84:
475:
54:
384:
Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency can present at any age. Studies have shown that the age of diagnoses can vary from infancy to over the age of 70. Some individuals with APRT deficiency remain completely asymptomatic and only get diagnosed because of familial screening. In 15% of adult
1673:
Vernon, Hilary J.; Osborne, Christine; Tzortzaki, Eleni G.; Yang, Min; Chen, Jianmen; Rittling, Susan R.; Denhardt, David T.; Buyske, Steven; Bledsoe, Sharon B.; Evan, Andrew P.; Fairbanks, Lynette; Simmonds, H. Anne; Tischfield, J.A.Y.A.; Sahota, Amrik (2005).
2180:
2165:
2150:
1270:
Zaidan, M.; Palsson, R.; Merieau, E.; Cornec-Le Gall, E.; Garstka, A.; Maggiore, U.; Deteix, P.; Battista, M.; Gagné, E.-R.; Ceballos-Picot, I.; Duong Van Huyen, J.-P.; Legendre, C.; Daudon, M.; Edvardsson, V.O.; Knebelmann, B. (2014).
876:
Valaperta, Rea; Rizzo, Vittoria; Lombardi, Fortunata; Verdelli, Chiara; Piccoli, Marco; Ghiroldi, Andrea; Creo, Pasquale; Colombo, Alessio; Valisi, Massimiliano; Margiotta, Elisabetta; Panella, Rossella; Costa, Elena (July 1, 2014).
2322:
585:. Due to its high renal clearance, dihydroxyadenine may be secreted tubularly in addition to being filtered. Thus, APRT deficiency causes elevated dihydroxyadenine levels in the urine. Dihydroxyadenine precipitates in
2315:
943:
Bollée, Guillaume; Dollinger, Cécile; Boutaud, Lucile; Guillemot, Delphine; Bensman, Albert; Harambat, Jérôme; Deteix, Patrice; Daudon, Michel; Knebelmann, Bertrand; Ceballos-Picot, Irène (2010).
397:
when complications arise. The first kidney stone episode can occur within the first few months of birth or later in life. In infants APRT deficiency may manifest as reddish brown diaper stains.
2426:
2308:
1381:"Common characteristics of mutant adenine phosphoribosyltransferases from four separate Japanese families with 2,8-dihydroxyadenine urolithiasis associated with partial enzyme deficiencies"
2511:
1621:"Analysis of germline and in vivo somatic mutations in the human adenine phosphoribosyltransferase gene: Mutational hot spots at the intron 4 splice donor site and at codon 87"
2363:
450:
within days to weeks. More commonly dihydroxyadenine nephropathy may develop insidiously, causing a progressive decline in kidney function over the span of several years.
2335:
1723:
Kamatani, Naoyuki; Kubota, Masaru; Willis, Erik H.; Frincke, Lee A.; Carson, Dennis A. (1984). "5′-Methylthioadenosine is the Major Source of
Adenine in Human Cells".
641:
is a very helpful, noninvasive, and reasonably priced method. The most concentrated urine samples come from morning urine voids, which are ideal for studying
2476:
2411:
754:"Human adenine phosphoribosyltransferase. Identification of allelic mutations at the nucleotide level as a cause of complete deficiency of the enzyme"
645:. One way to quantify something is to count the number of crystals per volume unit, which is higher in patients who are not receiving treatment.
2501:
1742:
1506:
1161:
2195:
490:
condition which means that two copies of the mutated gene must be present for adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency to develop.
2358:
538:
499:
264:
249:
229:
150:
2065:
Runolfsdottir, Hrafnhildur Linnet; Palsson, Runolfur; Agustsdottir, Inger M.; Indridason, Olafur S.; Edvardsson, Vidar O. (2016).
562:
241:
1619:
Chen, Ju; Sahota, Amrik; Martin, Glenn F.; Hakoda, Masayuki; Kamatani, Naoyuki; Stambrook, Peter J.; Tischfield, Jay A. (1993).
2268:
2406:
723:
1160:
Bollée, Guillaume; Harambat, Jérôme; Bensman, Albert; Knebelmann, Bertrand; Daudon, Michel; Ceballos-Picot, Irène (2012).
1330:
Nasr, S. H.; Sethi, S.; Cornell, L. D.; Milliner, D. S.; Boelkins, M.; Broviac, J.; Fidler, M. E. (January 11, 2010).
1842:"Plasma concentration and renal excretion of adenine and 2,8-dihydroxyadenine after administration of adenine in man"
1487:
Delbarre, F.; Auscher, C.; Amor, B.; de Gery, A. (1974). "Gout with
Adenine Phosphoribosyl Transferase Deficiency".
816:"Human adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency. Demonstration of a single mutant allele common to the Japanese"
2331:
1332:"Crystalline nephropathy due to 2,8-dihydroxyadeninuria: an under-recognized cause of irreversible renal failure"
593:
in urine, forming crystals that can accumulate, grow, and form stones. This can lead to crystalline nephropathy.
566:
390:
176:
2381:
2506:
2206:
1043:
Harambat, Jérôme; Bollée, Guillaume; Daudon, Michel; Ceballos-Picot, Irène; Bensman, Albert (January 3, 2012).
282:
Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency has been classified into two types. Type one is caused by mutant
634:
570:
514:
of 540 bp. Complete APRT deficiency develops in people who carry mutations in both copies of the APRT gene.
378:
286:
of APRT*Q0 and is found in individuals from many different countries. Type one causes a complete deficiency
237:
122:
117:
101:
1433:
Edvardsson, Vidar; Palsson, Runolfur; Olafsson, Isleifur; Hjaltadottir, Gunnlaug; Laxdal, Thröstu (2001).
578:
394:
374:
338:
171:
109:
2440:
2279:
610:
184:
2159:
1273:"Recurrent 2,8-Dihydroxyadenine Nephropathy: A Rare but Preventable Cause of Renal Allograft Failure"
606:
582:
268:
97:
61:
83:
2184:
487:
455:
370:
218:
2009:"Clinical Value of Crystalluria and Quantitative Morphoconstitutional Analysis of Urinary Calculi"
1216:
Kamatani, Naoyuki; Terai, Chihiro; Kuroshima, Shoko; Nishioka, Kusuki; Mikanagi, Kiyonobu (1987).
879:"Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) deficiency: identification of a novel nonsense mutation"
17:
2373:
1218:"Genetic and clinical studies on 19 families with adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiencies"
659:
221:
105:
92:
1894:
Van Acker, Karel J.; Simmonds, H. Anne; Potter, Catherine; Cameron, J. Stewart (July 21, 1977).
2300:
349:
Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency commonly manifests as symptoms of the kidneys and
2343:
2217:
2104:
2086:
2036:
2028:
1977:
1969:
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1915:
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814:
Hidaka, Y; Tarlé, S A; Fujimori, S; Kamatani, N; Kelley, W N; Palella, T D (March 1, 1988).
783:
765:
626:
618:
602:
586:
463:
440:
424:
314:
306:
163:
1676:"Aprt/Opn double knockout mice: Osteopontin is a modifier of kidney stone disease severity"
1435:"Clinical features and genotype of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency in Iceland"
2460:
2455:
621:
in all cases of kidney stones and should be analyzed whenever one becomes available.
354:
326:
1379:
Fujimori, S.; Akaoka, I.; Sakamoto, K.; Yamanaka, H.; Nishioka, K.; Kamatani, N. (1985).
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
945:"Phenotype and Genotype Characterization of Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase Deficiency"
625:
stone analysis is unreliable for diagnosing APRT deficiency and is unable to distinguish
601:
Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency is diagnosed based on the identification of
2099:
2066:
1817:
1782:
1307:
1272:
979:
944:
913:
878:
436:
276:
256:
2189:
850:
815:
788:
753:
2495:
2385:
1692:
1675:
1636:
1547:"Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase Deficiency in a Chinese Man with Early-onset Gout"
581:(XDH), formerly known as xanthine oxydase, then further metabolizes this compound to
526:
511:
503:
447:
432:
413:
409:
386:
350:
334:
310:
233:
77:
752:
Hidaka, Y; Palella, T D; O'Toole, T E; Tarlé, S A; Kelley, W N (November 1, 1987).
642:
638:
478:
Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency has an autosomal recessive pattern of
428:
358:
318:
272:
1594:
302:
but only a partial deficiency in cell extracts. Type two is mainly seen in Japan.
2211:
1734:
1498:
2416:
2257:
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1911:
689:
622:
554:
451:
443:
362:
330:
322:
225:
197:
180:
2222:
2082:
53:
2174:
2008:
1857:
1781:
Huq, Aamira; Nand, Kushma; Juneja, Rajiv; Winship, Ingrid (October 23, 2018).
1060:
688:
Edvardsson, Vidar Orn; Sahota, Amrik; Palsson, Runolfur (September 26, 2019).
192:
2090:
2032:
1973:
1919:
1865:
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1752:
1701:
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1572:
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1458:
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895:
841:
779:
2228:
1799:
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1434:
1044:
630:
590:
577:
is transformed into 8-hydroxyadenine in people without functional APRT, and
546:
522:
401:
366:
294:. Type two adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency is caused by mutant
2108:
2040:
1949:
1841:
1826:
1724:
1709:
1620:
1580:
1488:
1466:
1380:
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988:
961:
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697:
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1981:
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1563:
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1524:
1412:
1249:
1130:
859:
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2274:
1927:
1348:
1331:
1178:
518:
479:
459:
291:
2142:
2122:
1396:
1233:
1114:
1004:"Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency: Leave no stone unturned"
574:
558:
550:
542:
299:
287:
245:
2024:
1965:
1289:
832:
809:
807:
770:
2169:
2154:
1948:
Hesse, A.; Miersc, W.-D.; Classen, A.; Thon, A.; Doppler, W. (1988).
1625:
Mutation
Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
609:
analysis or examination of crystals in the urine. The combination of
525:
and environmental factors or modifiers might be responsible for this
400:
Patients with APRT deficiency typically have normal levels of plasma
329:. Treatment of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency includes
295:
283:
253:
65:
2288:
724:"Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency: MedlinePlus Genetics"
1950:"2,8-Dihydroxyadeninuria: Laboratory Diagnosis and Therapy Control"
2233:
2002:
2000:
1998:
473:
1840:
Ericson, Ă….; Groth, T.; Niklasson, F.; De
Verdier, C.-H. (1980).
633:. For the identification of dihydroxyadenine crystals, light and
2421:
2263:
2200:
2067:"Kidney Disease in Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase Deficiency"
1099:"Gout, uric acid and purine metabolism in paediatric nephrology"
507:
405:
2304:
1729:. Vol. 165 Pt B. Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. 83–88.
553:
can only be found in small amounts in blood and urine because
1846:
Scandinavian
Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation
764:(5). American Society for Clinical Investigation: 1409–1415.
541:
enzyme, which offers the sole metabolic route for recovering
2427:
Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome
1493:. Vol. 41. Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. 333–339.
1172:(9). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 1521–1527.
826:(3). American Society for Clinical Investigation: 945–950.
393:. In some cases APRT deficiency is first diagnosed after a
1896:"Complete Deficiency of Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase"
1045:"Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency in children"
955:(4). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 679–688.
871:
869:
938:
936:
934:
932:
1595:"Autosomal recessive: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
1391:(2). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 171–176.
1228:(2). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 163–168.
1109:(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 105–118.
1055:(4). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 571–579.
718:
716:
714:
305:
APRT deficiency is often identified by the presence of
1166:
Clinical
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
313:. Other diagnostic tests for APRT deficiency include
2132:
2469:
2448:
2439:
2399:
2372:
2364:
2351:
2342:
2243:
2136:
889:(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 102.
486:Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency is an
204:
191:
170:
157:
145:
137:
129:
116:
91:
71:
37:
32:
2007:Daudon, Michel; Jungers, Paul (October 19, 2004).
1097:Cameron, J. S.; Moro, F.; Simmonds, H. A. (1993).
1783:"APRT deficiency: the need for early diagnosis"
1342:(6). Oxford University Press (OUP): 1909–1915.
381:. No extrarenal symptoms have been documented.
1545:CHEN, CHUNG-JEN; SCHUMACHER, H. RALPH (2009).
1162:"Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase Deficiency"
690:"Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase Deficiency"
2512:Inborn errors of purine-pyrimidine metabolism
2316:
1906:(3). Massachusetts Medical Society: 127–132.
1726:Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
1490:Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
949:Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
8:
2391:Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency
2269:Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency
2258:Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase Deficiency
1014:(3). Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.: 218.
298:of APRT*J results in a full enzyme defiency
215:Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency
33:Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency
2477:Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency
2445:
2412:Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency
2348:
2323:
2309:
2301:
2133:
446:can initially present acutely and lead to
82:
52:
29:
2098:
1816:
1798:
1691:
1562:
1347:
1306:
1288:
1177:
1019:
978:
960:
912:
894:
849:
831:
787:
769:
613:and morphologic examination under a
671:
617: allows for the identification of
510:, encompasses 2.8 kb of DNA, and has a
692:. University of Washington, Seattle.
7:
458:which causes urine supersaturation,
2071:American Journal of Kidney Diseases
1439:American Journal of Kidney Diseases
1336:Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation
1277:American Journal of Transplantation
25:
18:2,8 dihydroxy-adenine urolithiasis
2359:Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency
1008:World Journal of Clinical Urology
820:Journal of Clinical Investigation
758:Journal of Clinical Investigation
500:adenine phosphoribosyltransferase
265:adenine phosphoribosyltransferase
250:Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase
232:(APRT) catalyzes the creation of
230:Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase
46:2,8 Dihydroxyadenine urolithiasis
1693:10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00487.x
563:5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate
427:crystals precipitate inside the
416:with a partial APRT deficiency.
242:5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate
1900:New England Journal of Medicine
2407:Adenosine deaminase deficiency
1852:(1). Informa UK Limited: 1–7.
1283:(11). Elsevier BV: 2623–2632.
1:
2502:Autosomal recessive disorders
2336:purine–pyrimidine metabolism
2123:Rare Kidney Stone Consortium
1960:(3). S. Karger AG: 174–178.
1735:10.1007/978-1-4757-0390-0_18
1637:10.1016/0027-5107(93)90014-7
1499:10.1007/978-1-4684-3294-7_40
557:catalyzes the conversion of
2077:(3). Elsevier BV: 431–438.
1912:10.1056/nejm197707212970302
1686:(3). Elsevier BV: 938–947.
1631:(2). Elsevier BV: 217–225.
1551:The Journal of Rheumatology
1445:(3). Elsevier BV: 473–480.
224:caused by mutations of the
2528:
2083:10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.10.023
2019:(2). S. Karger AG: 31–36.
1002:Bollée, Guillaume (2014).
571:5′-adenosine monophosphate
517:There is no evidence that
166:and kidney stone analysis.
133:Infancy to late adulthood.
100:and urinary tract stones,
1858:10.3109/00365518009091520
1061:10.1007/s00467-011-2037-0
391:renal replacement therapy
317:, kidney stone analysis,
177:Uric acid nephrolithiasis
60:
51:
1954:Urologia Internationalis
1793:. BMJ: bcr–2018–225742.
896:10.1186/1471-2369-15-102
537:All tissues express the
502:(APRT) gene is found on
435:as well as cause severe
379:Urinary tract infections
102:Urinary tract infections
1800:10.1136/bcr-2018-225742
1451:10.1053/ajkd.2001.26826
567:inorganic pyrophosphate
462:, and precipitation of
238:adenosine monophosphate
123:End-stage renal disease
1021:10.5410/wjcu.v3.i3.218
962:10.1681/asn.2009080808
589:and becomes extremely
579:xanthine dehydrogenase
549:biosynthesis sources.
483:
412:have been reported in
375:chronic kidney disease
339:chronic kidney disease
267:make large amounts of
172:Differential diagnosis
110:chronic kidney disease
2441:Pyrimidine metabolism
2128:UK Kidney Association
1564:10.3899/jrheum.081051
635:polarizing microscopy
611:infrared spectroscopy
477:
185:Primary hyperoxaluria
2382:Lesch–Nyhan syndrome
1680:Kidney International
1179:10.2215/cjn.02320312
1103:Pediatric Nephrology
1049:Pediatric Nephrology
269:2,8-Dihydroxyadenine
506:q24, contains five
488:autosomal recessive
456:acute renal failure
385:cases present with
371:acute kidney injury
219:autosomal recessive
2374:Nucleotide salvage
2244:External resources
2013:Nephron Physiology
1397:10.1007/bf00283377
1349:10.1093/ndt/gfp711
1234:10.1007/bf00591080
1115:10.1007/bf00861588
660:Nucleotide salvage
484:
345:Signs and symptoms
341:in most patients.
222:metabolic disorder
141:Type 1 and type 2.
106:blood in the urine
2489:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2435:
2434:
2344:Purine metabolism
2298:
2297:
2025:10.1159/000080261
1966:10.1159/000281332
1744:978-1-4757-0392-4
1508:978-1-4684-3296-1
1290:10.1111/ajt.12926
833:10.1172/jci113408
771:10.1172/jci113219
730:. October 1, 2012
655:Purine metabolism
545:from dietary and
395:kidney transplant
261:Genetic mutations
212:
211:
159:Diagnostic method
149:Mutations in the
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2519:
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1557:(5): 1090–1091.
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685:
627:dihydroxyadenine
619:dihydroxyadenine
615:stereomicroscope
603:dihydroxyadenine
587:renal parenchyma
583:dihydroxyadenine
521:correlates with
464:dihydroxyadenine
441:Dihydroxyadenine
425:Dihydroxyadenine
333:and can prevent
315:urine microscopy
307:dihydroxyadenine
164:Urine microscopy
87:
86:
62:Dihydroxyadenine
56:
30:
21:
2527:
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2522:
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2518:
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2507:Kidney diseases
2492:
2491:
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2481:
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2461:Miller syndrome
2456:Orotic aciduria
2431:
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2338:
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2059:Further reading
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64:, an insoluble
42:APRT deficiency
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527:heterogeneity
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512:coding region
509:
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504:chromosome 16
501:
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448:renal failure
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437:kidney damage
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433:renal tubules
430:
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420:Complications
419:
417:
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414:heterozygotes
411:
410:hyperuricemia
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387:renal failure
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311:kidney stones
309:in urine and
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277:renal failure
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118:Complications
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78:Endocrinology
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2332:Inborn error
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2194:
2179:
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2149:
2074:
2070:
2046:November 29,
2044:. Retrieved
2016:
2012:
1987:November 29,
1985:. Retrieved
1957:
1953:
1943:
1933:November 29,
1931:. Retrieved
1903:
1899:
1889:
1879:November 29,
1877:. Retrieved
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1766:November 29,
1764:. Retrieved
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1679:
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1658:November 29,
1656:. Retrieved
1628:
1624:
1614:
1604:November 30,
1602:. Retrieved
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1589:
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1530:November 29,
1528:. Retrieved
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1482:
1472:November 29,
1470:. Retrieved
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1418:November 29,
1416:. Retrieved
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1255:November 29,
1253:. Retrieved
1225:
1221:
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1201:November 29,
1199:. Retrieved
1169:
1165:
1136:November 29,
1134:. Retrieved
1106:
1102:
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1082:November 29,
1080:. Retrieved
1052:
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1011:
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997:
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948:
886:
882:
823:
819:
761:
757:
734:November 30,
732:. Retrieved
727:
703:November 30,
701:. Retrieved
643:crystalluria
639:crystalluria
607:kidney stone
600:
536:
516:
497:
485:
454:can trigger
429:interstitium
423:
399:
383:
359:urolithiasis
348:
319:renal biopsy
304:
281:
273:urolithiasis
214:
213:
208:0.4% to 1.2%
45:
41:
2417:Xanthinuria
2253:GeneReviews
1599:MedlinePlus
728:MedlinePlus
623:Biochemical
480:inheritance
452:Dehydration
444:nephropathy
363:nephropathy
331:allopurinol
198:Allopurinol
181:Xanthinuria
130:Usual onset
38:Other names
2496:Categories
2470:Catabolism
2400:Catabolism
2218:DiseasesDB
666:References
565:into
389:requiring
217:is a rare
193:Medication
2449:Anabolism
2352:Anabolism
2234:124274002
2229:SNOMED CT
2091:0272-6386
2033:1660-2137
1974:1423-0399
1920:0028-4793
1866:0036-5513
1809:1757-790X
1753:0065-2598
1702:0085-2538
1645:0027-5107
1573:0315-162X
1517:0065-2598
1459:0272-6386
1405:0340-6717
1358:0931-0509
1299:1600-6135
1242:0340-6717
1188:1555-9041
1123:0931-041X
1069:0931-041X
1030:2219-2816
971:1046-6673
905:1471-2369
842:0021-9738
780:0021-9738
631:uric acid
597:Diagnosis
591:insoluble
547:polyamine
533:Mechanism
523:phenotype
402:uric acid
367:hematuria
205:Frequency
151:APRT gene
73:Specialty
2289:Q4682223
2275:Orphanet
2109:26724837
2041:15499212
1827:30355577
1710:16105024
1581:19435978
1467:11532677
1366:20064951
1317:25307253
1196:22700886
1077:22212387
989:20150536
923:24986359
698:22934314
649:See also
519:genotype
494:Genetics
460:oliguria
353:such as
292:in vitro
271:causing
93:Symptoms
2285:Scholia
2212:C538228
2160:5C55.0Y
2100:4819988
1982:3176201
1874:7367806
1818:6202999
1761:6426269
1653:7685481
1525:4791206
1413:3876264
1308:4560835
1250:3817810
1131:8439471
980:2844298
914:4094445
860:3343350
798:3680503
575:Adenine
559:adenine
551:Adenine
543:adenine
300:in vivo
296:alleles
288:in vivo
284:alleles
246:adenine
2201:614723
2107:
2097:
2089:
2039:
2031:
1980:
1972:
1928:865583
1926:
1918:
1872:
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1825:
1815:
1807:
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858:
851:442550
848:
840:
796:
789:442397
786:
778:
696:
470:Causes
377:, and
254:purine
228:gene.
183:, and
146:Causes
108:, and
98:Kidney
80:
66:purine
2223:32632
2190:277.2
2175:E79.8
629:from
508:exons
252:is a
240:from
138:Types
2422:Gout
2334:of
2264:GARD
2207:MeSH
2196:OMIM
2185:9-CM
2105:PMID
2087:ISSN
2048:2023
2037:PMID
2029:ISSN
1989:2023
1978:PMID
1970:ISSN
1935:2023
1924:PMID
1916:ISSN
1881:2023
1870:PMID
1862:ISSN
1823:PMID
1805:ISSN
1791:2018
1768:2023
1757:PMID
1749:ISSN
1739:ISBN
1706:PMID
1698:ISSN
1660:2023
1649:PMID
1641:ISSN
1606:2023
1577:PMID
1569:ISSN
1532:2023
1521:PMID
1513:ISSN
1503:ISBN
1474:2023
1463:PMID
1455:ISSN
1420:2023
1409:PMID
1401:ISSN
1362:PMID
1354:ISSN
1313:PMID
1295:ISSN
1257:2023
1246:PMID
1238:ISSN
1203:2023
1192:PMID
1184:ISSN
1138:2023
1127:PMID
1119:ISSN
1084:2023
1073:PMID
1065:ISSN
1026:ISSN
985:PMID
967:ISSN
919:PMID
901:ISSN
856:PMID
838:ISSN
794:PMID
776:ISSN
736:2023
705:2023
694:PMID
569:and
561:and
555:APRT
539:APRT
498:The
431:and
408:and
406:gout
337:and
323:APRT
275:and
244:and
236:and
226:APRT
2280:976
2181:ICD
2166:ICD
2151:ICD
2095:PMC
2079:doi
2021:doi
1962:doi
1908:doi
1904:297
1854:doi
1813:PMC
1795:doi
1731:doi
1688:doi
1633:doi
1629:287
1559:doi
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1447:doi
1393:doi
1344:doi
1303:PMC
1285:doi
1230:doi
1174:doi
1111:doi
1057:doi
1016:doi
975:PMC
957:doi
909:PMC
891:doi
846:PMC
828:doi
784:PMC
766:doi
605:by
290:or
263:of
44:or
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