64:
1673:
42:
1642:
618:. Species are, however, united by their simple and opposite leaves and typically have showy pentamerous flowers (flowers in which components occur in multiples of five) and show
844:
Backlund M, Oxelman B, Bremer B (2000). "Phylogenetic relationships within the
Gentianales based on NDHF and RBCL sequences, with particular reference to the Loganiaceae".
694:
The compounds found in some species are used in the synthesis of modern medicines. Cinchona trees, for example, are a source of quinine, which is used to treat malaria.
1818:
1857:
622:(in which cell division takes place without the cell wall forming between divisions). Many species have structures between the leaf petioles, such as ridges or
650:
Many gentianales contain toxic compounds and species have a variety of uses. Some species are also grown ornamentally. Well-known members of
Gentianales are
961:
726:
Yang, Lei-Lei; Li, Hong-Lei; Wei, Lei; Yang, Tuo; Kuang, Dai-Yong; Li, Ming-Hong; Liao, Yi-Ying; Chen, Zhi-Duan; Wu, Hong; Zhang, Shou-Zhou (July 2016).
1792:
1009:
764:"Medicinal plants of the genus Gelsemium (Gelsemiaceae, Gentianales)—A review of their phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and traditional use"
1831:
347:
Many of these flowering plants are used in traditional medicine. They have been used to treat pain, anxiety, cancers and neurological conditions.
340:. It comprises more than 20,000 species in about 1,200 genera in 5 families. More than 80% of the species in this order belong to the family
906:
921:
Optimization of
Extraction Conditions and HPTLC - UV Method for Determination of Quinine in Different Extracts of Cinchona species Bark
274:
1968:
242:
679:
Certain species belonging to the order
Gentianales have been used in traditional medicine in rural southeastern Asia countries.
954:
1942:
685:
has been used in North
American folk medicine to treat conditions such as anxiety, migraines/headaches, and neuralgia, while
294:
1836:
1844:
988:
1014:
1004:
1740:
803:"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III"
63:
2001:
1947:
1676:
947:
155:
1862:
728:"A supermatrix approach provides a comprehensive genus-level phylogeny for Gentianales: Phylogeny of Gentianales"
310:
999:
642:
Species of this order are found in moist climates around the world. They are most common in tropical regions.
691:
has been used in China to treat rheumatoid arthritis pain, neuropathic pain, skin ulcers, and even cancers.
282:
230:
218:
159:
1693:
762:
Jin, Gui-Lin; Su, Yan-Ping; Liu, Ming; Xu, Ying; Yang, Jian; Liao, Kai-Jun; Yu, Chang-Xi (February 2014).
681:
607:
417:
1893:
1911:
1996:
1973:
1872:
1766:
703:
286:
234:
222:
163:
1955:
1660:
994:
877:
861:
763:
207:
58:
1898:
363:
Gentianiflorae (also called
Gentiananae). The following families are included according to the
1880:
1753:
1654:
1469:
925:
869:
783:
687:
627:
413:
50:
1731:
1885:
1823:
1666:
1251:
1080:
1050:
853:
824:
814:
775:
739:
603:
302:
1554:
1412:
1062:
1025:
971:
669:
329:
325:
258:
101:
1577:
1534:
1479:
1151:
1075:
364:
88:
939:
1990:
1456:
1417:
1349:
1267:
1127:
975:
819:
802:
356:
881:
1960:
1758:
1524:
1379:
1359:
1309:
1241:
1209:
1204:
1157:
699:
581:
525:
466:
421:
386:
379:
266:
250:
188:
183:
41:
1745:
1849:
1805:
1725:
1587:
1516:
1432:
1354:
1296:
1285:
1186:
1175:
1145:
1117:
1044:
695:
510:
488:
393:
372:
193:
178:
905:
Struwe, Lena. (2002). Gentianales (Coffees, Dogbanes, Gentians and
Milkweeds).
1934:
1641:
1572:
1549:
1474:
1427:
1422:
1402:
1364:
1280:
1163:
1102:
1094:
779:
360:
929:
1779:
1602:
1582:
1539:
1529:
1246:
1107:
1038:
619:
444:
400:
341:
198:
1924:
1716:
873:
787:
698:, which has anti-tumor properties as it disrupts cell division, is used in
17:
1919:
1710:
1597:
1506:
1501:
1489:
1437:
1407:
1331:
1228:
1194:
1169:
1112:
665:
660:
655:
631:
586:
337:
140:
127:
114:
1564:
1544:
1394:
1384:
1374:
1369:
1256:
865:
829:
623:
602:
This large order has a variety of different plants, ranging from small
591:
333:
744:
727:
1810:
1607:
1341:
1319:
1199:
1139:
919:
651:
1687:
857:
1797:
1906:
1784:
673:
611:
75:
615:
1691:
943:
1771:
918:
Jain, Himanshu Misra
Bhupendra K. Mehta Dharam C. (2008).
584:, which in turn is based on the name of the type genus,
1700:
1563:
1515:
1488:
1454:
1393:
1340:
1318:
1294:
1265:
1226:
1185:
1126:
1093:
1060:
1023:
955:
8:
1688:
1494:
1462:
1324:
1302:
1273:
1234:
1132:
1090:
1068:
1031:
962:
948:
940:
630:; thick hair-like structures that secrete
40:
31:
828:
818:
743:
807:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
715:
7:
1948:bd58e71a-4f29-48dd-a67a-e0a636d9c51d
1912:AF84B832-9637-B602-0E79-4A7200EDB646
1873:7b7b0ff3-1081-470b-9bb4-9a1b2ed0d279
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
757:
755:
732:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
721:
719:
801:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009).
503:
481:
459:
437:
427:
580:It takes its name from the family
25:
590:. The genus name is a tribute to
1672:
1671:
1640:
820:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x
355:In the classification system of
62:
1:
768:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
702:. It is extracted from the
634:, a thick gluey substance.
620:nuclear endosperm formation
2018:
846:American Journal of Botany
359:the Gentiales were in the
1649:
1638:
1497:
1465:
1327:
1305:
1276:
1237:
1135:
1089:
1071:
1034:
983:
780:10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.003
626:. Many species also have
523:
508:
501:
486:
479:
464:
457:
442:
435:
213:
206:
175:
170:
59:Scientific classification
57:
48:
39:
34:
27:Order of flowering plant
907:10.1038/npg.els.0003732
682:Gelsemium sempervirens
418:molecular phylogenetic
332:, included within the
1894:Paleobiology Database
704:Madagascar periwinkle
924:. ACG Publications.
594:, an Illyrian king.
2002:Angiosperm orders
1984:
1983:
1881:Open Tree of Life
1694:Taxon identifiers
1685:
1684:
1655:Basal angiosperms
1636:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1470:Berberidopsidales
1450:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
745:10.1111/jse.12192
688:Gelsemium elegans
604:herbaceous plants
572:
571:
563:
562:
554:
553:
545:
544:
536:
535:
414:phylogenetic tree
319:
318:
313:
305:
297:
289:
277:
269:
261:
253:
245:
237:
225:
166:
51:Gentiana cruciata
16:(Redirected from
2009:
1977:
1976:
1964:
1963:
1951:
1950:
1938:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1915:
1914:
1902:
1901:
1889:
1888:
1876:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1853:
1852:
1850:NHMSYS0000066120
1840:
1839:
1827:
1826:
1814:
1813:
1801:
1800:
1788:
1787:
1775:
1774:
1762:
1761:
1749:
1748:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1689:
1675:
1674:
1644:
1495:
1463:
1325:
1303:
1274:
1235:
1133:
1091:
1069:
1051:Austrobaileyales
1032:
1010:Acrogymnospermae
972:flowering plants
964:
957:
950:
941:
934:
933:
915:
909:
903:
886:
885:
852:(7): 1029–1043.
841:
835:
834:
832:
822:
798:
792:
791:
759:
750:
749:
747:
723:
504:
482:
460:
438:
428:
309:
301:
293:
281:
273:
265:
257:
249:
241:
229:
217:
154:
67:
66:
44:
32:
21:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2006:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1972:
1967:
1959:
1954:
1946:
1941:
1933:
1931:
1923:
1918:
1910:
1905:
1897:
1892:
1884:
1879:
1871:
1869:
1861:
1856:
1848:
1843:
1835:
1830:
1822:
1817:
1809:
1804:
1796:
1791:
1783:
1778:
1770:
1765:
1757:
1752:
1744:
1739:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1696:
1686:
1681:
1645:
1612:
1559:
1511:
1484:
1459:
1442:
1413:Crossosomatales
1389:
1336:
1314:
1299:
1290:
1270:
1261:
1252:Trochodendrales
1231:
1214:
1181:
1122:
1085:
1081:Ceratophyllales
1065:
1056:
1028:
1019:
1000:Marchantiophyta
979:
968:
938:
937:
917:
916:
912:
904:
889:
858:10.2307/2657003
843:
842:
838:
800:
799:
795:
761:
760:
753:
725:
724:
717:
712:
648:
640:
600:
598:Characteristics
578:
573:
564:
555:
546:
537:
410:
353:
330:flowering plant
272:Lygodisodeales
153:
61:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2015:
2013:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1989:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1965:
1961:wfo-9000000222
1952:
1939:
1929:
1916:
1903:
1890:
1877:
1867:
1854:
1841:
1828:
1815:
1802:
1789:
1776:
1763:
1750:
1737:
1722:
1706:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1569:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1555:Paracryphiales
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1521:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1480:Caryophyllales
1477:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1346:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1191:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1063:Mesangiosperms
1061:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1035:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1005:Polypodiophyta
1002:
997:
992:
984:
981:
980:
969:
967:
966:
959:
952:
944:
936:
935:
910:
887:
836:
813:(2): 105–121.
793:
751:
738:(4): 400–415.
714:
713:
711:
708:
647:
644:
639:
636:
599:
596:
577:
574:
570:
569:
566:
565:
561:
560:
557:
556:
552:
551:
548:
547:
543:
542:
539:
538:
534:
533:
530:
529:
522:
519:
518:
515:
514:
507:
502:
500:
497:
496:
493:
492:
485:
480:
478:
475:
474:
471:
470:
463:
458:
456:
453:
452:
449:
448:
441:
436:
434:
426:
412:The following
409:
406:
405:
404:
397:
390:
383:
376:
365:APG III system
352:
349:
317:
316:
315:
314:
306:
298:
290:
278:
270:
262:
254:
246:
238:
228:Asclepiadales
226:
211:
210:
204:
203:
202:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
173:
172:
168:
167:
148:
144:
143:
138:
131:
130:
125:
118:
117:
112:
105:
104:
99:
92:
91:
86:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
55:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2014:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1678:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1643:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1578:Metteniusales
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1535:Escalloniales
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1457:Superasterids
1453:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1350:Zygophyllales
1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1268:Core eudicots
1264:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1225:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1152:Petrosaviales
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1076:Chloranthales
1074:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
990:
986:
985:
982:
977:
973:
965:
960:
958:
953:
951:
946:
945:
942:
931:
927:
923:
922:
914:
911:
908:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
888:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
840:
837:
831:
826:
821:
816:
812:
808:
804:
797:
794:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
758:
756:
752:
746:
741:
737:
733:
729:
722:
720:
716:
709:
707:
705:
701:
697:
692:
690:
689:
684:
683:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
662:
657:
653:
645:
643:
637:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
597:
595:
593:
589:
588:
583:
575:
568:
567:
559:
558:
550:
549:
541:
540:
532:
531:
528:
527:
521:
520:
517:
516:
513:
512:
506:
505:
499:
498:
495:
494:
491:
490:
484:
483:
477:
476:
473:
472:
469:
468:
462:
461:
455:
454:
451:
450:
447:
446:
440:
439:
433:
430:
429:
425:
423:
422:DNA sequences
419:
415:
407:
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1701:
1592:
1525:Aquifoliales
1418:Picramniales
1380:Cucurbitales
1360:Malpighiales
1310:Saxifragales
1242:Ranunculales
1210:Zingiberales
1205:Commelinales
1158:Dioscoreales
1039:Amborellales
1015:Angiospermae
920:
913:
849:
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774:(1): 33–52.
771:
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638:Distribution
601:
585:
582:Gentianaceae
579:
526:Gelsemiaceae
524:
509:
487:
467:Gentianaceae
465:
443:
431:
416:is based on
411:
403:(611 genera)
387:Gentianaceae
380:Gelsemiaceae
375:(424 genera)
354:
346:
321:
320:
292:Strychnales
248:Cinchonales
240:Chironiales
189:Gentianaceae
184:Gelsemiaceae
150:
134:
121:
108:
95:
82:
49:
35:Gentianales
29:
1997:Gentianales
1806:iNaturalist
1732:Gentianales
1726:Wikispecies
1702:Gentianales
1593:Gentianales
1588:Boraginales
1517:Campanulids
1433:Brassicales
1355:Celastrales
1297:Superrosids
1286:Dilleniales
1187:Commelinids
1176:Asparagales
1146:Alismatales
1118:Magnoliales
1045:Nymphaeales
1026:Angiosperms
987:Supergroup
830:10654/18083
696:Vinblastine
608:saprophytes
511:Apocynaceae
489:Loganiaceae
432:Gentianales
420:studies of
396:(13 genera)
394:Loganiaceae
389:(87 genera)
373:Apocynaceae
322:Gentianales
264:Loganiales
216:Apocynales
194:Loganiaceae
179:Apocynaceae
151:Gentianales
102:Angiosperms
18:Gentiananae
1991:Categories
1661:Alismatids
1573:Icacinales
1550:Dipsacales
1475:Santalales
1428:Huerteales
1423:Sapindales
1403:Geraniales
1365:Oxalidales
1281:Gunnerales
1164:Pandanales
1103:Canellales
1095:Magnoliids
970:Orders of
710:References
674:periwinkle
656:frangipani
614:and large
382:(2 genera)
361:superorder
1608:Vahliales
1603:Solanales
1583:Garryales
1540:Bruniales
1530:Asterales
1247:Proteales
1108:Piperales
995:Bryophyta
930:859945268
628:colleters
576:Etymology
445:Rubiaceae
408:Phylogeny
401:Rubiaceae
342:Rubiaceae
336:clade of
308:Vincales
280:Rubiales
256:Galiales
199:Rubiaceae
171:Families
72:Kingdom:
1943:VicFlora
1932:VASCAN:
1925:43000072
1920:Tropicos
1711:Wikidata
1677:Category
1667:Lilioids
1598:Lamiales
1507:Ericales
1502:Cornales
1490:Asterids
1438:Malvales
1408:Myrtales
1229:Eudicots
1195:Arecales
1170:Liliales
1140:Acorales
1128:Monocots
1113:Laurales
882:15433433
874:10898781
788:24434844
670:oleander
661:Gardenia
632:mucilage
624:stipules
587:Gentiana
357:Dahlgren
351:Taxonomy
338:eudicots
259:Bromhead
208:Synonyms
128:Asterids
115:Eudicots
1565:Lamiids
1545:Apiales
1395:Malvids
1385:Fagales
1375:Rosales
1370:Fabales
1332:Vitales
1257:Buxales
866:2657003
666:gentian
592:Gentius
399:Family
392:Family
385:Family
378:Family
371:Family
334:asterid
287:J.Presl
283:Bercht.
243:Griseb.
235:J.Presl
231:Bercht.
223:J.Presl
219:Bercht.
164:J.Presl
160:Bercht.
147:Order:
141:Lamiids
76:Plantae
1974:414689
1886:524062
1870:NZOR:
1746:215000
1717:Q21754
1342:Fabids
1320:Rosids
1200:Poales
976:APG IV
928:
880:
872:
864:
786:
672:, and
652:coffee
612:shrubs
324:is an
311:Horan.
285:&
267:Lindl.
251:Lindl.
233:&
221:&
162:&
1969:WoRMS
1907:Plazi
1899:54936
1837:29910
1824:11447
1819:IRMNG
1811:47363
1785:1GENO
1759:8ZXGV
989:Plant
878:S2CID
862:JSTOR
616:trees
326:order
303:Nakai
275:Mart.
156:Juss.
135:Clade
122:Clade
109:Clade
96:Clade
83:Clade
1863:4055
1858:NCBI
1832:ITIS
1793:GBIF
1780:EPPO
1772:4201
1741:APNI
926:OCLC
870:PMID
784:PMID
646:Uses
606:and
295:Link
1956:WFO
1845:NBN
1798:412
1767:EoL
1754:CoL
854:doi
825:hdl
815:doi
811:161
776:doi
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610:to
328:of
158:ex
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