180:
302:, who became the commander-in-chief of the army, enjoyed strong relations with the Turkish commanders, and under him the Turks came to dominate the military, to the exclusion of the Maghariba and other units. After this point, the Maghariba are seldom mentioned in the sources. A government budget drawn up in 892–93 lists "Maghariba" as forming a contingent of the bodyguards of the caliph
256:. In the following year, during a particularly severe riot in Samarra, the Maghariba looted the homes of several civilians; a few months later, having become increasingly dissatisfied with the current regime, they organized in the capital to voice their agitation, but they ultimately decided to take no action and dispersed.
274:
After the war, the
Maghariba continued returned to Samarra, which soon again suffered from disorder. In 866 a conflict broke out between the Maghariba and the Turkish soldiers, and during the ensuing violence two senior Maghariba commanders were killed by the Turks. Two years later the Maghariba
156:
The
Maghariba appear to have served as infantry, and they were a mixture of free men and slaves. They were likely fewer in number than the Turks, and they were certainly of inferior status. Their pay also appears to have been lower; on the accession of
542:
Al-Tabari, v. 35: p. 164; Ibn al-Athir, v. 7: p. 195. According to al-Mas'udi, v. 7: p. 397, al-Mu'tazz had attempted to favor the
Maghariba and Faraghina at the expense of the Turks, which led to the latter overthrowing
810:
248:), the Maghariba were employed as riot troops against residents in the capital who opposed the new caliph. After al-Muntasir's death in 862 they, together with the Turks and Ushrusaniyya, agreed to recognize
291:. In 870, during the revolt against al-Muhtadi, the Maghariba remained loyal to the caliph; they unsuccessfully defended him against the mutinous Turkish soldiers, and suffered high casualties as a result.
271:, and over the course of the war they participated in several battles. Their involvement continued until the end of the war, from which al-Mu'tazz emerged victorious and al-Musta'in was forced to abdicate.
815:
800:
533:
Al-Mas'udi, v. 7: p. 396; al-Tabari, v. 35: pp. 153–54. In the latter source the killing is accredited to a single man named Walid al-Maghribi, after which the
Maghariba took the corpse and burned it.
820:
279:
and brought his head to the caliph. In 869, however, the
Maghariba united with the Turks and Faraghina to successfully depose al-Mu'tazz. Under al-Mu'tazz's successor,
77:
origin. During their history, the
Maghariba participated in several military campaigns and played a significant role in the politics of the central government.
720:
The
History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXV: The Crisis of the ʿAbbāsid Caliphate: The Caliphates of al-Mustaʿīn and al-Muʿtazz, A.D. 862–869/A.H. 248–255
123:
After the succession of al-Mu'tasim to the caliphate in 833, the
Maghariba formed a contingent of his new army, along with other units such as the
263:
broke out between al-Musta'in and al-Mu'tazz in 865, the
Maghariba fought in support of the latter. Two thousand Maghariba under the command of
805:
774:
728:
603:
Prelude to the
Generals: A Study of Some Aspects of the Reign of the Eighth 'Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mu'tasim Bi-Allah (218-227 AH/833-842 AD).
707:
672:
645:
631:
610:
260:
234:
Following the assassination of al-Mutawakkil in December 861, the Maghariba played an important role during the events of the
85:
The origin and composition of the Maghariba have been subject to debate. Historians have variously described the Maghariba as
161:(r. 847–861), the new caliph ordered that the Maghariba be given lower allotments than the rest of the army, and in 870
264:
760:
747:
98:
692:
141:. Together with the rest of the army, they were granted their own section in al-Mu'tasim's new capital city of
739:
638:
The Breaking of a Thousand Swords: A History of the Turkish Military of Samarra (A.H. 200-275/815-889 C.E.).
44:
306:(r. 892–902), but it is not specified as to whether this was the same unit as the Samarran Maghariba.
220:
561:
Al-Tabari, v. 36: pp. 93–95, 97–98, 104; al-Mas'udi, v. 8: pp. 8–9; Ibn al-Athir, v. 7: pp. 229 ff.
207:'s campaigns. In 845 they served under Bugha during his punitive expedition against the disorderly
56:
109:
235:
224:
227:. In 855–56 several Maghariba were selected to provide escort for a prisoner exchange with the
770:
724:
703:
668:
641:
627:
606:
70:
723:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
276:
228:
73:. The unit was formed in the early ninth century A.D. and consisted of soldiers who were of
298:(r. 870–892) seems to have resulted in the decline of the Maghariba. Al-Mu'tamid's brother
658:
188:
142:
35:
755:
743:
303:
295:
284:
249:
204:
179:
124:
105:
252:
as caliph, and they were again used to attack rioters who favored al-Musta'in's rival
794:
751:
714:
253:
200:
158:
112:
districts of Egypt; this likely occurred before al-Mu'tasim's caliphate, when he and
101:
615:
Busse, Heribert. "Das Hofbudget des Chalifen al-Mu'tadid billah (279/892-289/902)."
132:
74:
66:
117:
718:
662:
299:
239:
216:
208:
90:
385:
Gordon, p. 39; Kennedy, p. 126; Northedge, p. 171; al-Tabari, v. 34: pp. 63–64
280:
162:
137:
196:
128:
113:
62:
267:
were part of the initial force sent from Samarra to besiege al-Musta'in in
244:
664:
The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State
17:
331:
Gordon, pp. 38–39; Kennedy, pp. 125-26; al-Bili, p. 47; Cooperson, p. 109
97:, with the last being the most widely accepted theory. According to the
268:
86:
212:
167:
150:
183:
The Maghariba served under al-Mu'tasim and several of his successors
192:
178:
94:
283:, they participated in some of the initial campaigns against the
288:
153:, and the Azlakh quarter was known as a Maghribi neighborhood.
215:. In 848–49 they were sent by Bugha to help quell a revolt in
515:
Al-Tabari, v. 35: pp. 43 ff.; Ibn al-Athir, v. 7: pp. 145 ff.
340:
Al-Mas'udi, v. 7: p. 118. See also Ibn al-Athir, v. 6: p. 452
811:
Military units and formations established in the 9th century
684:
Eds. M.J. de Goeje and P. de Jong. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1869.
524:
Al-Tabari, v. 35: pp. 140–41; Ibn al-Athir, v. 7: pp. 173–74
367:
Gordon, p. 185 n. 259; Northedge, p. 120; al-Ya'qubi, p. 263
191:
in 838, during which they were under the overall command of
702:
London: The British School of Archeology in Iraq, 2005.
452:
Al-Tabari, v. 34: pp. 122–23; Ibn al-Athir, v. 7: p. 67
165:(r. 869–870) arranged for the Maghariba to be paid one
816:
9th-century disestablishments in the Abbasid Caliphate
801:
Military units and formations of the Abbasid Caliphate
640:
Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2001.
421:
Al-Tabari, v. 33: p. 113; Ibn al-Athir, v. 6: p. 487;
171:
a day, while the Turks and other units received two.
787:
Ed. M.J. de Goeje. 2nd ed. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1892.
470:
Al-Tabari, v. 34: p. 203; Ibn al-Athir, v. 7: p. 105
49:
821:
9th-century establishments in the Abbasid Caliphate
552:
Al-Tabari, v. 36: p. 55; Ibn al-Athir, v. 7: p. 212
497:
Al-Tabari, v. 35: p. 11; Ibn al-Athir, v. 7: p. 123
219:, and in 852 they fought in his campaign to defeat
488:Al-Tabari, v. 35: p. 4; Ibn al-Athir, v. 7: p. 118
479:Al-Tabari, v. 35: p. 1; Ibn al-Athir, v. 7: p. 117
695:. 9 vols. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1861–1917.
682:Kitab al-'Uyun wa'l-Hada'iq fi akhbar al-haqa'iq.
27:Regiment in the regular army of Abbasid Caliphate
145:; their allotments were along the Gulf Street (
691:Ed. and Trans. Charles Barbier de Meynard and
116:were serving in Egypt on behalf of the caliph
8:
376:Al-Tabari, v. 36: p. 104; al-Ya'qubi, p. 263
108:(r. 833–842), who recruited troops from the
203:(r. 847–861) they took part in a number of
761:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
315:
601:Al-Bili, 'Osman Sayyid Ahmad Isma'il.
189:al-Mu'tasim's campaign against Amorium
700:The Historical Topography of Samarra.
322:Talbi, p. 1160; Saliba, p. 113 n. 317
104:, the regiment was created by Caliph
89:from North Africa, black slaves from
7:
39:
783:Al-Ya'qubi, Ahmad ibn Abu Ya'qub.
667:. London and New York: Routledge.
242:was given the oath of allegiance (
25:
654:6th ed. Beirut: Dar Sader, 1995.
687:Al-Mas'udi, Ali ibn al-Husain.
265:Muhammad ibn Rashid al-Maghribi
187:The Maghariba participated in
149:) adjacent to the bank of the
65:') were a regiment in the
1:
806:Infantry units and formations
605:Reading: Ithaca Press, 2001.
650:Ibn al-Athir, 'Izz al-Din.
275:killed the Turkish general
238:(861–870). On the day that
195:. During the caliphates of
50:
837:
93:, and Arab tribesmen from
693:Abel Pavet de Courteille
626:Oxford: Oneworld, 2005.
461:Al-Tabari, v. 34: p. 139
769:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
443:Al-Tabari, v. 34: p. 79
434:Al-Tabari, v. 34: p. 19
412:Al-Tabari, v. 36: p. 97
403:Al-Tabari, v. 34: p. 63
652:Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh.
506:Al-Tabari, v. 35: p. 4
184:
698:Northedge, Alastair.
588:Kennedy, p. 166 n. 70
300:Abu Ahmad al-Muwaffaq
182:
622:Cooperson, Michael.
636:Gordon, Matthew S.
358:Kennedy, p. 118 ff.
211:in the vicinity of
738:Talbi, M. (1986).
689:Les Prairies D'Or.
236:Anarchy at Samarra
225:governor of Tiflis
185:
776:978-90-04-07819-2
730:978-0-87395-883-7
619:43 (1967): 11–36.
294:The accession of
221:Ishaq ibn Isma'il
199:(r. 842–847) and
71:Abbasid Caliphate
60:
48:
16:(Redirected from
828:
785:Kitab al-Buldan.
780:
734:
678:
589:
586:
580:
577:
571:
568:
562:
559:
553:
550:
544:
540:
534:
531:
525:
522:
516:
513:
507:
504:
498:
495:
489:
486:
480:
477:
471:
468:
462:
459:
453:
450:
444:
441:
435:
432:
426:
419:
413:
410:
404:
401:
395:
392:
386:
383:
377:
374:
368:
365:
359:
356:
350:
347:
341:
338:
332:
329:
323:
320:
277:Bugha al-Sharabi
147:shāri' al-khalīj
99:Muslim historian
61:'Westerners/
55:
53:
43:
41:
21:
836:
835:
831:
830:
829:
827:
826:
825:
791:
790:
777:
744:Bosworth, C. E.
737:
731:
713:
675:
657:
598:
593:
592:
587:
583:
578:
574:
570:Kennedy, p. 150
569:
565:
560:
556:
551:
547:
541:
537:
532:
528:
523:
519:
514:
510:
505:
501:
496:
492:
487:
483:
478:
474:
469:
465:
460:
456:
451:
447:
442:
438:
433:
429:
423:Kitab al-'Uyun,
420:
416:
411:
407:
402:
398:
394:Kennedy, p. 126
393:
389:
384:
380:
375:
371:
366:
362:
357:
353:
348:
344:
339:
335:
330:
326:
321:
317:
312:
177:
83:
81:Characteristics
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
834:
832:
824:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
793:
792:
789:
788:
781:
775:
748:van Donzel, E.
735:
729:
717:, ed. (1985).
715:Saliba, George
711:
696:
685:
679:
673:
655:
648:
634:
620:
613:
597:
594:
591:
590:
581:
572:
563:
554:
545:
535:
526:
517:
508:
499:
490:
481:
472:
463:
454:
445:
436:
427:
414:
405:
396:
387:
378:
369:
360:
351:
342:
333:
324:
314:
313:
311:
308:
205:Bugha al-Kabir
176:
173:
120:(r. 813–833).
82:
79:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
833:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
798:
796:
786:
782:
778:
772:
768:
764:
762:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
736:
732:
726:
722:
721:
716:
712:
709:
708:0-903472-17-1
705:
701:
697:
694:
690:
686:
683:
680:
676:
674:0-415-25093-5
670:
666:
665:
660:
659:Kennedy, Hugh
656:
653:
649:
647:
646:0-7914-4795-2
643:
639:
635:
633:
632:1-85168-386-0
629:
625:
621:
618:
614:
612:
611:0-86372-277-6
608:
604:
600:
599:
595:
585:
582:
576:
573:
567:
564:
558:
555:
549:
546:
539:
536:
530:
527:
521:
518:
512:
509:
503:
500:
494:
491:
485:
482:
476:
473:
467:
464:
458:
455:
449:
446:
440:
437:
431:
428:
424:
418:
415:
409:
406:
400:
397:
391:
388:
382:
379:
373:
370:
364:
361:
355:
352:
349:Gordon, p. 38
346:
343:
337:
334:
328:
325:
319:
316:
309:
307:
305:
301:
297:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
272:
270:
266:
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
246:
241:
237:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
201:al-Mutawakkil
198:
194:
190:
181:
174:
172:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:al-Mutawakkil
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
126:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
100:
96:
92:
88:
80:
78:
76:
75:North African
72:
68:
64:
58:
52:
51:al-Maghāribah
46:
37:
33:
19:
784:
766:
759:
719:
699:
688:
681:
663:
651:
637:
623:
616:
602:
584:
579:Busse, p. 16
575:
566:
557:
548:
538:
529:
520:
511:
502:
493:
484:
475:
466:
457:
448:
439:
430:
422:
417:
408:
399:
390:
381:
372:
363:
354:
345:
336:
327:
318:
293:
287:in southern
273:
258:
243:
233:
223:, the rebel
186:
166:
155:
146:
136:
133:Ushrusaniyya
122:
84:
67:regular army
31:
29:
756:Pellat, Ch.
740:"Maghariba"
304:al-Mu'tadid
296:al-Mu'tamid
285:Zanj rebels
250:al-Musta'in
240:al-Muntasir
217:Adharbayjan
209:Banu Sulaym
106:al-Mu'tasim
91:East Africa
795:Categories
624:Al-Ma'mun.
596:References
425:pp. 393–94
281:al-Muhtadi
254:al-Mu'tazz
229:Byzantines
163:al-Muhtadi
138:shakiriyya
135:, and the
102:al-Mas'udi
18:Magharibah
765:Volume V:
752:Lewis, B.
617:Der Islam
261:civil war
197:al-Wathiq
129:Faraghina
118:al-Ma'mun
114:al-Afshin
63:Maghrebis
45:romanized
32:Maghariba
767:Khe–Mahi
758:(eds.).
661:(2001).
40:المغاربة
269:Baghdad
175:History
143:Samarra
87:Berbers
69:of the
59:
47::
773:
754:&
727:
706:
671:
644:
630:
609:
245:bay'ah
213:Medina
168:dirham
151:Tigris
131:, the
127:, the
36:Arabic
742:. In
310:Notes
259:When
193:Itakh
125:Turks
95:Egypt
771:ISBN
725:ISBN
704:ISBN
669:ISBN
642:ISBN
628:ISBN
607:ISBN
543:him.
289:Iraq
110:Hawf
57:lit.
30:The
797::
763:.
750:;
746:;
231:.
54:,
42:,
38::
779:.
733:.
710:.
677:.
34:(
20:)
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