409:
as well as their apparent immunity to the diseases that the communities healers faced helplessly, was admired by the natives. They shared the lives of the
Indigenous peoples and earned their trust, although their missionary vocation demanded that they renounce Native American culture, the disempowerment of religious leaders, and the spiritual and social revolution. The missionaries were the lawyers for the Abenaki and helped them to better overcome the differences between Native American and European cultures. Sometimes they also represented the Abenaki in negotiations with the English. Men like SĂ©bastien Rale became central figures in the Abenaki story. Soon the Abenaki were reputed to be the most pious
325:, with the main village of Cowasuck, now Newbury, located in the states of New Hampshire and Vermont. The river valley forest was a mixture of deciduous trees, hemlocks, and white pines, growing on light soils or old fields. The villages were typically set up on the edge of a cliff or terraces, near the alluvial land suitable for growing corn, and with nearby rivers with sufficient water supply All villages were close to a river or lake, which served for fishing and as a travel route. Their
146:
32:
408:
The missionaries learned the language of the Native
Americans, adopted their style of speech, and tried as far as possible to follow their customs and manners. They had no interest in the Abenaki land, in their women, or in the fur trade. Their poverty and devotion were respected and their courage,
450:
wrote: "Traditionally, the final quarter of the eighteenth century stands as the time when the last western
Abenaki disappeared from Vermont and New Hampshire, when the few survivors finally pulled up their roots and followed their relatives to Canada." However, he points out that some remained in
421:
The
Cowasuck numbered around 300 in the early 18th century, but this includes different groups passing through the Cowass area, an important area connecting Canada and the Coastal United States. In 1704, Cowasucks sent representatives to meet with the Governor-General of
400:
Jesuit
Fathers often acted both as military and political agents of the French crown and as servants of God. They traveled alone in the Indigenous land, visited the villages of the Abenaki, and took part in the life of the Indigenous people. Some of them, like Father
374:, led to misunderstandings in their reports.This however is not mentioned in another authoritative source on the Penacook. The tribes of the Western Abenaki were referred to by the names of each individual group. Cowasuck and Pennacook appeared to be distinct groups.
433:
attached residents of Cowass. Cowasucks likely fled to a remote area. In 1712, Cowass was deserted, and French maps from 1713 and 1715 labeled Cowass as "Koēs, ancien village des loups" and it was likely later reoccupied. At that time
352:
They are written about in colonial documents dating from the 17th century. Northeast
Woodland Tribal presence of this region existed long before European settlement, as evidenced by a nearly 13,000-year-old Indigenous village found in
781:
Abrams, Marc D. (November 2001). "Eastern White Pine
Versatility in the Presettlement Forest: This eastern giant exhibited vast ecological breadth in the original forest but has been on the decline with subsequent land-use changes".
445:
of 1754 to 1763, in which the
Abenaki sided with the French, and the American Revolutionary War. While many Western Abenaki tried to remain neutral during the Revolutionary War, others joined in both sides of the war. Historian
1235:
369:
French colonists wrote early accounts of the
Western Abenaki, but the French preoccupation consisted of proselytizing and fighting the English. However, the French practice of calling the Cowasuck by the name
481:
in the late 19th century, maintained an Indian trading post and became a local postmaster. His former trading post is now a U.S. historical site. Laurent also wrote an
Abenaki English dialogs dictionary.
964:
531:
in 1995 but have not followed through with a petition. The Ko'asek (Co'wasuck) Traditional Band of the Sovereign Abenaki Nation, a cultural heritage group with 430 members(2021), owns 10 acres in
509:
872:
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544:
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1260:
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who identify as being Cowasuck are active in Vermont and New Hampshire; however, their claims to Abenaki ancestry are disputed. One NH group and its (
426:
1296:
721:
494:, all of which identify as being Abenaki, and two specifically identify as being descendants of the Cowasuck people. Vermont recognized the
749:"Western Abenaki of the Upper Connecticut River Basin: Preliminary Notes on Native American Pre-Contact Culture in Northern New England"
1319:
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1412:
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in Quebec. He suggested they move north to Quebec to avoid the English; however, they declined this opportunity. At that time
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329:
were rectangular, covered with bark, had domed roofs with a hole as a flue for each fire, and had room for several families.
53:
306:
1431:
405:, became intimate connoisseurs of Native American culture. He produced an extensive dictionary of the Abenaki language.
96:
1209:
344:/Long River) and its tributaries, along what is known today as the central borderlands of Vermont and New Hampshire.
68:
893:
49:
986:
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New Hampshire has the New Hampshire State Commission on Native American Affairs but no state-recognized tribes.
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532:
478:
282:. The members of the tribe were called Goasiak (singular: Goasi), which means "the people of the white pines".
1377:
520:
491:
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255:
42:
20:
82:
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in New England, the Jesuits did not try to assimilate Native people into French society. From Abenaki
499:
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232:
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524:
455:
332:
N’dakinna, "homeland" in Western Abenaki, is of central importance to the Cowasuck Abenaki people.
197:
162:
1261:"Why Vermont tribes, New Hampshire groups might claim to be Abenaki without ever proving ancestry"
799:
607:
599:
1404:
The Western Abenakis of Vermont, 1600–1800: War, Migration, and the Survival of an Indian People
852:
630:
The Western Abenakis of Vermont, 1600-1800: War, Migration, and the Survival of an Indian People
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1408:
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717:
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suggests that French missionaries were active since 1615 in Abenaki villages on the shores of
341:
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201:
145:
940:
1029:
822:"N'dakinna: Our Homeland...Still – Additional Examples of Abenaki Presence in New Hampshire"
791:
591:
271:
185:
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410:
247:
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1018:"Assimilation and Racialism in Seventeenth and Eighteenth-Century French Colonial Policy"
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254:. They were Western Abenaki who lived in and around the village of Cowass, which became
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658:
Tribal Names of the Americas: Spelling Variants and Alternative Forms, Cross-Referenced
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in Quebec, while hunting and fishing in their previous territories in New Hampshire.
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1329:. U.S. Department of the Interior, Indian Affairs. November 12, 2013. p. 27
31:
423:
382:
1236:"New Hampshire is the only New England state with no recognized tribes. ..."
582:
Day, Gornon M. (April 1981). "Abenaki Place-Names in the Champlain Valley".
386:
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603:
435:
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and to be among the most loyal Native American friends of New France.
994:
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361:
were present in the region from around the end of the last ice age.
1033:
595:
519:
One unrecognized organization, the Cowasuck Band-Abenaki People of
1350:"Giving Thanks: Ko'asek community hosts traditional fire ceremony"
25:
1383:
309:, the northernmost county in New Hampshire, derives from the
1388:
796:
10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0967:EWPVIT]2.0.CO;2
246:
Linguistically and culturally the Cowasuck belonged to the
919:"Place Names Divide Indigenous Communities in New Engiand"
853:"A Deep Presence: 13,000 Years of Native American History"
510:
organizations that self-identify as Native American tribes
1407:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 1994.
682:"Tribal Information for Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station"
1057:
A Dictionary of the Abnaki Language, in North America
1288:
French and Native North American Marriages 1600-1800
1210:"State Committees and Commissions on Indian Affairs"
1163:"New Familiar Abenakis and English Dialogues (1884)"
545:
List of Native American peoples in the United States
716:. Norman, Oklahoman: University of Oklahoma Press.
207:
191:
179:
169:
155:
136:
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1234:Whidden, Jenny; Burch, Kelly (September 7, 2022).
1259:Furukawa, Julia; Reed, Elodie (August 9, 2023).
1054:SĂ©bastien Rasles (1833). Pickering, John (ed.).
713:Native American Placenames of the United States
340:Indigenous peoples lived along the Kwenitekw (
278:which means "White Pines Place", an area near
150:Historical Cowasuck territory, c. 17th century
1384:Vermont Commission on Native American Affairs
1188:Vermont Commission on Native American Affairs
584:International Journal of American Linguistics
562:
560:
441:The era was marked by warfare, including the
8:
660:. McFarland & Company. pp. 56, 73.
656:Roberts Clark, Patricia (October 21, 2009).
651:
649:
285:Variant spellings of the place name include
131:
815:
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689:United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission
632:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 8.
623:
621:
486:State-recognized tribes and heritage groups
321:The Cowasuck formerly resided on the upper
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
496:Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation
243:and the name of their primary settlement.
144:
130:
1214:National Conference of State Legislatures
742:
740:
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:Algonquian-speaking Native American tribe
523:sent a letter of intent to petition for
427:Philippe de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil
301:in English, and an alternate demonym is
1442:Native American tribes in New Hampshire
1141:
1139:
894:"12,000 Years Ago in the Granite State"
873:"12,000 years ago in the granite state"
590:(2). University of Chicago Press: 144.
556:
1452:Pre-statehood history of New Hampshire
454:By 1798, most Cowasuck had joined the
451:Vermont during the Revolutionary War.
21:Newbury (town), Vermont § History
1348:Adrian, Patrick (December 24, 2021).
628:Calloway, Colin G. (March 15, 1994).
7:
170:Regions with significant populations
54:adding citations to reliable sources
385:around 1611. Unlike the grey-robed
756:The Journal of Vermont Archaeology
14:
1437:Native American tribes in Vermont
1016:BELMESSOUS, Saliha (April 2005).
747:Mathewson III, R. Duncan (2011).
516:) requires native lineage proof.
270:The name Cowasuck comes from the
1457:Pre-statehood history of Vermont
1327:Office of Federal Acknowledgment
851:Goodby, Robert G. (7 May 2021).
377:The first French priests of the
30:
1148:The Western Abenakis of Vermont
1130:The Western Abenakis of Vermont
1116:The Western Abenakis of Vermont
1102:The Western Abenakis of Vermont
1080:The Western Abenakis of Vermont
569:The Western Abenakis of Vermont
41:needs additional citations for
1320:"List of Petitioners by State"
438:attached residents of Cowass.
175:New Hampshire, Vermont, Quebec
1:
1389:Conseil des Abénakis d'Odanak
1285:Bunnell, Paul Joseph (2004).
490:Vermont has designated four
1401:Calloway, Colin G. (1994).
691:. April 10, 2006. p. 4
1478:
1265:New Hampshire Public Radio
1022:American Historical Review
161:Unknown, most merged with
18:
1184:"State Recognized Tribes"
500:Koasek Koas Abenaki Tribe
212:
196:
184:
174:
160:
143:
1380:, New Hampshire Folklife
1378:Native American Heritage
1161:Laurent, Joseph (1884).
898:New Hampshire Humanities
820:Harris, Michael (2021).
710:Bright, William (2004).
479:Intervale, New Hampshire
165:in the late 18th century
521:Franklin, Massachusetts
492:state-recognized tribes
965:"NH Folklife learning"
941:"The Pennacook people"
535:used for ceremonies.
529:Native American tribe
443:French and Indian War
237:Native American tribe
208:Related ethnic groups
19:For the village, see
469:, an Abenaki chief (
355:Keene, New Hampshire
252:Wabanaki Confederacy
50:improve this article
1432:Abenaki communities
525:federal recognition
456:St. Francis Abenaki
357:demonstrating that
198:Indigenous religion
163:St. Francis Abenaki
133:
1291:. Heritage Books.
1239:The Keene Sentinel
1190:. State of Vermont
1298:978-0-7884-2595-0
987:"Abenaki History"
875:. 26 October 2023
723:978-0-8061-3598-4
448:Colin G. Calloway
342:Connecticut River
323:Connecticut River
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