515:
344:
543:
488:(a folk poem, presented as a dialogue of two persons) tradition also talks about the mistrust and quarrel between the co-wives. In one version - where Devayanai is the elder sister of Valli, Valli tries to woo Murugan, before Devayanai's marriage. As per tradition, the elder sister has to be married off first. Infuriated, Devayanai curses Valli to be born in the forest in her next life, and the curse is then fulfilled when Valli is born as a huntress. In the
729:
435:) narrate the story of the marriage of the two maidens to Murugan. The two maidens are fated to be married to the god. The elder sister Devasena is born as Amritavalli. She follows the path of traditional Hindu rituals and practices to gain her husband. Appeased by her penance, Indra adopts her as his daughter, and marries her to Murugan in an arranged marriage, following custom, after the latter triumphs over the
530:, the location of their marriage. However, in many south-Indian representations, when Murugan is depicted only with one consort, Valli is favoured over Devasena. In most Tamil depictions, Murugan is depicted with both his consorts standing besides him; Devasena is on his left-hand side. Her complexion is yellow; she is often depicted adorned with a crown, earrings, necklaces and ornaments. She wears a traditional
455:, the abode of the gods. Meanwhile, Valli is born as Sundaravalli. She is adopted by a tribal chieftain, and grows up as a huntress. Murugan wins Valli's hand and takes her to Thiruttani. The god is worshipped at the Thiruthani temple, flanked by Devasena on his left and Valli on his right. In the end, the trio settles in the abode of the gods and lives in harmony thereafter. An alternate ending found in
38:
398:, the husband of Devasena and the commander-in-chief of the gods. Accordingly, Agni is forced to have a son, who becomes Kartikeya. After many exploits which prove his supremacy over the gods, Kartikeya is made the general of the army of the gods and is married to Devasena by Indra. At this point in the text, Agni is identified with
604:, Lord) represents God. The marriage of Devasena conveys Vaishnava ideals, where the soul (Devasena) remains detached from God; she has her own relative autonomy and earns the love of the god by her own merit. In contrast, the Shaiva philosophy says that God is attached to the soul (Valli), and hence he woos her. The
614:
panegyric dedicated to
Murugan. It praises him as the god who is allowed to have two wives, Devasena – the daughter of Indra and Valli, a hunter princess. Murugan is described to equally spend his time on earth and in heaven. This is also conveyed by his wives, Devasena is a daughter of the heavens,
585:
The presence of the two consorts is said to denote the dual nature of
Murugan, as the god of heaven and earth. Devasena, the celestial wife, is married in a traditional arranged marriage while the earthy Valli is won by Murugan, resulting in a love marriage. The consorts also represent a syncretism
699:
Devasena and Valli, the consorts of
Murugan, do not have independent temples dedicated to them. Their images are installed in shrines of Murugan, where they flank their consort on either side. They are worshipped with Murugan and receive offerings as part of his worship (see
650:, love before marriage, conveyed by Valli. Devasena represents "the conventional, control, ritualized approach to worship" God, while Valli is worship through "ecstasy and self-abandonment". Devasena is the epitome of chastity and purity. In trinity of
514:
691:
is dedicated to
Murugan and Devayanai. It is believed that she was married to the god at this location. A festival icon depicts the god seated close to his divine consort. The 8th-century Ladan kovil temple at
402:, who is proclaimed as the father of Kartikeya. Ultimately, with the aid of Devasena and Kartikeya, the gods defeat the demons. In this narrative, Devasena is identified with many other goddesses like
374:(demon) Keshi abducts them so that he could marry them. While Devasena refuses, Daityasena consents. Meanwhile, the gods are defeated in a battle by the demons. Indra, who is searching for an ideal
254:, who is later adopted by Indra. She is betrothed to Kartikeya by Indra, when he becomes the commander-in-chief of the devas. In Tamil accounts, Devasena is generally depicted as an antithesis of
427:, Amritavalli and Sundaravalli, respectively. Thus, Murugan is regarded as the son-in-law of Vishnu, as their husband. An interpolation in the Tamil recensions of the scripture as well as the
594:
traditions, dedicated to Shiva and Vishnu, respectively. The son of Shiva, Kartikeya, becomes the son-in-law of Vishnu, due to the marriages. Both the consorts are identified with the soul (
496:
tale, Devasena and Valli are married to
Kartikeya from primal times. However, in this version, the god condemns Valli to be born on earth as punishment for mocking her sister Devayanai. The
378:(commander of the army of the gods), reaches the place where Devasena is held captive. On her request, Indra defeats the demon and rescues her. Devasena asks Indra to find her a husband (
704:). A fast is observed on Tuesdays to placate the consort goddesses. Festival icons of Murugan used during temple festival processions generally depict him with his consorts.
672:(dark). As per another interpretation, Devasena is an embodiment of how virtuous people should live considering her steadfast and uncompromising fight against evil.
881:
1406:
Genealogy of the South Indian
Deities: An English Translation of Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg's Original German Manuscript with a Textual Analysis and Glossary
443:
describes
Devayanai (Devasena) as the daughter of Indra, without any mention of adoption. The couple is described as taking their abode in the hills of
343:
467:
stands. Devayanai tries in vain to compel the god to return to the abode of the gods, but finally joins
Kartikeya and Valli to reside in Kataragama.
526:. She sits on the left thigh of the six-headed and twelve-armed Kartikeya. One of his arms holds her waist. Numerous depictions of the two exist at
361:
narrates the tale of the birth of
Kartikeya, which mentions Devasena. Devasena and Daityasena (literally "army of demons") are the daughters of
939:
1566:
1547:
1441:
1310:
1285:
1218:
1192:
1137:
1093:
876:
265:, Devasena does not enjoy independent worship, but is venerated as Murugan's consort in most of his temples. She plays a greater role in the
542:
498:
328:
scriptures generally regard only
Devasena as the consort of Kartikeya, while in Tamil Nadu, he has two consorts, Devayanai (Devasena) and
258:, her sister-wife; together they complete the deity. Devasena is generally depicted with Murugan, and is often also accompanied by Valli.
964:
944:
886:
1061:
484:– speaks about conflict, resulting in a battle between Devayanai's royal soldiers and Valli's hunter clan, which the latter win. Folk
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1414:
1252:
934:
502:
from Sangam literature describes Murugan being accompanied by his chaste wife Devayanai and honoured by a procession of devas and
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266:
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20:
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904:
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Another interpretation regards the trio as the three eyes of Shiva. Devasena and Valli are representations of
929:
871:
1240:
Puranic Encyclopaedia: A Comprehensive Dictionary With Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature
1609:
1054:
974:
954:
828:
843:
596:
144:
1244:
1614:
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269:, believed to be the site of her marriage. In East India, Devasena is worshipped in the form of
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Devayanai is generally depicted with her husband, particularly in an iconographic form called
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135:
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239:
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308:, literally meaning "celestial elephant"), as she was raised by Indra's divine elephant,
1303:
The Mahabharata, Volume 2: Book 2: The Book of Assembly; Book 3: The Book of the Forest
611:
305:
162:
534:
and has two arms. She holds a lotus in her left arm, while her right hand hangs down.
1598:
833:
550:
459:
lore describes Murugan as staying on in the forest with Valli after their wedding at
419:
247:
179:
997:
627:
646:("chastity"), love bound in the traditional marriage, represented by Devasena and
1404:
664:, symbolizing "rulership, fixity, and stability". Kartikeya is the most superior
1234:
642:(the power of knowledge). In Tamil literature, two kinds of love are mentioned:
368:. Once, while the sisters are enjoying leisure at the banks of Lake Manasa, the
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321:
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is a pun, which also conveys his role as commander-in-chief of the devas.
211:
155:
37:
1540:
The Many Faces of Murukan̲: The History and Meaning of a South Indian God
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411:
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577:: Devasena standing left, raising hand; flower vase to left, inverted
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Johannes Adrianus Bernardus Buitenen; J. A. B. van Buitenen (1981).
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mentions Devasena and Valli as the incarnations of the daughters of
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752:
661:
637:
620:
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399:
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234:, while some Sanskrit scriptures consider her as the daughter of
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492:, the details of which correspond to most of those found in the
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150:
59:
1559:
One God, Two Goddesses, Three Studies of South Indian Cosmology
696:
is one of the earliest temples dedicated to the divine couple.
332:. Devasena is described as a daughter of the king of the gods,
324:, Kartikeya is generally considered as celibate and unmarried.
800:
451:, stands. Another version describes the couple as residing in
382:) who can protect her and defeat the gods, the demons and the
1184:
The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths
1129:
The Goddess in India: The Five Faces of the Eternal Feminine
569:) to the left of Kartikeya's head, peacock to lower right,
285:
means "army of the gods" and thus, her husband is known as
474:
which talks about harmony between Devasena and Valli, the
42:
A lithograph on Kartikeya with Devasena seated on his lap
631:(will-power) respectively; while their Kartikeya is the
1280:. University of Chicago Press. 1993. pp. 93–6.
173:
119:
85:
73:
55:
47:
30:
273:, where she is usually worshipped independently.
1132:. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. p. 29.
518:Murugan with Devayanai (right) and Valli (left).
417:The Tamil manuscripts of the Sanskrit scripture
1485:
1483:
1213:. Penguin Books India. July 2012. p. 384.
1455:
1453:
1398:
1396:
1386:
1384:
1088:. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 185–6.
250:, she is portrayed as the daughter of the god
182:of aspiration, and the consort of the war god
1085:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M
1055:
219:Devasena is described as the daughter of the
8:
1305:. University of Chicago Press. p. 656.
351:with Kartikeya and Devasena in the sanctum.
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1160:
1158:
573:(“Victory to the Yaudheya people”) around.
340:or at least the adopted daughter of Indra.
1578:Myths and Legends from India - Great Women
1557:Don Handelman (2013). "Myths of Murugan".
1187:. Penguin Books India. pp. 190, 251.
1062:
1048:
711:
386:. Indra discusses the matter with the god
36:
1436:. Abhinav Publications. pp. 29–30.
1329:Indian Acculturation: Agastya and Skanda
541:
447:, where one of Murugan's chief temples,
1074:
719:
1243:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p.
561:standing facing, holding a spear with
347:The 8th century Ladan kovil temple at
115:(according to South Indian traditions)
27:
1126:Pattanaik, Devdutt (September 2000).
7:
1580:. Chennai: Macmillan India Limited.
1403:Daniel Jeyaraj (23 September 2004).
668:(pure), while Valli is the inferior
635:, the symbol of the transcendental
431:(the Tamil version of the Sanskrit
615:while Valli is an earthly maiden.
390:and they agree that a son born of
289:("Lord of Devasena"). The epithet
14:
1332:. Popular Prakashan. p. 174.
281:The Sanskrit name of the goddess
246:. In the Tamil iteration of the
1326:Ghurye, Govind Sadashiv (1977).
727:
394:would be suitable for being the
186:(Murugan). She is also known as
681:Tirupparankunram Murugan Temple
553:coinage, 3rd-4th centuries CE.
267:Tirupparankunram Murugan Temple
51:Devayanai, Amritavalli, Shashti
1430:Bajpai, K. D. (October 2004).
316:Legends and textual references
202:. Her name is also spelled as
1:
149:'Army of the devas',
1115:. MEKALA S RAO. p. 197.
1082:James G. Lochtefeld (2002).
212:
174:
156:
1636:
625:(the power of action) and
18:
1433:Indian Numismatic Studies
1409:. Routledge. p. 88.
1210:The Mahabharata: Volume 3
449:Thiruthani Murugan Temple
166:
139:
35:
21:Devasena (disambiguation)
1538:Fred W. Clothey (1978).
1112:Sadhana: Living with God
905:Nallur Kandaswamy temple
600:), while their husband (
1576:Bhanu, Sharada (1997).
582:
519:
352:
1542:. Walter de Gruyter.
1516:Clothey pp. 76, 125–6
1181:Roshen Dalal (2010).
715:Part of the series on
656:s, she is the middle
571:yaudheya ganasya jaya
545:
517:
346:
242:(gods), and his wife
829:Kanda Shasti Kavasam
823:Texts and scriptures
490:Jayantipura Mahatmya
19:For other uses, see
1351:Handelman pp. 44–45
844:Tirumurukarruppatai
549:coin, imitative of
499:Thirumurugatrupadai
583:
520:
355:The third book of
353:
238:, the king of the
102:(according to the
1620:Children of Indra
1568:978-90-04-25739-9
1549:978-90-279-7632-1
1459:Clothey pp. 84–85
1443:978-81-7017-035-8
1342:Clothey pp. 83–84
1312:978-0-226-84664-4
1287:978-0-226-06456-7
1278:Asian Mythologies
1267:Clothey pp. 51–53
1220:978-0-14-310015-7
1194:978-0-14-341517-6
1139:978-0-89281-807-5
1095:978-0-8239-3179-8
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882:Thiruparankundram
856:Six sacred abodes
482:Sangam literature
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528:Tirupparankunram
480:– part of Tamil
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899:Other temples
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834:Skanda Purana
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180:Hindu goddess
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16:Hindu goddess
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1235:Mani, Vettam
1229:
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1128:
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1104:
1084:
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965:Vallakkottai
955:Thindalmalai
940:Maruthamalai
877:Thiruchendur
777:
746:(Kartikeya)
741:
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679:
657:
651:
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628:Iccha-shakti
626:
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586:between the
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441:Kanda Purana
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396:Devasenapati
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376:Devasenapati
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291:Devasenapati
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287:Devasenapati
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103:
25:
960:Viralimalai
945:Pachaimalai
915:Chennimalai
610:contains a
510:Iconography
470:Unlike the
358:Mahabharata
322:North India
231:Mahabharata
200:Tamil texts
105:Mahabharata
56:Affiliation
48:Other names
1599:Categories
1532:References
1507:Bhanu p. 5
970:Vadapalani
910:Batu Caves
887:Thiruttani
872:Swamimalai
839:Tiruppukal
694:Yanaimalai
565:(“two” in
559:Karttikeya
465:his temple
461:Kataragama
457:Sri Lankan
445:Thiruttani
349:Yanaimalai
302:Deivayanai
263:Tamil Nadu
196:Deivayanai
1615:Kartikeya
1561:. BRILL.
1018:Thaipusam
987:Festivals
935:Kunnakudi
806:Cock flag
633:third eye
607:Paripatal
592:Vaishnava
579:nandipada
538:Symbolism
506:(sages).
477:Paripatal
363:Prajapati
277:Etymology
222:Prajapati
208:Tevayanai
192:Deivanai,
188:Devayanai
184:Kartikeya
124:Kartikeya
1237:(1975).
778:Devasena
774:Consorts
721:Kaumaram
547:Yaudheya
524:Senapati
463:, where
412:Sinivali
404:Shashthi
326:Sanskrit
310:Airavata
298:Deivanai
283:Devasena
271:Shashthi
213:Teyvāṉai
204:Teyvanai
175:Tēvacēṉā
157:Devasenā
136:Sanskrit
132:Devasena
79:Elephant
68:Shashthi
31:Devasena
975:Vayalur
811:Peacock
795:Symbols
768:Ganesha
764:Brother
758:Parvati
749:Parents
743:Murugan
738:Deities
689:Madurai
676:Worship
640:-shakti
575:Reverse
555:Obverse
410:, Kuhu-
408:Lakshmi
406:, Shri-
384:yakshas
228:in the
178:) is a
167:தேவசேனா
147:
140:देवसेना
120:Consort
86:Parents
64:Kaumari
1584:
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1440:
1413:
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950:Sikkal
862:Palani
666:Sattva
648:kalavu
623:shakti
588:Shaiva
567:Brahmi
551:Kushan
504:rishis
453:Svarga
437:asuras
425:Vishnu
388:Brahma
366:Daksha
338:Shachi
252:Vishnu
244:Shachi
226:Daksha
113:Vishnu
100:Daksha
94:Shachi
783:Valli
753:Shiva
708:Notes
687:near
670:tamas
662:rajas
644:karpu
638:jnana
621:kriya
612:Tamil
597:Atman
400:Shiva
371:asura
334:Indra
330:Valli
306:Tamil
256:Valli
240:devas
236:Indra
163:Tamil
90:Indra
75:Mount
1582:ISBN
1563:ISBN
1544:ISBN
1438:ISBN
1411:ISBN
1307:ISBN
1282:ISBN
1249:ISBN
1215:ISBN
1189:ISBN
1134:ISBN
1090:ISBN
658:guna
653:guna
602:pati
590:and
532:sari
486:ecal
392:Agni
380:pati
194:and
151:IAST
145:lit.
92:and
60:Devi
1245:213
801:Vel
683:in
563:dvi
320:In
300:or
261:In
216:).
206:or
198:in
1601::
1482:^
1452:^
1395:^
1383:^
1247:.
1169:^
1157:^
660:–
557::
312:.
190:,
169:,
165::
161:,
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142:,
138::
110:or
97:or
66:,
62:,
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1098:.
1063:e
1056:t
1049:v
304:(
210:(
134:(
108:)
23:.
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