179:
investigation by the State Board of
Charities revealed that Brockway himself regularly inflicted violent corporal punishment on individuals incarcerated there, and utilized forced labor, solitary confinement for negligible offenses, refusal of medical care, and starvation as methods of governance. Individuals incarcerated at Elmira also testified that sexual violence was rampant and in some cases facilitated by guards, that the grading system was used arbitrarily as a method to keep people imprisoned for longer terms, and that Brockway refused to release some people from prison unless they'd agree to take employment at Elmira Reformatory upon release. One such individual coerced into employment as a watchman at Elmira after release was found to have committed suicide during his shift.
175:
prison reform across the nation. Publicly, Brockway claimed to believe that the aim of the prison was to rehabilitate and not simply just to punish. Grounding his claims in anecdotal and eugenic "prison science," Brockway publicly advocated for the reformatory's provision of
Christian moral education paired with manual labor as a means of reforming the individual incarcerated therein. He also used the idea of the indeterminate sentence to incentivize prison discipline.
33:
183:
general superintendent Z.R. Brockway of 'cruel, brutal, excessive, degrading and unusual punishment of the inmates' are proven and most amply sustained by the evidence, and that he is guilty of the same.' Brockway retired at the age of 72 in 1900 after further criticism. Brockway was such a popular man in Elmira that he was elected mayor five years later at 77.
155:". Brockway's chief innovation, though, was his attempt to establish the country's first indeterminate sentencing system. In 1869, Brockway drafted a law, passed by the Michigan legislature but overturned by the state Supreme Court, that would allow for the conditional and discretionary release of "common prostitutes."
174:
from 1876 to 1900, Brockway claimed to introduce a program of education, training in useful trades, physical activity, indeterminate sentences, inmate classification according to "grades," and an incentive program; his own reports of the accomplishments of the reformatory were highly influential in
182:
In his research on the investigation, Alexander
Pisciotta writes, "The final report of the committee, released on 14 March 1894, was unequivocal; its findings were unanimously endorsed by the ten members of the New York State Board of Charities: 'That the charges and the allegations against the
178:
In 1895, the State Board of
Charities opened an investigation into accusations of brutality at Elmira after John Gilmore, a man formerly incarcerated at the reformatory, appeared before a judge on a parole violation and begged to be sent to the state prison rather than returned to Elmira. An
301:
390:
Brockway even weathered an 1893 state investigation into charges of brutality at Elmira, which revealed that the whip and solitary confinement were used there regularly. However, in 1900 he was forced to resign in the face of mounting criticism of his
158:
When he was in
Detroit, he got the inspiration for his prison reforms from Moses and Amos Pilsbury, who also brought about prison reforms. He began his reforms in Detroit. However, he resigned in 1872 when his ideas were no longer accepted.
147:
Penitentiary superintendent in 1854. There, he focused upon rehabilitation of the prisoners. In 1861, Brockway became the superintendent of the prison in
139:
in 1848. Brockway became a clerk at the
Wethersfield prison by 23 years old. Later he worked as assistant superintendent of the Municipal Alms House in
440:
488:
503:
493:
376:
508:
345:
362:
498:
265:
167:
302:"Report and Proceedings of the State Board of Charities Relative to the Management of the State Reformatory at Elmira"
236:
136:
266:"Proceedings of the Annual Congress of the American Prison Association in Baltimore, Maryland, November 9–14"
144:
152:
273:
448:
483:
478:
473:
111:
and is sometimes regarded as the "Father of prison reform" and "Father of
American parole" in the
163:
410:
372:
341:
124:
57:
368:
171:
140:
76:
286:
404:
445:
Prison and
Sanitation Reform: America's Journey Toward Physical and Social Cleanliness
32:
467:
166:
was built, Brockway was already made the superintendent in 1876. While warden at the
112:
241:
337:
Benevolent
Repression: Social Control and the American Reformatory Prison Movement
335:
135:
He began his career as a prison guard or assistant warden at the state prison in
221:
Redemption to Reform: The
Intellectual Origins of the Prison Reform Movement,
108:
88:
237:"Z. R. Brockway Famous As Criminologist Dies At Advanced Age of Ninety-Three"
151:, where he attempted to introduce work and release supervision programs and "
414:
127:
on April 28, 1827. He married Jane Woodhouse (1828-1911) on April 13, 1853.
223:
New York University Annual Survey of American Law, vol. 3, 773, 2007–2008.
198:
Zebulon Brockway died in Elmira, on October 21, 1920, at the age of 93.
148:
361:
Todd R. Clear; George F. Cole; Michael D. Reisig (2006).
323:. New York State Archives at Albany: Elmira Reformatory.
188:
Fifty Years of Prison Service: An Autobiography (1912)
94:
84:
65:
39:
23:
409:. New York, NY: Charities Publication Committee.
406:Fifty Years of Prison Service: An Autobiography
8:
447:. University of Louisville. Archived from
107:(April 28, 1827 – October 21, 1920) was a
31:
20:
231:
229:
340:. New York: NYU Press. pp. 33–60.
207:
300:State Board of Charities, NYS (1894).
282:
271:
215:
213:
211:
7:
264:National Prison Association (1912).
143:for four years. He was made the
16:American criminologist (1827–1920)
14:
439:Marsh, Nicholas (Spring 2001).
403:Brockway, Zebulon Reed (1912).
245:. October 22, 1920. p. 19
1:
489:People from Lyme, Connecticut
334:Pisciotta, Alexander (1994).
308:. James B Lyon State Printer.
504:Elmira Correctional Facility
494:People from New York (state)
253:– via Newspapers.com.
525:
509:American prison reformers
137:Wethersfield, Connecticut
30:
499:American criminologists
321:Parole Ledger 1883-1884
319:Albany State Archives.
153:indeterminate sentences
145:Monroe County, New York
281:Cite journal requires
123:Brockway was born in
105:Zebulon Reed Brockway
44:Zebulon Reed Brockway
451:on November 22, 2003
364:American Corrections
441:"Zebulon Brockway"
371:. pp. 50–51.
186:In 1912, he wrote
168:Elmira Reformatory
164:Elmira Reformatory
378:978-0-534-64652-3
125:Lyme, Connecticut
102:
101:
58:Lyme, Connecticut
516:
460:
458:
456:
426:
425:
423:
421:
400:
394:
393:
387:
385:
369:Cengage Learning
358:
352:
351:
331:
325:
324:
316:
310:
309:
297:
291:
290:
284:
279:
277:
269:
261:
255:
254:
252:
250:
233:
224:
217:
172:Upstate New York
141:Albany, New York
77:Elmira, New York
72:
69:October 21, 1920
53:
51:
35:
25:Zebulon Brockway
21:
524:
523:
519:
518:
517:
515:
514:
513:
464:
463:
454:
452:
438:
435:
430:
429:
419:
417:
402:
401:
397:
391:administration.
383:
381:
379:
360:
359:
355:
348:
333:
332:
328:
318:
317:
313:
299:
298:
294:
280:
270:
263:
262:
258:
248:
246:
235:
234:
227:
219:James J. Beha,
218:
209:
204:
196:
133:
121:
98:Prison reformer
80:
74:
70:
61:
55:
49:
47:
46:
45:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
522:
520:
512:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
466:
465:
462:
461:
434:
433:External links
431:
428:
427:
395:
377:
353:
346:
326:
311:
292:
283:|journal=
256:
225:
206:
205:
203:
200:
195:
192:
132:
129:
120:
117:
100:
99:
96:
95:Known for
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
75:
73:(aged 93)
67:
63:
62:
56:
54:April 28, 1827
43:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
521:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
471:
469:
450:
446:
442:
437:
436:
432:
416:
412:
408:
407:
399:
396:
392:
380:
374:
370:
366:
365:
357:
354:
349:
347:0-8147-6623-4
343:
339:
338:
330:
327:
322:
315:
312:
307:
303:
296:
293:
288:
275:
267:
260:
257:
244:
243:
238:
232:
230:
226:
222:
216:
214:
212:
208:
201:
199:
193:
191:
189:
184:
180:
176:
173:
169:
165:
160:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
130:
128:
126:
118:
116:
114:
113:United States
110:
106:
97:
93:
90:
87:
83:
78:
68:
64:
59:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
455:December 15,
453:. Retrieved
449:the original
444:
420:December 15,
418:. Retrieved
405:
398:
389:
382:. Retrieved
363:
356:
336:
329:
320:
314:
306:Google Books
305:
295:
274:cite journal
259:
247:. Retrieved
242:Star-Gazette
240:
220:
197:
187:
185:
181:
177:
161:
157:
134:
122:
104:
103:
71:(1920-10-21)
18:
484:1920 deaths
479:1827 births
474:Penologists
162:Before the
468:Categories
384:August 20,
249:January 6,
202:References
119:Early life
109:penologist
89:Penologist
85:Occupation
50:1827-04-28
415:60736040
149:Detroit
413:
375:
344:
268:: 447.
131:Career
194:Death
457:2016
422:2016
411:OCLC
386:2010
373:ISBN
342:ISBN
287:help
251:2020
79:, US
66:Died
60:, US
40:Born
170:in
470::
443:.
388:.
367:.
304:.
278::
276:}}
272:{{
239:.
228:^
210:^
190:.
115:.
459:.
424:.
350:.
289:)
285:(
52:)
48:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
