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All ecocritics share an environmentalist motivation of some sort, but whereas the majority are 'nature endorsing', some are 'nature sceptical'. In part this entails a shared sense of the ways in which 'nature' has been used to legitimize gender, sexual and racial norms (so homosexuality has been seen as 'unnatural', for example), but it also involves scepticism about the uses to which 'ecological' language is put in ecocriticism; it can also involve a critique of the ways cultural norms of nature and the environment contribute to
306:, has retained the position it established at that time as the intellectual home of ecocriticism even as ASLE has burgeoned into an organization with thousands of members in the US alone. From the late 1990s, new branches of ASLE and affiliated organizations were started in the UK, Japan, Korea, Australia and New Zealand (ASLEC-ANZ), India (OSLE-India), Southeast Asia (ASLE-ASEAN), Taiwan, Canada and continental Europe. The emergence of ecocriticism in British literary criticism is usually dated to the publication in 1991 of
354:
way yet to describe how our attitude towards our being in the environment has shifted since the Covid-19 pandemic?' This scholarly volume is evidence of a current trend in eco-critical scholarship to explore the impact of the twenty-first century's technological developments, societal shifts, environmental challenges, and political situation through the perspective of creative works that are concerned with the poetics of space, health, and the environment (both urban and rural).
321:, former Harvard professor and proponent of ecocriticism, the second wave of ecocriticism aligns with public health environmentalism, with ethics and politics that are sociocentric rather than ecocentric. The second wave not only considers rural landscapes or wilderness, but also landscapes of urban and industrial transformation. It is inspired by writers such as Charles Dickens, who wrote about Victorian-era public health concerns, and the American novelist
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motivating audiences to live within a limit that will be binding over generations". He tests it for a film adaptation about
Amazonian deforestation. Implementing the Gomides definition, Joseph Henry Vogel makes the case that ecocriticism constitutes an "economic school of thought" as it engages audiences to debate issues of resource allocation that have no technical solution.
271:, "One indication of the disunity of the early efforts is that these critics rarely cited one another's work; they didn't know that it existed...Each was a single voice howling in the wilderness." Nevertheless, ecocriticismâunlike feminist and Marxist criticismsâfailed to crystallize into a coherent movement in the late 1970s, and indeed only did so in the US in the 1990s.
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115:, romantic poetry, and canonical literature to take in film, television, theatre, animal stories, architectures, scientific narratives and an extraordinary range of literary texts. At the same time, ecocriticism has borrowed methodologies and theoretically informed approaches liberally from other fields of literary, social and scientific study.
353:
entitled 'A New
Poetics of Space', the co-editors, Lucy Jeffery and Vicky Angelaki, remark: 'We hope that through the analysis of the act of walking in the creative arts we can understand our role in shaping the environmental state in which we find ourselves. Throughout this volume we ask: is there a
263:
is identified in the tragic conception of a hero whose moral struggles are more important than mere biological survival, whereas the science of animal ethology, Meeker asserts, shows that a "comic mode" of muddling through and "making love not war" has superior ecological value. In the later, "second
130:
Simon Estok noted in 2001 that "ecocriticism has distinguished itself, debates notwithstanding, firstly by the ethical stand it takes, its commitment to the natural world as an important thing rather than simply as an object of thematic study, and, secondly, by its commitment to making connections".
56:
The term 'ecocriticism' was coined in 1978 by
William Rueckert in his essay "Literature and Ecology: An Experiment in Ecocriticism". It takes an interdisciplinary point of view by analyzing the works of authors, researchers and poets in the context of environmental issues and nature. Some ecocritics
143:
As
Michael P. Cohen has observed, "if you want to be an ecocritic, be prepared to explain what you do and be criticized, if not satirized." Certainly, Cohen adds his voice to such critique, noting that one of the problems of ecocriticism has been what he calls its "praise-song school" of criticism.
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has recently argued that the historical dangers of a romantic version of nature now need to be replaced by "urbanatural roosting", a view that sees urban life and the natural world as closely linked and argues for humans to live more lightly on the planet, the way virtually all other species do.
163:
In response to the question of what ecocriticism is or should be, Camilo
Gomides has offered an operational definition that is both broad and discriminating: "The field of enquiry that analyzes and promotes works of art which raise moral questions about human interactions with nature, while also
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Recent eco-critical scholarship has seen issues concerning eco-anxiety, veganism, and activism take precedence. Scholars are now starting to take into consideration the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on environmental activism and the climate crisis more broadly. In their 2022 Special Issue for
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More recently, in an article that extends ecocriticism to
Shakespearean studies, Estok argues that ecocriticism is more than "simply the study of Nature or natural things in literature; rather, it is any theory that is committed to effecting change by analyzing the functionâthematic, artistic,
234:
Ecologically minded individuals and scholars have been publishing progressive works of ecotheory and criticism since the explosion of environmentalism in the late 1960s and 1970s. However, because there was no organized movement to study the ecological/environmental side of literature, these
341:
The second wave of ecocriticism distinguishes itself from the first wave by prioritizing the exploration of issues such as environmental resource distribution, environmental justice, minority and socioeconomic impacts related to environmental circumstances. A representative of second-wave
259:(1974), proposed a version of an argument that was later to dominate ecocriticism and environmental philosophy; that environmental crisis is caused primarily by a cultural tradition in the West of separation of culture from nature, and elevation of the former to moral predominance. Such
176:
in "Islamecocriticism: Green Islam
Introduced to Ecocriticism." The article is shortly followed by a thorough representation of Material Islamecocriticism in "Matter Really Matters: A Poetic Material Islamecocritical Reading of Inanimateness Animism" which appeared in
264:
wave" ecocriticism, Meeker's adoption of an ecophilosophical position with apparent scientific sanction as a measure of literary value tended to prevail over
Williams's ideological and historical critique of the shifts in a literary genre's representation of nature.
135:
social, historical, ideological, theoretical, or otherwiseâof the natural environment, or aspects of it, represented in documents (literary or other) that contribute to material practices in material worlds". This echoes the functional approach of the
210:" have begun empirically evaluating the influence of ecofiction on its readers. Other disciplines, such as history, economics, philosophy, ethics, and psychology, are also considered by ecocritics to be possible contributors to ecocriticism.
122:
is that "ecocriticism is the study of the relationship between literature and the physical environment", and one of the implicit goals of the approach is to recoup professional dignity for what
Glotfelty calls the "undervalued genre of
197:, and how it has changed throughout history and whether or not current environmental issues are accurately represented or even mentioned in popular culture and modern literature. Not only do ecocritics determine the actual meaning of
201:
texts, but they use those texts for analyzing the practices of society in relationship to nature. They also critique visions that are human-centered and man/male centered. Scholars in ecocriticism engage in questions regarding
206:, and the "mainstream assumption that the natural world be seen primarily as a resource for human beings" as well as critical approaches to changing ideas in "the material and cultural bases of modern society." Recently, "
139:
branch of ecocriticism, which analyzes the analogies between ecosystems and imaginative texts and posits that such texts potentially have an ecological (regenerative, revitalizing) function in the cultural system.
193:
values, what, precisely, is meant by the word nature, and whether the examination of "place" should be a distinctive category, much like class, gender or race. Ecocritics examine human perception of
302:, Glotfelty became the first person to hold an academic position as a professor of Literature and the Environment, and UNR, with the aid of the now-retired Glotfelty and the remaining professor
111:
In comparison with other 'political' forms of criticism, there has been relatively little dispute about the moral and philosophical aims of ecocriticism, although its scope has broadened from
148:. Greg Garrard has dubbed 'pastoral ecology' the notion that nature undisturbed is balanced and harmonious, while Dana Phillips has criticised the literary quality and scientific accuracy of
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172:
The interdisciplinary nature of
Ecocriticism and Islam as well as their mutual interest in nature led to the coinage of Islamecocriticism in 2021. Islemecocriticism is fully introduced by
61:
57:
brainstorm possible solutions for the correction of the contemporary environmental situation, though not all ecocritics agree on the purpose, methodology, or scope of ecocriticism.
127:". Lawrence Buell defines "'ecocriticism' ... as study of the relationship between literature and the environment conducted in a spirit of commitment to environmentalist praxis".
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64:(ASLE), which hosts a biennial conference for scholars who deal with environmental matters in literature and the environmental humanities in general. ASLE publishes a journalâ
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Ecocriticismâs second wave emerged in the 2000s through a more complex understanding of the overall history of global environmentalism and environmental justice. According to
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point of view, where literature scholars analyze texts that illustrate environmental concerns and examine the various ways literature treats the subject of
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Bladow, Kyle and Jennifer Ladino (Eds). "Affective Ecocriticism: Emotion, Embodiment, Environment". Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2018.
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231:. Drawing from this critical moment, Rueckert's intent was to focus on "the application of ecology and ecological concepts to the study of literature".
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Gomides, C. (1 January 2006). "Putting a New Definition of Ecocriticism to the Test: The Case of The Burning Season, a Film (Mal)Adaptation".
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Ecocriticism is an intentionally broad approach that is known by a number of other designations, including "green (cultural) studies", "
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Nichols, Ashton. "Beyond Romantic Ecocriticism: Toward Urbanatural Roosting." New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Paperback, 2012.
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Gomides, Camilo. 'Putting a New Definition of Ecocriticism to the Test: The Case of The Burning Season, a film (mal)Adaptation".
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In the mid-1980s, scholars began to work collectively to establish ecocriticism as a genre, primarily through the work of the
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Cranston, CA. & Robert Zeller, eds. "The Littoral Zone: Australian Contexts and their Writers". New York: Rodopi, 2007.
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Seeking Awareness in American Nature Writing: Henry Thoreau, Annie Dillard, Edward Abbey, Wendell Berry, Barry Lopez.
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Abolfotoh, Inas. "Matter Really Matters: A Poetic Material Islamecocritical Reading of Inanimateness Animism."
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Vogel, Joseph Henry. "Ecocriticism as an Economic School of Thought: Woody Allen's Match Point as Exemplary."
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Estok, Simon C. (2005). "Shakespeare and Ecocriticism: An Analysis of 'Home' and 'Power' in King Lear."
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grant, for his ground-breaking work in this emerging genre. Collom taught an influential Eco-Lit course at
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Schneider-Mayerson, Matthew; Weik von Mossner, Alexa; MaĆecki, Wojciech; Hakemulder, Frank, eds. (2023).
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and Serpil Oppermann (Eds). "Material Ecocriticism". Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014.
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Meeker, Joseph W. "The Comedy of Survival: Studies in Literary Ecology." New York: Scribner's, 1972.
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Ecology and Literature: Ecocentric Personification from Antiquity to the Twenty-first Century
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Writing for an Endangered World: Literature, Culture, and Environment in the U.S. and Beyond
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The Environmental Imagination: Thoreau, Nature Writing, and the Formation of American Culture
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important works were scattered and categorized under a litany of different subject headings:
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79:", and "environmental literary criticism", and is often informed by other fields such as
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49:. It was first originated by Joseph Meeker as an idea called "literary ecology" in his
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Loving God's Wildness: The Christian Roots of Ecological Ethics in American Literature
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Mountain Gloom and Mountain Glory: The Development of the Aesthetics of the Infinite
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Schneider-Mayerson, Matthew; Weik von Mossner, Alexa; MaĆecki, W. P. (1 May 2020).
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329:, who was executed for his protests against ecological devastation in Nigeria, and
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European Association for the Study of Literature, Culture and Environment (EASLCE)
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944:. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: Harvard University Press, 1995.
283:
88:
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Abolfotoh, Inas. "Islamecocriticism: Green Islam Introduced to Ecocriticism."
608:
194:
34:
905:
The Spell of the Sensuous: Perception and Language in a More-than-Human World
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as a non-fictional literary genre could function. During the late-1980s poet
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1948:
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Rueckert, William. "Literature and Ecology: An Experiment in Ecocriticism."
706:
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76:
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762:
692:, vol. 28, no. 4, 2021, pp. 1371-90, https:// doi.org/10.1093/isle/isaa139.
652:
17:
886:, 26.3, (2022), Special Issue âA New Poetics of Spaceâ, 203-209 (p. 208),
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1111:
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Explorations in Ecocriticism: Advocacy, Bioregionalism, and Visual Design
1096:
Ecological Literary Criticism: Romantic Imagining and the Biology of Mind
383:
236:
246:, for example, wrote a seminal critique of pastoral literature in 1973,
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1117:
The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America
207:
190:
80:
38:
213:
While William Rueckert may have been the first person to use the term
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1513:
1321:
46:
1272:
746:"Empirical Ecocriticism: Environmental Texts and Empirical Methods"
1543:
1503:
971:
Cohen, Michael P. "Blues in Green: Ecocriticism Under Critique."
888:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14688417.2022.2113632
787:
Empirical ecocriticism: environmental narratives for social change
1288:
Nordic Network for Interdisciplinary Environmental Studies (NIES)
1258:
ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and the Environment
919:
Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory
156:. Similarly, there has been a call to recognize the place of the
1268:
Ecozon@: European Journal of Literature, Culture and Environment
1257:
1161:
The Truth of Ecology: Nature, Culture, and Literature in America
60:
In the United States, ecocriticism is often associated with the
2300:
1325:
344:
Environmental Justice Reader: Politics, Poetics, and Pedagogy.
1262:
690:
ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment
174:
ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment
929:
Romantic Ecology: Wordsworth and the Environmental Tradition
721:
The Cambridge Introduction to Literature and the Environment
308:
Romantic Ecology: Wordsworth and the Environmental Tradition
239:, human ecology, regionalism, American Studies etc. British
72:)âin which current international scholarship can be found.
1208:
Zapf, Hubert. "Literary Ecology and the Ethics of Texts."
1078:"Greening English: Recent Introductions to Ecocriticism."
980:
The Green Studies Reader: From Romanticism to Ecocriticism
1282:
414:"What is ecocriticism? â Environmental Humanities Center"
1277:
1278:
Association for the Study of Literature and Environment
910:
Alex, Rayson K., S. Susan Deborah & Sachindev P.S.
750:
Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment
641:
Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment
66:
Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment
62:
Association for the Study of Literature and Environment
1063:
The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology
499:
The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology
219:
Literature and Ecology: An Experiment in Ecocriticism,
1180:
Selvamony, Nirmal, Nirmaldasan & Rayson K. Alex.
789:. Minneapolis London: University of Minnesota Press.
189:
Ecocritics investigate such things as the underlying
51:
The Comedy of Survival: Studies in Literary Ecology (
27:
Interdisciplinary study of literature and environment
2801:
2703:
2625:
2587:
2519:
2476:
2423:
2334:
1496:
1359:
1191:
Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Press, 1992.
436:
The Comedy of Survival: Studies in Literary Ecology
882:Jeffery, Lucy and Vicky Angelaki, âIntroductionâ,
1065:. Athens and London: University of Georgia, 1996.
914:. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2014.
1146:. Cambridge, MAL Harvard University Press, 2012.
1042:Contemporary Contemplations on Green Literatures
951:. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2015.
255:Another early ecocritical text, Joseph Meeker's
160:movement in redefining ecocritical discourse.
2312:
1337:
1184:. Delhi: Sarup and Sons and OSLE-India, 2008.
8:
1156:. Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press, 1959.
1061:Glotfelty, Cheryll and Harold Fromm (Eds).
1028:Contemporary Contemplations on Ecoliterature
1301:GIECO: Grupo de InvestigaciĂłn en EcocrĂtica
1177:. San José, Costa Rica: Aire Moderno, 2004.
912:Culture and Media: Ecocritical Explorations
527:"What is Ecocriticism?: Literary Movements"
2319:
2305:
2297:
1344:
1330:
1322:
921:. 3rd ed. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2009.
458:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
325:, as well as by global activists, such as
298:, for nearly two decades. In 1990, at the
118:Cheryll Glotfelty's working definition in
1120:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964.
761:
707:https://dx.doi.org/10.13185/KK2021.003706
1163:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
1058:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
221:ecocriticism as a movement owes much to
931:. London and New York: Routledge, 1991.
809:Glotfelty & Fromm 1996, p. 107
405:
217:(Barry 240) in his 1978 essay entitled
1273:Green Letters: Studies in Ecocriticism
1139:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
1127:Green Writing: Romanticism and Ecology
550:
548:
451:
723:. New York: Cambridge UP. p. 2.
7:
2921:
1040:Frederick, Suresh and Samuel Rufus.
830:"Ecocriticism: Some Emerging Trends"
705:, vol. 0, no. 37, 2021, pp. 102-27,
554:Glotfelty & Fromm 1996, p. xviii
337:and the effects of mercury poisoning
1056:The Oxford Handbook of Ecocriticism
563:Glotfelty & Fromm 1996, p. xxxi
1744:Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling
1108:Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2015.
1035:Ecocriticism: Paradigms and Praxis
818:Glotfelty & Fromm 1996, p. vii
25:
1037:. Chennai: NCBH, Dec 2019. Print.
2920:
2911:
2910:
2900:
2468:Traditional ecological knowledge
2414:
1487:
1205:London: Chatto and Windus, 1973.
1129:. New York: St. Martin's, 2000.
1007:La aventura perdida del ecopoema
990:"A Report Card on Ecocriticism."
2766:Science, technology and society
1196:OMETECA: Science and Humanities
1098:. New York: Columbia UP, 1994.
1044:. New Delhi: Authorpress, 2021.
288:National Endowment for the Arts
1085:Indian Journal of Ecocriticism
1030:. New Delhi:Authorpress, 2012.
917:Barry, Peter. "Ecocriticism".
276:Western Literature Association
1:
2607:Religion and environmentalism
1814:Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve
1784:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
1739:Anne Louise Germaine de Staël
531:A Research Guide for Students
225:'s 1962 environmental exposé
2670:Environmental interpretation
1314:Articles on ecocriticism in
1248:Resources in other libraries
1051:. New York: Routledge, 2004.
278:in which the revaluation of
2643:Environmental communication
1316:Western American Literature
982:. London: Routledge, 2000.
907:. New York: Pantheon, 1996.
503:University of Georgia Press
2983:
2458:Environmental anthropology
1779:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
1152:Nicolson, Marjorie Hope.
975:9. 1 (January 2004): 9â36.
862:10.5250/quiparle.19.2.0087
846:10.5250/quiparle.19.2.0087
434:Meeker, Joseph W. (1972).
300:University of Nevada, Reno
2896:
2412:
2251:Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
1644:Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux
1485:
1454:Reader-response criticism
1243:Resources in your library
1203:The Country and the City.
988:Estok, Simon C. (2001).
611:, "What is Nature?", 1998
505:. 1996. pp. xxviii.
342:ecocriticism is the 2002
146:environmental degradation
2962:Environmental humanities
2873:Sustainable architecture
2811:Arts and Crafts movement
2675:Environmental journalism
2569:Environmental philosophy
2328:Environmental humanities
1694:Gotthold Ephraim Lessing
1449:Psychoanalytic criticism
1293:7 September 2015 at the
1005:Forns-Broggi, Roberto. "
828:Buell, Lawrence (2011).
394:Environmental humanities
249:The Country and the City
2695:Thematic interpretation
2648:Environmental education
2448:Ecological anthropology
2354:Environmental sculpture
1749:Samuel Taylor Coleridge
1306:17 October 2020 at the
1263:Journal of Ecocriticism
1080:Contemporary Literature
719:Clark, Timothy (2011).
269:The Ecocriticism Reader
120:The Ecocriticism Reader
2846:Landscape architecture
2793:Sustainability studies
2602:Environmental theology
1469:Sociological criticism
1439:Postcolonial criticism
1374:Biographical criticism
1182:Essays in Ecocriticism
1144:The Ecological Thought
1002:103 (May 2005): 15â41.
995:96 (November): 200â38.
978:Coupe, Laurence, ed.
267:As Glotfelty noted in
257:The Comedy of Survival
2967:Environmental studies
2665:Environmental history
2564:Environmental justice
1914:Ferdinand de Saussure
1497:Theorists and critics
1212:39.4 (2008): 847â868.
1173:Rojas PĂ©rez, Walter.
1082:47.2 (2006): 289â298.
1054:Garrard, Greg (ed.),
1020:5/6 (2007): 376â394.
973:Environmental History
961:24.3 (1998): 639â665.
620:Barry 2009, pp. 56-58
590:Estok 2005, pp. 16-17
158:environmental justice
93:environmental history
2841:Environmental design
2721:Biophilia hypothesis
2559:Environmental ethics
2529:Aesthetics of nature
1819:James Russell Lowell
1794:Francesco De Sanctis
1774:Percy Bysshe Shelley
1754:Wilhelm von Humboldt
1599:Lodovico Castelvetro
1384:Cultural materialism
1369:Archetypal criticism
1210:New Literary History
1012:9 April 2016 at the
763:10.1093/isle/isaa022
653:10.1093/isle/13.1.13
208:empirical ecocritics
154:The Truth of Ecology
2883:Sustainable fashion
1919:Claude LĂ©vi-Strauss
1854:Friedrich Nietzsche
1809:Ralph Waldo Emerson
1769:Thomas Love Peacock
1764:Arthur Schopenhauer
1714:Mary Wollstonecraft
1399:Descriptive poetics
1389:Darwinian criticism
1201:Williams, Raymond.
1198:12 (2008): 105â119.
1072:13.1 (2006): 13â23.
1033:Frederick, Suresh.
1026:Frederick, Suresh.
501:. Athens, Georgia:
185:In literary studies
2957:Literary criticism
2906:Environment portal
2878:Sustainable design
2511:Outdoor literature
2438:Cultural landscape
2364:Landscape painting
2221:Hans-Georg Gadamer
2053:Philip Wheelwright
2043:Simone de Beauvoir
1839:Charles Baudelaire
1734:William Wordsworth
1729:Friedrich Schlegel
1724:Friedrich Schiller
1554:Christine de Pizan
1464:Semiotic criticism
1409:Feminist criticism
1353:Literary criticism
1170:9.1 (1978): 71â86.
1124:McKusick, James C.
956:"Toxic Discourse."
581:Estok 2001, p. 220
333:, who wrote about
286:was awarded a 2nd
85:sustainable design
2944:
2943:
2836:Educational trail
2826:Ecological design
2685:Outdoor education
2680:Environmental law
2612:Spiritual ecology
2574:Predation problem
2401:Site-specific art
2349:Environmental art
2294:
2293:
2276:Oswald de Andrade
2113:Hans Robert Jauss
2088:E. D. Hirsch, Jr.
1984:John Crowe Ransom
1879:Stéphane Mallarmé
1849:SĂžren Kierkegaard
1669:Giambattista Vico
1459:Russian formalism
1424:Marxist criticism
1224:Library resources
1175:La ecocrĂtica hoy
1142:Morton, Timothy.
1135:Moore, Bryan L.
1101:Lindholdt, Paul.
1089:Iovino, Serenella
964:Buell, Lawrence.
954:Buell, Lawrence.
947:Bilbro, Jeffrey.
796:978-1-5179-1535-3
512:9-780-8203-1781-6
304:Michael P. Branch
296:Boulder, Colorado
292:Naropa University
43:interdisciplinary
16:(Redirected from
2974:
2924:
2923:
2914:
2913:
2904:
2816:Acoustic ecology
2549:Ecophenomenology
2534:Critical realism
2433:Cultural ecology
2418:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2298:
2271:Yokomitsu Riichi
2241:J. Hillis Miller
2206:Geoffrey Hartman
2163:Elaine Showalter
2123:Raymond Williams
2083:Martin Heidegger
2073:Gaston Bachelard
2038:Jean-Paul Sartre
2023:Monroe Beardsley
1979:Georges Bataille
1959:Boris Eikhenbaum
1934:Viktor Shklovsky
1804:John Stuart Mill
1789:Giacomo Leopardi
1634:Pierre Corneille
1491:
1474:Source criticism
1346:
1339:
1332:
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1159:Phillips, Dana.
1094:Kroeber, Karl.
1076:Heise, Ursula K.
1023:
959:Critical Inquiry
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335:Minamata disease
331:Michiko Ishimure
261:anthropocentrism
244:Raymond Williams
204:anthropocentrism
137:cultural ecology
103:, among others.
97:environmentalism
33:is the study of
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2771:science studies
2755:common property
2751:Property theory
2746:Popular science
2736:Natural history
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2406:Sustainable art
2396:Sculpture trail
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2246:Clifford Geertz
2201:Jonathan Culler
2128:Lionel Trilling
2108:Michel Foucault
2098:Jacques Derrida
1974:Mikhail Bakhtin
1929:Walter Benjamin
1894:Antonio Gramsci
1889:Benedetto Croce
1834:Hippolyte Taine
1824:Edgar Allan Poe
1699:Joshua Reynolds
1492:
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1434:New historicism
1361:Literary theory
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1308:Wayback Machine
1295:Wayback Machine
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2153:Stanley Fish
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1954:Leon Trotsky
1859:Walter Pater
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537:5 September
419:26 February
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237:pastoralism
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1589:Liu Xie
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