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only seen in humans, so they argued that the species may show the first trend towards human social, parenting and sexual psychology. Previously, it was assumed that such ancient human ancestors behaved much like chimps, but this is no longer considered to be a viable comparison. This view has yet to be corroborated by more detailed studies of the growth of
1620:) and thus is not fully representative of that common ancestor. Nevertheless, it is in some ways unlike chimpanzees, suggesting that the common ancestor differs from the modern chimpanzee. After the chimpanzee and human lineages diverged, both underwent substantial evolutionary change. Chimp feet are specialized for grasping trees;
129:
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are smaller, and equal in size between males and females, which suggests reduced male-to-male conflict, increased pair-bonding, and increased parental investment. "Thus, fundamental reproductive and social behavioral changes probably occurred in hominids long before they had enlarged brains and began
2345:
to become more social. This would have allowed their society to become more complex. They also noted that the base of the skull stopped growing with the brain by the end of juvenility, whereas in chimps it continues growing with the rest of the body into adulthood; and considered this evidence of a
2307:
adults have a facial anatomy more similar to chimpanzee subadults than adults, with a less-projecting face and smaller canines (large canines in primate males are used to compete within mating hierarchies), and attributed this to a decrease in craniofacial growth in favour of brain growth. This is
1660:
in the Middle Awash region. Radiometric dating of the layers of volcanic ash encasing the deposits suggest that Ardi lived about 4.3-4.5 million years ago. This date, however, has been questioned by others. Fleagle and
Kappelman suggest that the region in which Ardi was found is difficult to date
1564:
males was not distinctly different from that of females. Their upper canines were less sharp than those of modern common chimpanzees in part because of this decreased upper canine size, as larger upper canines can be honed through wear against teeth in the lower mouth. The features of the upper
1593:
of hominids and
African apes was characterized by relatively little aggression between males and between groups. This is markedly different from social patterns in common chimpanzees, among which intermale and intergroup aggression are typically high. Researchers in a 2009 study said that this
2287:
was mainly a terrestrial quadruped collecting a large portion of its food on the ground. Its arboreal behaviors would have been limited and suspension from branches solely from the upper limbs rare. A comparative study in 2013 on carbon and oxygen stable isotopes within modern and fossil
1672:), the iconic early human ancestor candidate who lived 3.2 million years ago, and was discovered in 1974 just 74 km (46 mi) away from Ardi's discovery site. However, because the "Ardi" skeleton is no more than 200,000 years older than the earliest fossils of
1651:
fossil skeleton first unearthed in 1994. The fossil is the remains of a small-brained 50-kilogram (110 lb) female, nicknamed "Ardi", and includes most of the skull and teeth, as well as the pelvis, hands, and feet. It was discovered in
Ethiopia's harsh
1573:
observed in common chimpanzees, where males have significantly larger and sharper upper canine teeth than females. Of the living apes, bonobos have the smallest canine sexual dimorphism, although still greater than that displayed by
2596:
Suwa, Gen; Sasaki, Tomohiko; Semaw, Sileshi; Rogers, Michael J.; Simpson, Scott W.; Kunimatsu, Yutaka; Nakatsukasa, Masato; Kono, Reiko T.; Zhang, Yingqi; Beyene, Yonas; Asfaw, Berhane; White, Tim D. (2021-12-07).
3168:
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Another co-author is Tim D. White, a paleoanthropologist at UC-Berkeley who in 1994 discovered a pre-human fossil, named
Ardipithecus ramidus, that was then the oldest known, at 4.4 million years.
2346:
switch from a gross skeletal anatomy trajectory to a neurological development trajectory due to selective pressure for sociability. Nonetheless, their conclusions are highly speculative.
1594:
condition "compromises the living chimpanzee as a behavioral model for the ancestral hominid condition." Bonobo canine size and canine sexual dimorphism more closely resembles that of
4918:
2520:
White, T. D.; Asfaw, B.; Beyene, Y.; Haile-Selassie, Y.; Lovejoy, C. O.; Suwa, G.; Woldegabriel, G. (2009). "Ardipithecus ramidus and the
Paleobiology of Early Hominids".
1821:
does not share any characteristics exclusive to humans, and some of its characteristics (those in the wrist and basicranium) suggest it diverged from humans prior to the
1829:) study in 2011 on the molar and body segment lengths (which included living primates of similar body size) noted that some dimensions including short upper limbs, and
1525:
had a small brain, measuring between 300 and 350 cm. This is slightly smaller than a modern bonobo or female chimpanzee brain, but much smaller than the brain of
8598:
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1556:(fruit eater) with a diet that did not depend heavily on foliage, fibrous plant material (roots, tubers, etc.), or hard and or abrasive food. The size of the upper
3176:
1809:
Due to several shared characteristics with chimpanzees, its closeness to ape divergence period, and due to its fossil incompleteness, the exact position of
1754:
is "known only from teeth and bits and pieces of skeletal bones", and is dated to approximately 5.6 million years ago. It has been described as a "probable
1817:
had systematically compared and concluded that there is not sufficient anatomical evidence to support an exclusively human lineage. Sarmiento noted that
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The fossil is regarded by its describers as shedding light on a stage of human evolution about which little was known, more than a million years before
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was named in
September 1994. The first fossil found was dated to 4.4 million years ago on the basis of its stratigraphic position between two volcanic
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3999:
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1864:, which is absent in other apes. Unique brain organisations (such as lateral shift of the carotid foramina, mediolateral abbreviation of the lateral
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1111:
480:
2333:. They argued that self domestication was aided by the development of vocalization, living in a pro-social society. They conceded that chimps and
3994:
1837:-like. Sarmiento concluded that such length measures can change back and forth during evolution and are not very good indicators of relatedness (
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lived in "a mosaic of woodland and grasslands with lakes, swamps and springs nearby," but further research is needed to determine which habitat
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length measures are good indicators of function and together with dental isotope data and the fauna and flora from the fossil site indicate
385:
could be very similar to chimpanzees, however more recent analysis based on canine size and lack of canine sexual dimorphism indicates that
5238:
3245:
Haile-Selassie, Y.; Suwa, Gen; White, Tim D. (2004). "Late
Miocene Teeth from Middle Awash, Ethiopia, and Early Hominid Dental Evolution".
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8662:
4705:
3908:
3199:
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1481:. More fragments were recovered in 1994, amounting to 45% of the total skeleton. This fossil was originally described as a species of
1844:
However, some later studies still argue for its classification in the human lineage. In 2014, it was reported that the hand bones of
4904:
4680:
3900:
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White, Tim D.; Suwa, Gen; Asfaw, Berhane (1994). "Australopithecus ramidus, a new species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia".
2318:
that the paedomorphic (childlike) form of early hominin craniofacial morphology results from dissociation of growth trajectories.
1446:
or big toe adapted for locomotion in the trees. It is not confirmed how many other features of its skeleton reflect adaptation to
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349:. Originally described as one of the earliest ancestors of humans after they diverged from the chimpanzees, the relation of this
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2407:
1261:
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4819:
4120:
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Emonet, Edouard-Georges; Andossa, Likius; Taïsso
Mackaye, Hassane; Brunet, Michel (2014). "Subocclusal dental morphology of
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had a more primitive walking ability than later hominids, and could not walk or run for long distances. The teeth suggest
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473:
152:
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4788:
4606:
4127:
3981:
1605:
1051:
450:
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Sayers, Ken; Raghanti, Mary Ann; Lovejoy, C. Owen (2012). "Human
Evolution and the Chimpanzee Referential Doctrine".
2350:
2325:—as well as lordosis—allowing better movement of the larynx—increased vocal ability, significantly pushing back the
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1973:
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Sarmiento, E.E.; Meldrum, D.J. (2011). "Behavioral and phylogenetic implications of a narrow allometric study of
3296:
1487:, but White and his colleagues later published a note in the same journal renaming the fossil under a new genus,
992:
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4927:
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4163:
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2018:
1861:
1676:, and may in fact be younger than they are, some researchers doubt that it can represent a direct ancestor of
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Clark and
Henneberg also argued that such shortening of the skull—which may have caused a descension of the
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7187:
7125:
4177:
2059:
693:
5942:
3476:"Early Pleistocene third metacarpal from Kenya and the evolution of modern human-like hand morphology"
1833:
are reminiscent of humans, but other dimensions such as long toes and relative molar surface area are
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20:
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2667:
The Phylogenetic Relationships of Middle-Late Miocene Apes: Implications for Early Human Evolution
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5853:
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5459:
5423:
5416:
5409:
5388:
5374:
5133:
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3742:"The life history of Ardipithecus ramidus: A heterochronic model of sexual and social maturation"
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3278:
3149:
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2889:
2714:
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made use of more complex vocalizations, and vocalized at the same level as a human infant due to
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of the species and more ancestral hominids. In particular, it has been used to suggest that the
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2698:
2636:
2618:
2537:
2453:
2387:
1657:
1526:
1483:
913:
862:
406:
3690:"Chimpanzee fauna isotopes provide new interpretations of fossil ape and hominin ecologies"
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8136:
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7891:
7861:
7478:
7324:
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3812:
and the evolution of language and singing: An early origin for hominin vocal capability".
3013:
2785:
1865:
1644:
1470:
946:
715:
671:
342:
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3332:
Wood, Bernard; Harrison, Terry (2011). "The evolutionary context of the first hominins".
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3475:
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2918:
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Suwa, G.; Kono, R. T.; Simpson, S. W.; Asfaw, B.; Lovejoy, C. O.; White, T. D. (2009).
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Some researchers infer from the form of her pelvis and limbs and the presence of her
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954:
79:
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2893:
2827:
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fossils—seventeen fragments including skull, mandible, teeth and arm bones—from the
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7354:
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7254:
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4315:
4263:
4228:
4153:
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3153:
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Stanford, Craig B. (2012). "Chimpanzees and the Behavior of Ardipithecus ramidus".
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2003:
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903:
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728:
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334:
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37:
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1786:. These teeth show "primitive morphology and wear pattern" which demonstrate that
3474:
Ward, C. V.; Tocheri, M. W.; Plavcan, J. M.; Brown, F. H.; Manthi, F. K. (2013).
2849:
Suwa, G.; Asfaw, B.; Kono, R. T.; Kubo, D.; Lovejoy, C. O.; White, T. D. (2009).
1890:
also indicated strong resemblance, also pointing to inclusion to the human line.
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radiometrically, and they argue that Ardi should be dated at 3.9 million years.
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1586:
1538:
1508:
1008:
632:
54:
3825:
3452:
2665:
1548:
lacked the specialization of other apes, and suggest that it was a generalized
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6802:
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6519:
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5809:
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5395:
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5247:
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2303:
In 2015, Australian anthropologists Gary Clark and Maciej Henneberg said that
1916:
1647:, paleontologists formally announced the discovery of the relatively complete
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373:
363:
214:
99:
64:
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was characterised by reduced aggression, and that they more closely resemble
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5032:
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4352:
3559:
3500:
3410:
3385:
Sarmiento, E. E. (2010). "Comment on the Paleobiology and Classification of
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1838:
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48:
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8486:
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8532:
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8114:
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8019:
7958:
7531:
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6274:
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4273:
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Parins-Fukuchi, C.; Greiner, E.; MacLatchy, L. M.; Fisher, D. C. (2019).
2851:"The Ardipithecus ramidus Skull and Its Implications for Hominid Origins"
2300:(on trees) and on the ground in a more open habitat, unlike chimpanzees.
1903:
1783:
1771:
1707:
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1478:
1308:
1286:
1197:
645:
619:
368:
346:
330:
264:
254:
184:
94:
89:
74:
69:
59:
3659:
3355:
2599:"Canine sexual dimorphism in Ardipithecus ramidus was nearly human-like"
8590:
8406:
8299:
8026:
7666:
7595:
6847:
6840:
6702:
6597:
6379:
6260:
6206:
6026:
5887:
5844:
5277:
4458:
4034:
3609:
2984:"Canine teeth shrank in human ancestors at least 4.5 million years ago"
2828:"Anthropologists find 4.5 million-year-old hominid fossils in Ethiopia"
2803:"New Fossil Hominids of Ardipithecus ramidus from Gona, Afar, Ethiopia"
2756:"Canine teeth shrank in human ancestors at least 4.5 million years ago"
2573:"Canine teeth shrank in human ancestors at least 4.5 million years ago"
2413:
1529:
like Lucy (~400 to 550 cm) and roughly 20% the size of the modern
1439:
1400:
1265:
802:
794:
780:
604:
378:
358:
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204:
109:
84:
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6428:
6144:
5974:
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5913:
5271:
5259:
3137:
2702:
2322:
1687:
1598:, and as a result, bonobos are now suggested as a behavioural model.
1511:. The fossils were dated to between 4.35 and 4.45 million years old.
1443:
1408:
390:
224:
194:
174:
8509:
2919:"Paleobiological Implications of the Ardipithecus ramidus Dentition"
2312:. The study also provides support for Stephen Jay Gould's theory in
1884:. Comparison of the tooth root morphology with those of the earlier
3114:
Kappelman, John; Fleagle, John G. (1995). "Age of early hominids".
1442:, but unlike all previously recognized hominins, it had a grasping
4533:
4424:
4414:
3927:
3633:"Phylogeny, ancestors and anagenesis in the hominin fossil record"
3535:"Ardipithecus ramidus and the evolution of the human cranial base"
3533:
Kimbel, W. H.; Suwa, G.; Asfaw, B.; Rak, Y.; White, T. D. (2014).
3200:"Ancient Skeleton May Rewrite Earliest Chapter of Human Evolution"
1695:
1513:
350:
3028:"Science X Network :: Phys.org, Medical Xpress, Tech Xplore"
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8386:
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4192:
2196:
1813:
in the fossil record is a subject of controversy. Primatologist
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140:
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128:
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445:
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1782:
to species level on the basis of newly discovered teeth from
367:, which lived about 4.4 million years ago during the early
1491:. Between 1999 and 2003, a multidisciplinary team led by
2797:
2795:
1624:
feet are better suited for walking. The canine teeth of
1581:
The less pronounced nature of the upper canine teeth in
3694:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2734:"NOVA, Aliens from Earth: Who's who in human evolution"
3109:
3107:
2481:"Fossils From Ethiopia May Be Earliest Human Ancestor"
2337:
likely had the same vocal capabilities, but said that
1710:, and are more generalised than those of modern apes.
8475:
3859:
The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program:
3303:
No Turning Back: The Life and Death of Animal Species
377:, dated to approximately 5.6 million years ago (late
8424:
8413:
8402:
8392:
8374:
8364:
8353:
8305:
8287:
8219:
8189:
8172:
8162:
8152:
8142:
8132:
8122:
8099:
8089:
8079:
8069:
8032:
8008:
7984:
7902:
7887:
7877:
7867:
7857:
7847:
7837:
7826:
7816:
7806:
7796:
7786:
7672:
7655:
7645:
7635:
7625:
7615:
7577:
7567:
7537:
7442:
7425:
7387:
7377:
7360:
7350:
7340:
7330:
7320:
7303:
7242:
7227:
7067:
7038:
7008:
6971:
6956:
6946:
6836:
6757:
6747:
6737:
6727:
6710:
6687:
6677:
6667:
6657:
6640:
6623:
6613:
6603:
6559:
6549:
6539:
6515:
6505:
6495:
6485:
6475:
6451:
6441:
6417:
6394:
6364:
6354:
6344:
6334:
6324:
6314:
6183:
6117:
6080:
6049:
6033:
6022:
6012:
6002:
5991:
5893:
5876:
5866:
5826:
5815:
5805:
5305:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
436:
lineage, and this lineage is not literally extinct.
8522:
8344:
8320:
8278:
8218:
8207:
8113:
8050:
7975:
7901:
7767:
7705:
7551:
7486:
7477:
7294:
7241:
7212:
7135:
7108:
7081:
7037:
7007:
6970:
6927:
6865:
6785:
6701:
6573:
6408:
6378:
6299:
6243:
6216:
6182:
6116:
6079:
6048:
5972:
5912:
5843:
5792:
5750:
5560:
5433:
5357:
5303:
4937:
4807:
4781:
4734:
4672:
4591:
4550:
4543:
4489:
4422:
4413:
4336:
4261:
4208:
4191:
4151:
4087:
4058:
4013:
3980:
3965:
4437:(archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans)
3300:
1629:to use stone tools," the research team concluded.
1762:. Although originally considered a subspecies of
3430:
3428:
3539:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3480:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3056:"A New Kind of Ancestor: Ardipithecus Unveiled"
2603:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
381:). Initial behavioral analysis indicated that
5232:
4912:
3943:
2912:
2910:
474:
8:
1450:on the ground as well. Like later hominins,
8510:
8326:
8215:
8062:
8058:
7779:
7775:
7764:
7751:
7702:
7483:
7220:
7046:
6939:
6935:
6924:
6911:
6862:
6307:
6191:
5984:
5980:
5969:
5956:
5798:
5789:
5316:
5300:
5287:
5239:
5225:
5217:
4919:
4905:
4897:
4547:
4419:
4212:
4205:
4019:
3977:
3950:
3936:
3928:
3049:
3047:
2483:. National Geographic News. Archived from
481:
467:
127:
27:
3757:
3713:
3598:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
3596:and the evolution of teeth in hominins".
3568:
3558:
3509:
3499:
3169:"Oldest Skeleton of Human Ancestor Found"
2640:
2622:
4842:Human evolutionary developmental biology
1739:
8482:
3740:Clark, Gary; Henneberg, Maciej (2015).
3307:. New York: Harper Perennial. pp.
2433:
1712:
1461:In 1992–1993 a research team headed by
353:to human ancestors and whether it is a
3009:
2999:
2781:
2771:
1585:has been used to infer aspects of the
1458:and reduced canine sexual dimorphism.
410:is distinctly more closely related to
357:is now a matter of debate. Two fossil
4627:Evolutionary models of human drug use
2439:
2437:
7:
4867:
3909:Discovering Ardi - Discovery Channel
3787:10.1146/annurev-anthro-092611-145815
2458:10.1146/annurev-anthro-092611-145724
1702:when moving about in tree branches.
1318:
1296:
1274:
1250:
1230:
1210:
1186:
1166:
1143:
1120:
1100:
1080:
1060:
1040:
2170:
2146:
2122:
2093:
2034:
2010:
1998:
1943:
1936:
1909:
1899:
1495:discovered bones and teeth of nine
3922:National Museum of Natural History
3808:Clark, G.; Henneberg, M. (2017). "
3226:Amos, Jonathan (October 1, 2009).
2571:Wilson, Clare (29 November 2021).
1823:human–gorilla last common ancestor
1801:word for "basal family ancestor".
14:
3397:(5982): 1105, author reply 1105.
3228:"Fossil finds extend human story"
1797:The specific name comes from the
361:are described in the literature:
8497:
8485:
8459:
7737:
6897:
5941:
4878:
4866:
4855:
4854:
3677:from the original on 2022-10-09.
3100:from the original on 2022-10-09.
2971:from the original on 2022-10-09.
2903:from the original on 2022-10-09.
2479:Perlman, David (July 12, 2001).
2329:to well before the evolution of
1715:
1533:brain. Like common chimpanzees,
1518:Map showing discovery locations.
1431:portion of the name is from the
151:
8688:Miocene genus first appearances
2408:List of human evolution fossils
2357:, the fossil evidence from the
1868:, and a shortened, trapezoidal
1778:published an article elevating
1698:when moving on the ground, but
1604:existed more recently than the
2664:Pugh, Kelsey (February 2020).
404:specifically. This means that
1:
8678:Fossil taxa described in 1995
3775:Annual Review of Anthropology
3198:Gibbons, Ann (October 2009).
3167:Shreeve, Jamie (2009-10-01).
2732:Tyson, Peter (October 2009).
2446:Annual Review of Anthropology
1722:Casts of Ardi's finger bones.
5122:CRISPR genome-editing method
3914:Human Timeline (Interactive)
3856:(requires free registration)
3173:National Geographic magazine
432:) indeed emerged within the
4885:Evolutionary biology Portal
1896:according to a 2019 study:
1876:are also found only in the
1790:is a distinct species from
1608:of humans and chimpanzees (
1606:most recent common ancestor
8714:
8663:Prehistoric primate genera
5196:James Webb Space Telescope
3826:10.1016/j.jchb.2017.03.001
3453:10.1016/j.jchb.2011.01.003
1860:have the third metacarpal
1825:. His comparative (narrow
1766:, in 2004 anthropologists
1733:
1670:Australopithecus afarensis
1636:
1389:
18:
8698:Neogene mammals of Africa
8456:
8329:
8065:
8061:
7782:
7778:
7763:
7750:
7735:
7701:
7223:
7049:
6942:
6938:
6923:
6910:
6895:
6861:
6310:
6194:
5987:
5983:
5968:
5955:
5938:
5801:
5788:
5319:
5299:
5286:
5254:
5176:developed at record speed
4931:Breakthroughs of the Year
4850:
4830:Evolutionary anthropology
4215:
4022:
3904:- Science Journal Article
3594:Sahelanthropus tchadensis
2192:
2175:
2168:
2151:
2144:
2127:
2120:
2098:
2091:
2056:
2039:
2032:
2015:
2008:
1996:
1970:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1914:
1907:
1423:means "ground/floor" and
1375:
459:
448:
329:is a genus of an extinct
300:
295:
148:Scientific classification
146:
135:
126:
30:
16:Extinct genus of hominins
5051:Human genetic variation
4986:Whole genome sequencing
4736:Origin of modern humans
3560:10.1073/pnas.1322639111
3501:10.1073/pnas.1316014110
3411:10.1126/science.1184148
3267:10.1126/science.1092978
2946:10.1126/science.1175824
2878:10.1126/science.1175825
2624:10.1073/pnas.2116630118
2542:10.1126/science.1175802
2355:physical anthropologist
1851:Australopithecus sediba
1768:Yohannes Haile-Selassie
1409:Daam Aatu Basaltic Tuff
1363:P a r a n t h r o p u s
1222:Dispersal beyond Africa
396:Some analyses describe
5155:Single-cell sequencing
5059:Cellular reprogramming
3896:NationalGeographic.com
3759:10.1515/anre-2015-0009
3746:Anthropological Review
3706:10.1098/rspb.2013.2324
3688:Nelson, S. V. (2013).
3083:10.1126/science.326_36
2315:Ontogeny and Phylogeny
1748:
1519:
1415:stems mostly from the
494:−10 —
333:that lived during the
8625:Paleobiology Database
4970:Accelerating universe
4744:Recent African origin
3982:Last common ancestors
2353:, the Gona Project's
1758:" (i.e. ancestor) of
1743:
1517:
1465:discovered the first
1411:(D.A.B.T.). The name
584:−1 —
574:−2 —
564:−3 —
554:−4 —
544:−5 —
534:−6 —
524:−7 —
514:−8 —
504:−9 —
8693:Zanclean extinctions
8683:Prehistoric Ethiopia
8673:Transitional fossils
8492:Evolutionary biology
5103:Cancer immunotherapy
5068:Ardipithecus ramidus
4759:Behavioral modernity
4749:Multiregional origin
4529:archaic Homo sapiens
4524:Homo heidelbergensis
4469:Red Deer Cave people
3902:Ardipithecus ramidus
3891:Explore Ardipithecus
3876:Ardipithecus ramidus
3868:Ardipithecus ramidus
3863:Ardipithecus kadabba
3810:Ardipithecus ramidus
3437:Ardipithecus ramidus
3387:Ardipithecus ramidus
3054:Gibbons, A. (2009).
2830:. Indiana University
2361:indicates that both
1752:Ardipithecus kadabba
1745:Ardipithecus kadabba
1736:Ardipithecus kadabba
1729:Ardipithecus kadabba
1690:, that "Ardi" was a
1591:last common ancestor
1541:than modern humans.
1523:Ardipithecus ramidus
1413:Ardipithecus ramidus
1392:Ardipithecus ramidus
1178:Earliest stone tools
441:Ardipithecus ramidus
416:Ardipithecus kadabba
412:Ardipithecus ramidus
402:Ardipithecus ramidus
314:Ardipithecus ramidus
306:Ardipithecus kadabba
139:specimen, nicknamed
137:Ardipithecus ramidus
21:Ardipithecus (album)
7620:Paradolichopithecus
5146:neutron star merger
5134:gravitational waves
5042:Poincaré conjecture
4396:H. neanderthalensis
4316:H. e. tautavelensis
3886:at Archaeology info
3660:10.1017/pab.2019.12
3652:2019Pbio...45..378P
3551:2014PNAS..111..948K
3492:2014PNAS..111..121W
3403:2010Sci...328.1105S
3356:10.1038/nature09709
3348:2011Natur.470..347W
3259:2004Sci...303.1503H
3130:1995Natur.376..558K
3075:2009Sci...326...36G
2982:#author.fullName}.
2938:2009Sci...326...94S
2870:2009Sci...326...68S
2754:#author.fullName}.
2695:1994Natur.371..306W
2615:2021PNAS..11816630S
2534:2009Sci...326...75W
2373:at Gona preferred.
1407:(G.A.T.C.) and the
400:as being sister to
19:For the album, see
7246:Victoriapithecidae
7188:Plesiopliopithecus
7126:Platodontopithecus
5187:protein structures
4583:Self-domestication
4374:H. heidelbergensis
4323:H. e. yuanmouensis
4288:H. e. lantianensis
4015:Australopithecines
3882:2012-03-08 at the
3850:Science Magazine:
3700:(1773): 20132324.
3610:10.1002/ajpa.22400
3179:on October 4, 2009
3012:has generic name (
2784:has generic name (
2343:selective pressure
2327:origin of language
1966:Au. anamensis
1749:
1569:contrast with the
1527:australopithecines
1520:
1427:means "root". The
1405:Gaala Tuff Complex
979:H. heidelbergensis
8668:Pliocene primates
8640:
8639:
8612:Open Tree of Life
8516:Taxon identifiers
8473:
8472:
8469:
8468:
8454:
8453:
8450:
8449:
8446:
8445:
8442:
8441:
8438:
8437:
8203:
8202:
8046:
8045:
7746:
7745:
7733:
7732:
7729:
7728:
7725:
7724:
7697:
7696:
7693:
7692:
7208:
7207:
7204:
7203:
7110:Dionysopithecidae
7012:Propliopithecidae
6906:
6905:
6893:
6892:
6889:
6888:
6885:
6884:
6857:
6856:
6295:
6294:
6291:
6290:
5951:
5950:
5936:
5935:
5932:
5931:
5908:
5907:
5784:
5783:
5214:
5213:
5174:COVID-19 vaccines
5130:First observation
4998:Molecular circuit
4894:
4893:
4835:Paleoanthropology
4777:
4776:
4754:Archaic admixture
4632:Stoned ape theory
4568:Endurance running
4485:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4332:
4331:
4295:H. e. nankinensis
4251:H. tsaichangensis
4187:
4186:
3318:978-0-06-055804-8
3124:(6541): 558–559.
2271:
2270:
2262:
2261:
2253:
2252:
2244:
2243:
2235:
2234:
2226:
2225:
2217:
2216:
2208:
2207:
2080:
2079:
2071:
2070:
1985:
1984:
1894:Evolutionary tree
1815:Esteban Sarmiento
1692:facultative biped
1656:at a site called
1571:sexual dimorphism
1388:
1387:
1380:million years ago
1339:
1338:
1317:
1316:
1295:
1294:
1287:Earliest rock art
1273:
1272:
1249:
1248:
1242:Earliest language
1229:
1228:
1209:
1208:
1185:
1184:
1165:
1164:
1155:Earliest sign of
1142:
1141:
1132:Earliest sign of
1119:
1118:
1099:
1098:
1079:
1078:
1059:
1058:
702:Ou. macedoniensis
322:
321:
291:
8705:
8653:Miocene primates
8633:
8632:
8620:
8619:
8607:
8606:
8594:
8593:
8581:
8580:
8568:
8567:
8558:
8557:
8556:
8543:
8542:
8541:
8511:
8502:
8501:
8490:
8489:
8481:
8464:
8463:
8426:
8415:
8404:
8394:
8376:
8369:Australopithecus
8366:
8355:
8327:
8307:
8289:
8221:
8216:
8191:
8174:
8164:
8154:
8144:
8134:
8124:
8101:
8091:
8081:
8071:
8063:
8059:
8034:
8010:
7986:
7906:Dendropithecidae
7904:
7889:
7879:
7869:
7859:
7849:
7839:
7828:
7818:
7808:
7798:
7788:
7780:
7776:
7765:
7752:
7741:
7703:
7674:
7657:
7647:
7637:
7627:
7617:
7579:
7569:
7539:
7484:
7444:
7427:
7389:
7379:
7362:
7352:
7342:
7332:
7322:
7308:Cercopithecoides
7305:
7278:Victoriapithecus
7244:
7229:
7221:
7215:Cercopithecoidea
7069:
7047:
7040:
7010:
6973:
6958:
6948:
6940:
6936:
6925:
6912:
6901:
6863:
6838:
6759:
6749:
6739:
6729:
6712:
6689:
6679:
6669:
6659:
6642:
6625:
6615:
6605:
6561:
6551:
6541:
6517:
6507:
6497:
6487:
6477:
6453:
6443:
6419:
6396:
6366:
6356:
6346:
6336:
6326:
6316:
6308:
6218:Proteopithecidae
6192:
6185:
6119:
6082:
6051:
6035:
6024:
6014:
6004:
5993:
5985:
5981:
5970:
5957:
5946:
5945:
5895:
5878:
5868:
5828:
5817:
5807:
5799:
5790:
5317:
5307:
5301:
5288:
5241:
5234:
5227:
5218:
5207:
5199:
5190:
5177:
5168:
5157:
5149:
5136:
5124:
5116:
5105:
5097:
5088:
5079:
5071:
5061:
5053:
5045:
5036:
5027:
5016:
5008:
5006:RNA interference
5000:
4988:
4980:
4972:
4964:
4956:
4921:
4914:
4907:
4898:
4882:
4870:
4869:
4858:
4857:
4794:Human prehistory
4769:Recent evolution
4764:Early migrations
4706:Thermoregulation
4607:Expensive tissue
4578:Sexual selection
4548:
4420:
4302:H. e. pekinensis
4213:
4206:
4121:A. bahrelghazali
4090:Australopithecus
4020:
3990:Chimpanzee–human
3978:
3952:
3945:
3938:
3929:
3838:
3837:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3737:
3728:
3727:
3717:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3637:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3572:
3562:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3513:
3503:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3432:
3423:
3422:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3342:(7334): 347–35.
3329:
3323:
3322:
3306:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3253:(5663): 1503–5.
3242:
3236:
3235:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3175:. Archived from
3164:
3158:
3157:
3138:10.1038/376558b0
3111:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3060:
3051:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3011:
3007:
3005:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2923:
2914:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2864:(5949): 68e1–7.
2855:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2805:. Archived from
2799:
2790:
2789:
2783:
2779:
2777:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2703:10.1038/371306a0
2689:(6495): 306–12.
2678:
2672:
2671:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2644:
2626:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2517:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2492:
2487:on July 15, 2001
2476:
2470:
2469:
2441:
2388:Australopithecus
2171:
2147:
2123:
2094:
2035:
2011:
1999:
1944:
1937:
1910:
1900:
1878:Australopithecus
1719:
1678:Australopithecus
1674:Australopithecus
1484:Australopithecus
1477:river valley of
1435:word for "ape".
1368:
1366:
1365:
1351:
1349:
1333:
1324:
1319:
1311:
1309:Earliest clothes
1302:
1297:
1289:
1280:
1275:
1256:
1251:
1236:
1231:
1216:
1211:
1198:Earliest sign of
1192:
1187:
1172:
1167:
1157:Australopithecus
1149:
1144:
1126:
1121:
1112:Earliest bipedal
1106:
1101:
1092:Chimpanzee split
1086:
1081:
1066:
1061:
1046:
1041:
1027:
1026:
1012:
1011:
995:
981:
967:
939:
926:
906:
893:
865:
863:Australopithecus
852:
837:
820:
807:
783:
770:
757:
744:
731:
718:
706:
687:
674:
661:
649:
635:
622:
609:
607:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
483:
476:
469:
463:
453:
452:Hominin timeline
446:
426:(and eventually
424:Australopithecus
407:Australopithecus
398:Australopithecus
283:
276:
156:
155:
131:
121:
51:
36:Temporal range:
28:
8713:
8712:
8708:
8707:
8706:
8704:
8703:
8702:
8643:
8642:
8641:
8636:
8628:
8623:
8615:
8610:
8602:
8597:
8589:
8584:
8576:
8571:
8563:
8561:
8552:
8551:
8546:
8537:
8536:
8531:
8518:
8508:
8496:
8484:
8476:
8474:
8465:
8458:
8434:
8340:
8316:
8292:Chororapithecus
8274:
8261:Pierolapithecus
8253:Hispanopithecus
8212:
8199:
8137:Gigantopithecus
8109:
8055:
8042:
8037:Yuanmoupithecus
7971:
7966:Turkanapithecus
7897:
7892:Samburupithecus
7862:Nacholapithecus
7772:
7759:
7742:
7721:
7689:
7660:Procynocephalus
7547:
7479:Cercopithecinae
7473:
7325:Dolichopithecus
7290:
7262:Nsungwepithecus
7237:
7217:
7200:
7153:Barberapithecus
7131:
7119:Dionysopithecus
7104:
7092:Epipliopithecus
7077:
7055:Krishnapithecus
7042:Pliopithecoidea
7033:
7028:Propliopithecus
7021:Aegyptopithecus
7003:
6975:Oligopithecidae
6966:
6932:
6919:
6902:
6881:
6853:
6781:
6697:
6569:
6544:Proteropithecia
6404:
6374:
6304:
6287:
6282:Ucayalipithecus
6239:
6212:
6187:Parapithecoidea
6178:
6159:Myanmarpithecus
6121:Amphipithecidae
6112:
6107:Phenacopithecus
6075:
6044:
5977:
5964:
5947:
5940:
5928:
5904:
5839:
5780:
5746:
5556:
5436:Anaptomorphinae
5429:
5353:
5313:
5295:
5282:
5250:
5245:
5215:
5210:
5202:
5193:
5180:
5171:
5160:
5152:
5139:
5127:
5119:
5108:
5100:
5091:
5082:
5077:quantum machine
5074:
5064:
5056:
5048:
5039:
5030:
5019:
5011:
5003:
4991:
4983:
4975:
4967:
4962:Dolly the sheep
4959:
4950:
4943:
4933:
4925:
4895:
4890:
4846:
4803:
4789:Human evolution
4773:
4730:
4674:
4668:
4647:Cooperative eye
4592:Specific models
4587:
4539:
4518:Homo antecessor
4473:
4409:
4403:H. rhodesiensis
4367:H. floresiensis
4328:
4309:H. e. soloensis
4281:H. e. georgicus
4257:
4221:H. gautengensis
4196:
4194:
4183:
4147:
4083:
4054:
4009:
4000:Orangutan–human
3969:
3961:
3959:Human evolution
3956:
3884:Wayback Machine
3846:
3841:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3739:
3738:
3731:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3674:
3635:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3434:
3433:
3426:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3210:
3208:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3182:
3180:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3113:
3112:
3105:
3097:
3069:(5949): 36–40.
3058:
3053:
3052:
3045:
3036:
3034:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3008:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2968:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2908:
2900:
2853:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2833:
2831:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2812:
2810:
2801:
2800:
2793:
2780:
2770:
2764:
2762:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2739:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2581:
2579:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2528:(5949): 75–86.
2519:
2518:
2503:
2490:
2488:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2382:
2376:
2277:
2272:
2263:
2254:
2245:
2236:
2227:
2218:
2209:
2131:H. floresiensis
2081:
2072:
1986:
1862:styloid process
1807:
1738:
1732:
1723:
1720:
1641:
1635:
1587:social behavior
1499:individuals at
1471:Afar Depression
1394:
1384:
1383:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1347:H o m i n i d s
1345:
1343:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1322:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1300:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1278:
1269:
1268:
1254:
1245:
1244:
1234:
1225:
1224:
1214:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1190:
1181:
1180:
1170:
1161:
1160:
1147:
1138:
1137:
1124:
1115:
1114:
1104:
1095:
1094:
1084:
1075:
1074:
1064:
1055:
1054:
1044:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1002:
1000:
999:
998:
991:
985:
984:
983:
977:
972:
970:
969:
968:
959:
951:
943:
942:
935:
929:
928:
927:
918:
910:
909:
902:
896:
895:
894:
885:
877:
869:
868:
861:
855:
854:
853:
844:
840:
839:
838:
829:
825:
824:
823:
816:
810:
809:
808:
799:
791:
787:
786:
785:
779:
774:
773:
772:
766:
761:
760:
759:
753:
748:
747:
746:
740:
735:
734:
733:
727:
722:
721:
720:
716:Chororapithecus
714:
709:
708:
707:
698:
690:
689:
683:
678:
677:
676:
672:Samburupithecus
670:
665:
664:
663:
657:
652:
651:
650:
643:
639:
638:
637:
631:
626:
625:
624:
618:
613:
612:
611:
605:
603:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
487:
461:
455:
451:
444:
374:A. kadabba
364:A. ramidus
343:Afar Depression
282:
274:
150:
122:
120:
119:
118:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
46:
45:
34:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8711:
8709:
8701:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8665:
8660:
8655:
8645:
8644:
8638:
8637:
8635:
8634:
8621:
8608:
8595:
8582:
8569:
8559:
8544:
8528:
8526:
8520:
8519:
8514:
8507:
8506:
8494:
8471:
8470:
8467:
8466:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8451:
8448:
8447:
8444:
8443:
8440:
8439:
8436:
8435:
8433:
8432:
8422:
8418:Sahelanthropus
8411:
8400:
8390:
8383:
8379:Graecopithecus
8372:
8362:
8350:
8348:
8342:
8341:
8339:
8338:
8330:
8324:
8318:
8317:
8315:
8314:
8310:Nakalipithecus
8303:
8296:
8284:
8282:
8276:
8275:
8273:
8272:
8265:
8257:
8249:
8242:
8235:
8227:
8225:
8213:
8208:
8205:
8204:
8201:
8200:
8198:
8197:
8187:
8180:
8170:
8167:Lufengpithecus
8160:
8157:Khoratpithecus
8150:
8140:
8130:
8127:Ankarapithecus
8119:
8117:
8111:
8110:
8108:
8107:
8104:Ouranopithecus
8097:
8094:Nakalipithecus
8087:
8084:Graecopithecus
8077:
8066:
8056:
8051:
8048:
8047:
8044:
8043:
8041:
8040:
8030:
8023:
8016:
8006:
7999:
7992:
7981:
7979:
7973:
7972:
7970:
7969:
7962:
7955:
7948:
7945:Rangwapithecus
7941:
7933:
7930:Nyanzapithecus
7926:
7918:
7915:Dendropithecus
7910:
7908:
7899:
7898:
7896:
7895:
7885:
7875:
7865:
7855:
7852:Morotopithecus
7845:
7835:
7831:Kamoyapithecus
7824:
7821:Griphopithecus
7814:
7804:
7794:
7783:
7773:
7768:
7761:
7760:
7755:
7748:
7747:
7744:
7743:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7730:
7727:
7726:
7723:
7722:
7720:
7719:
7718:
7717:
7711:
7709:
7699:
7698:
7695:
7694:
7691:
7690:
7688:
7687:
7680:
7677:Soromandrillus
7670:
7663:
7653:
7643:
7633:
7623:
7613:
7606:
7599:
7592:
7585:
7575:
7565:
7557:
7555:
7549:
7548:
7546:
7545:
7535:
7528:
7521:
7514:
7507:
7500:
7497:Allenopithecus
7492:
7490:
7488:Cercopithecini
7481:
7475:
7474:
7472:
7471:
7468:Trachypithecus
7464:
7457:
7450:
7440:
7433:
7423:
7416:
7409:
7402:
7395:
7385:
7375:
7368:
7358:
7348:
7338:
7328:
7318:
7311:
7300:
7298:
7292:
7291:
7289:
7288:
7285:Zaltanpithecus
7281:
7274:
7266:
7258:
7250:
7248:
7239:
7238:
7236:
7235:
7224:
7218:
7213:
7210:
7209:
7206:
7205:
7202:
7201:
7199:
7198:
7191:
7184:
7177:
7170:
7163:
7156:
7149:
7141:
7139:
7133:
7132:
7130:
7129:
7122:
7114:
7112:
7106:
7105:
7103:
7102:
7095:
7087:
7085:
7083:Pliopithecidae
7079:
7078:
7076:
7075:
7065:
7058:
7050:
7044:
7035:
7034:
7032:
7031:
7024:
7016:
7014:
7005:
7004:
7002:
7001:
6994:
6987:
6979:
6977:
6968:
6967:
6965:
6964:
6954:
6943:
6933:
6928:
6921:
6920:
6915:
6908:
6907:
6904:
6903:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6890:
6887:
6886:
6883:
6882:
6880:
6879:
6878:
6877:
6871:
6869:
6859:
6858:
6855:
6854:
6852:
6851:
6844:
6834:
6827:
6824:Leontopithecus
6820:
6813:
6806:
6799:
6791:
6789:
6787:Callitrichidae
6783:
6782:
6780:
6779:
6772:
6765:
6755:
6745:
6735:
6725:
6718:
6707:
6705:
6699:
6698:
6696:
6695:
6685:
6675:
6665:
6655:
6648:
6638:
6631:
6621:
6611:
6601:
6594:
6587:
6579:
6577:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6567:
6557:
6547:
6537:
6530:
6523:
6513:
6503:
6493:
6483:
6473:
6466:
6459:
6449:
6439:
6432:
6425:
6414:
6412:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6402:
6392:
6384:
6382:
6376:
6375:
6373:
6372:
6362:
6352:
6342:
6332:
6322:
6311:
6305:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6293:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6285:
6278:
6271:
6264:
6257:
6249:
6247:
6245:Parapithecidae
6241:
6240:
6238:
6237:
6230:
6227:Proteopithecus
6222:
6220:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6210:
6203:
6195:
6189:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6176:
6169:
6162:
6155:
6148:
6141:
6133:
6125:
6123:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6110:
6103:
6096:
6088:
6086:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6073:
6066:
6058:
6056:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6042:
6031:
6020:
6010:
6000:
5988:
5978:
5973:
5966:
5965:
5960:
5953:
5952:
5949:
5948:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5926:
5925:
5924:
5918:
5916:
5910:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5891:
5884:
5874:
5871:Hesperotarsius
5864:
5857:
5849:
5847:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5837:
5824:
5813:
5802:
5796:
5786:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5778:
5771:
5764:
5756:
5754:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5744:
5737:
5730:
5723:
5716:
5709:
5702:
5695:
5688:
5681:
5674:
5667:
5660:
5653:
5646:
5639:
5632:
5629:Gunnelltarsius
5625:
5618:
5611:
5604:
5597:
5590:
5583:
5576:
5568:
5566:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5554:
5547:
5540:
5533:
5526:
5519:
5512:
5505:
5498:
5495:Pseudotetonius
5491:
5484:
5477:
5470:
5463:
5456:
5449:
5441:
5439:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5427:
5420:
5413:
5406:
5399:
5392:
5385:
5378:
5371:
5363:
5361:
5359:Microchoerinae
5355:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5344:
5337:
5329:
5320:
5314:
5304:
5297:
5296:
5291:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5274:
5268:
5262:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5236:
5229:
5221:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5200:
5191:
5178:
5169:
5158:
5150:
5137:
5125:
5117:
5106:
5098:
5089:
5087:clinical trial
5080:
5072:
5062:
5054:
5046:
5037:
5028:
5017:
5009:
5001:
4989:
4981:
4973:
4965:
4957:
4947:
4945:
4935:
4934:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4916:
4909:
4901:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4876:
4864:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4799:Human timeline
4796:
4791:
4785:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4740:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4677:
4675:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4622:Drunken monkey
4616:
4615:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4595:
4593:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4554:
4552:
4551:General models
4545:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4495:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4444:
4439:
4430:
4428:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4399:
4392:
4385:
4377:
4370:
4363:
4355:
4350:
4342:
4340:
4338:Archaic humans
4334:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4319:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4269:
4267:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4247:
4243:H. rudolfensis
4239:
4232:
4225:
4216:
4210:
4203:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4164:P. aethiopicus
4159:
4157:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4095:
4093:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4074:
4066:
4064:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4045:
4042:Sahelanthropus
4038:
4031:
4028:Nakalipithecus
4023:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3986:
3984:
3975:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3924:(August 2016).
3911:
3906:
3898:
3887:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3857:
3845:
3844:External links
3842:
3840:
3839:
3820:(2): 101–121.
3800:
3765:
3752:(2): 109–132.
3729:
3680:
3646:(2): 378–393.
3623:
3584:
3525:
3466:
3424:
3377:
3324:
3317:
3297:Ellis, Richard
3288:
3237:
3218:
3190:
3159:
3103:
3043:
3019:
2974:
2932:(5949): 94–9.
2906:
2841:
2819:
2791:
2746:
2724:
2673:
2656:
2588:
2563:
2501:
2471:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2421:Sahelanthropus
2417:
2410:
2405:
2402:Graecopithecus
2398:
2391:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2292:revealed that
2276:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2116:Au. garhi
2111:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2019:P. aethiopicus
2014:
2009:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1969:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1930:Sahelanthropus
1925:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1898:
1887:Sahelanthropus
1806:
1805:Classification
1803:
1734:Main article:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1714:
1643:On October 1,
1637:Main article:
1634:
1631:
1537:was much more
1507:of Ethiopia's
1390:Main article:
1386:
1385:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1315:
1314:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1293:
1292:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1271:
1270:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1247:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1227:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1207:
1206:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1183:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1163:
1162:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1140:
1139:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1117:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1001:
988:
987:
986:
975:
974:
973:
971:
932:
931:
930:
914:H. rudolfensis
899:
898:
897:
858:
857:
856:
843:
842:
841:
828:
827:
826:
813:
812:
811:
790:
789:
788:
777:
776:
775:
768:Graecopithecus
764:
763:
762:
755:Sahelanthropus
751:
750:
749:
738:
737:
736:
725:
724:
723:
712:
711:
710:
685:Ouranopithecus
681:
680:
679:
668:
667:
666:
659:Nakalipithecus
655:
654:
653:
642:
641:
640:
629:
628:
627:
616:
615:
614:
601:
600:
599:
597:
594:0 —
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
489:
488:
486:
485:
478:
471:
460:
457:
456:
449:
443:
438:
341:epochs in the
339:Early Pliocene
320:
319:
318:
317:
309:
298:
297:
293:
292:
272:
268:
267:
262:
258:
257:
252:
248:
247:
242:
238:
237:
232:
228:
227:
222:
218:
217:
212:
208:
207:
202:
198:
197:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
144:
143:
133:
132:
124:
123:
115:
114:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
52:
47:5.77–4.4
42:Early Pliocene
35:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8710:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8650:
8648:
8631:
8626:
8622:
8618:
8613:
8609:
8605:
8600:
8596:
8592:
8587:
8583:
8579:
8574:
8570:
8566:
8560:
8555:
8549:
8545:
8540:
8534:
8530:
8529:
8527:
8525:
8521:
8517:
8512:
8505:
8500:
8495:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8479:
8462:
8431:
8430:
8423:
8420:
8419:
8412:
8409:
8408:
8401:
8399:
8398:
8397:Kenyanthropus
8391:
8389:
8388:
8384:
8381:
8380:
8373:
8371:
8370:
8363:
8360:
8359:
8352:
8351:
8349:
8347:
8343:
8337:
8336:
8332:
8331:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8319:
8312:
8311:
8304:
8302:
8301:
8297:
8294:
8293:
8286:
8285:
8283:
8281:
8277:
8271:
8270:
8266:
8263:
8262:
8258:
8255:
8254:
8250:
8248:
8247:
8243:
8241:
8240:
8236:
8234:
8233:
8232:Anoiapithecus
8229:
8228:
8226:
8224:
8223:Dryopithecini
8217:
8214:
8211:
8206:
8196:
8195:
8188:
8186:
8185:
8181:
8179:
8178:
8171:
8169:
8168:
8161:
8159:
8158:
8151:
8149:
8148:
8141:
8139:
8138:
8131:
8129:
8128:
8121:
8120:
8118:
8116:
8112:
8106:
8105:
8098:
8096:
8095:
8088:
8086:
8085:
8078:
8076:
8075:
8068:
8067:
8064:
8060:
8057:
8054:
8049:
8039:
8038:
8031:
8029:
8028:
8024:
8022:
8021:
8017:
8015:
8014:
8007:
8005:
8004:
8000:
7998:
7997:
7993:
7991:
7990:
7983:
7982:
7980:
7978:
7974:
7968:
7967:
7963:
7961:
7960:
7956:
7954:
7953:
7952:Rukwapithecus
7949:
7947:
7946:
7942:
7939:
7938:
7934:
7932:
7931:
7927:
7924:
7923:
7922:Micropithecus
7919:
7917:
7916:
7912:
7911:
7909:
7907:
7900:
7894:
7893:
7886:
7884:
7883:
7876:
7874:
7873:
7872:Otavipithecus
7866:
7864:
7863:
7856:
7854:
7853:
7846:
7844:
7843:
7842:Kenyapithecus
7836:
7833:
7832:
7825:
7823:
7822:
7815:
7813:
7812:
7805:
7803:
7802:
7795:
7793:
7792:
7785:
7784:
7781:
7777:
7774:
7771:
7766:
7762:
7758:
7753:
7749:
7740:
7715:
7714:
7713:
7712:
7710:
7708:
7704:
7700:
7686:
7685:
7684:Theropithecus
7681:
7679:
7678:
7671:
7669:
7668:
7664:
7662:
7661:
7654:
7652:
7651:
7650:Procercocebus
7644:
7642:
7641:
7634:
7632:
7631:
7624:
7622:
7621:
7614:
7612:
7611:
7607:
7605:
7604:
7600:
7598:
7597:
7593:
7591:
7590:
7586:
7584:
7583:
7582:Gorgopithecus
7576:
7574:
7573:
7566:
7564:
7563:
7559:
7558:
7556:
7554:
7550:
7544:
7543:
7536:
7534:
7533:
7529:
7527:
7526:
7522:
7520:
7519:
7515:
7513:
7512:
7511:Cercopithecus
7508:
7506:
7505:
7504:Allochrocebus
7501:
7499:
7498:
7494:
7493:
7491:
7489:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7476:
7470:
7469:
7465:
7463:
7462:
7458:
7456:
7455:
7454:Semnopithecus
7451:
7449:
7448:
7441:
7439:
7438:
7437:Rhinopithecus
7434:
7432:
7431:
7424:
7422:
7421:
7417:
7415:
7414:
7410:
7408:
7407:
7403:
7401:
7400:
7396:
7394:
7393:
7392:Parapresbytis
7386:
7384:
7383:
7376:
7374:
7373:
7369:
7367:
7366:
7359:
7357:
7356:
7349:
7347:
7346:
7339:
7337:
7336:
7335:Kuseracolobus
7329:
7327:
7326:
7319:
7317:
7316:
7312:
7310:
7309:
7302:
7301:
7299:
7297:
7293:
7287:
7286:
7282:
7280:
7279:
7275:
7272:
7271:
7267:
7264:
7263:
7259:
7257:
7256:
7252:
7251:
7249:
7247:
7240:
7234:
7233:
7226:
7225:
7222:
7219:
7216:
7211:
7197:
7196:
7192:
7190:
7189:
7185:
7183:
7182:
7181:Laccopithecus
7178:
7176:
7175:
7171:
7169:
7168:
7167:Egarapithecus
7164:
7162:
7161:
7157:
7155:
7154:
7150:
7148:
7147:
7143:
7142:
7140:
7138:
7134:
7128:
7127:
7123:
7121:
7120:
7116:
7115:
7113:
7111:
7107:
7101:
7100:
7096:
7094:
7093:
7089:
7088:
7086:
7084:
7080:
7074:
7073:
7066:
7064:
7063:
7059:
7057:
7056:
7052:
7051:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7036:
7030:
7029:
7025:
7023:
7022:
7018:
7017:
7015:
7013:
7006:
7000:
6999:
6998:Talahpithecus
6995:
6993:
6992:
6991:Oligopithecus
6988:
6986:
6985:
6981:
6980:
6978:
6976:
6969:
6963:
6962:
6955:
6953:
6952:
6951:Micropithecus
6945:
6944:
6941:
6937:
6934:
6931:
6926:
6922:
6918:
6913:
6909:
6900:
6875:
6874:
6873:
6872:
6870:
6868:
6864:
6860:
6850:
6849:
6845:
6843:
6842:
6835:
6833:
6832:
6828:
6826:
6825:
6821:
6819:
6818:
6814:
6812:
6811:
6807:
6805:
6804:
6800:
6798:
6797:
6793:
6792:
6790:
6788:
6784:
6778:
6777:
6773:
6771:
6770:
6766:
6764:
6763:
6756:
6754:
6753:
6746:
6744:
6743:
6736:
6734:
6733:
6726:
6724:
6723:
6719:
6717:
6716:
6709:
6708:
6706:
6704:
6700:
6694:
6693:
6686:
6684:
6683:
6676:
6674:
6673:
6672:Protopithecus
6666:
6664:
6663:
6656:
6654:
6653:
6649:
6647:
6646:
6639:
6637:
6636:
6632:
6630:
6629:
6622:
6620:
6619:
6612:
6610:
6609:
6602:
6600:
6599:
6595:
6593:
6592:
6588:
6586:
6585:
6581:
6580:
6578:
6576:
6572:
6566:
6565:
6558:
6556:
6555:
6548:
6546:
6545:
6538:
6536:
6535:
6534:Plecturocebus
6531:
6529:
6528:
6524:
6522:
6521:
6514:
6512:
6511:
6510:Miocallicebus
6504:
6502:
6501:
6494:
6492:
6491:
6484:
6482:
6481:
6474:
6472:
6471:
6467:
6465:
6464:
6460:
6458:
6457:
6450:
6448:
6447:
6440:
6438:
6437:
6433:
6431:
6430:
6426:
6424:
6423:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6411:
6407:
6401:
6400:
6393:
6391:
6390:
6386:
6385:
6383:
6381:
6377:
6371:
6370:
6363:
6361:
6360:
6353:
6351:
6350:
6343:
6341:
6340:
6333:
6331:
6330:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6313:
6312:
6309:
6306:
6303:
6298:
6284:
6283:
6279:
6277:
6276:
6272:
6270:
6269:
6265:
6263:
6262:
6258:
6256:
6255:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6246:
6242:
6236:
6235:
6231:
6229:
6228:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6219:
6215:
6209:
6208:
6204:
6202:
6201:
6197:
6196:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6181:
6175:
6174:
6173:Siamopithecus
6170:
6168:
6167:
6163:
6161:
6160:
6156:
6154:
6153:
6149:
6147:
6146:
6142:
6139:
6138:
6137:Bugtipithecus
6134:
6132:
6131:
6130:Amphipithecus
6127:
6126:
6124:
6122:
6115:
6109:
6108:
6104:
6102:
6101:
6097:
6095:
6094:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6085:
6078:
6072:
6071:
6067:
6065:
6064:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6053:Afrotarsiidae
6047:
6040:
6039:
6032:
6029:
6028:
6021:
6019:
6018:
6017:Aseanpithecus
6011:
6009:
6008:
6001:
5998:
5997:
5990:
5989:
5986:
5982:
5979:
5976:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5958:
5954:
5944:
5922:
5921:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5915:
5911:
5900:
5899:
5892:
5890:
5889:
5885:
5883:
5882:
5875:
5873:
5872:
5865:
5863:
5862:
5861:Cephalopachus
5858:
5856:
5855:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5846:
5842:
5835:
5833:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5820:Afrotarsiidae
5814:
5812:
5811:
5804:
5803:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5777:
5776:
5772:
5770:
5769:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5753:
5752:Tarkadectinae
5749:
5743:
5742:
5738:
5736:
5735:
5731:
5729:
5728:
5724:
5722:
5721:
5717:
5715:
5714:
5710:
5708:
5707:
5703:
5701:
5700:
5696:
5694:
5693:
5689:
5687:
5686:
5682:
5680:
5679:
5675:
5673:
5672:
5668:
5666:
5665:
5661:
5659:
5658:
5654:
5652:
5651:
5647:
5645:
5644:
5640:
5638:
5637:
5633:
5631:
5630:
5626:
5624:
5623:
5622:Ekwiiyemakius
5619:
5617:
5616:
5612:
5610:
5609:
5605:
5603:
5602:
5598:
5596:
5595:
5591:
5589:
5588:
5584:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5573:Ageitodendron
5570:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5559:
5553:
5552:
5548:
5546:
5545:
5541:
5539:
5538:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5513:
5511:
5510:
5506:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5497:
5496:
5492:
5490:
5489:
5485:
5483:
5482:
5478:
5476:
5475:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5457:
5455:
5454:
5453:Anaptomorphus
5450:
5448:
5447:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5432:
5426:
5425:
5421:
5419:
5418:
5414:
5412:
5411:
5407:
5405:
5404:
5400:
5398:
5397:
5393:
5391:
5390:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5360:
5356:
5350:
5349:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5322:
5321:
5318:
5315:
5311:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5289:
5285:
5279:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5267:
5263:
5261:
5257:
5256:
5253:
5249:
5242:
5237:
5235:
5230:
5228:
5223:
5222:
5219:
5206:
5201:
5197:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5179:
5175:
5170:
5167:
5164:
5159:
5156:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5138:
5135:
5131:
5126:
5123:
5118:
5115:
5114:comet mission
5113:
5107:
5104:
5099:
5095:
5090:
5086:
5081:
5078:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5063:
5060:
5055:
5052:
5047:
5043:
5038:
5034:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5018:
5015:
5010:
5007:
5002:
4999:
4995:
4990:
4987:
4982:
4979:
4974:
4971:
4966:
4963:
4958:
4955:understanding
4954:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4941:
4936:
4932:
4930:
4922:
4917:
4915:
4910:
4908:
4903:
4902:
4899:
4887:
4886:
4881:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4843:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4671:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4653:Life history
4652:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4542:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4507:
4506:Homo ergaster
4502:
4501:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4435:H. s. sapiens
4432:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4415:Modern humans
4412:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4389:H. luzonensis
4386:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4347:H. antecessor
4344:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4274:H. e. erectus
4271:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4190:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4128:A. deyiremeda
4125:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4049:Kenyanthropus
4046:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3995:Gorilla–human
3993:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3953:
3948:
3946:
3941:
3939:
3934:
3933:
3930:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3804:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3769:
3766:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3684:
3681:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3624:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3604:(1): 116–23.
3603:
3599:
3595:
3588:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3545:(3): 948–53.
3544:
3540:
3536:
3529:
3526:
3521:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3470:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3447:(2): 75–108.
3446:
3442:
3438:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3381:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3328:
3325:
3320:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3219:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3194:
3191:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3015:
3003:
2989:
2988:New Scientist
2985:
2978:
2975:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2842:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2809:on 2008-06-24
2808:
2804:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2775:
2761:
2760:New Scientist
2757:
2750:
2747:
2735:
2728:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2674:
2669:
2668:
2660:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2592:
2589:
2578:
2577:New Scientist
2574:
2567:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2351:Scott Simpson
2349:According to
2347:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2274:
2267:
2266:
2258:
2257:
2249:
2248:
2240:
2239:
2231:
2230:
2222:
2221:
2213:
2212:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2149:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2102:Au. africanus
2096:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2076:
2075:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2013:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1974:Au. afarensis
1968:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1870:basioccipital
1867:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1756:chronospecies
1753:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1730:
1727:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1544:The teeth of
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1493:Sileshi Semaw
1490:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1417:Afar language
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1364:
1350:
1348:
1332:
1331:Modern humans
1326:
1321:
1320:
1310:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1288:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1267:
1263:
1262:Earliest fire
1258:
1253:
1252:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1212:
1203:
1202:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1168:
1159:
1158:
1151:
1146:
1145:
1136:
1135:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1073:
1072:Gorilla split
1068:
1063:
1062:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1025:
1010:
997:
996:
994:
982:
980:
966:
964:
958:
956:
950:
948:
947:H. antecessor
941:
940:
938:
925:
923:
917:
915:
908:
907:
905:
892:
890:
889:Au. anamensis
884:
882:
881:Au. afarensis
876:
874:
873:Au. africanus
867:
866:
864:
851:
849:
836:
834:
822:
821:
819:
806:
804:
803:O. tugenensis
798:
796:
784:
782:
771:
769:
758:
756:
745:
743:
732:
730:
719:
717:
705:
703:
697:
695:
688:
686:
675:
673:
662:
660:
648:
647:
636:
634:
623:
621:
610:
608:
598:
491:
490:
484:
479:
477:
472:
470:
465:
464:
458:
454:
447:
442:
439:
437:
435:
431:
430:
425:
421:
420:Cladistically
417:
413:
409:
408:
403:
399:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
375:
370:
366:
365:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
327:
316:
315:
310:
308:
307:
302:
301:
299:
294:
289:
286:
281:
280:
273:
270:
269:
266:
263:
260:
259:
256:
253:
250:
249:
246:
243:
240:
239:
236:
233:
230:
229:
226:
223:
220:
219:
216:
213:
210:
209:
206:
203:
200:
199:
196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
154:
149:
145:
142:
138:
134:
130:
125:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
50:
43:
39:
33:
29:
26:
22:
8554:Ardipithecus
8524:Ardipithecus
8523:
8429:Paranthropus
8427:
8416:
8405:
8395:
8385:
8377:
8367:
8358:Ardipithecus
8357:
8356:
8333:
8308:
8298:
8290:
8269:Rudapithecus
8267:
8259:
8251:
8246:Dryopithecus
8244:
8237:
8230:
8194:Sivapithecus
8192:
8182:
8177:Meganthropus
8175:
8165:
8155:
8147:Indopithecus
8145:
8135:
8125:
8102:
8092:
8082:
8072:
8035:
8027:Symphalangus
8025:
8018:
8011:
8001:
7994:
7989:Bunopithecus
7987:
7964:
7957:
7950:
7943:
7937:Oreopithecus
7935:
7928:
7920:
7913:
7890:
7880:
7870:
7860:
7850:
7840:
7829:
7819:
7809:
7799:
7791:Afropithecus
7789:
7682:
7675:
7665:
7658:
7648:
7638:
7628:
7618:
7608:
7601:
7594:
7587:
7580:
7572:Dinopithecus
7570:
7560:
7542:Nanopithecus
7540:
7530:
7525:Erythrocebus
7523:
7516:
7509:
7502:
7495:
7466:
7459:
7452:
7445:
7435:
7430:Rhinocolobus
7428:
7418:
7411:
7404:
7399:Piliocolobus
7397:
7390:
7380:
7370:
7365:Microcolobus
7363:
7355:Mesopithecus
7353:
7345:Libypithecus
7343:
7333:
7323:
7313:
7306:
7283:
7276:
7270:Prohylobates
7268:
7260:
7255:Noropithecus
7253:
7230:
7193:
7186:
7179:
7172:
7165:
7158:
7151:
7144:
7137:Crouzeliidae
7124:
7117:
7099:Pliopithecus
7097:
7090:
7070:
7060:
7053:
7026:
7019:
6996:
6989:
6984:Catopithecus
6982:
6959:
6949:
6846:
6839:
6829:
6822:
6815:
6808:
6801:
6794:
6774:
6767:
6760:
6750:
6740:
6732:Dolichocebus
6730:
6720:
6713:
6690:
6680:
6670:
6660:
6650:
6643:
6633:
6626:
6616:
6606:
6596:
6589:
6582:
6562:
6552:
6542:
6532:
6525:
6518:
6508:
6500:Mazzonicebus
6498:
6488:
6478:
6468:
6461:
6456:Cebupithecia
6454:
6444:
6434:
6427:
6422:Antillothrix
6420:
6397:
6387:
6367:
6357:
6347:
6337:
6329:Perupithecus
6327:
6317:
6280:
6273:
6268:Parapithecus
6266:
6259:
6252:
6232:
6225:
6205:
6198:
6171:
6164:
6157:
6150:
6143:
6135:
6128:
6105:
6098:
6091:
6068:
6061:
6038:Phileosimias
6036:
6025:
6015:
6005:
5996:Altiatlasius
5994:
5898:Xanthorhysis
5896:
5886:
5881:Oligotarsius
5879:
5869:
5859:
5852:
5829:
5818:
5808:
5794:Tarsiiformes
5773:
5766:
5759:
5739:
5732:
5725:
5718:
5711:
5704:
5697:
5690:
5683:
5676:
5669:
5662:
5657:Macrotarsius
5655:
5648:
5641:
5634:
5627:
5620:
5613:
5606:
5599:
5592:
5585:
5578:
5571:
5549:
5542:
5535:
5528:
5521:
5514:
5509:Strigorhysis
5507:
5502:Sphacorhysis
5500:
5493:
5486:
5481:Chlororhysis
5479:
5472:
5465:
5458:
5451:
5444:
5422:
5415:
5408:
5401:
5394:
5387:
5382:Microchoerus
5380:
5373:
5366:
5346:
5339:
5333:Altiatlasius
5331:
5323:
5166:made visible
5111:
5075:2010: First
5066:
5022:
4994:Nanocircuits
4938:
4928:
4883:
4871:
4859:
4726:Gender roles
4721:Intelligence
4534:Homo sapiens
4532:
4528:
4522:
4516:
4512:Homo erectus
4510:
4504:
4500:Homo habilis
4498:
4459:Manot people
4448:H. s. idaltu
4446:
4442:Jebel Irhoud
4434:
4425:Homo sapiens
4423:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4379:
4372:
4365:
4357:
4345:
4321:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4264:Homo erectus
4262:
4249:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4219:
4209:Proto-humans
4198:
4195:proto-humans
4176:
4169:
4162:
4154:Paranthropus
4152:
4140:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4114:A. anamensis
4112:
4107:A. africanus
4105:
4100:A. afarensis
4098:
4088:
4076:
4069:
4061:Ardipithecus
4060:
4059:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4005:Gibbon–human
3901:
3890:
3875:
3852:Ardipithecus
3851:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3778:
3774:
3768:
3749:
3745:
3697:
3693:
3683:
3643:
3640:Paleobiology
3639:
3626:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3542:
3538:
3528:
3486:(1): 121–4.
3483:
3479:
3469:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3302:
3291:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3231:
3221:
3209:. Retrieved
3203:
3193:
3181:. Retrieved
3177:the original
3162:
3121:
3115:
3066:
3062:
3035:. Retrieved
3032:sciencex.com
3031:
3022:
2991:. Retrieved
2987:
2977:
2929:
2925:
2861:
2857:
2844:
2832:. Retrieved
2822:
2811:. Retrieved
2807:the original
2763:. Retrieved
2759:
2749:
2738:. Retrieved
2727:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2666:
2659:
2606:
2602:
2591:
2580:. Retrieved
2576:
2566:
2525:
2521:
2496:
2489:. Retrieved
2485:the original
2474:
2449:
2445:
2419:
2412:
2400:
2395:Paranthropus
2393:
2386:
2375:
2371:Ardipithecus
2370:
2366:
2362:
2359:Middle Awash
2348:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2320:
2314:
2309:
2305:Ardipithecus
2304:
2302:
2294:Ardipithecus
2293:
2290:tooth enamel
2285:Ardipithecus
2284:
2281:Ardipithecus
2280:
2278:
2275:Paleobiology
2195:
2193:
2177:
2176:
2153:
2152:
2129:
2128:
2114:
2100:
2099:
2058:
2057:
2041:
2040:
2017:
2016:
2004:Paranthropus
2002:
1972:
1971:
1964:
1952:Ardipithecus
1951:
1950:
1949:
1928:
1915:
1892:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1874:Ardipithecus
1873:
1872:element) in
1857:A. afarensis
1855:
1849:
1846:Ardipithecus
1845:
1843:
1819:Ardipithecus
1818:
1811:Ardipithecus
1810:
1808:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1776:Tim D. White
1763:
1759:
1751:
1750:
1744:
1728:
1703:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1648:
1642:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1611:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1582:
1580:
1575:
1566:
1561:
1558:canine tooth
1545:
1543:
1534:
1531:Homo sapiens
1530:
1522:
1521:
1496:
1489:Ardipithecus
1488:
1482:
1475:Middle Awash
1466:
1460:
1456:canine teeth
1454:had reduced
1452:Ardipithecus
1451:
1437:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1412:
1403:: the basal
1396:
1395:
1359:
1344:
1200:
1156:
1134:Ardipithecus
1133:
1052:Earlier apes
1009:Neanderthals
993:Homo sapiens
990:
989:
976:
960:
952:
944:
934:
933:
919:
911:
901:
900:
886:
878:
870:
860:
859:
845:
830:
818:Ardipithecus
817:
815:
814:
800:
792:
778:
765:
752:
742:Sivapithecus
739:
729:Oreopithecus
726:
713:
699:
691:
682:
669:
656:
644:
630:
617:
602:
440:
434:Ardipithecus
433:
429:Homo sapiens
427:
423:
415:
411:
405:
401:
397:
395:
387:Ardipithecus
386:
383:Ardipithecus
382:
372:
362:
335:Late Miocene
326:Ardipithecus
325:
324:
323:
312:
304:
287:
279:Ardipithecus
278:
277:
221:Infraorder:
136:
38:Late Miocene
32:Ardipithecus
31:
25:
8548:Wikispecies
7977:Hylobatidae
7667:Rungwecebus
7532:Miopithecus
7518:Chlorocebus
7447:Sawecolobus
7382:Paracolobus
7146:Anapithecus
7062:Paidopithex
6817:Leontocebus
6752:Panamacebus
6662:Paralouatta
6598:Brachyteles
6490:Insulacebus
6410:Pitheciidae
6349:Canaanimico
6302:Platyrrhini
6254:Abuqatrania
6070:Afrotarsius
5975:Simiiformes
5962:Simiiformes
5914:Simiiformes
5768:Tarkadectes
5608:Diablomomys
5587:Brontomomys
5523:Teilhardina
5467:Arapahovius
5460:Anemorhysis
5424:Vectipithex
5417:Quercyloris
5410:Pseudoloris
5389:Nannopithex
5375:Melaneremia
5205:GLP-1 Drugs
5094:Higgs boson
5014:Dark energy
4657:Grandmother
4612:Shore-based
4573:Aquatic ape
4464:Tam Pa Ling
4359:H. ergaster
4178:P. robustus
3918:Smithsonian
3010:|last=
2782:|last=
2060:P. robustus
1831:metacarpals
1700:quadrupedal
1654:Afar desert
1509:Afar Region
1419:, in which
955:H. ergaster
848:Ar. ramidus
833:Ar. kadabba
795:O. praegens
633:Pleistocene
462:This box:
241:Subfamily:
225:Simiiformes
8647:Categories
7811:Equatorius
7770:Hominoidea
7757:Hominoidea
7716:see below↓
7707:Hominoidea
7603:Mandrillus
7589:Lophocebus
7562:Cercocebus
7413:Procolobus
7174:Fanchangia
6930:Catarrhini
6917:Catarrhini
6876:see below↓
6867:Catarrhini
6803:Callithrix
6742:Killikaike
6645:Mohanamico
6628:Chilecebus
6554:Soriacebus
6520:Nuciruptor
6480:Homunculus
6470:Chiropotes
6463:Cheracebus
6446:Carlocebus
6436:Callicebus
6399:Tremacebus
6369:Lagonimico
6359:Branisella
6339:Szalatavus
6166:Pondaungia
6084:Eosimiidae
5923:see below↓
5810:Archicebus
5692:Shoshonius
5636:Hemiacodon
5615:Dyseolemur
5601:Chumashius
5544:Trogolemur
5537:Tetonoides
5446:Absarokius
5396:Necrolemur
5341:Bownomomys
5293:Haplorhini
5248:Haplorhini
5163:black hole
4696:Skin color
4681:Bipedalism
4642:Killer ape
4454:Cro-Magnon
4353:Denisovans
4229:H. habilis
4193:Humans and
4078:A. ramidus
4071:A. kadabba
3781:: 119–38.
3037:2021-12-01
2993:2021-12-01
2813:2009-01-30
2765:2021-12-01
2740:2009-10-08
2582:2021-12-01
2452:: 139–49.
2429:References
2367:A. ramidus
2363:A. kadabba
2339:A. ramidus
2335:A. ramidus
2298:arboreally
2179:H. habilis
2155:Au. sediba
1917:Chimpanzee
1792:A. ramidus
1788:A. kadabba
1780:A. kadabba
1764:A. ramidus
1760:A. ramidus
1704:A. ramidus
1685:abductable
1649:A. ramidus
1626:A. ramidus
1622:A. ramidus
1602:A. ramidus
1596:A. ramidus
1583:A. ramidus
1576:A. ramidus
1567:A. ramidus
1565:canine in
1562:A. ramidus
1546:A. ramidus
1539:prognathic
1535:A. ramidus
1497:A. ramidus
1467:A. ramidus
1448:bipedalism
1438:Like most
1397:A. ramidus
1024:Denisovans
963:Au. sediba
937:H. erectus
904:H. habilis
694:Ou. turkae
261:Subtribe:
215:Haplorhini
211:Suborder:
8280:Gorillini
8210:Homininae
8053:Hominidae
8003:Hylobates
7882:Proconsul
7640:Pliopapio
7630:Parapapio
7553:Papionini
7420:Pygathrix
7406:Presbytis
7296:Colobinae
7195:Pliobates
7160:Crouzelia
6961:Saadanius
6796:Callimico
6715:Acrecebus
6692:Stirtonia
6635:Lagothrix
6618:Cartelles
6564:Xenothrix
6319:Parvimico
5845:Tarsiidae
5832:Omomyidae
5727:Washakius
5713:Uintanius
5664:Nesomomys
5594:Chipetaia
5580:Asiomomys
5563:Omomyinae
5516:Tatmanius
5474:Aycrossia
5403:Paraloris
5368:Indusomys
5310:Omomyidae
5258:Kingdom:
5096:discovery
5035:in action
5033:Evolution
4978:Stem cell
4815:Theorists
4782:Timelines
4662:Patriarch
4638:Behavior
4563:Gathering
4491:Ancestors
4236:H. naledi
4171:P. boisei
4142:A. sediba
3668:196659329
3211:March 18,
3183:March 18,
2834:March 18,
2670:(Thesis).
2633:0027-8424
2491:March 18,
2310:A.ramidus
2296:fed both
2043:P. boisei
1839:homoplasy
1835:great ape
1827:allometry
1554:frugivore
1505:Gona area
1463:Tim White
922:Au. garhi
245:Homininae
235:Hominidae
171:Kingdom:
165:Eukaryota
8658:Hominina
8562:BioLib:
8533:Wikidata
8346:Hominina
8322:Hominini
8239:Danuvius
8115:Ponginae
8074:Buronius
8020:Nomascus
7959:Simiolus
6848:Saguinus
6810:Cebuella
6762:Patasola
6682:Solimoea
6584:Alouatta
6575:Atelidae
6527:Pithecia
6275:Qatrania
6200:Arsinoea
6100:Eosimias
5734:Wyomomys
5699:Steinius
5685:Rooneyia
5643:Jemezius
5551:Walshina
5530:Tetonius
5488:Gazinius
5348:Kohatius
5325:Altanius
5278:Primates
5272:Mammalia
5266:Chordata
5264:Phylum:
5260:Animalia
5161:2019: A
5142:GW170817
5085:HPTN 052
4861:Category
4716:Language
4686:Skeleton
4381:H. longi
4135:A. garhi
3972:Hominins
3967:Taxonomy
3880:Archived
3834:28363458
3724:24197413
3672:Archived
3618:24242778
3579:24395771
3520:24344276
3461:21388620
3419:20508113
3364:21331035
3299:(2004).
3283:30387762
3275:15001775
3232:BBC News
3095:Archived
3091:19797636
3002:cite web
2966:Archived
2954:19810195
2898:Archived
2894:19725410
2886:19810194
2774:cite web
2651:34853174
2558:20189444
2550:19810190
2380:See also
1904:Hominini
1866:tympanic
1784:Ethiopia
1772:Gen Suwa
1708:omnivory
1610:CLCA or
1550:omnivore
1479:Ethiopia
1440:hominids
1429:pithecus
646:Hominini
620:Pliocene
422:, then,
369:Pliocene
347:Ethiopia
331:hominine
296:Species
265:Hominina
255:Hominini
231:Family:
205:Primates
195:Mammalia
185:Chordata
181:Phylum:
175:Animalia
161:Domain:
8617:3607705
8604:1222967
8591:4827629
8578:4454216
8539:Q106565
8504:Science
8478:Portals
8407:Orrorin
8300:Gorilla
7996:Hoolock
7372:Nasalis
7315:Colobus
6841:Micodon
6776:Sapajus
6769:Saimiri
6703:Cebidae
6652:Oreonax
6608:Caipora
6429:Cacajao
6380:Aotidae
6261:Apidium
6234:Serapia
6207:Biretia
6093:Bahinia
6063:Afrasia
6027:Nosmips
6007:Amamria
5888:Tarsius
5854:Carlito
5775:Tarkops
5741:Yaquius
5706:Stockia
5678:Ourayia
5650:Loveina
5276:Order:
5270:Class:
5185:brings
5112:Rosetta
4944:journal
4940:Science
4929:Science
4873:Commons
4825:Fossils
4691:Muscles
4602:Cooking
4558:Hunting
4035:Orrorin
3854:special
3795:2158266
3715:3826229
3648:Bibcode
3570:3903226
3547:Bibcode
3511:3890866
3488:Bibcode
3399:Bibcode
3391:Science
3372:4428052
3344:Bibcode
3255:Bibcode
3247:Science
3205:Science
3154:5527405
3146:7503900
3126:Bibcode
3071:Bibcode
3063:Science
2962:3744438
2934:Bibcode
2926:Science
2866:Bibcode
2858:Science
2719:4347140
2711:8090200
2691:Bibcode
2642:8670482
2611:Bibcode
2530:Bibcode
2522:Science
2466:2158257
2414:Orrorin
1747:fossils
1696:bipedal
1503:in the
1501:As Duma
1473:in the
1323:←
1301:←
1279:←
1266:cooking
1255:←
1235:←
1215:←
1191:←
1171:←
1148:←
1125:←
1105:←
1085:←
1065:←
1045:←
781:Orrorin
606:Miocene
589:–
579:–
569:–
559:–
549:–
539:–
529:–
519:–
509:–
499:–
391:bonobos
379:Miocene
359:species
355:hominin
271:Genus:
251:Tribe:
201:Order:
191:Class:
116:↓
7801:Ekembo
7596:Macaca
7461:Simias
7232:Alophe
6591:Ateles
6152:Krabia
6145:Ganlea
5720:Utahia
5671:Omomys
5203:2023:
5194:2022:
5189:to all
5181:2021:
5172:2020:
5153:2018:
5140:2017:
5128:2016:
5120:2015:
5109:2014:
5101:2013:
5092:2012:
5083:2011:
5065:2009:
5057:2008:
5049:2007:
5040:2006:
5031:2005:
5023:Spirit
5020:2004:
5012:2003:
5004:2002:
4992:2001:
4984:2000:
4976:1999:
4968:1998:
4960:1997:
4951:1996:
4808:Others
4711:Speech
4673:Topics
4618:Drugs
4544:Models
3832:
3793:
3722:
3712:
3666:
3616:
3577:
3567:
3518:
3508:
3459:
3417:
3370:
3362:
3335:Nature
3315:
3281:
3273:
3152:
3144:
3117:Nature
3089:
2960:
2952:
2892:
2884:
2717:
2709:
2683:Nature
2649:
2639:
2631:
2609:(49).
2556:
2548:
2464:
2323:larynx
2194:Other
1774:, and
1688:hallux
1658:Aramis
1444:hallux
1401:strata
1034:
371:, and
290:, 1995
288:et al.
8630:83059
8599:IRMNG
8565:32368
8184:Pongo
8013:Junzi
7610:Papio
6722:Cebus
6389:Aotus
5761:Tarka
5198:debut
5044:proof
5025:rover
4820:Books
4598:Diet
3675:(PDF)
3664:S2CID
3636:(PDF)
3368:S2CID
3279:S2CID
3150:S2CID
3098:(PDF)
3059:(PDF)
2969:(PDF)
2958:S2CID
2922:(PDF)
2901:(PDF)
2890:S2CID
2854:(PDF)
2736:. PBS
2715:S2CID
2554:S2CID
1433:Greek
1425:ramid
414:than
351:genus
285:White
8586:GBIF
8387:Homo
7072:Kapi
6831:Mico
4701:Hair
4521:) →
4199:Homo
3830:PMID
3814:Homo
3791:SSRN
3720:PMID
3614:PMID
3575:PMID
3516:PMID
3457:PMID
3441:HOMO
3415:PMID
3360:PMID
3313:ISBN
3271:PMID
3213:2017
3185:2017
3142:PMID
3087:PMID
3014:help
2950:PMID
2882:PMID
2836:2017
2786:help
2707:PMID
2647:PMID
2629:ISSN
2546:PMID
2493:2017
2462:SSRN
2365:and
2331:Homo
2279:The
2197:Homo
1882:Homo
1880:and
1854:and
1799:Afar
1666:Lucy
1645:2009
1639:Ardi
1633:Ardi
1616:Homo
1552:and
1421:Ardi
1201:Homo
482:edit
475:talk
468:view
337:and
141:Ardi
55:PreꞒ
8573:EoL
8335:Pan
5132:of
4996:or
4953:HIV
4515:(→
4406:(?)
4384:(?)
4362:(?)
4254:(?)
4246:(?)
4224:(?)
3894:at
3822:doi
3783:doi
3754:doi
3710:PMC
3702:doi
3698:280
3656:doi
3606:doi
3602:153
3565:PMC
3555:doi
3543:111
3506:PMC
3496:doi
3484:111
3449:doi
3439:".
3407:doi
3395:328
3389:".
3352:doi
3340:470
3263:doi
3251:303
3134:doi
3122:376
3079:doi
3067:326
2942:doi
2930:326
2874:doi
2862:326
2699:doi
2687:371
2637:PMC
2619:doi
2607:118
2538:doi
2526:326
2454:doi
1841:).
1618:LCA
1612:Pan
1560:in
8649::
8627::
8614::
8601::
8588::
8575::
8550::
8535::
5183:AI
4531:→
4527:→
4509:/
4503:→
3920:,
3916:–
3828:.
3818:68
3816:.
3789:.
3779:41
3777:.
3750:78
3748:.
3744:.
3732:^
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