345:
1445:). As a rule these academies, all very much alike, were merely circles of friends or clients gathered around a learned man or wealthy patron, and were dedicated to literary pastimes rather than methodical study. They fitted in, nevertheless, with the general situation and were in their own way one element of the historical development. Despite their empirical and fugitive character, they helped to keep up the general esteem for literary and other studies. Cardinals, prelates, and the clergy in general were most favourable to this movement, and assisted it by patronage and collaboration.
246:
2380:. They are directly funded from central government rather than through local councils, and are partly privately sponsored. Often the sponsors are from business, but some are sponsored by universities and charities. These schools have greater autonomy than schools run by the local councils. They are usually a type of secondary school, but some are "all through" schools with an integral primary school. Some of the early ones were briefly known as "city academies"âthe first such school opening on 10 September 2002 at the
828:. It is considered one of the ancient universities of the world. According to scattered references which were only fixed a millennium later it may have dated back to at least the 5th century BC. Some scholars date Takshashila's existence back to the 6th century BC. The school consisted of several monasteries without large dormitories or lecture halls where the religious instruction was most likely still provided on an individualistic basis. Takshashila is described in some detail in later
906:
2866:, a sociologist, found that 92 percent of cases of simultaneous discovery in the 17th century ended in dispute. The number of disputes dropped to 72 percent in the 18th century, 59 percent by the latter half of the 19th century, and 33 percent by the first half of the 20th century. The decline in contested claims for priority in research discoveries can be credited to the increasing acceptance of the publication of papers in modern academic journals.
2124:
1056:
3002:, etc.) and other degrees that are intermediate between the master's and the doctor's degree may have hoods specially designed (1) intermediate in length between the master's and doctor's hood, (2) with a four-inch velvet border (also intermediate between the widths of the borders of master's and doctor's hoods), and (3) with color distributed in the usual fashion and according to the usual rules. Cap tassels should be uniformly black."
156:
2272:
5189:
2983:, undergraduates may be required to wear gowns on formal occasions and on graduation. Undergraduate gowns are usually a shortened version of a bachelor's gown. At other universities, for example, outside the UK or US, the custom is entirely absent. Students at the University of Trinity College at the University of Toronto wear gowns to formal dinner, debates, to student government, and to many other places.
59:
2096:
5199:
2941:. This change may open them up to a wider range of ideas, some more developed than others. Whether this will be a positive evolution remains to be seen. Some claim that forums, like markets, tend to thrive or fail based on their ability to attract talent. Some believe that highly restrictive and tightly monitored forums may be the least likely to thrive.
5178:
2956:
2817:
instance, have tried to block students from registering to vote as local residentsâinstead encouraging them to vote by absentee ballot at their primary residenceâin order to retain control of local politics. Other issues can include deep cultural and class divisions between local residents and university students. The film
3021:
In modern times, in the US and UK, gowns are normally only worn at graduation ceremonies, although some colleges still demand the wearing of academic dress on formal occasions (official banquets and other similar affairs). In the 19th and early 20th centuries, it was more common to see the dress worn
3451:
We have to be extremely cautious in dealing with the literary evidence, because much of the information offered in the secondary literature on Taxila is derived from the Jataka prose that was only fixed in Ceylon several hundred years after the events that it purports to describe, probably some time
3005:
Recipients of a doctoral degree tend to have the most elaborate academic dress, and hence there is the greatest diversity at this level. In the US, doctoral gowns are similar to the gowns worn by master's graduates, with the addition of velvet stripes across the sleeves and running down the front of
2994:
Recipients of a master's degree in the US or UK wear a similar cap and gown but closed sleeves with slits, and usually receive a ceremonial hood that hangs down the back of the gown. In the US the hood is traditionally edged with a silk or velvet strip displaying the disciplinary color, and is lined
2616:
research is often prized in today's academy, though it can also be made difficult both by practical matters of administration and funding and by differing research methods of different disciplines. In fact, many new fields of study have initially been conceived as interdisciplinary, and later become
2918:
by two or three researchers working in similar or closely related subjects who recommend approval or rejection as well as request error correction, clarification or additions before publishing. Controversial topics may receive additional levels of review. Journals have developed a hierarchy, partly
2440:
The academy movement in the US in the early 19th century arose from a public sense that education in the classic disciplines needed to be extended into the new territories and states that were being formed in the new western states. Thousands of academies were started using local funds and tuition;
2398:
In 2012, the UK government began forcing some schools which had been graded satisfactory or lower into becoming academies, unilaterally removing existing governing bodies and head teachers in some cases. An example was
Downhills Primary School in Haringey, where the head teacher refused to turn the
2279:
In France, regional academic councils called academies are responsible for supervising all aspects of education in their region. The academy regions are similar to, but not identical to, the standard French administrative regions. The rector of each academy is a revocable nominee of the
Ministry of
2869:
The Royal
Society was steadfast in its unpopular belief that science could only move forward through a transparent and open exchange of ideas backed by experimental evidence. Many of the experiments were ones that we would not recognize as scientific todayânor were the questions they answered. For
2816:
Universities are often culturally distinct from the towns or cities where they reside. In some cases this leads to discomfort or outright conflict between local residents and members of the university over political, economic, or other issues. Some localities in the
Northeastern United States, for
2725:
Within academia, diverse constituent groups have diverse, and sometimes conflicting, goals. In the contemporary academy several of these conflicts are widely distributed and common. A salient example of conflict is that between the goal to improve teaching quality and the goal to reduce costs. The
1830:
On 28 November 1660, a group of scientists from and influenced by the
Invisible College (gathering approximately since 1645) met at Gresham College and announced the formation of a "College for the Promoting of Physico-Mathematical Experimental Learning", which would meet weekly to discuss science
1361:
The 16th century saw at Rome a great increase of literary and aesthetic academies, more or less inspired by the
Renaissance, all of which assumed, as was the fashion, odd and fantastic names. We learn from various sources the names of many such institutes; as a rule, they soon perished and left no
1273:
but known by his academic name, who devoted his energies to the enthusiastic study of classical antiquity, and attracted a great number of disciples and admirers. He was a worshipper not merely of the literary and artistic form, but also of the ideas and spirit of classic paganism, which made him
934:
The center had eight separate compounds, 10 temples, meditation halls, classrooms, lakes and parks. It had a nine-story library where monks meticulously copied books and documents so that individual scholars could have their own collections. It had dormitories for students, perhaps a first for an
1969:
began as groups of academics who worked together or presented their work to each other. These informal groups later became organized and in many cases state-approved. Membership was restricted, usually requiring approval of the current members and often total membership was limited to a specific
1632:
A fundamental feature of academic discipline in the artistic academies was regular practice in making accurate drawings from antiquities, or from casts of antiquities, on the one hand, and on the other, in deriving inspiration from the other fount, the human form. Students assembled in sessions
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or church officials. Over time, the gowns worn by degree-holders have become standardized to some extent, although traditions in individual countries and even institutions have established a diverse range of gown styles, and some have ended the custom entirely, even for graduation ceremonies.
1982:. Academic societies served both as a forum to present and publish academic work, the role now served by academic publishing, and as a means to sponsor research and support academics, a role they still serve. Membership in academic societies is still a matter of prestige in modern academia.
2258:
Academies proliferated in the 20th century until even a three-week series of lectures and discussions would be termed an "academy". In addition, the generic term "the academy" is sometimes used to refer to all of academia, which is sometimes considered a global successor to the academy of
2469:
was an education based on individuality, creativity, wholeness, and versatility. Many continental
European universities are still rooted in these ideas (or at least pay lip-service to them). They are, however, in contradiction to today's massive trend of specialization in academia.
2990:
cap with a tassel. In addition, holders of a bachelor's degree may be entitled to wear a ceremonial hood at some schools. In the US, bachelor's hoods are rarely seen. Bachelor's hoods are generally smaller versions of those worn by recipients of master's and doctoral degrees.
2919:
based on reputation but also on the strictness of the review policy. More prestigious journals are more likely to receive and publish more important work. Submitters try to submit their work to the most prestigious journal likely to publish it to bolster their reputation and
2417:
Prior to the twentieth century, education was not as carefully structured in the United States as it is in the twenty-first. There was not a rigid division between high school and colleges. The typical college at first included a preparatory unit, which it dropped by 1900.
2216:
Because of the tradition of intellectual brilliance associated with this institution, many groups have chosen to use the word "academy" in their name, especially specialized tertiary educational institutions. In the early 19th century "academy" took the connotations that
2726:
conflicting goals of professional education programs and general education advocates currently are playing out in the negotiation over accreditation standards. For example, the goals of research for profit and for the sake of knowledge often conflict to some degree.
2161:
for example. The membership typically comprises distinguished individuals in the relevant field, who may be elected by the other members, or appointed by the government. They are essentially not schools or colleges, though some may operate teaching arms. The
754:, present-day Mali, which comprised three schools: the Mosque of Djinguereber, the Mosque of Sidi Yahya, and the Mosque of Sankore. During its zenith, the university had an average attendance of around 25,000 students within a city of around 100,000 people.
2156:
are bodies for scientists, artists or writers that are usually state-funded and often are given the role of controlling much of the state funding for research into their areas, or other forms of funding. Some use different terms in their name â the
British
1488:
Gradually academies began to specialize on particular topics (arts, language, sciences) and began to be founded and funded by the kings and other sovereigns (few republics had an academy). And, mainly, since 17th century academies spread throughout Europe.
2890:, the chief experimenter of the Royal Society, emptied the Duke's vial into a circle on a table and dropped a spider in the centre of the circle. The spider promptly walked out of the circle and off the table. In its day, this was cutting-edge research.
1071:
In Europe, the academy dates to the ancient Greeks and Romans in the pre-Christian era. Newer universities were founded in the 12th and 13th centuries, and the
European institution of academia took shape. Monks and priests moved out of monasteries to
612:, carrying with them precious scrolls of literature and philosophy, and to a lesser degree of science. After a peace treaty between the Persian and the Byzantine empire in 532 guaranteed their personal security (an early document in the history of
835:
It became a noted centre of learning at least several centuries BC, and continued to attract students until the destruction of the city in the 5th century AD. Takshashila is perhaps best known because of its association with
Chanakya. The famous
2746:
Not everyone agrees on the value of theory as opposed to practice. Academics are sometimes criticized as lacking practical experience and thus too insulated from the 'real world,' and some scholars avoid this criticism by labeling themselves as
2698:, as many different degrees and standards of time to reach each are currently awarded in different countries in Europe. In most fields the majority of academic researchers and teachers have doctorates or other terminal degrees, though in some
2429:, closed in 2014). In 1753, Benjamin Franklin established the academy and Charitable School of the Province of Pennsylvania. In 1755, it was renamed the college and Academy and Charitable School of Philadelphia. Today, it is known as the
2284:
and secondary education, but public universities are in some respects also answerable to the academy for their region. However, French private universities are independent of the state and therefore independent of the regional academies.
935:
educational institution, housing 10,000 students in the university's heyday and providing accommodation for 2,000 professors. Nalanda University attracted pupils and scholars from Korea, Japan, China, Tibet, Indonesia, Persia and Turkey.
2221:" was acquiring in German-speaking lands, of school that was less advanced than a college (for which it might prepare students) but considerably more than elementary. Early American examples are the prestigious preparatory schools of
2716:
Closely related to academic publishing is the practice of bringing a number of intellectuals in a field to give talks on their research at an academic conference, often allowing for a wider audience to be exposed to their ideas.
2340:". As a place at an English public school or university generally required conformity to the Church of England, these institutions provided an alternative for those with different religious views and formed a significant part of
2399:
school into an academy. OFSTED were called in to assess the school, failed it, and both the head and the governing body were removed and replaced with a Government-appointed board despite opposition from the school and parents.
1846:
gathered a small group of scholars to found a scientific society in Paris. The first 30 years of the academy's existence were relatively informal, since no statutes had as yet been laid down for the institution. In contrast to
2914:, the topics covered in any single journal have tended to be narrow, and readership and citation have declined. A variety of methods for reviewing submissions exist. The most common involves initial approval by the journal,
1250:, whose house from the mid-century was the centre of a flourishing academy of Neoplatonic philosophy and a varied intellectual culture. His valuable Greek as well as Latin library (eventually bequeathed to the city of
2441:
most closed after a few years and others were established. In 1860 there were 6,415 academies in operation. When the Civil War erupted in 1861 they generally closed down temporarily; most in the South never reopened.
2734:
Putting theory into practice can result in a gap between what is learned in academic settings and how that learning is manifested in practical settings. This is addressed in a number of professional schools such as
1245:
was not coordinated until 1475 and was never catalogued or widely accessible: not all popes looked with satisfaction at gatherings of unsupervised intellectuals. At the head of this movement for renewal in Rome was
236:
defines academy as scientific, literary or artistic society established with public authority and as a teaching establishment, public or private, of a professional, artistic, technical or simply practical nature.
2782:
departments debate how to define this emerging research phenomenon. There are a variety of contested models of practice research (practice-as-research, practice-based and practice through research), for example,
2518:
and describes in general those who attain mastery in a research discipline. It has wider application, with it also being used to describe those whose occupation was research prior to organized higher education.
990:, teaching medicine, mathematics, astronomy, and logic. The academy was later instrumental in founding the Muslim city of Baghdad as a center of learning, and serving as the model for the first Muslim hospital (
778:, founded in 258, was a result of the evolution of Shang Xiang and it became the first comprehensive institution combining education and research and was divided into five faculties in 470, which later became
4166:
927:, India. It was founded in 427 in northeastern India, not far from what is today the southern border of Nepal. It survived until 1197 when it was set upon, destroyed and burnt by the marauding forces of
1740:, charged with publishing the official dictionary of that language. The following year the Académie received letters patent from the king Louis XIII as the only recognized academy for French language.
2640:
members, research and administrative staff may in some cases be shared among departments. In addition, academic institutions generally have an overall administrative structure (usually including a
2421:
In the nineteenth century an academy was what later became known as a high school; in most places in the U.S. there were no public schools above the primary level. Some older high schools, such as
947:
allowed it to absorb cultural influences and ideas from both west and east. This include the spread of the Greek form of schools in the new Hellenistic cities built in Persia after the invasion of
3937:
325:
across generations as well as its practitioners and transmitters. In the 17th century, British, Italian and French scholars used the term to describe types of institutions of higher learning.
4037:
1224:
for the academy's use, situated where Cosimo could see it from his own villa, and drop by for visits. The academy remained a wholly informal group, but one which had a great influence on
2850:
in the 17th century. At that time, the act of publishing academic inquiry was controversial, and widely ridiculed. It was not at all unusual for a new discovery to be announced as an
789:, which were generally privately owned. There were thousands of Shuyuan recorded in ancient times. The degrees from them varied from one to another and those advanced Shuyuan such as
1541:", and others. During the 18th century many Italian cities established similar philosophical and scientific academies. In the first half of the 19th century some of these became the
643:. From there, the students of an academy-in-exile could have survived into the 9th century, long enough to facilitate the Arabic revival of the Neoplatonist commentary tradition in
537:, but of Plato) and presented themselves as an uninterrupted tradition reaching back to Plato. However, there cannot have actually been any geographical, institutional, economic or
2652:
system, a major component of academic employment and research in the US, serves to ensure that academia is relatively protected from political and financial pressures on thought.
3010:(a special gown in scarlet) on high days and special occasions. While some doctoral graduates wear the mortarboard cap traditional to the lower degree levels, most wear a cap or
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Research journals have been so successful that the number of journals and of papers has proliferated over the past few decades, and the credo of the modern academic has become "
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163:
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became an important language of the administration and intellectuals, rivaling Greek. Several cities developed centers of higher learning in the Sasanian Empire, including
2412:
4097:
Kemp, Roger L. "Town and Gown Relations: A Handbook of Best Practices", McFarland and Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina, US, and London, England, UK (2013). (
2391:, included proposals for a bill to allow the Secretary of State for Education to approve schools, both Primary and Secondary, that have been graded "outstanding" by
2063:
in 1750 with the aim of creating an academic college for cadet officers from poor families. The construction began in 1752, but the school did not open until 1760.
1885:
1154:. This was the basis of the curriculum in Europe until newly available Arabic texts and the works of Aristotle became more available in Europe in the 12th century.
1460:, as the bodies responsible for training and often regulating artists, a change with great implications for the development of art, leading to the styles known as
1614:
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in various fields of study. Each department is typically administered and funded separately by the academic institution, though there may be some overlap and
1905:
1322:. The prisoners begged so earnestly for mercy, and with such protestations of repentance, that they were pardoned. The Letonian academy, however, collapsed.
928:
2354:, which had imposed a wide range of restrictions on citizens who were not in conformity to the Church of England, were abolished shortly afterwards, by the
1708:
to demonstrate and conserve the beauty of the Florentine vernacular tongue, modelled upon the authors of the Trecento. The main instrument to do so was the
1497:
In the 17th century the tradition of literary-philosophical academies, as circles of friends gathering around learned patrons, was continued in Italy; the "
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1917:
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The disciplines have been much revised, and many new disciplines have become more specialized, researching smaller and smaller areas. Because of this,
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Gowns have been associated with academia since the birth of the university in the 14th and 15th centuries, perhaps because most early scholars were
2408:
4041:
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4159:â Online community of academic scholars. Despite the .edu ending, it is a profit-making company, not a non-profit educational establishment. (The
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the gown which may be tinted with the disciplinary color for the degree received. Holders of a doctoral degree may be entitled or obliged to wear
2871:
2530:, although many administrators hold advanced degrees and pursue scholarly research and writing while also tending to their administrative duties.
310:
conversed with followers. Plato developed his sessions into a method of teaching philosophy and in 387 BC, established what is known today as the
2800:
1629:
in Milan (1776) still run art schools and hold large exhibitions, although their influence on taste greatly declined from the late 19th century.
1602:
1278:
and an enemy of the Church. In his academy every member assumed a classical name. Its principal members were humanists, like Bessarion's protégé
1241:, humanist circles, cultivating philosophy and searching out and sharing ancient texts tended to gather where there was access to a library. The
931:. It was devoted to Buddhist studies, but it also trained students in fine arts, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, politics and the art of war.
1570:
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4102:
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compromised themselves politically, at a time when Rome was full of conspiracies fomented by the Roman barons and the neighbouring princes:
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was more like the American examples. Academy was also used very loosely for various commercial training schools for dancing and the like.
1655:
1041:. Its library had an initial collection of 80,000 volumes, given by the Caliph. The collection was said to have grown to 400,000 volumes.
2751:
to showcase their past lived experience related to their teaching and research. Academic insularity is colloquially criticized as being "
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2534:
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In general, in the US and UK, recipients of a bachelor's degree are entitled to wear a simple full-length robe without adornment and a
1254:
after he withdrew from Rome) was at the disposal of the academicians. Bessarion, in the latter years of his life, retired from Rome to
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3709:
3390:
3140:
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2350:(UCL) was founded in 1826 as the first publicly funded English university to admit anyone regardless of religious adherence; and the
1605:
in Paris, established by the monarchy in 1648 (later renamed) was the most significant of the artistic academies, running the famous
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2743:, which require students to participate in practica for credit. Students are taught to bridge the gap between theory and practice.
1755:(1786), which are the ruling bodies of their respective languages and editors of major dictionaries. It also was the model for the
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where it is frequent for professors to have their partners, and sometimes children, hired by the same faculty in which they work.
2395:, to become academies. This was to be through a simplified streamlined process not requiring sponsors to provide capital funding.
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exhibitions from 1725. Artistic academies were established all over Europe by the end of the 18th century, and many, like the
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80:
628:. One of the last leading figures of this group was Simplicius, a pupil of Damascius, the last head of the Athenian school.
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The degree awarded for completed study is the primary academic qualification. Typically these are, in order of completion,
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was refounded as a new institution of some outstanding Platonists of late antiquity who called themselves "successors" (
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with a large number of published research papers, has argued that research journals will evolve into something akin to
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which created the "Royal Society of London", then "Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge".
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The next generation of humanists were bolder admirers of pagan culture, especially in the highly personal academy of
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1951:, when universities were provided with laboratories and clinics, and were charged with doing experimental research.
95:
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were established to prepare the aristocratic youth for state and military service. Many of them lately turned into
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2309:. The latter one still exists in Russia, although other types of academies (study and honorary) appeared as well.
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1637:, and such drawings, which survive in the tens of thousands from the 17th through the 19th century, are termed
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in 1563, the first of the more formally organised art academies that gradually displaced the medieval artists'
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and the leaders of the academy to be arrested on charges of irreligion, immorality, and conspiracy against the
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32:
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1714:. The Crusca long remained a private institution, criticizing and opposing the official Accademia Fiorentina.
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horn". It was a well-accepted 'fact' that a circle of unicorn's horn would act as an invisible cage for any
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During the 18th century many European kings followed and founded their own academy of sciences: in 1714 the
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were both founded in 1540, and were both initially concerned with the proper basis for literary use of the
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did not altogether disappear. After his exile, Simplicius (and perhaps some others), may have travelled to
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and was explained, at least as early as the beginning of the 6th century BC, by linking it to an Athenian
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organized public subscription performances of his music in Vienna in the 1780s and 1790s, he called the
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for a short time. He introduced an academic system that was much more accessible to the lower classes.
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in 18th-century Europe, the academy started to change in Europe. In the beginning of the 19th century
1220:, who seemed a dazzling figure to the Florentine intellectuals. In 1462 Cosimo gave Ficino a villa at
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1995:
1948:
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J. M. Opal. âExciting Emulation: Academies and the Transformation of the Rural North, 1780s-1820s.â
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Starting at the end of the 16th century in the Holy Roman Empire, France, Poland and Denmark, many
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357:(1509â1510), that depicts a congregation of philosophers, mathematicians, and scientists from
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2854:, reserving priority for the discoverer, but indecipherable for anyone not in on the secret: both
1947:
This kind of academy lost importance after the university reform begun with the foundation of the
1208:
that he determined to re-establish in 1439, centered on the marvellous promise shown by the young
905:
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5022:
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2153:
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1283:
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1005:
779:
187:
159:
2679:
2056:
1578:
1502:
1369:
851:) by Chanakya, is said to have been composed in Takshashila itself. Chanakya (or Kautilya), the
3872:
1530:
1518:
1406:
743:
from Africa, Europe and Asia studying various aspects of philosophy, language and mathematics.
5228:
5027:
5007:
4861:
4851:
4814:
4709:
4518:
4490:
4372:
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4286:
4098:
4019:
3705:
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3656:
3650:
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3548:
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3205:
3190:
3080:
2904:
2899:
2763:
2736:
2618:
2333:
2281:
2234:
2230:
2123:
2074:. Per year the academy accepted 100 noblemen and 100 commoners to start their education there.
2045:
1878:
1824:
1816:
1798:
1534:
1506:
1055:
1035:
979:
790:
567:
498:
470:
3274:
1522:
1438:
1410:
1165:, until the humanism of the 15th and 16th centuries opened new studies of arts and sciences.
986:, but little is known about it. Perhaps the most famous center of learning in Persia was the
5137:
5069:
5052:
5012:
4966:
4912:
4897:
4875:
4846:
4721:
4500:
4485:
4437:
4308:
4253:
4011:
3652:
The Origins of Higher Learning: Knowledge networks and the early development of universities
3345:
3195:
3095:
3065:
2920:
2910:
2863:
2843:
2771:
2645:
1823:, with which is internationally famous. So, it became the academy of sciences for the whole
1781:
founded in 1603 in Rome, particularly focused on natural sciences. In 1657 some students of
1697:
1586:
1558:
1546:
1542:
1526:
1434:
1402:
1350:
1217:
959:
955:
899:
813:
798:
601:
586:
482:
448:
392:
enclosed its precincts with a wall, it contained a sacred grove of olive trees dedicated to
339:
190:
3799:
3608:
3022:
in the classroom, a practice which has now all but disappeared. Two notable exceptions are
2328:
From the mid-seventeenth to the 19th centuries, educational institutions in England run by
1368:, for the encouragement of theatrical representations. There were also the academy of the "
5064:
4946:
4902:
4892:
4726:
4605:
4235:
4221:
4204:
4178:
3837:
3786:
3767:
3527:
3150:
3120:
2702:
and creative fields it is common for scholars and teachers to have only master's degrees.
2695:
2687:
2661:
2648:) which is controlled by no single department, discipline, or field of thought. Also, the
2558:
2294:
2252:
2143:
1966:
1960:
1756:
1752:
1737:
1398:
1390:
1242:
1232:
1209:
825:
809:
413:
1067:
in Italy is the world's oldest state-funded academic institution in continuous operation.
570:
in their cultural origin: Hermias and Diogenes (both from Phoenicia), Isidorus of Gaza,
155:
5182:
5101:
4971:
4787:
4679:
4661:
4638:
4533:
4432:
4407:
4353:
4214:
4092:
Getting it Published: A Guide for Scholars (And Anyone Else)Serious about Serious Books
3748:
3744:
2950:
2926:
2574:
2479:
2377:
2210:
2182:
2170:
was the most influential pattern for these. Finland even has two separate "academies":
2147:
2127:
2076:
These were the model for the subsequent military academies throughout Europe, like the
2026:
1863:
1634:
1514:
1441:
civile e canonico", and another of the university scholars and students of philosophy (
1238:
1162:
1151:
975:
895:
700:
502:
358:
300:
264:
226:
4122:
3990:"Tragic loss or good riddance? The impending demise of traditional scholarly journals"
3419:
3383:
5217:
5132:
4961:
4887:
4799:
4600:
4448:
4377:
4348:
4336:
3724:
3407:
The Philosophy of the Commentators, 200â600 AD: Psychology (with Ethics and Religion)
3365:
3180:
3030:, where students are required to wear formal academic dress in the examination room.
2847:
2819:
2811:
2675:
2426:
2209:. In emulation of the military academies, police in the United States are trained in
2158:
2131:
1971:
1848:
1836:
1622:
1606:
1480:
of Rome (founded 1593) helped to confirm the use of the term for these institutions.
924:
852:
794:
116:
3327:
2271:
2174:
is a government-run funding agency, Suomalainen tiedeakatemia is a learned society.
5127:
4819:
4804:
4744:
4610:
4458:
4427:
4331:
4313:
3850:
3825:
3255:
2887:
2855:
2691:
2298:
1473:
1461:
1327:
1311:
1295:
1275:
1174:
1111:
840:
829:
771:
740:
4163:
has not been allowed to be used this way since 2001; academia.edu antedates that.)
2937:
forums over the coming decade, by extending the interactivity of current Internet
1759:, founded in 1783, which afterwards merged into the Russian Academy of Sciences.
1076:
and other towns where they opened the first schools dedicated to advanced study.
4731:
4417:
4228:
3898:
3779:
3170:
3100:
2987:
2930:
2915:
2752:
2740:
2116:
1870:
1307:
763:
708:
592:
ceased the school's funding in AD 529, a date that is often cited as the end of
589:
549:
311:
179:
175:
58:
3760:
292:
as a center of learning. The sacred space, dedicated to the goddess of wisdom,
4951:
4558:
3349:
3302:
3105:
2779:
2600:
2501:
1925:
1135:
1131:
992:
891:
696:
670:
575:
553:
459:
440:
436:
378:
374:
370:
202:
4023:
2998:
According to The American Council on Education "six-year specialist degrees (
2694:
study). These are only currently being standardized in Europe as part of the
1421:. Towards the middle of the 16th century there were also the academy of the "
4674:
4303:
3125:
2683:
2570:
2542:
2538:
2095:
1991:
1852:
1793:, focused on physics and astronomy. The foundation of academy was funded by
1147:
1104:
1092:
1073:
983:
860:
848:
821:
817:
712:
704:
609:
571:
490:
474:
366:
322:
210:
5157:
4015:
3519:
2537:, the term academic is approximately synonymous with that of the job title
2247:"academies". This usage in musical terms survives in the concert orchestra
982:). The Grand School was the main center of learning in the Persian capital
2624:
Most academic institutions reflect the divide of the disciplines in their
785:
In the 8th century another kind of institution of learning emerged, named
4907:
4553:
3287:
3185:
2938:
2934:
2562:
1790:
1685:
1646:
Similar institutions were often established for other arts: Rome had the
1270:
1139:
1123:
1031:
887:
844:
837:
820:, modern-day Pakistan, was an early centre of learning, near present-day
751:
617:
597:
533:
417:
276:
268:
206:
194:
3357:
2437:
was formed in 1802 as a college. It never included a preparatory unit.
4922:
4917:
4513:
3215:
3210:
2879:
2851:
2510:
2462:
2425:, retained the term in their names (Corning Free Academy, demoted to a
2244:
2233:. In England, "academy" had a specialized meaning for schools, but the
1782:
1469:
1303:
1255:
1221:
1212:. Cosimo had been inspired by the arrival at the otherwise ineffective
1119:
1084:
1080:
1027:
967:
920:
909:
883:
879:
864:
786:
775:
728:
660:
644:
506:
354:
253:
17:
2955:
1290:, and young visitors who received polish in the academic circle, like
485:("the last undisputed head of the Academy"). Other notable members of
4422:
4276:
4188:
2968:
2883:
2649:
2577:
is sometimes substituted for teaching staff at Oxford and Cambridge.
2392:
2260:
1913:
1777:
of Naples, the first academy exclusively devoted to sciences was the
1677:
1582:
1574:
1562:
1554:
1258:, but he left behind him ardent adherents of the classic philosophy.
1251:
1100:
1088:
971:
944:
716:
636:
621:
425:
401:
397:
393:
293:
281:
222:
218:
214:
2541:
although in recent decades a growing number of institutions include
2504:
or other higher education institution. An academic usually holds an
870:
Generally, a student entered Takshashila at the age of sixteen. The
691:
In ancient Greece, after the establishment of the original Academy,
3625:
2878:
on June 5, 1661, he presented the Society with a vial of powdered "
2142:
The term is used widely today to refer to anything from schools to
321:
has come to mean the accumulation, development and transmission of
3963:
3930:"Protesting parents 'disgusted' with Downhills governors' removal"
2954:
2270:
2135:
2122:
2094:
2033:, but some of them were transformed into true military academies.
1941:
1590:
1453:
1430:
1143:
1127:
1096:
1054:
963:
913:
904:
871:
692:
558:
389:
362:
343:
307:
297:
289:
244:
198:
154:
4144:
Taste and the Antique: The Lure of Classical Sculpture, 1500â1900
2959:
Professors and newly conferred doctors of philosophy posing at a
2617:
specialized disciplines in their own right â a recent example is
2595:
of study. These have their roots in the subjects of the medieval
1743:
In its turn the state established Académie was the model for the
4160:
3899:"BBC News â Academy row school governors sacked by Michael Gove"
3340:
Cameron, Alan (1969). "The last days of the Academy at Athens".
2775:
1448:
In Florence, the Medici again took the lead in establishing the
1319:
774:
era before the 21st century BC. The Imperial Central Academy at
600:, its remaining members looked for protection under the rule of
271:
4249:
4245:
3976:
American collegiate populations: A test of the traditional view
2603:, which provided the model for scholastic thought in the first
3780:
Groschenheft magazine on the Leopoldina's anniversary (German)
3236:
2280:
Education. These academies' main responsibility is overseeing
1978:
was begun in 1780 by many of the same people prominent in the
1851:, the academy was founded as an organ of government. In 1699,
52:
2561:(also senior research fellow and principal research fellow),
2376:", were introduced in England. They have been compared to US
1157:
It remained in place even after the new scholasticism of the
715:
refined the method with his own theories and established the
4209:
4123:
Gerald Bechtle, Bryn Mawr Classical Review of Rainer Thiel,
3729:
History of the Popes, ii, 2, gives an unsympathetic account.
3384:
Gerald Bechtle, Bryn Mawr Classical Review of Rainer Thiel,
2862:
used this approach. However, this method did not work well.
2275:
A map outlining the academies overseeing education in France
2107:
and the National Library forming 'the Trilogy', designed by
1862:
Although Prussia was a member of Holy Roman Empire, in 1700
1819:, recognised the society and in 1687 he gave it the epithet
1700:. In 1582 five Florentine literati gathered and founded the
695:'s colleagues and pupils developed spin-offs of his method.
541:
with the original Academy in the new organizational entity.
4156:
4125:
Simplikios und das Ende der neuplatonischen Schule in Athen
4115:
Alan Cameron, "The last days of the Academy at Athens", in
3386:
Simplikios und das Ende der neuplatonischen Schule in Athen
2305:
was reserved to denote a state research establishment, see
164:
world's oldest academic institution in continuous operation
4198:'IIRAJ' â International Institute of Research and Journals
3679:. Vol. 4. Torino: UTET. 7 August 1981. p. 122.
4197:
2372:
In 2000, a form of "independent state schools", called "
1736:
with the task of acting as an official authority on the
801:) can be classified as higher institutions of learning.
548:
in the 6th century were drawn from various parts of the
4171:
4167:
An Academic costume code and an Academic ceremony guide
4083:
John A. Goldsmith, John Komlosk and Penny Schine Gold.
2119:, academically correct even to the polychrome sculpture
832:
tales, written in Sri Lanka around the 5th century AD.
3611:", Garten, Jeffrey E. New York Times, 9 December 2006.
2755:"; when used pejoratively, this term is criticized as
2500:
is a person who works as a teacher or researcher at a
1721:
for German language, which existed from 1617 to 1680.
1476:
brothers was also extremely influential, and with the
4210:'Magistri et Scholares' â Academic News and Resources
2514:
is sometimes used with equivalent meaning to that of
1717:
The first institution inspired by the Crusca was the
1306:. In their self-confidence, these first intellectual
4078:
New Faculty A practical Guide for Academic Beginners
5150:
5120:
5083:
5036:
4980:
4939:
4874:
4828:
4761:
4623:
4588:
4499:
4467:
4363:
4322:
4294:
4284:
3567:Radha Kumud Mookerji (2nd ed. 1951; reprint 1989).
2526:are not typically included in this use of the term
83:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4241:Website of the Italian Academies 1525â1700 Project
3569:Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist
3254:
2975:At some universities, such as the Universities of
2762:To address this split, there is a growing body of
4117:Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society
3704:(in Italian). Mario Adda Editore. pp. 9â10.
3603:
3601:
3342:Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society
527:After a lapse during the early Roman occupation,
197:or honorary membership). The name traces back to
3543:Radhakumud Mookerji (1941; 1960; reprint 1989).
2413:History of higher education in the United States
1974:founded in 1660 was the first such academy. The
1680:and the Accademia degli Umidi, soon renamed the
1517:. About 1700 were founded the academies of the "
1237:In Rome, after unity was restored following the
303:, hence the expression "the groves of Academe".
4065:A. Leight DeNeef and Craufurd D. Goodwin, eds.
3994:International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
3449:
3328:The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy
2565:(also senior lecturer and principal lecturer),
1886:Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna
1405:gardens. There were also the academies of the "
1397:. These were followed by a new academy in the "
596:. According to the sole witness, the historian
431:Plato's immediate successors as "scholarch" of
45:"Academic" redirects here. For other uses, see
38:"Academia" redirects here. For other uses, see
4080:. New York: Modern Language Association, 1992.
3587:
3585:
3330:(Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 53â54.
2585:Academia is usually conceived as divided into
2461:, but also directed the educational system in
2267:French regional academies overseeing education
1855:gave the academy its first rules and named it
1107:, while others were opened throughout Europe.
1079:The most notable of these new schools were in
4261:
4185:Bibliography on the history of the university
4094:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.
4087:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.
1744:
1701:
1615:Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando
544:The last "Greek" philosophers of the revived
8:
4076:Christopher J. Lucas and John W. Murry, Jr.
3018:, from which a colored tassel is suspended.
2545:in the category of "academic staff". In the
2163:
1990:At first such institutions only trained the
1906:Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters
1729:
1450:Accademia e Compagnia delle Arti del Disegno
929:Ikhtiyar Uddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji
3741:A History of Magic and Experimental Science
3702:Storia dello Studium di Napoli in etĂ sveva
3595:, Sixth, Varanasi: Nand Kishore & Bros.
3563:
3561:
3401:
3399:
3317:, 3rd ed. (1996), s.v. "Philon of Larissa."
2457:not only published his philosophical paper
2255:, a concert hall in Brixton, South London.
2179:Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
1918:Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities
699:, a Greek student of Plato established the
5040:
4880:
4834:
4765:
4473:
4291:
4268:
4254:
4246:
4189:Palinurus: The Academy and the Corporation
4142:Francis Haskell and Nicholas Penny, 1981.
2902:". Except for generalist journals such as
1635:drawing the draped and undraped human form
1484:17th- and 18th-century academies in Europe
1419:Marchesa Isabella Aldobrandini Pallavicino
4085:The Chicago Guide to Your Academic Career
4005:
3831:"Hedge fund charity plans city academies"
3571:(pp. 478â489). Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
3379:
3377:
3375:
2628:structure, being divided internally into
1804:. This academy lasted after few decades.
1711:Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca
1357:16th-century literary-aesthetic academies
923:was established in the 5th century AD in
143:Learn how and when to remove this message
3761:Self-produced overview of the Leopoldina
3622:"Official website of Nalanda University"
3452:after Buddhaghosa, i.e. around A.D. 500.
2846:were the Proceedings of Meetings of the
2409:Secondary education in the United States
1545:of pre-unitarian states: the academy of
762:In China a higher education institution
566:philosophers mentioned by Agathias were
408:, which by classical times evolved into
162:, Italy, established in AD 1088, is the
4224:, from the Hellenic Ministry of Culture
4193:University of California, Santa Barbara
3649:Lowe, Roy; Yasuhara, Yoshihito (2016).
3644:
3642:
3228:
2387:The Queen's Speech, which followed the
1696:of Italy, which would later become the
1265:, the natural son of a nobleman of the
912:, ancient center of higher learning in
616:), some members found sanctuary in the
2336:teachings were collectively known as "
1571:Galileiana Academy of Arts and Science
1018:in the 10th century, and in Mali, the
890:lore, were taught, in addition to its
3879:from the original on 17 December 2014
3800:"Theresian military academy timeline"
1976:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
552:cultural world and suggest the broad
517:Neoplatonic Academy of Late Antiquity
7:
5198:
5048:Ancient higher-learning institutions
3849:Coughlan, Sean (10 September 2002).
3275:participating institution membership
1603:Académie de peinture et de sculpture
1417:" (1598); this last, founded by the
1302:, to the discomfiture of his friend
1204:took a personal interest in the new
1030:, Iraq was established in 1227 as a
682:Ancient higher-learning institutions
657:Ancient higher-learning institutions
404:. The archaic name for the site was
400:, outside the city walls of ancient
81:adding citations to reliable sources
3909:from the original on 13 August 2014
3851:"Academy opens doors to the future"
3547:(p. 17). Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
3409:, page 11. Cornell University Press
3393:2005-03-13 at Wikiwix (in English).
2332:groups that did not agree with the
2070:was founded on 14 December 1751 by
2012:Imperial Artillery Military Academy
1650:for music from 1585; Paris had the
1006:Islamic Golden Age § Education
707:, another student, established the
469:â240 BC). Later scholarchs include
4227:Italian Academies Database (IAD):
4146:(New Haven: Yale University Press)
3861:from the original on 28 June 2004.
3739:As for instance in the monumental
3420:"Introduction of Hunan University"
3344:. 195 (n.s. 15) (15 (195)): 7â29.
3141:List of fields of doctoral studies
2249:Academy of St Martin in the Fields
2150:to private industry associations.
2130:, an academy building designed by
1185:took on newly vivid connotations.
306:In these gardens, the philosopher
205:, founded approximately 386 BC at
25:
4119:vol 195 (n.s. 15), 1969, pp 7â29.
3988:Odlyzko, Andrew M. (1995-01-01).
3940:from the original on 23 July 2013
3545:Chandragupta Maurya and His Times
2795:Nepotism is frequent in academia
1902:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
1014:in the 9th century and in Cairo,
651:Ancient and medieval institutions
5197:
5188:
5187:
5176:
3928:David Hardiman (15 March 2012).
3591:Altekar, Anant Sadashiv (1965).
2522:Academic administrators such as
2207:Australian Defence Force Academy
2014:of Saint Petersburg (1698), the
1627:Accademia di Belle Arti di Brera
1621:in Saint Petersburg (1757), the
1493:Literary-philosophical academies
1393:under the patronage of Cardinal
1177:that accompanied the revival of
1065:University of Naples Federico II
1061:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
878:, which included skills such as
578:of Coele-Syria and perhaps even
57:
3806:from the original on 2014-08-06
2961:Worcester Polytechnic Institute
2768:practice-based research network
2605:universities in medieval Europe
2362:Primary and secondary education
2203:United States Air Force Academy
2016:Royal Military Academy Woolwich
2010:in Turin (opened in 1678), the
1881:, who was appointed president.
1728:to found in 1634 the analogous
1551:Panomitan Academy of Buon Gusto
1468:set up later in the century in
182:áŒÎșÎ±ÎŽÎ·ÎŒÎŻÎ±) is an institution of
68:needs additional citations for
4137:Antiochus and the Late Academy
2995:with the university's colors.
2894:Current status and development
2785:screen media practice research
2435:United States Military Academy
2356:Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829
2191:United States Military Academy
1656:Académie Royale d'Architecture
1617:in Madrid (founded 1744), the
1613:in Berlin (founded 1696), the
1169:Renaissance academies in Italy
388:was a school, and even before
27:Institution of higher learning
1:
4069:. 2nd ed. Durham and London:
4038:"Six-Year Specialist Degrees"
3978:(NYU Press, 1982) table 1.20
3480:, Brill Academic Publishers,
3440:, Brill Academic Publishers,
3091:Category:Academic terminology
2459:On the Limits of State Action
2038:Royal Danish Military Academy
1910:Göttingen Academy of Sciences
1831:and run experiments. In 1662
1811:by four physicians. In 1677,
1362:trace. In the 1520s came the
1161:and the encyclopedic work of
943:The geographical position of
750:was a medieval university in
463:
452:
4454:University technical college
4181:Online community web schools
3700:Delle Donne, Fulvio (2010).
3136:List of academic disciplines
3131:French mathematical seminars
2838:History of academic journals
2823:dramatizes such a conflict.
2342:England's educational system
2181:, which presents the annual
1875:Prussian Academy of Sciences
1857:Académie royale des sciences
1589:became the Royal Academy of
1581:became the Royal Academy of
1561:became the Royal Academy of
631:It has been speculated that
280:. Outside the city walls of
3960:Journal of American History
3315:Oxford Classical Dictionary
2876:Fellow of the Royal Society
2674:(awarded for completion of
2307:Russian Academy of Sciences
2199:United States Naval Academy
2189:of the United Kingdom; the
1890:Russian Academy of Sciences
1809:Academia Naturae Curiosorum
1789:(Academy of Experiment) in
1775:Academia Secretorum Naturae
1668:List of language regulators
1466:Accademia degli Incamminati
1286:, the papal librarian, and
556:of the common culture (see
5260:
4383:College-preparatory school
3593:Education in Ancient India
3478:Education in Ancient India
3438:Education in Ancient India
3166:Medieval university (Asia)
3146:List of honorary societies
2948:
2830:
2809:
2709:
2659:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2431:University of Pennsylvania
2406:
2365:
2321:
2289:Russian research academies
2080:of Naples in 1787 and the
2068:Theresian Military Academy
2020:Real Colegio de Artilleria
2002:(founded in 1641) and the
1958:
1934:Royal Society of Edinburgh
1930:Sciences Academy of Lisbon
1922:Academia Theodoro-Palatina
1766:
1751:(founded in 1713) and the
1674:Accademia degli Infiammati
1665:
1652:Académie Royale de Musique
1648:Accademia di Santa Cecilia
1230:
1048:
1012:University of Al-Karaouine
1003:
679:
668:
654:
520:
337:
29:
5171:
5043:
4883:
4837:
4768:
4476:
4393:Comprehensive high school
3962:91#2 (2004), pp. 445â70.
3405:Richard Sorabji, (2005),
3350:10.1017/S1750270500030207
3262:Oxford English Dictionary
2352:Test and Corporation Acts
2348:University College London
2164:
2082:Military Academy Karlberg
1730:
1702:
1625:in London (1768) and the
1365:Accademia degli Intronati
1226:Renaissance Neo-Platonism
267:, which derives from the
47:Academic (disambiguation)
40:Academia (disambiguation)
4750:State-integrated school
4624:By funding / eligibility
4403:Continuation high school
3655:. Taylor & Francis.
3476:Hartmut Scharfe (2002):
3463:"History of Education",
3436:Hartmut Scharfe (2002):
2451:the Age of Enlightenment
2368:Academy (English school)
2338:the dissenting academies
2223:Phillips Andover Academy
2078:Reale Accademia Militare
2072:Maria Theresa of Austria
2008:Real Accademia di Savoia
1807:In 1652 was founded the
1802:Ferdinando II de' Medici
1619:Imperial Academy of Arts
1294:of Bologna who took the
1280:Giovanni Antonio Campani
916:, India from 427 to 1197
739:Egypt was frequented by
523:End of Hellenic Religion
259:The word comes from the
33:Academy (disambiguation)
5163:Educational institution
4783:Anarchistic free school
4529:Institute of technology
4067:The Academic's Handbook
3789:(accessed May 27, 2005)
3785:March 11, 2007, at the
3770:(accessed May 27, 2005)
3532:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
3465:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
3267:Oxford University Press
2770:(PBRN) within clinical
2492:Academic administration
2382:Business Academy Bexley
2301:the term "academy", or
2227:Phillips Exeter Academy
2134:, was built on 1833 in
2088:Modern use of the term
1567:Accademia dei Ricovrati
1456:, usually known as the
1292:Publio Fausto Andrelini
1150:)âhad been codified in
1059:Established in 1224 by
687:Greece and early Europe
671:History of universities
296:, had formerly been an
4993:Compensatory education
4745:State or public school
4571:Upper division college
4229:bl.uk/ItalianAcademies
4191:, a web site from the
4016:10.1006/ijhc.1995.1004
3454:
2964:
2573:. The colloquial term
2486:List of academic ranks
2276:
2187:Royal Academy of Music
2139:
2120:
2006:(1647) in Lisbon, the
1965:Academic societies or
1938:Accademia dei Quaranta
1773:After the short-lived
1747:Real Academia Española
1745:
1704:Accademia della Crusca
1274:appear a condemner of
1198:Florentine Renaissance
1068:
1020:University of Timbuktu
988:Academy of Gundishapur
917:
748:University of Timbuktu
719:in another gymnasium.
381:
256:
250:Plato's Academy mosaic
167:
4649:Comprehensive school
4576:Vocational university
4071:Duke University Press
3046:Academic acceleration
2958:
2524:university presidents
2389:2010 general election
2274:
2126:
2098:
2040:began to educate all
1833:Charles II of England
1787:Accademia del Cimento
1763:Academies of sciences
1597:Academies of the arts
1478:Accademia di San Luca
1443:Accademia Eustachiana
1379:Accademia della VirtĂč
1343:, later known as the
1058:
1024:Mustansiriya Madrasah
908:
847:for The knowledge of
737:library of Alexandria
580:Simplicius of Cilicia
562:): Five of the seven
521:Further information:
428:and other immortals.
347:
248:
234:Royal Spanish Academy
158:
5234:Academic terminology
5112:in the United States
5003:Continuing education
4998:Compulsory education
4842:Free school movement
4810:Single-sex education
4795:International school
4778:Democratic education
4657:For-profit education
4644:Community day school
4539:Liberal arts college
4398:Comprehensive school
4388:Collegiate institute
3934:Haringey Independent
3873:"Academies Act 2010"
3201:Scientific community
3116:Byzantine university
3111:Bullying in academia
2757:anti-intellectualism
2749:blue-collar scholars
2706:Academic conferences
2553:are used, typically
2549:, various titles of
2455:Wilhelm von Humboldt
2423:Corning Free Academy
2324:Dissenting academies
2313:English school types
2105:University of Athens
2004:Aula de Fortificação
1996:Military Engineering
1949:University of Berlin
1940:in Rome, in 1784 in
1894:Royal Dublin Society
1779:Accademia dei Lincei
1724:The Crusca inspired
1719:Fruitbearing Society
1682:Accademia Fiorentina
1662:Linguistic academies
1346:Accademia Pontaniana
1175:Neoplatonist revival
511:Antiochus of Ascalon
350:The School of Athens
193:(and generally also
77:improve this article
31:For other uses, see
5121:Informal or illegal
5075:Medieval university
5018:Inclusive education
4988:College preparatory
4549:Residential college
4544:Research university
4481:Professional school
4356:/ Elementary school
3507:Motilal Banarsidass
3265:(Online ed.).
3161:Medieval university
3086:Academic paper mill
3076:Academic inbreeding
3061:Academic dishonesty
3056:Academic conference
3041:Abstract management
2842:Among the earliest
2833:Academic publishing
2827:Academic publishing
2730:Practice and theory
2712:Academic conference
2303:Academy of Sciences
2022:in Segovia (1764).
1998:officers, like the
1980:American Revolution
1877:upon the advice of
1769:Academy of sciences
1694:vernacular language
1611:Akademie der KĂŒnste
1585:and the academy of
1539:Accademia Esquilina
1458:Guild of Saint Luke
1437:; an "Accademia di
1413:" (1576), and the "
1395:Ippolito de' Medici
1389:(1542), founded by
1331:academy founded by
1300:University of Paris
1288:Filippo Buonaccorsi
1214:Council of Florence
1051:Medieval university
1016:Al-Azhar University
949:Alexander the Great
867:studied at Taxila.
665:Medieval university
614:freedom of religion
539:personal continuity
495:Heraclides Ponticus
288:was made famous by
5183:Schools portal
5088:indigenous peoples
5085:Schools imposed on
5023:Remedial education
4957:Distance education
4773:Alternative school
4762:By style / purpose
4737:Specialist school
4596:All-through school
4444:Sixth form college
4234:2009-02-10 at the
4220:2011-05-19 at the
4203:2022-07-03 at the
4177:2020-06-12 at the
4044:on 6 December 2006
3836:2006-02-02 at the
3823:Rebecca Smithers,
3766:2007-09-28 at the
3526:2008-01-10 at the
3176:Pseudo-scholarship
3156:Lyceum (classical)
3071:Academic inflation
3051:Academic careerism
2965:
2874:was admitted as a
2872:Duke of Buckingham
2870:example, when the
2668:associate's degree
2555:research associate
2474:Academic personnel
2318:Tertiary education
2277:
2172:Academy of Finland
2166:Académie Française
2154:National academies
2140:
2121:
2061:Louis XV of France
2000:Aula da Artilharia
1986:Military academies
1955:Academic societies
1732:Académie française
1654:from 1669 and the
1577:); the academy of
1557:); the academy of
1543:national academies
1376:" (1530), and the
1341:Porticus Antoniana
1337:Antonio Beccadelli
1284:Bartolomeo Platina
1248:Cardinal Bessarion
1159:School of Chartres
1069:
918:
780:Nanjing University
608:in his capital at
382:
257:
168:
160:Bologna University
5211:
5210:
5146:
5145:
5028:Special education
5008:Further education
4935:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4870:
4869:
4857:Montessori school
4852:Laboratory school
4815:Specialist school
4753:
4740:
4685:UK private school
4670:
4652:
4634:
4619:
4618:
4584:
4583:
4519:Community college
4491:Vocational school
4373:Adult high school
4287:educational stage
4139:, Göttingen 1978.
4127:. Stuttgart, 1999
4103:978-0-7864-6399-2
4090:William Germano.
3905:. 15 March 2012.
3609:Really Old School
3388:. Stuttgart, 1999
3326:See the table in
3273:(Subscription or
3206:Scientific method
3191:Scholarly article
3081:Academic mobility
3026:and a society at
3014:that resembles a
2900:publish or perish
2844:research journals
2764:practice research
2721:Conflicting goals
2672:bachelor's degree
2619:cognitive science
2613:interdisciplinary
2334:Church of England
2235:Edinburgh Academy
2231:Deerfield Academy
2144:learned societies
2101:Academy of Athens
2050:King Frederick IV
2046:Royal Danish Army
1967:learned societies
1879:Gottfried Leibniz
1825:Holy Roman Empire
1817:Holy Roman Empire
1815:, emperor of the
1505:(1625), and the "
1333:Alfonso of Aragon
1314:(1464â71) caused
1202:Cosimo de' Medici
791:Bailudong Shuyuan
499:Eudoxus of Cnidus
471:Lacydes of Cyrene
396:, the goddess of
217:, the goddess of
153:
152:
145:
127:
16:(Redirected from
5251:
5201:
5200:
5191:
5190:
5181:
5180:
5179:
5070:Cathedral school
5053:Platonic Academy
5041:
5013:Gifted education
4967:Prison education
4913:Parochial school
4898:Christian school
4881:
4847:Folk high school
4835:
4766:
4751:
4739:(United Kingdom)
4738:
4722:Selective school
4668:
4650:
4632:
4486:Technical school
4474:
4438:Secondary school
4342:Global influence
4309:Pre-kindergarten
4292:
4270:
4263:
4256:
4247:
4131:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4040:. Archived from
4034:
4028:
4027:
4009:
3985:
3979:
3972:
3966:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3846:
3840:
3829:, July 6, 2005,
3821:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3796:
3790:
3777:
3771:
3758:
3752:
3737:
3731:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3646:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3624:. Archived from
3618:
3612:
3605:
3596:
3589:
3580:
3565:
3556:
3541:
3535:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3503:Taxila: Volume I
3495:
3489:
3474:
3468:
3461:
3455:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3424:Hunan University
3416:
3410:
3403:
3394:
3381:
3370:
3369:
3337:
3331:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3270:
3258:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3233:
3196:Scholarly method
3096:Academic writing
3066:Academic elitism
2921:curriculum vitae
2864:Robert K. Merton
2772:medical research
2467:Humboldt's Ideal
2211:police academies
2197:, New York; the
2169:
2168:
2148:funding agencies
2027:Knight academies
1873:founded its own
1750:
1735:
1734:
1707:
1706:
1698:Italian language
1435:Charles Borromeo
1387:
1351:Giovanni Pontano
1269:family, born in
1218:Gemistos Plethon
1206:Platonic Academy
1179:humanist studies
1074:cathedral cities
1010:Founded in Fes,
974:(famous for the
900:military science
898:, and school of
799:Hunan University
483:Philo of Larissa
468:
465:
457:
454:
340:Platonic Academy
334:Original Academy
148:
141:
137:
134:
128:
126:
85:
61:
53:
50:
43:
36:
21:
5259:
5258:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5214:
5213:
5212:
5207:
5177:
5175:
5167:
5142:
5116:
5107:in South Africa
5090:
5086:
5079:
5065:Monastic school
5032:
4976:
4947:Boarding school
4927:
4903:Female seminary
4893:Catholic school
4866:
4824:
4757:
4727:Separate school
4615:
4606:One-room school
4580:
4524:Graduate school
4495:
4463:
4359:
4318:
4296:Early childhood
4280:
4274:
4236:Wayback Machine
4222:Wayback Machine
4215:Plato's Academy
4205:Wayback Machine
4179:Wayback Machine
4153:
4129:
4112:
4110:Further reading
4062:
4057:
4056:
4047:
4045:
4036:
4035:
4031:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3973:
3969:
3957:
3953:
3943:
3941:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3912:
3910:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3882:
3880:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3838:Wayback Machine
3822:
3818:
3809:
3807:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3787:Wayback Machine
3778:
3774:
3768:Wayback Machine
3759:
3755:
3738:
3734:
3723:
3719:
3712:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3687:
3677:Storia d'Italia
3675:
3674:
3670:
3663:
3648:
3647:
3640:
3631:
3629:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3606:
3599:
3590:
3583:
3566:
3559:
3542:
3538:
3528:Wayback Machine
3518:
3514:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3475:
3471:
3462:
3458:
3435:
3431:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3404:
3397:
3382:
3373:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3325:
3321:
3313:
3309:
3301:
3297:
3286:
3282:
3272:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3151:Learned society
3121:College rivalry
3036:
2953:
2947:
2896:
2840:
2835:
2829:
2814:
2808:
2793:
2732:
2723:
2714:
2708:
2696:Bologna process
2686:(awarded after
2680:master's degree
2664:
2662:Academic degree
2658:
2583:
2559:research fellow
2506:advanced degree
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2447:
2415:
2405:
2378:charter schools
2370:
2364:
2326:
2320:
2315:
2295:Imperial Russia
2291:
2269:
2253:Brixton Academy
2093:
2075:
2059:was founded by
2057:Ăcole Militaire
1988:
1963:
1961:Learned society
1957:
1795:Prince Leopoldo
1771:
1765:
1757:Russian Academy
1753:Swedish Academy
1738:French language
1670:
1664:
1599:
1501:" (1611), the "
1495:
1486:
1409:" (1560), the "
1391:Claudio Tolomei
1381:
1359:
1325:In Naples, the
1243:Vatican Library
1235:
1233:Roman academies
1210:Marsilio Ficino
1194:
1171:
1053:
1047:
1045:Medieval Europe
1022:in about 1100.
1008:
1002:
996:) at Damascus.
941:
824:in the city of
807:
766:was founded by
760:
725:
689:
684:
678:
673:
667:
655:Main articles:
653:
525:
519:
466:
455:
420:". The site of
416:, a legendary "
342:
336:
331:
243:
191:higher learning
149:
138:
132:
129:
86:
84:
74:
62:
51:
44:
37:
30:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5257:
5255:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5216:
5215:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5205:
5195:
5185:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5165:
5160:
5154:
5152:
5151:Related topics
5148:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5140:
5138:in South Tyrol
5135:
5130:
5124:
5122:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5102:in New Zealand
5099:
5093:
5091:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5055:
5044:
5038:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4972:Virtual school
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4943:
4941:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4884:
4878:
4872:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4862:Waldorf school
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4838:
4832:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4788:Sudbury school
4785:
4775:
4769:
4763:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4747:
4742:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4682:
4680:Private school
4677:
4672:
4664:
4662:Free education
4659:
4654:
4646:
4641:
4639:Charter school
4636:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4534:Junior college
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4505:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4477:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4435:
4433:Minor seminary
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4408:Grammar school
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4369:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4354:Primary school
4351:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4334:
4328:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4300:
4298:
4289:
4282:
4281:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4265:
4258:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4225:
4212:
4207:
4195:
4187:, provided by
4182:
4169:
4164:
4152:
4151:External links
4149:
4148:
4147:
4140:
4135:John Glucker,
4133:
4120:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4029:
3980:
3967:
3951:
3920:
3890:
3864:
3841:
3816:
3791:
3772:
3753:
3745:Lynn Thorndike
3732:
3717:
3711:978-8880828419
3710:
3692:
3685:
3668:
3661:
3638:
3613:
3597:
3581:
3557:
3536:
3512:
3499:Marshall, John
3490:
3469:
3456:
3429:
3411:
3395:
3371:
3332:
3319:
3307:
3295:
3280:
3246:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3032:
2951:Academic dress
2949:Main article:
2946:
2945:Academic dress
2943:
2927:Andrew Odlyzko
2895:
2892:
2839:
2836:
2831:Main article:
2828:
2825:
2810:Main article:
2807:
2804:
2792:
2789:
2766:, such as the
2731:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2710:Main article:
2707:
2704:
2660:Main article:
2657:
2656:Qualifications
2654:
2626:administrative
2582:
2579:
2547:United Kingdom
2484:Main listing:
2480:Academic staff
2478:Main article:
2475:
2472:
2446:
2443:
2404:
2401:
2366:Main article:
2363:
2360:
2322:Main article:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2290:
2287:
2268:
2265:
2183:Academy Awards
2113:Theofil Hansen
2103:, next to the
2092:
2086:
2048:by request of
1987:
1984:
1959:Main article:
1956:
1953:
1936:, in 1782 the
1932:, in 1783 the
1928:, in 1779 the
1920:, in 1763 the
1916:, in 1759 the
1908:, in 1751 the
1904:, in 1742 the
1900:, in 1739 the
1892:, in 1731 the
1888:, in 1724 the
1864:Prince-elector
1767:Main article:
1764:
1761:
1666:Main article:
1663:
1660:
1598:
1595:
1515:Giulio Strozzi
1509:", founded by
1494:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1464:. The private
1429:", founded by
1427:Vatican Nights
1423:Notti Vaticane
1358:
1355:
1335:and guided by
1263:Pomponius Leto
1239:Western Schism
1231:Main article:
1193:
1187:
1170:
1167:
1163:Thomas Aquinas
1152:late antiquity
1049:Main article:
1046:
1043:
1036:Abbasid Caliph
1004:Main article:
1001:
998:
978:School of the
940:
937:
896:medical school
806:
803:
797:(later become
759:
756:
724:
721:
701:Middle Academy
688:
685:
680:Main article:
677:
674:
652:
649:
620:stronghold of
518:
515:
503:Philip of Opus
458:â266 BC), and
447:(314â269 BC),
443:(339â314 BC),
439:(347â339 BC),
424:was sacred to
359:Ancient Greece
338:Main article:
335:
332:
330:
327:
317:By extension,
265:ancient Greece
242:
239:
151:
150:
65:
63:
56:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5256:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5204:
5196:
5194:
5186:
5184:
5174:
5173:
5170:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5149:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5119:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5082:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5042:
5039:
5035:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4979:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4962:Homeschooling
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4938:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4888:Bible college
4886:
4885:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4827:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4800:Magnet school
4798:
4796:
4793:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4767:
4764:
4760:
4754:
4752:(New Zealand)
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4716:
4715:international
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4601:Middle school
4599:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4449:Studio school
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:/ High school
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4378:Cadet college
4376:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4349:Junior school
4347:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4337:Infant school
4335:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4271:
4266:
4264:
4259:
4257:
4252:
4251:
4248:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4180:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4141:
4138:
4134:
4128:
4126:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4082:
4079:
4075:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4043:
4039:
4033:
4030:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4008:
4003:
4000:(1): 71â122.
3999:
3995:
3991:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3974:Colin Burke,
3971:
3968:
3965:
3961:
3955:
3952:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3921:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3891:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3827:
3820:
3817:
3805:
3802:(in German).
3801:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3776:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3757:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3725:Ludwig Pastor
3721:
3718:
3713:
3707:
3703:
3696:
3693:
3688:
3686:88-02-03568-7
3682:
3678:
3672:
3669:
3664:
3662:9781317543275
3658:
3654:
3653:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3628:on 2012-03-16
3627:
3623:
3617:
3614:
3610:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3577:81-208-0423-6
3574:
3570:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3553:81-208-0405-8
3550:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3513:
3509:. p. 81.
3508:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3486:90-04-12556-6
3483:
3479:
3473:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3446:90-04-12556-6
3443:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3291:Life of Cimon
3289:
3284:
3281:
3276:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3257:
3250:
3247:
3243:(in Spanish).
3242:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3222:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3181:Pseudoscience
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3016:tam o'shanter
3013:
3009:
3003:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2970:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2848:Royal Society
2845:
2837:
2834:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2820:Breaking Away
2813:
2812:Town and gown
2806:Town and gown
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2729:
2727:
2720:
2718:
2713:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2676:undergraduate
2673:
2669:
2663:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2620:
2615:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2551:academic rank
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2535:United States
2531:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2427:middle school
2424:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2403:United States
2402:
2400:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2330:nonconformist
2325:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2273:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2173:
2167:
2160:
2159:Royal Society
2155:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2132:Charles Bassi
2129:
2125:
2118:
2114:
2111:Danish pupil
2110:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1972:Royal Society
1968:
1962:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1912:, in 1754 in
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1896:, in 1735 in
1895:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1867:Frederick III
1865:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1849:Royal Society
1845:
1840:
1838:
1837:Royal Charter
1834:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1741:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1705:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1623:Royal Academy
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1511:Cardinal Dati
1508:
1504:
1500:
1492:
1490:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1189:15th-century
1188:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1000:Islamic world
999:
997:
995:
994:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
952:
950:
946:
938:
936:
932:
930:
926:
922:
915:
911:
907:
903:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
876:Eighteen Arts
873:
868:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
839:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
816:, in ancient
815:
811:
804:
802:
800:
796:
795:Yuelu Shuyuan
792:
788:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
757:
755:
753:
749:
744:
742:
741:intellectuals
738:
734:
730:
722:
720:
718:
714:
711:. In 335 BC,
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
686:
683:
676:Ancient world
675:
672:
666:
662:
658:
650:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
588:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
560:
555:
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
535:
530:
524:
516:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
461:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:
346:
341:
333:
328:
326:
324:
320:
315:
313:
309:
304:
302:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
278:
273:
270:
266:
262:
255:
251:
247:
240:
238:
235:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
201:'s school of
200:
196:
192:
189:
185:
181:
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88:Find sources:
82:
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66:This article
64:
60:
55:
54:
48:
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5244:School types
4820:Vocal school
4805:Music school
4667:Free school
4611:Ranch school
4508:
4459:Upper school
4428:Maths school
4332:First school
4314:Kindergarten
4157:Academia.edu
4143:
4136:
4130:(in English)
4124:
4116:
4091:
4084:
4077:
4066:
4060:Bibliography
4046:. Retrieved
4042:the original
4032:
4007:10.1.1.50.97
3997:
3993:
3983:
3975:
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3959:
3954:
3942:. Retrieved
3933:
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3867:
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3826:The Guardian
3824:
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3626:the original
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3020:
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3007:
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2997:
2993:
2985:
2974:
2966:
2925:
2909:
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2897:
2888:Robert Hooke
2868:
2856:Isaac Newton
2841:
2818:
2815:
2794:
2761:
2745:
2733:
2724:
2715:
2700:professional
2692:postgraduate
2665:
2644:and several
2633:
2629:
2623:
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2609:
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2584:
2532:
2527:
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2141:
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2019:
2018:(1741), the
2003:
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1970:number. The
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1785:founded the
1772:
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1600:
1496:
1487:
1462:Academic art
1447:
1377:
1363:
1360:
1344:
1340:
1328:Quattrocento
1326:
1324:
1296:New Learning
1282:(Campanus),
1276:Christianity
1260:
1236:
1195:
1190:
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1172:
1156:
1112:liberal arts
1109:
1078:
1070:
1039:al-Mustansir
1009:
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933:
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857:Chandragupta
841:Arthashastra
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726:
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632:
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133:October 2022
130:
120:
113:
106:
99:
87:
75:Please help
70:verification
67:
4940:By location
4830:Progressive
4732:Sink school
4701:University
4690:preparatory
4418:Hauptschule
4172:eto.academy
3944:17 December
3913:17 December
3883:17 December
3171:Proceedings
3101:Academician
2988:mortarboard
2931:academician
2916:peer review
2753:ivory tower
2741:social work
2630:departments
2588:disciplines
2508:. The term
2251:and in the
2128:Ă
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2117:Greek Ionic
2115:, 1885, in
2099:The modern
1871:Brandenburg
1658:from 1671.
1643:in French.
1569:became the
1549:became the
1382: [
1374:Vinegrowers
1267:Sanseverino
1196:During the
1130:), and the
976:Pythagorean
814:Takshashila
764:Shang Xiang
709:New Academy
550:Hellenistic
479:Clitomachus
312:Old Academy
225:, north of
180:Koine Greek
176:Attic Greek
5218:Categories
5128:in Ireland
5037:Historical
4952:Day school
4564:Collegiate
4559:University
4048:2006-12-03
3810:2016-09-08
3632:2018-05-12
3448:, p. 141:
3303:Thucydides
3277:required.)
3223:References
3106:Art school
2963:graduation
2780:humanities
2601:quadrivium
2543:librarians
2502:university
2490:See also:
2407:See also:
2205:; and the
2195:West Point
2138:, Finland.
2109:Schinkel's
2031:gymnasiums
1926:Heidelberg
1821:Leopoldina
1799:Grand Duke
1579:Dissonanti
1503:Fantastici
1415:Illuminati
1370:Vignaiuoli
1136:Arithmetic
1132:Quadrivium
1110:The seven
993:bimaristan
954:Under the
892:law school
697:Arcesilaus
669:See also:
576:Iamblichus
574:of Syria,
554:syncretism
467: 266
460:Arcesilaus
456: 269
441:Xenocrates
437:Speusippus
379:Heraclitus
375:Archimedes
371:Pythagoras
229:, Greece.
203:philosophy
103:newspapers
5239:Platonism
5224:Academies
5133:in Greece
5097:in Canada
4876:Religious
4675:Institute
4669:(England)
4651:(British)
4633:(England)
4413:Gymnasium
4365:Secondary
4304:Preschool
4024:1071-5819
4002:CiteSeerX
3505:. Delhi:
3501:(1975) .
3366:163730386
3256:"academe"
3237:"Academy"
3126:Education
2981:Cambridge
2939:preprints
2737:education
2684:doctorate
2642:president
2581:Structure
2571:professor
2539:professor
2374:academies
2219:gymnasium
2084:in 1792.
2052:in 1713.
1992:Artillery
1853:Louis XIV
1835:signed a
1813:Leopold I
1726:Richelieu
1640:académies
1531:Aborigini
1519:Infecondi
1407:Intrepidi
1308:neopagans
1191:academies
1173:With the
1148:Astronomy
1105:Cambridge
1093:Salamanca
984:Ctesiphon
956:Sasanians
861:Ayurvedic
849:Economics
822:Islamabad
713:Aristotle
705:Carneades
610:Ctesiphon
606:Khosrau I
594:Antiquity
590:Justinian
572:Damascius
534:diadochoi
491:Aristotle
475:Carneades
406:Hekademia
367:Aristotle
323:knowledge
286:gymnasium
241:Etymology
211:sanctuary
184:secondary
92:"Academy"
5229:Academia
5193:Category
4981:By scope
4908:Gurukula
4631:Academy
4589:Combined
4554:Seminary
4469:Tertiary
4232:Archived
4218:Archived
4201:Archived
4175:Archived
3938:Archived
3907:Archived
3903:BBC News
3877:Archived
3859:Archived
3855:BBC News
3834:Archived
3804:Archived
3783:Archived
3764:Archived
3524:Archived
3520:Kautilya
3488:, p. 141
3391:Archived
3358:44696832
3288:Plutarch
3186:Research
3034:See also
2935:Internet
2791:Nepotism
2688:graduate
2678:study),
2634:programs
2563:lecturer
2528:academic
2516:academic
2498:academic
2245:concerts
2044:for the
2042:officers
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1791:Florence
1686:Florence
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1271:Calabria
1183:academia
1140:Geometry
1124:Rhetoric
1032:madrasah
888:elephant
874:and the
859:and the
855:Emperor
845:Sanskrit
838:treatise
752:Timbuktu
733:Serapeum
633:Akademia
602:Sassanid
598:Agathias
564:Akademia
546:Akademia
529:Akademia
489:include
487:Akademia
433:Akademia
422:Akademia
418:Akademos
410:Akademia
386:Akademia
319:academia
277:Akademos
269:Athenian
207:Akademia
195:research
188:tertiary
5203:Commons
4923:Yeshiva
4918:Madrasa
4705:private
4514:College
4509:Academy
4324:Primary
4073:, 1995.
3467:, 2007.
3216:Sophism
3211:Seminar
3028:Sewanee
3008:scarlet
2969:priests
2905:Science
2880:unicorn
2860:Leibniz
2852:anagram
2638:faculty
2597:trivium
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2511:scholar
2463:Prussia
2449:During
2445:Germany
2433:. The
2282:primary
2090:academy
1898:Tuscany
1844:Colbert
1783:Galileo
1690:volgare
1523:Occulti
1472:by the
1470:Bologna
1439:Diritto
1425:", or "
1411:Animosi
1403:Farnese
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1312:Paul II
1304:Erasmus
1298:to the
1256:Ravenna
1222:Careggi
1120:Grammar
1116:Trivium
1085:Salerno
1081:Bologna
1034:by the
1028:Baghdad
980:Sabians
968:al-Hira
921:Nalanda
910:Nalanda
884:hunting
880:archery
865:Charaka
863:healer
787:Shuyuan
776:Nanjing
770:in the
729:Musaeum
661:Madrasa
645:Baghdad
639:, near
624:, near
587:emperor
507:Crantor
445:Polemon
384:Before
355:Raphael
329:Origins
261:Academy
254:Pompeii
172:academy
117:scholar
18:Academe
5058:Lyceum
4710:public
4695:public
4501:Higher
4423:Lyceum
4277:School
4101:
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3964:online
3749:online
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2977:Oxford
2911:Nature
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2261:Athens
2241:Mozart
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1678:Padova
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1252:Venice
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1126:, and
1101:Oxford
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972:Harran
970:, and
960:Syriac
945:Persia
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449:Crates
426:Athena
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394:Athena
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4279:types
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3354:JSTOR
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