300:", 2, Serafimovicha Street, apartment 10) found a wealth of banned literature, written by communists who had since fallen foul of the Stalin regime, but no money, despite the vast sums that Hanecki had handled on behalf of the regime. He was accused of maintaining contact with Polish and German intelligence during trade visits to those countries. He stubbornly and courageously refused to confess, despite appalling torture, and despite being confronted in prison with others, including Adolf Warski, who had given in under interrogation and incriminated him. His case was referred to Stalin, who wrote the single word 'liquidate' by his name. Hanecki was sentenced to death after a 15-minute trial on 26 November 1937, and executed the same day. His wife and son were also shot to death.
215:, the other half by a mysterious individual named Georg Sklarz, who was probably a German agent. The company traded in thermometers, syringes and drugs and German-made office equipment. In January 1917, Hanecki was hauled before a judge for exporting medical goods to Sweden without a licence, fined heavily, expelled from Denmark, and put on a ferry to Stockholm, where he seems to have had no difficulty re-establishing his wholesale business, trading in contraceptives. After the
247:, and he was accused of speculation and smuggling, Ganetsky, in his testimony about this company, reported: "It was business, I turned to him and offered my services. Parvus first offered me money for my personal equipment in commerce. But, having no experience, I did not want to personally do business with other people's money. A little later, a joint-stock company was organized, and I was the manager."
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him. This was untrue. He subsidised both Lenin, and his old Polish comrades who were now working with the
Bolsheviks, but the evidence is that the money he gave them came from his profitable smuggling operations, rather than directly from the German government - though there is a question over whether he could have established himself in business without the indirect help of the German government.
604:
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claimed in his memoirs that the government had proof that
Hanecki intended to enter Russia in July, carrying incriminating material, and would have had him arrested, but he was alerted in time. At the time, Lenin denied that Hanecki was a Bolshevik, or that the Bolsheviks had ever received money from
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In July 1917, after an abortive
Bolshevik-led attempt to overthrow Russia's provisional government, Lenin was accused by government supporters of being a paid German agent. It was alleged that the German general staff was funneling money to the Bolsheviks, with Hanecki as the go-between. The head of
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But in 1910, exasperated by
Jogiches's refusal to allow discussion within the SDKPiL over issues such as whether to participate in the recently legalised trade unions (which Jogiches opposed), Hanecki toured Germany and Austria, organising what became known as the 'Zhaddovites'. This group held its
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in 1920–22. In 1923–29, he worked for the People's
Commissariat for Foreign Trade. In 1929–32, he was on the Praesidium of the supreme economic council. In 1932–35, he was head of the State Union for Music, Stage and Circus. From 1935, he was director of the Museum of the Revolution of the USSR.
189:
Hanecki first met Lenin in
Brussels in 1903, and was in contact with him in Finland in 1907, and assisted him in moving his household to Cracow in 1912. He also persuaded Lenin to intervene in Polish affairs, siding with the Rozlamovists against Leo Jogiches and Rosa Luxemburg, and became one of
255:
Hanecki moved to Russia, with Karl Radek, eleven days after the
Bolshevik revolution, and was appointed deputy chairman of the state bank, but despite his 21 years in the revolutionary movement and obvious ability as an administrator, he had no significant political influence within the Soviet
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RSDLP congresses in
Stockholm, April 1906, and London, May 1907, and at the latter was elected an alternate member of the Central Committee of the RSDLP. Arrested several times, he escaped every time. He also facilitated Jogiches's escape from prison in April 1907, by bribing a police officer.
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In 1915, Hanecki moved via
Switzerland to Copenhagen, where he formed a commercial company, Handels-og Eksportkompagniet A/S (Trade and Export Co. Ltd.), with himself as chairman of the board of directors, and his wife as the book keeper. Half the start-up capital was provided by the wealthy
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communist party. He was "never a popular person; he was a hard and ruthless man, of unattractive appearance and personality...but of his commercial ability, hard work and conspiratorial talent, there can be no doubt." When his membership of the
624:
219:, he was active in helping exiled Russian revolutionaries to return to Russia - most notably Lenin, whom he supplied with money for the journey, and greeted when his party arrived in Sweden after crossing Germany in a '
202:, a village close to the border, when war broke out between Austria and Russia in August 1914, and Lenin was threatened with arrest, as a Russian. Hanecki rescued him by arranging transport to the nearest town,
117:, under Austrian rule, organising the transport of illegal literature across the Russian border. In August 1903, as a member of the Main Administration of the SDKPiL, he was one of two Polish delegates to the
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where - according to Lenin's widow - he warned the local chief of police that Lenin was an important figure in the world socialist movement and "a man for whose life he, the commander, would have to answer."
85:, the son of Stanislav von Fürstenberg, a beer manufacturer of German-Jewish descent, who had adopted Poland as his homeland. In 1896 he joined the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland (SDKP - later the
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established relations between the two countries. Later, he successfully negotiated with Poland for the return of Lenin's archive, left behind in Cracow. In
October 1921 he negotiated and signed the
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own conference in Warsaw in December, and subsequently created a separate organisation, of which Hanecki was the undisputed leader. Other members included
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125:(RSDLP) in Brussels. The Congress later adjourned to London, under pressure from the Belgian police, and there the RSDLP split into its Bolshevik and
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516:(настоящая фамилия — Фюрстенберг) Исполняющий обязанности Главного комиссара Народного банка РСФСР в ноябре 1918 г. — январе 1920 г.
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Northern Underground, Episodes of Russian Revolutionary Transport and Communications through Scandinavia and Finland 1863-1917
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Hanecki was arrested on 18 July 1937, along with his wife, Giza, and son, Stanislav. Police who raided his apartment (in the "
49:(Fuerstenberg) also known as Kuba (15 March 1879 — 26 November 1937) was a prominent Polish communist and close associate of
223:' in April 1917. Lenin appointed him a member of the three man Stockholm bureau of the Bolshevik party, with Karl Radek and
133:, did not make the journey to London, having failed to agree terms on which the RSDLP and SDKPiL could collaborate.
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Lenin's most trusted agents. He acted as chairman of the three man committee - whose other members were Lenin and
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to run the SDKPiL's underground organisation, until Jogiches arrived, in October. He was a Polish delegate to the
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of 1917 - after which he served as a middle ranking Soviet official until his arrest and execution in 1937.
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with Turkey, on behalf of the Soviet republics of Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. Simultaneously, he was
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53:, famous as one of the financial wizards who arranged, through his close working relationship with
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Members of the Central Committee of the 5th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
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330:(Zalesskiy K.A. Stalin's Empire. Biographical encyclopedic dictionary. Moscow, Meeting, 2000)
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In 1918, he was appointed chairman of the state bank. In 1920–23, he worked for the
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universities. From 1902, he was a professional revolutionary, normally based in
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The Bolsheviks' "German Gold" Revisited: An Inquiry into the 1917 Accusations
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was under review in 1921, he supplied personal references from Lenin and
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Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania politicians
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of the RSDLP (b) examined the personal case of Ganetsky and
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with the same uncritical loyalty that he had shown Lenin.
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Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania
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275:. He handled financial dealings with Poland after the
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Polish communist and close associate of Vladimir Lenin
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factions, but Hanecki and the other Polish delegate,
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140:, Hanecki returned illegally to Warsaw, with
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458:Secret ally. Russian Revolution and Germany
101:in 1901 and studied in rapid succession at
45:- Яков Станиславович Ганецкий), real name
675:Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Latvia
670:Executed people from Masovian Voivodeship
435:"Telegram to Jakub Hanecki, 1 April 1917"
41:(known in Russia as Yakov Stanislavovich
680:Trade Representative of the Soviet Union
273:People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs
532:Расстрелянныев Москве, Серафимовича ул.
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123:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
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408:. London: Faber and Faber. pp.
344:. London: Oxford U.P. p. 279.
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635:Jews executed by the Soviet Union
645:People of the Russian Revolution
665:Great Purge victims from Poland
389:. London: Panther. p. 241.
615:People from Warsaw Governorate
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385:Krupskaya, Nadezhda (1970).
251:Personality and later career
231:the Provisional Government,
544:Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994).
514:Яков Станиславович Ганецкий
239:In the summer of 1917, the
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488:"Reference to J.S.Hanecki"
194:- who looked into whether
73:Yakov Hanecki was born in
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400:Futrell, Michael (1963).
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171:Communist Party of Poland
620:19th-century Polish Jews
490:. Lenin INternet Archivr
437:. Lenin Internet Archive
610:Politicians from Warsaw
456:Sobolev, G. L. (2009).
298:House on the Embankment
136:At the outbreak of the
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650:Polish revolutionaries
548:Lenin, a New Biography
285:Soviet envoy to Latvia
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473:Northern Underground
340:Nettl, J.P. (1966).
303:He was posthumously
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245:Mieczysław Kozłowski
217:February revolution
61:seize power in the
471:Futrell, Michael.
233:Alexander Kerensky
63:October Revolution
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655:Bolshevik finance
640:Jewish socialists
387:Memories of Lenin
241:Central Committee
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95:Leo Jogiches
79:Vistula Land
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69:Early career
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600:1937 deaths
595:1879 births
262:Dzerzhinsky
589:Categories
311:References
159:Karl Radek
107:Heidelberg
59:Bolsheviks
307:in 1954.
204:Nowy Targ
127:Menshevik
494:13 April
441:13 April
43:Ganetsky
527:Russian
509:Russian
370:Nettl.
355:Nettl.
324:Russian
200:Poronin
121:of the
99:Germany
18:Hanecki
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412:–190.
146:Fourth
115:Cracow
111:Zurich
109:, and
103:Berlin
75:Warsaw
150:Fifth
554:ISBN
496:2018
443:2018
414:ISBN
177:and
148:and
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