53:
1662:
31:
1631:
607:. Species are, however, united by their simple and opposite leaves and typically have showy pentamerous flowers (flowers in which components occur in multiples of five) and show
833:
Backlund M, Oxelman B, Bremer B (2000). "Phylogenetic relationships within the
Gentianales based on NDHF and RBCL sequences, with particular reference to the Loganiaceae".
683:
The compounds found in some species are used in the synthesis of modern medicines. Cinchona trees, for example, are a source of quinine, which is used to treat malaria.
1807:
1846:
611:(in which cell division takes place without the cell wall forming between divisions). Many species have structures between the leaf petioles, such as ridges or
639:
Many gentianales contain toxic compounds and species have a variety of uses. Some species are also grown ornamentally. Well-known members of
Gentianales are
950:
715:
Yang, Lei-Lei; Li, Hong-Lei; Wei, Lei; Yang, Tuo; Kuang, Dai-Yong; Li, Ming-Hong; Liao, Yi-Ying; Chen, Zhi-Duan; Wu, Hong; Zhang, Shou-Zhou (July 2016).
1781:
998:
753:"Medicinal plants of the genus Gelsemium (Gelsemiaceae, Gentianales)—A review of their phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and traditional use"
1820:
336:
Many of these flowering plants are used in traditional medicine. They have been used to treat pain, anxiety, cancers and neurological conditions.
329:. It comprises more than 20,000 species in about 1,200 genera in 5 families. More than 80% of the species in this order belong to the family
895:
910:
Optimization of
Extraction Conditions and HPTLC - UV Method for Determination of Quinine in Different Extracts of Cinchona species Bark
263:
1957:
231:
668:
Certain species belonging to the order
Gentianales have been used in traditional medicine in rural southeastern Asia countries.
943:
1931:
674:
has been used in North
American folk medicine to treat conditions such as anxiety, migraines/headaches, and neuralgia, while
283:
1825:
1833:
977:
1003:
993:
1729:
792:"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III"
52:
1990:
1936:
1665:
936:
144:
1851:
717:"A supermatrix approach provides a comprehensive genus-level phylogeny for Gentianales: Phylogeny of Gentianales"
299:
988:
631:
Species of this order are found in moist climates around the world. They are most common in tropical regions.
680:
has been used in China to treat rheumatoid arthritis pain, neuropathic pain, skin ulcers, and even cancers.
271:
219:
207:
148:
1682:
751:
Jin, Gui-Lin; Su, Yan-Ping; Liu, Ming; Xu, Ying; Yang, Jian; Liao, Kai-Jun; Yu, Chang-Xi (February 2014).
670:
596:
406:
1882:
1900:
1985:
1962:
1861:
1755:
692:
275:
223:
211:
152:
1944:
1649:
983:
866:
850:
752:
196:
47:
1887:
352:
Gentianiflorae (also called
Gentiananae). The following families are included according to the
1869:
1742:
1643:
1458:
914:
858:
772:
676:
616:
402:
39:
1720:
1874:
1812:
1655:
1240:
1069:
1039:
842:
813:
803:
764:
728:
592:
291:
1543:
1401:
1051:
1014:
960:
658:
318:
314:
247:
90:
1566:
1523:
1468:
1140:
1064:
353:
77:
928:
1979:
1445:
1406:
1338:
1256:
1116:
964:
808:
791:
345:
870:
1949:
1747:
1513:
1368:
1348:
1298:
1230:
1198:
1193:
1146:
688:
570:
514:
455:
410:
375:
368:
255:
239:
177:
172:
30:
1734:
1838:
1794:
1714:
1576:
1505:
1421:
1343:
1285:
1274:
1175:
1164:
1134:
1106:
1033:
684:
499:
477:
382:
361:
182:
167:
894:
Struwe, Lena. (2002). Gentianales (Coffees, Dogbanes, Gentians and
Milkweeds).
1923:
1630:
1561:
1538:
1463:
1416:
1411:
1391:
1353:
1269:
1152:
1091:
1083:
768:
349:
918:
1768:
1591:
1571:
1528:
1518:
1235:
1096:
1027:
608:
433:
389:
330:
187:
1913:
1705:
862:
776:
687:, which has anti-tumor properties as it disrupts cell division, is used in
1908:
1699:
1586:
1495:
1490:
1478:
1426:
1396:
1320:
1217:
1183:
1158:
1101:
654:
649:
644:
620:
575:
326:
129:
116:
103:
1553:
1533:
1383:
1373:
1363:
1358:
1245:
854:
818:
612:
591:
This large order has a variety of different plants, ranging from small
580:
322:
733:
716:
1799:
1596:
1330:
1308:
1188:
1128:
908:
640:
1676:
846:
1786:
1895:
1773:
662:
600:
64:
604:
1680:
932:
1760:
907:
Jain, Himanshu Misra
Bhupendra K. Mehta Dharam C. (2008).
573:, which in turn is based on the name of the type genus,
1689:
1552:
1504:
1477:
1443:
1382:
1329:
1307:
1283:
1254:
1215:
1174:
1115:
1082:
1049:
1012:
944:
8:
1677:
1483:
1451:
1313:
1291:
1262:
1223:
1121:
1079:
1057:
1020:
951:
937:
929:
619:; thick hair-like structures that secrete
29:
20:
817:
807:
732:
796:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
704:
7:
1937:bd58e71a-4f29-48dd-a67a-e0a636d9c51d
1901:AF84B832-9637-B602-0E79-4A7200EDB646
1862:7b7b0ff3-1081-470b-9bb4-9a1b2ed0d279
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
746:
744:
721:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
710:
708:
790:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009).
492:
470:
448:
426:
416:
569:It takes its name from the family
14:
579:. The genus name is a tribute to
1661:
1660:
1629:
809:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x
344:In the classification system of
51:
1:
757:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
691:. It is extracted from the
623:, a thick gluey substance.
609:nuclear endosperm formation
2007:
835:American Journal of Botany
348:the Gentiales were in the
1638:
1627:
1486:
1454:
1316:
1294:
1265:
1226:
1124:
1078:
1060:
1023:
972:
769:10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.003
615:. Many species also have
512:
497:
490:
475:
468:
453:
446:
431:
424:
202:
195:
164:
159:
48:Scientific classification
46:
37:
28:
23:
16:Order of flowering plant
896:10.1038/npg.els.0003732
671:Gelsemium sempervirens
407:molecular phylogenetic
321:, included within the
1883:Paleobiology Database
693:Madagascar periwinkle
913:. ACG Publications.
583:, an Illyrian king.
1991:Angiosperm orders
1973:
1972:
1870:Open Tree of Life
1683:Taxon identifiers
1674:
1673:
1644:Basal angiosperms
1625:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1459:Berberidopsidales
1439:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1206:
734:10.1111/jse.12192
677:Gelsemium elegans
593:herbaceous plants
561:
560:
552:
551:
543:
542:
534:
533:
525:
524:
403:phylogenetic tree
308:
307:
302:
294:
286:
278:
266:
258:
250:
242:
234:
226:
214:
155:
40:Gentiana cruciata
1998:
1966:
1965:
1953:
1952:
1940:
1939:
1927:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1904:
1903:
1891:
1890:
1878:
1877:
1865:
1864:
1855:
1854:
1842:
1841:
1839:NHMSYS0000066120
1829:
1828:
1816:
1815:
1803:
1802:
1790:
1789:
1777:
1776:
1764:
1763:
1751:
1750:
1738:
1737:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1678:
1664:
1663:
1633:
1484:
1452:
1314:
1292:
1263:
1224:
1122:
1080:
1058:
1040:Austrobaileyales
1021:
999:Acrogymnospermae
961:flowering plants
953:
946:
939:
930:
923:
922:
904:
898:
892:
875:
874:
841:(7): 1029–1043.
830:
824:
823:
821:
811:
787:
781:
780:
748:
739:
738:
736:
712:
493:
471:
449:
427:
417:
298:
290:
282:
270:
262:
254:
246:
238:
230:
218:
206:
143:
56:
55:
33:
21:
2006:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1961:
1956:
1948:
1943:
1935:
1930:
1922:
1920:
1912:
1907:
1899:
1894:
1886:
1881:
1873:
1868:
1860:
1858:
1850:
1845:
1837:
1832:
1824:
1819:
1811:
1806:
1798:
1793:
1785:
1780:
1772:
1767:
1759:
1754:
1746:
1741:
1733:
1728:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1685:
1675:
1670:
1634:
1601:
1548:
1500:
1473:
1448:
1431:
1402:Crossosomatales
1378:
1325:
1303:
1288:
1279:
1259:
1250:
1241:Trochodendrales
1220:
1203:
1170:
1111:
1074:
1070:Ceratophyllales
1054:
1045:
1017:
1008:
989:Marchantiophyta
968:
957:
927:
926:
906:
905:
901:
893:
878:
847:10.2307/2657003
832:
831:
827:
789:
788:
784:
750:
749:
742:
714:
713:
706:
701:
637:
629:
589:
587:Characteristics
567:
562:
553:
544:
535:
526:
399:
342:
319:flowering plant
261:Lygodisodeales
142:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2004:
2002:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1978:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1954:
1950:wfo-9000000222
1941:
1928:
1918:
1905:
1892:
1879:
1866:
1856:
1843:
1830:
1817:
1804:
1791:
1778:
1765:
1752:
1739:
1726:
1711:
1695:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1544:Paracryphiales
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1510:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1469:Caryophyllales
1466:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1388:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1335:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1180:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1088:
1086:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1052:Mesangiosperms
1050:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1024:
1018:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1006:
1001:
996:
994:Polypodiophyta
991:
986:
981:
973:
970:
969:
958:
956:
955:
948:
941:
933:
925:
924:
899:
876:
825:
802:(2): 105–121.
782:
740:
727:(4): 400–415.
703:
702:
700:
697:
636:
633:
628:
625:
588:
585:
566:
563:
559:
558:
555:
554:
550:
549:
546:
545:
541:
540:
537:
536:
532:
531:
528:
527:
523:
522:
519:
518:
511:
508:
507:
504:
503:
496:
491:
489:
486:
485:
482:
481:
474:
469:
467:
464:
463:
460:
459:
452:
447:
445:
442:
441:
438:
437:
430:
425:
423:
415:
401:The following
398:
395:
394:
393:
386:
379:
372:
365:
354:APG III system
341:
338:
306:
305:
304:
303:
295:
287:
279:
267:
259:
251:
243:
235:
227:
217:Asclepiadales
215:
200:
199:
193:
192:
191:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
162:
161:
157:
156:
137:
133:
132:
127:
120:
119:
114:
107:
106:
101:
94:
93:
88:
81:
80:
75:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2003:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1667:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1632:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1567:Metteniusales
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1524:Escalloniales
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1446:Superasterids
1442:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1339:Zygophyllales
1337:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1257:Core eudicots
1253:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1214:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1141:Petrosaviales
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1065:Chloranthales
1063:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1048:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
979:
975:
974:
971:
966:
962:
954:
949:
947:
942:
940:
935:
934:
931:
920:
916:
912:
911:
903:
900:
897:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
877:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
829:
826:
820:
815:
810:
805:
801:
797:
793:
786:
783:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
747:
745:
741:
735:
730:
726:
722:
718:
711:
709:
705:
698:
696:
694:
690:
686:
681:
679:
678:
673:
672:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
651:
646:
642:
634:
632:
626:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
586:
584:
582:
578:
577:
572:
564:
557:
556:
548:
547:
539:
538:
530:
529:
521:
520:
517:
516:
510:
509:
506:
505:
502:
501:
495:
494:
488:
487:
484:
483:
480:
479:
473:
472:
466:
465:
462:
461:
458:
457:
451:
450:
444:
443:
440:
439:
436:
435:
429:
428:
422:
419:
418:
414:
412:
411:DNA sequences
408:
404:
396:
391:
387:
384:
380:
377:
373:
370:
366:
363:
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289:Theligonales
288:
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36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1690:
1581:
1514:Aquifoliales
1407:Picramniales
1369:Cucurbitales
1349:Malpighiales
1299:Saxifragales
1231:Ranunculales
1199:Zingiberales
1194:Commelinales
1147:Dioscoreales
1028:Amborellales
1004:Angiospermae
909:
902:
838:
834:
828:
799:
795:
785:
763:(1): 33–52.
760:
756:
724:
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689:chemotherapy
682:
675:
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648:
638:
630:
627:Distribution
590:
574:
571:Gentianaceae
568:
515:Gelsemiaceae
513:
498:
476:
456:Gentianaceae
454:
432:
420:
405:is based on
400:
392:(611 genera)
376:Gentianaceae
369:Gelsemiaceae
364:(424 genera)
343:
335:
310:
309:
281:Strychnales
237:Cinchonales
229:Chironiales
178:Gentianaceae
173:Gelsemiaceae
139:
123:
110:
97:
84:
71:
38:
24:Gentianales
18:
1986:Gentianales
1795:iNaturalist
1721:Gentianales
1715:Wikispecies
1691:Gentianales
1582:Gentianales
1577:Boraginales
1506:Campanulids
1422:Brassicales
1344:Celastrales
1286:Superrosids
1275:Dilleniales
1176:Commelinids
1165:Asparagales
1135:Alismatales
1107:Magnoliales
1034:Nymphaeales
1015:Angiosperms
976:Supergroup
819:10654/18083
685:Vinblastine
597:saprophytes
500:Apocynaceae
478:Loganiaceae
421:Gentianales
409:studies of
385:(13 genera)
383:Loganiaceae
378:(87 genera)
362:Apocynaceae
311:Gentianales
253:Loganiales
205:Apocynales
183:Loganiaceae
168:Apocynaceae
140:Gentianales
91:Angiosperms
1980:Categories
1650:Alismatids
1562:Icacinales
1539:Dipsacales
1464:Santalales
1417:Huerteales
1412:Sapindales
1392:Geraniales
1354:Oxalidales
1270:Gunnerales
1153:Pandanales
1092:Canellales
1084:Magnoliids
959:Orders of
699:References
663:periwinkle
645:frangipani
603:and large
371:(2 genera)
350:superorder
1597:Vahliales
1592:Solanales
1572:Garryales
1529:Bruniales
1519:Asterales
1236:Proteales
1097:Piperales
984:Bryophyta
919:859945268
617:colleters
565:Etymology
434:Rubiaceae
397:Phylogeny
390:Rubiaceae
331:Rubiaceae
325:clade of
297:Vincales
269:Rubiales
245:Galiales
188:Rubiaceae
160:Families
61:Kingdom:
1932:VicFlora
1921:VASCAN:
1914:43000072
1909:Tropicos
1700:Wikidata
1666:Category
1656:Lilioids
1587:Lamiales
1496:Ericales
1491:Cornales
1479:Asterids
1427:Malvales
1397:Myrtales
1218:Eudicots
1184:Arecales
1159:Liliales
1129:Acorales
1117:Monocots
1102:Laurales
871:15433433
863:10898781
777:24434844
659:oleander
650:Gardenia
621:mucilage
613:stipules
576:Gentiana
346:Dahlgren
340:Taxonomy
327:eudicots
248:Bromhead
197:Synonyms
117:Asterids
104:Eudicots
1554:Lamiids
1534:Apiales
1384:Malvids
1374:Fagales
1364:Rosales
1359:Fabales
1321:Vitales
1246:Buxales
855:2657003
655:gentian
581:Gentius
388:Family
381:Family
374:Family
367:Family
360:Family
323:asterid
276:J.Presl
272:Bercht.
232:Griseb.
224:J.Presl
220:Bercht.
212:J.Presl
208:Bercht.
153:J.Presl
149:Bercht.
136:Order:
130:Lamiids
65:Plantae
1963:414689
1875:524062
1859:NZOR:
1735:215000
1706:Q21754
1331:Fabids
1309:Rosids
1189:Poales
965:APG IV
917:
869:
861:
853:
775:
661:, and
641:coffee
601:shrubs
313:is an
300:Horan.
274:&
256:Lindl.
240:Lindl.
222:&
210:&
151:&
1958:WoRMS
1896:Plazi
1888:54936
1826:29910
1813:11447
1808:IRMNG
1800:47363
1774:1GENO
1748:8ZXGV
978:Plant
867:S2CID
851:JSTOR
605:trees
315:order
292:Nakai
264:Mart.
145:Juss.
124:Clade
111:Clade
98:Clade
85:Clade
72:Clade
1852:4055
1847:NCBI
1821:ITIS
1782:GBIF
1769:EPPO
1761:4201
1730:APNI
915:OCLC
859:PMID
773:PMID
635:Uses
595:and
284:Link
1945:WFO
1834:NBN
1787:412
1756:EoL
1743:CoL
843:doi
814:hdl
804:doi
800:161
765:doi
761:152
729:doi
599:to
317:of
147:ex
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771:.
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