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eliminate any pathogenic bacteria—Standard 4.7.38, Soil
Association organic farming standards). On the other hand, as found in the University of Minnesota study, the non-usage of artificial fertilizers, and resulting exclusive use of manure as fertilizer, by organic farmers can result in significantly greater accumulations of antibiotics in organic foods.
445:. It can improve the soil structure (aggregation) so that the soil holds more nutrients and water, and therefore becomes more fertile. Animal manure also encourages soil microbial activity which promotes the soil's trace mineral supply, improving plant nutrition. It also contains some nitrogen and other nutrients that assist the growth of plants.
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In intensive agricultural land use, animal manure is often not used as targeted as mineral fertilizers, and thus, the nitrogen utilization efficiency is poor. Animal manure can become a problem in terms of excessive use in areas of intensive agriculture with high numbers of livestock and too little
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all have different properties. For instance, sheep manure is high in nitrogen and potash, while pig manure is relatively low in both. Horses mainly eat grass and a few weeds, so horse manure can contain grass and weed seeds, as horses do not digest seeds as cattle do. Cattle manure is a good source
603:
either have their own supply of manure (which would, therefore, not normally contain drug residues) or else rely on green manure crops for the extra fertility (if any nonorganic manure is used by organic farmers, then it usually has to be rotted or composted to degrade any residues of drugs and
535:
380:
Focuses on the classical definition of animal manure. Reasonable as the use of other, expanded-definition "manures" is quite trivial, but the resultant lopsided structure may warrant a restructuring of the article. Or we can just hollow this out and merge to
190:, is produced by more intensive livestock rearing systems where concrete or slats are used instead of straw bedding. Manure from different animals has different qualities and requires different application rates when used as fertilizer. For example
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Lustosa Filha, Jose; Penido, Evanise; Castro, Patricia; Silva, Carlos; Melo, Leonidas (September 4, 2017). "Co-pyrolysis of poultry litter and phosphate and magnesium generates alternative slow-release fertilizer suitable for tropical soils".
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may develop more unpleasant odors, and this can be a problem in some agricultural regions. Poultry droppings are harmful to plants when fresh, but after a period of
1203:: A two part webcast series about the science available on potential risks and best management practices related to antibiotics and hormones from animal manure
1200:
1185:
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Bernal, M.P.; Alburquerque, J.A.; Moral, R. (November 2009). "Composting of animal manures and chemical criteria for compost maturity assessment. A review".
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of nitrogen as well as organic carbon. Chicken litter, coming from a bird, is very concentrated in nitrogen and phosphate and is prized for both properties.
483:) are usually knifed (injected) directly into the soil to reduce release of the odor. Manure from pigs and cattle is usually spread on fields using a
1012:
884:
Ni, Ji-Qin; Robarge, Wayne P.; Xiao, Changhe; Heber, Albert J. (2012). "Volatile organic compounds at swine facilities: A critical review".
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Dittmar, Heinrich; Drach, Manfred; Vosskamp, Ralf; Trenkel, Martin E.; Gutser, Reinhold; Steffens, Günter (2009). "Fertilizers, 2. Types".
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709:
827:"Composted Cattle Manure Increases Microbial Activity and Soil Fertility More Than Composted Swine Manure in a Submerged Rice Paddy"
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may be much more or much less likely to contain antibiotics, depending on their sources and treatment of manure. For instance, by
448:
Odor is an obvious and major issue with animal manure. Components in swine manure include low molecular weight carboxylic acids,
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is the decomposed remnants of organic materials. It is usually of plant origin, but often includes some animal dung or bedding.
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182:). FYM also contains plant material (often straw), which has been used as bedding for animals and has absorbed the feces and
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Compost containing turkey manure and wood chips from bedding material is dried and then applied to pastures for fertilizer.
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Dolliver, Holly; Kumar, Kuldip; Gupta, Satish (July 2007). "Sulfamethazine Uptake by Plants from Manure-Amended Soil".
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Wortman, Sam E.; Holmes, Ashley A.; Miernicki, Elizabeth; Knoche, Kaelyn; Pittelkow, Cameron M. (2017-07-08).
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County-Level
Estimates of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Animal Manure for the Conterminous United States, 2002
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them in, thus increasing fertility through the incorporation of nutrients and organic matter into the soil.
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This article is about organic material used as soil fertilizer. For animal dung used for other purposes, see
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The women of a neighborhood ward with manure on their way to the field of one of them, Tireli, Mali 1990
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258:. Livestock feed can be mixed with the manure due to spillage. For example, chickens are often fed
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study indicated that foods such as corn, lettuce, and potatoes have been found to accumulate
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reservoirs, one new, and one containing cow manure mixed with water. This is common in rural
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Animal manures may be adulterated or contaminated with other animal products, such as
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or a range of other vector organisms and cause disease or put food safety at risk.
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Organic matter, mostly derived from animal feces, which can be used as fertilizer
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Manure is also commercially composted and bagged and sold as a soil amendment.
965:"First-Season Crop Yield Response to Organic Soil Amendments: A Meta-Analysis"
178:. Common forms of animal manure include farmyard manure (FYM) or farm slurry (
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Other types of plant matter used as manure include the contents of the
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Das, Suvendu; Jeong, Seung Tak; Das, Subhasis; Kim, Pil Joo (2017).
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There are in the 21st century three main classes of manures used in
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from soils spread with animal manure that contains these drugs.
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929:"Manure Composting for Livestock & Poultry Production"
499:. However, herbivore slurry that has undergone anaerobic
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Application and environmental risks of livestock manure
1038:"Elephant and cow manure for making paper sustainably"
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is used as a fuel in many countries around the world.
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community of practice about animal manure management
1064:"Managing manure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions"
1201:
Antibiotics and
Hormones in Animal Manure (Webcast)
1191:
Livestock and
Poultry Environmental Learning Center
547:or food spoilage organisms which may be carried by
441:, has been used for centuries as a fertilizer for
139:is the source of the foul smelling odor of manure.
1092:"Livestock Antibiotics Can End Up in Human Foods"
543:Any quantity of animal manure may be a source of
513:In 2018, Austrian scientists offered a method of
306:such as clover are often used for this, as they
927:Thomas Bass, Julia Dafoe, and Joel Schumacher.
186:. Agricultural manure in liquid form, known as
693:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
61:and bedding straw, as in this example from a
8:
948:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
800:ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
491:manure has a milder smell than the dung of
298:are crops grown for the express purpose of
57:Animal manure is often a mixture of animal
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408:Learn how and when to remove this message
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475:Animal manures with a particularly
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1013:"Using Manure in the Home Garden"
906:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.04.061
84:. Most manure consists of animal
1118:Journal of Environmental Quality
429:Pile of animal manure on a wall.
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1181:United States Geological Survey
174:Most animal manure consists of
1094:. ENS Newswire. Archived from
776:10.1016/j.biortech.2008.11.027
599:Standard 4.7.38, most organic
1:
812:10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b01935
100:by adding organic matter and
464:. Other components include
96:. Manures contribute to the
938:. MT201206AG Reviewed 4/17.
378:. The specific problem is:
116:and other organisms in the
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1168:North American Manure Expo
990:10.2134/agronj2016.10.0627
507:are valuable fertilizers.
383:Feces#Uses of animal feces
374:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
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43:
36:
29:
831:Frontiers in Microbiology
844:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01702
702:10.1002/14356007.n10_n01
316:bacteria in specialized
88:; other sources include
37:Not to be confused with
696:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
583:University of Minnesota
479:(such as slurries from
433:Animal manure, such as
320:in the root structure.
108:, that are utilised by
1173:Cornell Manure Program
756:Bioresource Technology
655:Earthen manure storage
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577:Livestock antibiotics
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481:intensive pig farming
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1138:10.2134/jeq2006.0266
1090:Staff (2007-07-12).
650:Dry animal dung fuel
559:available farmland.
390:improve this section
1227:Organic fertilizers
1130:2007JEnvQ..36.1224D
1068:www.agric.wa.gov.au
981:2017AgrJ..109.1210W
898:2012Chmsp..89..769N
768:2009BiTec.100.5444B
620:Anaerobic digestion
640:Coprophilous fungi
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304:Leguminous plants
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975:(4): 1210.
886:Chemosphere
587:antibiotics
581:In 2007, a
392:if you can.
333:spent grain
82:agriculture
1211:Categories
1102:2012-11-14
1073:2022-04-15
1023:2019-07-06
677:References
505:composting
493:carnivores
398:March 2022
242:and other
166:Province,
104:, such as
1195:eXtension
1048:March 30,
999:0002-1962
936:MontGuide
853:1664-302X
630:Biosolids
545:pathogens
497:omnivores
489:herbivore
454:propionic
329:ruminants
102:nutrients
1146:17596632
914:22682363
871:28928727
837:: 1702.
784:19119002
726:"Manure"
645:Cow dung
608:See also
519:elephant
439:cow dung
369:require
313:Rhizobia
248:feathers
224:seabirds
208:chickens
160:Concrete
110:bacteria
106:nitrogen
1126:Bibcode
977:Bibcode
894:Bibcode
862:5591829
764:Bibcode
736:23 July
553:rodents
466:skatole
458:butyric
443:farming
371:cleanup
344:seaweed
337:brewing
300:plowing
285:Compost
272:Compost
266:Compost
216:rabbits
212:turkeys
137:Skatole
90:compost
39:Compost
18:Manures
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531:Issues
460:, and
450:acetic
342:) and
325:rumens
310:using
254:, and
240:shoddy
218:, and
196:cattle
192:horses
188:slurry
164:Hainan
70:Manure
63:stable
1222:Feces
1193:, an
932:(PDF)
549:flies
515:paper
318:nodes
252:blood
222:from
220:guano
204:sheep
184:urine
176:feces
168:China
128:Types
114:fungi
86:feces
59:feces
32:feces
1142:PMID
1050:2018
995:ISSN
950:link
910:PMID
867:PMID
849:ISSN
780:PMID
738:2017
730:h2g2
706:ISBN
562:The
468:and
437:and
350:Uses
340:beer
256:bone
244:hair
236:wool
228:bats
226:and
200:pigs
118:soil
92:and
1134:doi
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857:PMC
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