 1980 â pagina 15"
2390:Martin Luther und der Festbrauch, Cologne, 1959
1347:In the fourth episode of the television series
1019:was only accompanied by one (or sometimes two)
2907:, Neerlands Filmdoek, 29 November 2013 (Dutch)
2613:"Sint en Piet niet meer op Surinaamse scholen"
2559:"Surinaamse Sint ruilt Piet in voor suikerfee"
2320:Nederlandsche volksoverleveringen en godenleer
1958:Joods.nl: Nieuws uit Joods Nederland en Israel
1139:is the basis for the North American figure of
597:, typical Sinterklaas candy in the Netherlands
463:Roll through the streets, all free unclaim'd
3231:
3102:
2258:"Artikel: sinterklaas and Germanic mythology"
8:
1811:"Onderzoek: Zwarte Piet is genoeg aangepast"
2300:. Retrieved 19 November 2013; J. de Jager,
2260:(in Dutch). historianet.nl. 3 December 2011
2151:(in Dutch). historianet.nl. 3 December 2011
1745:(in Dutch). 24 October 2016. Archived from
1505:. University of Chicago Press. p. 26.
1183:published a pamphlet with illustrations of
737:depiction at a 16th-century house near the
602:Saint Nicholas' Eve and Saint Nicholas' Day
5092:Dutch-American culture in New York (state)
4609:
3238:
3224:
3216:
3109:
3095:
3087:
2681:"Saint Nicholas, Sinterklaas, Santa Claus"
2630:Fakhriansyah, Muhammad (5 December 2021).
2278:
2135:
1694:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1525:
601:
31:
20:
2859:. 22 November 1985. Event occurs at TBD.
2725:The New-York Historical Society Quarterly
2541:"Geen sinterklaasviering meer op Curaçao"
2523:"Op Curaçao hebben ze al regenboogpieten"
2332:
2330:
2328:
1089:until 1957 when, in what became known as
402:, which later formed part of the Spanish
166:and ruby ring, and holds a gold-coloured
2370:, University of California Press, 2007,
703:and others have drawn parallels between
507:Period leading up to Saint Nicholas' Eve
107:The feast of Sinterklaas celebrates the
16:Legendary figure based on Saint Nicholas
2953:
2769:. Vol. 36, no. 3. Princeton:
2509:"Zwarte en gekleurde Pieten op Curaçao"
2097:"Artikel: Sinterklaas Gaming Surprises"
1491:
1279:11th Berlin International Film Festival
1132:Sinterklaas as a source for Santa Claus
564:(pastry filled with almond paste) or a
2023:. St. Nicholas Center. 4 December 1953
1687:
1353:("And Santa's Midnight Ride"), Santa (
1143:. It is often claimed that during the
5082:Fictional toymakers and toy inventors
4568:Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus
3051:Van Nicolaas van Myra tot Sinterklaas
2838:. 2 May 1947. Event occurs at 23:40.
2711:The Island at the Center of the World
2438:Dutch Institute for War Documentation
2303:Rituelen & Tradities: Sinterklaas
1922:
1920:
1499:Clark, Cindy Dell (1 November 1998).
75:
62:
7:
2905:"Sinterklaas in de Nederlandse film"
2679:Lendering, Jona (20 November 2008).
1062:. In 1970 the Surinamese playwright
882:(1940â1945) many of the traditional
880:German occupation of the Netherlands
499:to Spain to pick up the oranges and
461:And likewise those granate surnam'd,
2917:Card, Orson Scott (November 2007).
1837:"Onderzoek: Rapportage Zwarte Piet"
1642:, 19 (1993), pp. 1â35; 2â4, 10, 14.
1047:was arrested, when he protested in
3125:Public holidays in the Netherlands
2450:Budde, Sjoukje (4 December 2008).
2293:Piet en Sint â veelgestelde vragen
1846:. 15 November 2018. Archived from
1596:"Sint met paard en koets op Markt"
1162:New Brunswick Theological Seminary
961:Throw something in my little boot,
959:Throw something in my little shoe,
855:horse, and arriving from Spain by
368:always takes place in the city of
154:over a traditional white bishop's
14:
2497:. Volkskrant.n. 18 November 2017.
1954:"Joden en Sinterklaas - joods.nl"
1787:. 22 October 2013. Archived from
1684:. University of California Press.
1668:Wie is die Zwarte Piet eigenlijk?
975:throw something in my little shoe
495:from Spain, but that he needs to
189:, meaning "bad weather today" or
88:) is a legendary figure based on
4989:
4988:
4444:Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004
4339:Old Santeclaus with Much Delight
3118:
3074:
2834:(DVD). Los Angeles, California:
2727:. Vol. XXXVIII, no. 4.
1952:Redactie, De (2 December 2016).
1460:
1446:
1085:Sinterklaas events were held in
1082:("Children's Day") in Suriname.
781:Illustration from the 1850 book
453:Put on the Tabard, best you can,
246:Moors raided the European coasts
2123:"Examples of typical surprises"
1603:(in Flemish). 14 December 2014.
1179:In New York, two years earlier
576:(animal-shaped figures made of
4424:Bronner's Christmas Wonderland
4353:Christmas Day in the Workhouse
3736:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
3515:Legend of the Christmas Spider
2920:A War of Gifts: An Ender Story
2804:University of California Press
2771:Princeton Theological Seminary
2476:Sijs, Nicoline van der (2009)
2181:– via Project Gutenberg.
1432:), among others. See further:
459:Where apples bright of Orange,
451:Saint Nicholas, good holy man!
37:Sinterklaas and his companion
1:
4375:Christmas television specials
4274:The New Oxford Book of Carols
3361:Annunciation to the shepherds
2660:. Sinterklaashudsonvalley.com
2478:Cookies, Coleslaw, and Stoops
1481:Folklore of the Low Countries
1364:Sinterklaas also appeared in
1270:Makkers Staakt uw Wild Geraas
428:Reis daar mee naar Amsterdam,
119:(Santa=Sinter, Claus=Klaas).
4429:Christmas and holiday season
2925:Tor / Tom Doherty Associates
2855:(DVD). Burbank, California:
2796:Forbes, Bruce David (2007).
2009:. St. Nicholas Center. 2008.
1769:(in Dutch). 4 November 2016.
1766:Nederlandse Omroep Stichting
1680:Forbes, Bruce David (2007).
1476:Companions of Saint Nicholas
1219:In a scene in the 1947 film
1145:American War of Independence
1066:envisioned the character of
849:Sint-Nicolaas en zijn knecht
455:Go, therewith, to Amsterdam,
436:Die rollen door de straten.
250:companions of Saint Nicholas
218:Sint-Nikolaas en zijn knecht
2799:Christmas: A Candid History
2755:Hageman, Howard G. (1979).
2743:University of Chicago Press
2368:Christmas: a candid history
2230:Christina, Carlijn (2006).
2125:(in Dutch). knutselidee.nl.
2021:"Knickerbocker Santa Claus"
1682:Christmas: A Candid History
963:Thank you dear Sinterklaas
933:Gooi wat in mijn schoentje,
909:Gooi wat in mijn schoentje,
861:Zie ginds komt de stoomboot
832:The Feast of Saint Nicholas
783:St. Nikolaas en zijn knecht
685:The Feast of Saint Nicholas
610:("Sinterklaas evening") or
424:Sinterklaas, goedheiligman!
210:Sinterklaas is assisted by
5118:
5077:Fictional Christian saints
5042:Culture of the Netherlands
3341:Adoration of the Shepherds
2511:. Nu.nl. 16 November 2013.
2482:Amsterdam University Press
2215:(in Dutch). Archived from
2211:Almekinders, Jaap (2005).
2196:(in Dutch). Archived from
1334:Much of the first half of
1225:, a Dutch girl recognises
1212:
957:Sinterklaas, little capon,
434:Daar Appelen van granaten,
430:Van Amsterdam naar Spanje,
426:Trek uwe beste tabberd an,
203:
109:name day of Saint Nicholas
4984:
4585:WWE Tribute to the Troops
4346:A Visit from St. Nicholas
4267:The Oxford Book of Carols
3843:Feast of the Seven Fishes
3406:Massacre of the Innocents
3255:
3049:Ghesquiere, Rita (1989).
2713:. Random House LLC, 2005.
2170:Guerber, HĂ©lĂšne Adeline.
979:but scatter in Holland!
941:Maar in Holland strooien!
913:Gooi wat in mijn laarsje,
307:("soot-smudge Petes") or
173:He traditionally rides a
30:
4387:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
3205:Public holidays in Aruba
2857:Buena Vista Distribution
2050:www.stnicholascenter.org
707:and his helpers and the
535:central heating radiator
457:From Amsterdam to Spain,
432:Daar Appelen van Oranje,
359:Sinterklaas arriving in
193:("nice weather today").
77:[sÉȘntËnikoËlaËs]
5102:Christmas gift-bringers
5067:Dutch words and phrases
4549:Small Business Saturday
4419:Black Friday (shopping)
4414:Black Friday (partying)
3908:Nine Lessons and Carols
3838:Events and celebrations
3200:Remembrance of the Dead
1388:); the Czech Republic (
1380:Related holiday figures
1370:, the Dutch version of
1315:De Club van Sinterklaas
1290:(2007) and its Belgian
1258:Where Is Winky's Horse?
1070:("Father of Riches" in
905:Sinterklaas, kapoentje,
790:16th and 17th centuries
556:(sometimes filled with
393:intocht van Sinterklaas
100:("The Good Saint") and
64:[ËsÉȘntÉrËklaËs]
5087:Dutch-American culture
5057:Catholicism in Belgium
4193:Post-War United States
3149:Feast of the Ascension
2888:Where Is Winky's Horse
2832:Miracle on 34th Street
1331:has aired since 2009.
1255:(2005) and the sequel
1222:Miracle on 34th Street
1209:Sinterklaas in fiction
1108:
1098:
786:
750:
701:HĂ©lĂšne Adeline Guerber
693:
676:
598:
526:
406:. Others suggest that
364:
352:
299:
272:), a Navigation Piet (
140:
136:Sinterklaas played by
4242:Hit singles in the US
4237:Hit singles in the UK
3798:Carols by Candlelight
3726:Santa Claus' daughter
3334:Adoration of the Magi
3183:Other public holidays
2366:Forbes, Bruce David,
1174:A History of New York
937:Bij de Moffen gooien,
812:After the successful
780:
733:
682:
670:
592:
514:
358:
346:
294:
135:
5037:December observances
4534:Santa's Candy Castle
3858:Google Santa Tracker
3190:Feast of Sinterklaas
3083:at Wikimedia Commons
3081:Sinterklaas (figure)
2547:. 20 September 2020.
2338:Hauptfleisch, Temple
2312:Volkskundig Bulletin
2290:Meertens Instituut,
2192:Booy, Frits (2003).
1640:Volkskundig Bulletin
1619:www.1001gedichten.nl
1323:. The Dutch-Belgian
1273:(1960), which won a
1151:), reinvented their
977:throw at the Krauts
973:R.A.F. little Capon,
968:World War II version
923:World War II version
917:Dank U Sinterklaasje
663:Pre-Christian Europe
158:and a sometimes-red
4539:Santa Claus Village
4454:Christmas Mountains
4360:Journey of the Magi
3366:Baptism of the Lord
2853:One Magic Christmas
2583:. 19 November 1980.
2418:on 26 December 2017
2083:St. Nicholas Center
1853:on 19 February 2019
1791:on 20 December 2013
1543:3 July 2022 at the
1454:Christianity portal
1329:Slot Marsepeinstein
1321:Sinterklaasjournaal
1239:One Magic Christmas
1215:Santa Claus in film
638:(from the French).
187:Slecht weer vandaag
5032:Christian folklore
5027:Culture of Belgium
4649:Twelve-dish supper
4499:Jews and Christmas
4449:Christmas Lectures
4178:American Civil War
3913:NORAD Tracks Santa
3289:Saint Nicholas Day
2777:on 7 December 2008
2737:Charles W. Jones,
2619:. 6 December 2013.
2599:www.starnieuws.com
2565:. 2 December 2014.
2200:on 12 October 2011
2059:on 8 December 2008
1817:. 16 November 2018
1749:on 2 January 2018.
1601:Het Laatste Nieuws
1434:Saint Nicholas Day
1185:Alexander Anderson
1157:New York Gazetteer
1110:Zwarte Sinterklaas
818:Philip II of Spain
787:
751:
694:
677:
599:
527:
506:
365:
353:
339:Arrival from Spain
300:
141:
138:Bram van der Vlugt
5004:
5003:
4980:
4979:
4644:Thirteen desserts
4564:Virginia O'Hanlon
4409:Advent Conspiracy
4323:Films (Christmas,
4315:A Christmas Carol
4260:Carols for Choirs
3803:Cavalcade of Magi
3783:Boar's Head Feast
3452:Star of Bethlehem
3423:Nativity of Jesus
3411:flight into Egypt
3296:St. Stephen's Day
3213:
3212:
3132:National holidays
3079:Media related to
2938:978-0-7653-1282-2
2817:978-0-520-25104-5
2709:Shorto, Russell.
1709:Morse, Felicity.
1670:, 23 October 2013
1528:, pp. 84â85.
1229:department store
1170:Washington Irving
1091:Black Sinterklaas
988:
987:
929:R.A.F. Kapoentje,
762:arose during the
721:Huginn and Muninn
578:sugary confection
472:
471:
404:Kingdom of Naples
309:schoorsteenpieten
191:Mooi weer vandaag
53:
52:
5109:
5097:Medieval legends
5062:Catholic culture
5052:Belgian folklore
4996:
4992:
4991:
4827:Redcurrant sauce
4616:
4610:
4605:
4579:Winter festivals
4329:Christmas horror
4296:
4207:
4038:
3893:Meals and feasts
3813:Christmas jumper
3760:
3731:Santa's reindeer
3683:
3629:Father Christmas
3593:
3550:Santa's workshop
3471:
3433:in later culture
3311:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3249:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3217:
3123:
3122:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3088:
3078:
3064:
3037:
2958:
2943:
2942:
2914:
2908:
2901:
2895:
2884:
2878:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2849:
2840:
2839:
2836:20th Century Fox
2828:
2822:
2821:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2773:. Archived from
2752:
2746:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2720:
2714:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2687:. Archived from
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2527:Algemeen Dagblad
2519:
2513:
2512:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2491:
2485:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2447:
2441:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2385:
2379:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2334:
2323:
2298:meertens.knaw.nl
2288:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2238:on 26 April 2012
2234:. Archived from
2228:
2226:
2224:
2219:on 26 April 2012
2209:
2207:
2205:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2103:on 26 April 2012
2093:
2087:
2086:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2058:
2052:. Archived from
2042:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1986:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1924:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1852:
1841:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1693:
1685:
1677:
1671:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1598:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1554:
1548:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1496:
1470:
1465:
1464:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1396:); Switzerland (
1342:Orson Scott Card
1297:(2010); and the
1100:Sinterklas Hitam
1076:Ronald Venetiaan
1055:on 20 November.
1010:Dutch Resistance
894:
760:Sinterklaasfeest
608:Sinterklaasavond
595:chocolate letter
566:chocolate letter
542:mandarin oranges
414:
408:mandarin oranges
102:De Goedheiligman
87:
86:
85:
79:
74:
66:
61:
35:
21:
5117:
5116:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5007:
5006:
5005:
5000:
4994:
4976:
4942:Pickled herring
4915:
4884:
4831:
4822:Cranberry sauce
4805:
4784:
4760:Red velvet cake
4745:Poppy seed roll
4663:
4614:
4603:
4601:
4595:
4574:White Christmas
4464:Christmas truce
4459:Christmas seals
4439:Christmas creep
4401:
4399:
4393:
4294:
4288:
4205:
4199:
4036:
4030:
3883:Lord of Misrule
3818:Christmas Peace
3768:Advent calendar
3758:
3752:
3701:Knecht Ruprecht
3681:
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3469:
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3386:Herod the Great
3321:
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3040:
3028:in German; and
2959:
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2916:
2915:
2911:
2903:Guido Franken,
2902:
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2638:(in Indonesian)
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2405:
2388:Köhler, Erika.
2387:
2386:
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2365:
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2279:Ghesquiere 1989
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2136:Ghesquiere 1989
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1545:Wayback Machine
1536:
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1526:Ghesquiere 1989
1524:
1520:
1513:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1468:Holidays portal
1466:
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1287:Alles is Liefde
1283:romantic comedy
1217:
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888:Royal Air Force
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570:chocolate coins
518:, small, round
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96:("The Saint"),
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5047:Dutch folklore
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4873:Smoking Bishop
4865:
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4554:Super Saturday
4551:
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4484:Giving Tuesday
4481:
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4434:Christmas club
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4281:Piae Cantiones
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4247:Music charts (
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3728:
3723:
3718:
3716:PĂšre Fouettard
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3687:
3685:
3682:Saint Nicholas
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3634:Grandpa Indian
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3602:Saint Nicholas
3598:
3596:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3540:Old Man Winter
3537:
3532:
3527:
3525:Miner's figure
3522:
3517:
3512:
3510:Kallikantzaros
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3474:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3440:Nativity scene
3437:
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3415:
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3323:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3278:
3275:Children's Day
3271:
3264:
3261:Blue Christmas
3256:
3253:
3252:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3220:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
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3197:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3169:New Year's Day
3166:
3164:Liberation Day
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3070:
3069:External links
3067:
3066:
3065:
3059:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3022:Sankt Nikolaus
2960:Those include
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2937:
2909:
2896:
2879:
2862:
2841:
2823:
2816:
2788:
2766:Theology Today
2747:
2730:
2715:
2702:
2691:on 13 May 2011
2671:
2658:"Sinterklaas!"
2649:
2622:
2604:
2586:
2568:
2550:
2532:
2514:
2500:
2486:
2469:
2442:
2429:
2403:
2380:
2359:
2353:978-9042022218
2352:
2324:
2283:
2271:
2249:
2184:
2162:
2140:
2128:
2114:
2088:
2070:
2046:"St. Nicholas"
2034:
2012:
1998:
1993:11245/1.431550
1970:
1944:
1916:
1890:
1879:. 17 June 2020
1864:
1828:
1802:
1772:
1752:
1728:
1701:
1672:
1656:
1644:
1631:
1606:
1586:
1574:
1558:"Oh zo Snel |"
1549:
1530:
1518:
1511:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1457:
1441:
1438:
1418:Agios Nikolaos
1386:Sankt Nikolaus
1381:
1378:
1355:Bruce Campbell
1350:The Librarians
1337:A War of Gifts
1210:
1207:
1133:
1130:
1064:EugĂšne Drenthe
1053:Children's Day
1041:Gerrit Schotte
1028:
1025:
986:
985:
971:
970:
969:
955:
954:
953:
948:
926:
925:
924:
902:
901:
900:
892:
875:
872:
870:(Black Pete).
840:
837:
822:Dutch Republic
791:
788:
755:
752:
743:Saint Nicholas
741:in Amsterdam.
725:ecclesiastical
664:
661:
659:
656:
603:
600:
508:
505:
470:
469:
449:
448:
447:
442:
422:
421:
420:
412:
340:
337:
325:
322:
313:roetveegpieten
305:roetveegpieten
258:PĂšre Fouettard
204:Main article:
201:
198:
129:
126:
124:
121:
90:Saint Nicholas
51:
50:
47:
46:Known for
43:
42:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5114:
5103:
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5098:
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5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
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5070:
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5060:
5058:
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5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5022:Annual events
5020:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5012:
4997:
4987:
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4983:
4973:
4970:
4967:
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4925:
4924:
4922:
4920:Meat and fish
4918:
4912:
4909:
4907:
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4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
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4891:
4887:
4881:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4858:Hot chocolate
4856:
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4851:
4849:
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4844:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4834:
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4825:
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4814:
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4791:
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4778:
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4608:
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4589:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
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4565:
4562:
4560:
4559:Ugly sweaters
4557:
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4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
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4537:
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4530:
4527:
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4497:
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4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4469:Controversies
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
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4452:
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4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
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4427:
4425:
4422:
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4417:
4415:
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4410:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4396:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4368:
4364:
4361:
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4348:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4321:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4304:In literature
4302:
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4299:
4297:
4291:
4283:
4282:
4278:
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4275:
4271:
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4268:
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4230:
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4208:
4202:
4194:
4191:
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4176:
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4174:
4173:United States
4171:
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4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
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4129:
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4119:
4116:
4114:
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4027:
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4019:
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4014:
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4009:
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4002:
3999:
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3989:
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3916:
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3909:
3906:
3904:
3903:Moravian star
3901:
3899:
3898:Midnight Mass
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
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3869:
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3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3788:Candle arches
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3778:Advent wreath
3776:
3774:
3773:Advent candle
3771:
3769:
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3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3680:Companions of
3676:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
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3635:
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3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
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3608:
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3592:Gift-bringers
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3457:Twelfth Night
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3418:Nativity Fast
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3376:Christmastide
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3351:Angel Gabriel
3349:
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3329:Biblical Magi
3327:
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3307:
3305:
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3298:
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3286:
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3282:Christmas Eve
3279:
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3060:9789061525561
3056:
3052:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3031:
3030:Sint Nicholas
3027:
3023:
3019:
3018:Luxembourgish
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
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2970:Saint Nicolas
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2871:Winky's Horse
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2518:
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2510:
2504:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2480:. Amsterdam:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2457:
2456:De Volkskrant
2453:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2399:
2395:
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2384:
2381:
2377:
2376:0-520-25104-0
2373:
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2344:
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2329:
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2313:
2309:
2308:jefdejager.nl
2305:
2304:
2299:
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2294:
2287:
2284:
2281:, p. 77.
2280:
2275:
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2259:
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2233:
2218:
2214:
2199:
2195:
2188:
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2173:
2166:
2163:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2138:, p. 72.
2137:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2079:"Netherlands"
2074:
2071:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1982:
1974:
1971:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1945:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1905:. 5 June 2020
1904:
1900:
1894:
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1587:
1583:
1578:
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1563:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1538:"Sinterklaas"
1534:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1512:9780226107783
1508:
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1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
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1414:Sveti MiklavĆŸ
1411:
1410:Sveti Nikolaj
1408:); Slovenia (
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1373:Sesame Street
1369:
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1296:
1293:
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1288:
1284:
1280:
1277:award at the
1276:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1252:Winky's Horse
1247:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1216:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1166:Hudson Valley
1163:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1149:New Amsterdam
1146:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1118:Hudson Valley
1114:
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1061:
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1034:
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1022:
1021:Zwarte Pieten
1018:
1013:
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1007:
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995:
984:
980:
967:
966:
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838:
836:
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828:
823:
819:
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807:
806:
801:
800:Martin Luther
797:
789:
784:
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771:
769:
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761:
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748:
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411:
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298:
293:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
242:chimney sweep
239:
234:
232:
227:
223:
219:
215:
214:
207:
199:
197:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
171:
169:
165:
162:, dons a red
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
139:
134:
127:
122:
120:
118:
113:
110:
105:
103:
99:
98:De Goede Sint
95:
91:
84:
78:
70:
69:Sint-Nicolaas
65:
57:
48:
44:
40:
34:
29:
22:
19:
4932:Gefilte fish
4880:Ponche crema
4715:Melomakarono
4583:
4474:Cyber Monday
4379:
4344:
4313:
4279:
4272:
4265:
4258:
4255:Music books
4248:
4086:Nazi Germany
3978:
3974:Secret Santa
3961:
3848:Flying Santa
3663:
3555:TiĂł de Nadal
3505:Korvatunturi
3356:Annunciation
3322:Christianity
3303:Sol Invictus
3050:
3043:Bibliography
3029:
3025:
3021:
3013:
3009:
3006:West Flemish
3001:
2993:
2989:
2981:
2978:West Frisian
2973:
2969:
2961:
2956:
2919:
2912:
2899:
2887:
2882:
2870:
2865:
2852:
2831:
2826:
2798:
2791:
2779:. Retrieved
2775:the original
2764:
2758:
2750:
2738:
2733:
2724:
2718:
2710:
2705:
2693:. Retrieved
2689:the original
2674:
2662:. Retrieved
2652:
2640:. Retrieved
2635:
2625:
2616:
2607:
2598:
2589:
2580:
2571:
2562:
2553:
2544:
2535:
2526:
2517:
2503:
2489:
2477:
2472:
2460:. Retrieved
2455:
2445:
2432:
2420:. Retrieved
2416:the original
2406:
2389:
2383:
2378:, pp. 68â79.
2367:
2362:
2342:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2286:
2274:
2262:. Retrieved
2252:
2240:. Retrieved
2236:the original
2221:. Retrieved
2217:the original
2202:. Retrieved
2198:the original
2187:
2175:. Retrieved
2165:
2153:. Retrieved
2143:
2131:
2117:
2105:. Retrieved
2101:the original
2091:
2082:
2073:
2061:. Retrieved
2054:the original
2049:
2025:. Retrieved
2015:
2001:
1980:
1973:
1961:. Retrieved
1957:
1947:
1935:. Retrieved
1931:
1907:. Retrieved
1902:
1893:
1881:. Retrieved
1876:
1867:
1855:. Retrieved
1848:the original
1843:
1831:
1819:. Retrieved
1814:
1805:
1793:. Retrieved
1789:the original
1785:De Telegraaf
1784:
1775:
1764:
1755:
1747:the original
1740:
1731:
1719:. Retrieved
1714:
1704:
1681:
1675:
1667:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1639:
1634:
1622:. Retrieved
1618:
1609:
1600:
1589:
1577:
1565:. Retrieved
1561:
1552:
1533:
1521:
1501:
1494:
1429:
1425:
1424:); Albania (
1421:
1420:); Romania (
1417:
1413:
1409:
1406:Sveti Nikola
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1392:); Hungary (
1389:
1385:
1383:
1371:
1365:
1363:
1348:
1346:
1335:
1333:
1328:
1320:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1294:
1285:
1268:
1263:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1237:
1235:
1220:
1218:
1200:
1194:
1189:
1181:John Pintard
1178:
1173:
1156:
1152:
1136:
1135:
1115:
1090:
1084:
1079:
1067:
1057:
1045:Quinsy Gario
1030:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1005:
1001:
993:
990:
982:
972:
956:
945:
940:
936:
932:
928:
927:
916:
912:
908:
904:
903:
883:
877:
874:World War II
867:
865:
860:
848:
844:
842:
839:19th century
830:
829:'s painting
811:
803:
793:
782:
772:
759:
757:
749:of the city.
747:patron saint
735:Sinter Claes
734:
704:
695:
683:
652:Secret Santa
647:
644:
640:
635:
633:
625:
616:
611:
607:
605:
581:
573:
562:banketletter
558:almond paste
551:
546:
539:
532:
528:
501:pomegranates
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
477:John Pintard
474:
466:
450:
439:
423:
397:
392:
390:
383:
377:
373:
366:
330:
327:
312:
308:
304:
301:
277:
273:
269:
266:
261:
237:
235:
217:
211:
209:
195:
190:
186:
182:
178:
172:
143:
142:
114:
106:
101:
97:
93:
68:
55:
54:
18:
5017:Sinterklaas
4947:Roast goose
4868:Mulled wine
4848:Champurrado
4843:Apple cider
4817:Bread sauce
4770:Szaloncukor
4750:Pumpkin pie
4700:Gingerbread
4654:SmörgÄsbord
4295:Other media
4133:Philippines
4123:New Zealand
4006:Twelve Days
3963:RĂ€uchermann
3918:Nutcrackers
3868:Las Posadas
3828:Decorations
3808:Christingle
3748:Zwarte Piet
3743:Snegurochka
3664:Sinterklaas
3614:Santa Claus
3195:Kingdom Day
3154:Good Friday
2994:SĂŒnnerklaas
2990:Sunterklaos
2982:Sinterklaos
2972:in French;
2927:. pp.
2806:. pp.
2757:"Review of
2664:19 November
2458:. Amsterdam
2242:28 November
2223:28 November
2204:29 November
2177:26 November
1963:13 December
1937:13 December
1877:Een Vandaag
1857:18 February
1844:Een Vandaag
1821:30 November
1815:Een Vandaag
1795:19 December
1567:22 November
1422:MoÈ Nicolae
1416:); Greece (
1367:Sesamstraat
1325:Nickelodeon
1303:horror film
1275:Silver Bear
1202:Christkindl
1197:Reformation
1195:During the
1190:Sinterklaas
1153:Sinterklaas
1141:Santa Claus
1137:Sinterklaas
1072:Sranantongo
1017:Sinterklaas
1015:Originally
1006:Sinterklaas
884:Sinterklaas
878:During the
868:Zwarte Piet
845:Sinterklaas
805:Christkindl
796:Reformation
794:During the
764:Middle Ages
754:Middle Ages
727:in origin.
705:Sinterklaas
697:Jacob Grimm
648:pakjesavond
612:Pakjesavond
574:suikerbeest
520:gingerbread
489:Sinterklaas
485:Sinterklaas
481:Sinterklaas
374:Zwarte Piet
332:Zwarte Piet
324:Celebration
297:Zwarte Piet
274:Wegwijspiet
213:Zwarte Piet
206:Zwarte Piet
200:Zwarte Piet
175:white horse
144:Sinterklaas
128:Sinterklaas
117:Santa Claus
56:Sinterklaas
39:Zwarte Piet
25:Sinterklaas
5011:Categories
4675:Candy cane
4624:JoulupöytÀ
4524:Pikkujoulu
4188:New Mexico
4037:By country
4011:Wassailing
3952:Poinsettia
3759:Traditions
3711:Mrs. Claus
3691:Belsnickel
3644:Julemanden
3639:Joulupukki
3570:Wenceslaus
3535:North Pole
3500:Jack Frost
3490:Christkind
3445:Neapolitan
3268:Boxing Day
3159:King's Day
3002:Sintekloai
2974:Sinteklaas
2966:Papiamento
2781:5 December
2741:(Chicago:
2695:4 December
2685:Livius.org
2462:5 December
2264:8 December
2155:8 December
2107:4 December
2027:4 December
1932:nltimes.nl
1903:NOS Nieuws
1742:RTL Nieuws
1721:27 October
1624:28 October
1487:References
1426:Shën Kolli
1402:San Nicola
1400:); Italy (
1398:Samichlaus
1301:-directed
1295:Zot van A.
1213:See also:
1095:Indonesian
1037:Ivar Asjes
547:pepernoten
516:Kruidnoten
385:pepernoten
379:kruidnoten
351:from Spain
318:Mark Rutte
278:Pakjespiet
4962:TourtiĂšre
4952:Romeritos
4889:Dumplings
4836:Beverages
4740:Pecan pie
4730:Panettone
4725:Pampushka
4720:Mince pie
4695:Fruitcake
4639:RĂ©veillon
4519:NFL games
4514:NBA games
4509:In August
4479:Economics
4249:Billboard
4103:Indonesia
4046:Australia
4021:Yule goat
3996:Stockings
3930:Ornaments
3659:PÚre Noël
3654:Olentzero
3649:Noel Baba
3624:Ded Moroz
3580:Yule Lads
3520:Mari Lwyd
3371:Bethlehem
3248:Christmas
3174:Pentecost
3139:Christmas
3034:Afrikaans
3014:Zinniklos
3010:Kleeschen
2998:Low Saxon
2962:Sanikolas
2642:13 August
2484:. p. 254.
2398:613003275
1690:cite book
1562:www.ad.nl
1359:mistletoe
1299:Dick Maas
1122:Rhinebeck
1087:Indonesia
1080:Kinderdag
1049:Dordrecht
994:kapoentje
857:steamboat
827:Jan Steen
709:Wild Hunt
690:Jan Steen
553:speculaas
361:Groningen
349:steamboat
270:Hoofdpiet
4995:Category
4966:meat pie
4957:Stuffing
4911:Varenyky
4780:Yule log
4755:Qurabiya
4629:Julebord
4602:Food and
4529:SantaCon
4494:El Gordo
4381:Yule Log
4153:Scotland
4066:Ethiopia
4051:Colombia
4026:Yule log
3980:Spanbaum
3957:Pyramids
3823:Crackers
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3607:folklore
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3480:Badalisc
3470:folklore
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4690:Cozonac
4659:Wigilia
4544:Scrooge
4504:In July
4402:society
4334:Poetry
4168:Ukraine
4143:Romania
4108:Ireland
4098:Iceland
4093:Hungary
4081:Germany
4071:Finland
4061:England
4056:Denmark
4016:Windows
3947:Piñatas
3935:Parades
3888:Markets
3873:Letters
3863:Hampers
3706:Krampus
3545:Perchta
3485:Caganer
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2422:5 March
2063:27 June
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524:cookies
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363:in 2015
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