118:, about 30 miles away. The Rayados abandoned their settlement and Oñate restrained with difficulty the Escanjaques from looting it. He sent them back to their own settlement. However, when Oñate returned to the Escanjaque settlement the next day, the Indians had turned unfriendly and he estimated that 1,500 men attacked him. Oñate fought a two-hour battle with them before retiring from the field and beginning his return to New Mexico. Oñate said that several Spaniards were wounded in the battle and claimed that a large number of Indians were killed.
111:. = "They were not a people who sowed or reaped, but they lived solely on the cattle . They were ruled by chiefs ... they obeyed their chiefs but little. They had large quantities of hides which, wrapped around their bodies, served them as clothing, but the weather being hot, all the men went about nearly naked, the women being clothed from the waist down. Men and women alike used bows and arrows, with which they were very dexterous."
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Near a small river, Oñate found a large encampment of people he called
Escanjaques. He estimated the population at more than 5,000 living in 600 houses. The Escanjaques lived in round houses as large as ninety feet in diameter and covered with tanned buffalo hides—similar in form to the grass houses
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Later, Miguel told the
Spaniards that the Escanjaques were, in reality, a people called the Aguacane. His information enabled the Spanish to draw a map of the region in which the Aguacane seemed to be located in southwestern Oklahoma along the Red River and its tributaries. If so, it is likely the
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The
Escanjaque settlement Oñate found was probably a temporary camp. Its size, 600 tents and 5,000 people, precludes if from being a hunting camp. Perhaps the camp was large because the Escanjaques intended to go to war with the Rayados, or possibly it was formed to trade with the Rayados for
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A cause of the battle may have been that Oñate kidnapped several women and children from the
Escanjaques. Oñate released — or was forced to release — several of the women but he "took some boys upon the request of the religious, in order to instruct them in the matters of our holy
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Accompanied by Jusepe, more than 70 Spanish soldiers and priests, an unknown number of
Indigenous soldiers and servants, and 700 horses and mules, Oñate journeyed across the plains eastward from New Mexico. Departing June 23, 1601, he followed the
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through the Texas panhandle into
Oklahoma. Turning away from the Canadian River, he journeyed cross-country in a northerly direction. The land further north was greener, with more water and groves of walnut and oak trees.
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The site of the
Escanjaque settlement has not been found and the geographical details in Oñate's account of his journey do not permit a location to be determined with certainty. Two possible locations are suggested: the
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It is possible that "Escanjaques" was not the name of the
Indians, but rather a greeting. On meeting Oñate, they extended their hands toward the sun and returned it to their breasts saying "escanjaque." "
206:, is believed by many to be the site of the Rayado village. Extrapolating backwards a location near Tonkawa for the Escanjaque settlement fits with Oñate's account.
142:, but Oñate's account would seem to distinguish them from the Apache who were by this time well known to the Spanish. They have also been identified as the
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language and probably akin to the
Wichita. Given their geographic location, the Aguacane might also be identical or related to the people called
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Vehik, Susan C. "Onate's
Expedition to the Southern Plains: Routes, Destinations, and Implications for Later Prehistorical Adaptations,"
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A few more references in the 16th century to the Escanjaques have survived. It has been suggested that their descendants were the
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faith." One of those kidnapped was named Miguel, a captive of the Escanjaques himself from a land he called Tancoa, possibly the
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of North Texas and Oklahoma. Miguel would later provide information for the first map of the region.
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202:. Archaeological data best supports the Tonkawa site. An extensive archaeological site at
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in western Oklahoma. If so, they were probably related to the people later known as the
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Florence chert, a flint favored for arrowheads over much of Oklahoma and Kansas.
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Juan de Oñate, governor and founder of the newly created Spanish province of
89:, guided Oñate. Jusepe was a survivor of the Leyva and Humana expedition.
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237:, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1953, Vol. V, p. 416-419
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The Escanjaques led Oñate to a large settlement of their enemies, the
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encountered the Escanjaque in 1601 during an expedition to the
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Francisco Leyva de Bonilla and Antonio Gutierrez de Humana
347:"The Handbook of Texas Online | Escanjaque Indians"
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Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994, p. 101-102
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The Jumanos: Hunters and Traders of the South Plains,
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Don Juan de Oñate, Colonizer of New Mexico, 1595-1628
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Some authorities have identified the Escanjaques as
289:Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994, p. 71-72.
248:Spanish Exploration in the Southwest, 1542-1706.
323:. December 3, 2008. Wichita State University.
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190:about 20 miles south of the present site of
16:Native American tribe of the Southern Plains
353:. Texas State Historical Association (TSHA)
154:Escanjaques (Aguacane) were speakers of a
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173:, a Wichita tribe of the 18th century.
233:Hammond, George P. and Rey, Agapito.
177:Location of the Escanjaque settlement
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321:"Kansa Cultural Traits and History"
415:Native American tribes in Oklahoma
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410:Native American tribes in Kansas
420:Native American tribes in Texas
379:Vehik, p. 14-21, Bolton, p. 205
134:The identity of the Escanjaques
400:Extinct Native American tribes
102:Description of the Escanjaques
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265:Apache, Navaho, and Spaniard.
164:Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
254:, 2007 (reprint), p. 257-258
246:Bolton, Herbert Eugene, Ed.
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336:31, no. 111 (1986), 13-33.
285:Hickerson, Nancy Parrott,
77:. A Mexican Indian named
166:60 years before Oñate.
334:Plains Anthropologist
302:. Kansasgenealogy.com
204:Arkansas City, Kansas
25:American Indian tribe
405:Kay County, Oklahoma
252:Kessinger Publishing
300:"Don Juan de Onate"
319:Breth, Ronald W.
200:Tonkawa, Oklahoma
27:who lived in the
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21:Escanjaques
389:Categories
357:2011-10-14
306:2011-10-14
71:New Mexico
55:Red River
210:See also
124:Catholic
83:Culiacan
47:Oklahoma
23:were an
216:Quivira
194:or the
156:Caddoan
128:Tonkawa
116:Rayados
109:Quivira
81:, from
59:Wichita
171:Iscani
140:Apache
87:Mexico
51:Kansas
49:, and
222:Notes
198:near
160:Teyas
43:Texas
19:The
162:by
144:Kaw
107:of
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