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Elicitors can protect crops from diseases, stress and damage. Elicitors do not need to be directly toxic for pathogenic organisms or pests to be of benefit. Therefore, they are an alternative to conventional pesticides which are often harmful for the environment, farmers and consumers and for which
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In response to this threat, plant's have evolved effector recognition protein receptors to recognise, or monitor, effectors and initiate effector-triggered immunity (ETI). ETI is a strong immune response that efficiently protects plants from avirulent biotrophic pathogens and is often associated
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Microorganisms are able to inject effectors directly into host cells to by-pass induced defences in plants. This compromises the host plant's defence system and is referred to as effector-triggered susceptibility (ETS). The remaining immunity is called basal defense which can limit the spread of
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Effectors are proteins secreted by microbial pathogens which can either trigger or compromise immunity depending on the ability of perception (presence of suitable receptor) and response (appropriate defence reaction) of the plant. Effector could be extracellular or injected directly into cells.
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are extrinsic or foreign molecules often associated with plant pests, diseases or synergistic organisms. Elicitor molecules can attach to special receptor proteins located on plant cell membranes. These receptors are able to recognize the molecular pattern of elicitors and trigger intracellular
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Plant hormones act as plant growth regulators or modulators. Modulators are defined as molecules that "bind to a particular target protein, mainly to an enzyme, thereby directly changing its activity, i.e. increasing or decreasing". An example is salicylic acid which is a modulator of catalase
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are signalling molecules produced within the plant (i.e. they are endogenous). Hormones regulate cellular processes in targeted cells locally and can be moved to other parts of the plant. Examples of plant hormones are auxins, cytokins, gibberellin, ethylene, abscisic acid, salicylic acid and
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Effectors and hormones are other signalling molecules often confused with elicitors. Elicitors and effectors differ from hormones in that they are not produced within the organism that they are triggering a response in, and are usually not naturally occurring in the organism.
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Gayatridevi, S.; Jayalakshmi, S. K.; Sreeramulu, K. (March 2012). "Salicylic acid is a modulator of catalase isozymes in chickpea plants infected with
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri".
145:. This response results in the enhanced synthesis of metabolites which reduce damage and increase resistance to pest, disease or environmental stress. This is an immune response called
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which is found in insects, fungi and the shells of crustaceans. Chitosan is used in agriculture as a natural biocontrol agent, to improve plant health and increase crop yields.
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Massimo E. Maffei, Gen-Ichiro
Arimura and Axel Mithöfer (2012). "Natural elicitors, effectors and modulators of plant responses".
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with the hypersensitive reaction (HR), a form of programmed death of plant cells at infection sites.
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jasmonates. Hormones naturally occur in extremely low, finely balanced, concentrations.
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virulent pathogens in their hosts but it is typically insufficient to prevent disease.
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isozymes activity and jasmonate, which modulates phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity.
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418:"Plant Immune Responses Against Viruses: How Does a Virus Cause Disease?"
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Jones, Jonathan D. G.; Dangl, Jeffery L. (November 16, 2006).
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Mandadi, Kranthi K.; Scholthof, Karen-Beth G. (2013-05-01).
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consumers are increasingly seeking safer alternatives.
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Molecules involved in pattern triggered plant immunity
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238:Bektas, Yasemin; Eulgem, Thomas (2015).
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58:adding citations to reliable sources
240:"Synthetic plant defense elicitors"
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110:April 2023
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