355:
108:
466:
merge and split along the length of the stem and in fact represents a single dissected stele. As the stems increased in size, the vascular segments also expanded by adding secondary wood. The vascular segments of the stele are embedded in ground tissue that contain canals or ducts thought to have contained a resin-like substance. The cortex surrounding the stele also had resin-ducts, and towards the outside of the stem there were radially aligned bands of sclerotic tissue.
387:
the ultimate pinnae. However, there is a strong possibility that this reconstruction was based on the chance finds of ovules having been preserved just lying on a piece of pinna rather than in organic attachment to it. A number of cases are now coming to light that suggest that the seeds were borne in clusters on relatively slender, branching axes, and that these trusses of ovules would have been produced from the top of the trunk among the crown of fronds.
137:
531:
513:
898:
for a little longer, with evidence having been found there in the
Asselian Stage. There is little evidence to suggest that the Medullosales ranged into the southern latitudes of Gondwana. In the northern hemisphere, there are good late Mississippian records in temperate latitudes of Kazakhstan but evidence from the higher northern latitudes in Siberia (Angara) is more equivocal.
375:
394:; the nucellus and integument were completely free except at the base of the ovule. There has been some debate as to the exact homologies of these tissues, and it has been argued that the vascularised nucellus was in fact the nucellus and integument that have become fused together, and that the 'integument' was homologous to a cupule that contained only one ovule.
897:
age. The group became particularly diverse and abundant during
Moscovian and Kasimovian times when it dominated many habitats in the tropical wetland of Euramerica, especially on clastic substrates. The group became extinct in Euramerica in earliest Permian (Autunian) times. They survived in China
465:
when found as petrifactions with anatomy preserved. When viewed in transverse section they appear to have several vascular segments passing along the length of the stem, superficially resembling the polysteles seen in tree ferns. However, detailed study of these vascular strands has shown that they
491:
Fragments of the fronds are the most frequently found fossils of the
Medullosales, and they have been widely used for biostratigraphy and biogeographical studies. Most are characterised by a major fork of the main rachis in the lower (proximal) part of the frond. Each branch produced by the fork
386:
Ovules in different medullosalean species could vary from maybe 1 cm to over 10 cm long - the latter being the largest known ovules produced by any non-angiosperm seed-plant. It was traditionally believed that the ovules were borne directly on the fronds, replacing one of the pinnules on
508:
The characters used to differentiate the fossil genera have used in descending order of significance to group families based mainly on vegetative characters, notably the architecture of the frond: (1) the overall architecture of the frond, (2) the epidermis and cuticles, (3) how the pinnules are
473:
stems, but many of these differences have been shown to represent changes that took place with the growth of the stem. Moreover, it has been shown that very similar types of stem could bear a variety of different types of frond. There is a distinctive type of stem found in Late
Pennsylvanian
492:
has an essentially pinnate appearance, superficially resembling the fronds of many ferns, but it is now thought that they in fact consist of a series of more or less overtopped dichotomies. Only one group of fronds, known as parispermacean fronds (fossil genera
478:
and has consistently slender stems and (uniquely for medullosaleans) axillary branching, and has been interpreted as a climbing plant. Another distinctive type of stem in which the vascular segments are of two different sizes in transverse section (fossil genus
444:
The pollen that they produce is strictly known as pre-pollen, as it germinated proximally and was thus intermediate in structure between pteridophytic spores and gymnospermous true-pollen. The pollen organs of the parispermacean species (fossil genus
409:, depending mainly on differences in the apical form of the ovule. Another group of medullosalean seeds, usually associated with parispermacean fronds (see later), have six longitudinal ribs and are referred to as
1006:
Wnuk C.; Pfefferkorn H. W. (1984). "The life habits and paleoecology of Middle
Pennsylvanian medullosan pteridosperms based on an in situ assemblage from the Bernice Basin (Sullivan County, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.)".
1668:"Combined methodologies for three-dimensional reconstruction of fossil plants preserved in siderite nodules: Stephanospermum braidwoodensis nov. sp. (Medullosales) from the Mazon Creek lagerstätte"
1629:"On Paleozoic Plants from Marine Strata: Hexaloba Finisensia New Genus and Species, A Trigonocarpalean Ovule from the Virgilian (Upper Pennsylvanian: Gzhelian) Finis Shale of Texas"
425:
The pollen producing organs consisted of clusters of elongate sacs formed into a variety of cup-, bell- and cigar-shaped configurations, assigned to various fossil genera including
1925:
449:) produced spherical pre-pollen with a trilete mark. Most other medullosaleans produced large ovoid pre-pollen with a monolete mark, and assigned to the genus
334:
times, many medullosales were rather smaller, with fronds only about 2 metres long, and apparently growing in dense, mutually supporting stands. During
1999:
1802:
Seyfullah L. J.; Hilton J.; Shi-Jun Wang; Galtier J. (2009). "Anatomically preserved pteridosperm stems and rachises from
Permian floras of China".
461:
Most medullosaleans had unbranched, upright stems that produced a crown of fronds at the top. The most widespread are referred to the fossil genus
1837:
Goganova L. A.; Laveine J.-P.; Lemoigne Y.; Durante M.; et al. (1992). "General characteristics of the
Carboniferous pteridosperm
1545:
Laveine J.-P. (1997). "Synthetic analysis of the neuropterids. Their interest for the decipherment of
Carboniferous palaeogeography".
1994:
1775:
DiMichele W. A.; Phillips T. L.; Pfefferkorn H. W. (2006). "Paleoecology of Late
Paleozoic pteridosperms from tropical Euramerica".
1330:
Basinger J. F.; Rothwell G. W.; Stewart W. N. (1974). "Cauline vasculature and leaf trace production in medullosan pteridosperms".
500:), lacked this major dichotomy although they were still thought to have been constructed from a series of overtopped dichotomies.
1575:
Laveine J.-P.; Lemoigne Y.; Shanzhen Zhang (1993). "General characteristics and paleobiogeography of the
Parispermaceae (genera
1273:"Zoidogamy in fossil gymnosperms: the centenary of a concept, with special reference to pre-pollen of Late Paleozoic conifers"
397:
Most medullosalean ovules preserved as casts or adpressions show three longitudinal ribs and are assigned to the fossil genus
1146:
Doubinger J.; Vetter P.; Langiaux J.; Galtier J.; Broutin J. (1995). "La flore fossile du bassin houiller de Saint-Étienne".
1111:(Langford) comb. nov: a medullosan ovule from the Middle Pennsylvanian Mazon Creek flora of northeastern Illinois, U.S.A.".
946:
1984:
1979:
441:. Unlike with the ovules, there is good anatomical evidence that they were borne on the fronds, attached to the rachis.
2004:
136:
331:
1697:
Taylor T. N.; Eggert D. A. (1967). "Petrified plants from the Upper Mississippian of North America. I: The seed
1644:
962:
390:
The seed megaspore was surrounded by two layers of tissue: a vascularised nucellus and a usually three-layered
354:
1788:
920:
1989:
330:, whose fronds could be 7 metres long and the trees were perhaps up to 10 metres tall. Especially in
1865:
788:
518:
231:
1951:
792:
236:
220:
1490:
Compte rendu 9e Congrès International de Stratigraphie et de Géologie du Carbonifère (Washington, 1979)
1422:
Pryor J. S. (1990). "Delimiting species among permineralized medullosan pteridosperms: a plant bearing
583:
1510:
Cleal C. J. (2008). "Palaeofloristics of Middle Pennsylvanian medullosaleans in Variscan Euramerica".
856:
848:
780:
695:
674:
667:
562:
210:
107:
1912:
1519:
1284:
872:
784:
618:
576:
174:
712:
681:
646:
604:
880:
816:
688:
523:
363:
1845:, from the uppermost Visean strata of Kuucheku Colliery near Karaganda, central Kazakhstan, CIS".
832:
808:
653:
569:
324:
Most medullosales were small to medium-sized trees. The largest specimens were probably of genus
1819:
1757:
1740:
gen. et ap. n., a structurally simple medullosan stem from the Upper Mississippian of Arkansas".
1718:
1667:
1347:
1253:
1128:
1089:
864:
625:
245:
131:
1956:
840:
800:
779:
are so anatomically distinctive that some authors classify them each within a monotypic family (
748:
732:
724:
707:
Also commonly known as Potonieaceae, and less commonly Rachivestitaceae or Hexapterospermaceae.
1903:
740:
1938:
1648:
1312:
894:
824:
536:
205:
1943:
1930:
1811:
1784:
1749:
1710:
1679:
1640:
1554:
1527:
1470:
1435:
1404:
1339:
1302:
1292:
1245:
1210:
1120:
1081:
1050:
1016:
988:
958:
921:"Brief history of the gymnosperms: classification, biodiversity, phytogeography and ecology"
660:
530:
215:
401:. When such ovules are preserved as petrifactions, they are assigned to the fossil genera
310:
1523:
1288:
1307:
1272:
611:
225:
161:
1558:
1228:
Ramanujam C. G. K.; Rothwell G. W.; Stewart W. N. (1974). "Probable attachment of the
992:
469:
Numerous species used to be recognised for what appeared to be anatomically different
1973:
1628:
1474:
1214:
1165:
Taylor T. N. (1965). "Paleozoic seed studies: a monograph of the American species of
1020:
294:
119:
65:
34:
30:
1823:
1132:
1683:
555:
512:
326:
1608:
1531:
1897:
639:
597:
40:
541:
391:
335:
85:
50:
1888:
1652:
1297:
90:
1316:
374:
1882:
339:
302:
80:
75:
60:
55:
45:
1761:
1722:
1351:
1257:
1093:
95:
70:
1610:
Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum: Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium
1072:, a new species from the Middle Pennsylvanian of southern Illinois".
509:
attached to the rachis, and (4) the veining pattern of the pinnules.
318:
306:
298:
1859:
1753:
1714:
1439:
1408:
1368:
Delevoryas T (1955). "The Medullosae--structure and relationships".
1343:
1249:
1085:
1054:
767:
are generally attributed to medullosans. Examples are listed below.
1815:
1453:
Stidd B. M.; Oestry L. L.; Phillips T. L. (1975). "On the frond of
1201:
Stidd B. M. (2007). "The current status of medullosan seed ferns".
1124:
342:
times there were also non-arboreal forms with smaller fronds (e.g.
764:
529:
511:
373:
353:
314:
148:
1037:
Hamer J. J.; Rothwell G. W. (1988). "The vegetative structure of
1917:
367:
123:
1863:
1426:
fronds from the Upper Pennsylvanian of the Appalachian basin".
919:
Anderson, John M.; Anderson, Heidi M.; Cleal, Chris J. (2007).
1488:
Wagner R. H. (1984). "Megafloral zones of the Carboniferous".
346:) that were probably scrambling or possibly climbing plants.
317:-like leaves. Their nearest still-living relatives are the
1666:
Spencer, Alan R.T.; Hilton, Jason; Sutton, Mark D. (2013).
1645:
10.1666/0022-3360(2002)076<0173:OPPFMS>2.0.CO;2
1191:(Second edition). Hutchinson University Library, London.
975:
Laveine J.-P. (1986). "The size of the frond in the genus
963:
10.3159/1095-5674(2006)133[119:PATBOS]2.0.CO;2
1789:
10.3159/1095-5674(2006)133[83:polppf]2.0.co;2
1627:
Dunn, Michael T.; Mapes, Gene; Rothwell, Gar W. (2002).
1395:
from the Upper Pennsylvanian of the Appalachian Basin".
1387:
Beeler H. E. (1983). "Anatomy and frond architecture of
947:"Pteridosperms are the backbone of seed-plant phylogeny"
362:
ovule showing stalk attachment; Massillon Sandstone (
1107:
Drinnan A. N.; Schramke J. M.; Crane P. R. (1990). "
1872:
1032:
1030:
893:The oldest evidence of the Medullosales is of late
1570:
1568:
483:) has been linked with the parispermacean fronds.
474:preserved floras, however, that is referred to as
1512:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1363:
1361:
382:ovule showing one of the three longitudinal ribs.
1148:Mémoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle
979:Sternberg (Pteridospermopsida, Carboniferous)".
1583:Presl), pteridosperms from the Carboniferous".
1277:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
301:with circular cross-section and a vascularised
1271:Poort R.J.; Visscher H.; Dilcher D.L. (1996).
16:Extinct order of Late Carboniferous seed ferns
526:age. Collection of the Universiteit Utrecht.
8:
1505:
1503:
1860:
106:
20:
1306:
1296:
945:Hilton, J. & Bateman, R. M. (2006),
413:when found as adpressions or casts, and
1804:International Journal of Plant Sciences
1777:Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society
1613:(in English and Russian). Moscow: GEOS.
951:Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society
906:
522:pinna with mesh veins, probably middle
1847:Revue de Paléobiologie, Volume spécial
1068:Gastaldo R. A.; Matten L. C. (1978). "
1672:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
1622:
1620:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1547:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
1463:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
1203:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
1009:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
7:
914:
912:
910:
305:, complex pollen-organs, stems and
297:seed plants characterised by large
1736:Mapes G.; Rothwell G. W. (1980). "
14:
135:
2000:Carboniferous first appearances
1684:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2012.09.001
1585:Palaeontographica, Abteilung B
1370:Palaeontographica, Abteilung B
1189:The morphology of gymnosperms.
1171:Palaeontographica, Abteilung B
773:Colpospermum, Polylophospermum
1:
1607:Doweld, Alexander B. (2001).
1559:10.1016/s0034-6667(96)00033-4
993:10.1016/s0016-6995(86)80035-3
417:when found as petrifactions.
1532:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.03.045
1475:10.1016/0034-6667(75)90006-8
1215:10.1016/0034-6667(81)90075-0
1021:10.1016/0034-6667(84)90053-8
2023:
1742:American Journal of Botany
1703:American Journal of Botany
1428:Canadian Journal of Botany
1397:Canadian Journal of Botany
1332:American Journal of Botany
1238:American Journal of Botany
1109:Stephanospermum konopeonus
1074:American Journal of Botany
1043:Canadian Journal of Botany
360:Trigonocarpus trilocularis
251:
244:
202:
197:
132:Scientific classification
130:
114:
105:
23:
1995:Prehistoric plant orders
1298:10.1073/pnas.93.21.11713
1633:Journal of Paleontology
1234:Myeloxylon-Alethopteris
1041:(Pteridospermopsida)".
293:is an extinct order of
1230:Dolerotheca campanulum
1187:Sporne, K. R. (1974).
1039:Medullosa endocentrica
545:
527:
476:Medullosa endocentrica
383:
371:
1952:Paleobiology Database
633:Neurodontopteridaceae
533:
515:
377:
357:
221:Neurodontopteridaceae
1985:Pennsylvanian plants
1980:Pteridospermatophyta
1070:Trigonocarpus leanus
175:Pteridospermatophyta
2005:Permian extinctions
1524:2008PPP...268..164C
1455:Sutcliffia insignis
1289:1996PNAS...9311713P
1283:(21): 11713–11717.
789:Polylophospermaceae
763:"Trigonocarpalean"
519:Lonchopteris rugosa
364:Upper Carboniferous
232:Polylophospermaceae
1738:Quaestora amplecta
793:Stephanospermaceae
546:
528:
384:
372:
279:Hexapterospermales
237:Stephanospermaceae
1967:
1966:
1939:Open Tree of Life
1866:Taxon identifiers
1839:Cardioneuropteris
1389:Neuropteris ovata
1244:(10): 1057–1066.
1113:Botanical Gazette
795:, respectively).
720:) (ovulate organ)
584:Cardioneuropteris
549:Alethopteridaceae
537:Neuropteris ovata
534:Compression of a
516:Compression of a
451:Schopfipollenites
309:with a dissected
287:
286:
206:Alethopteridaceae
193:
116:Neuropteris ovata
2012:
1960:
1959:
1947:
1946:
1934:
1933:
1921:
1920:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1624:
1615:
1614:
1604:
1593:
1592:
1572:
1563:
1562:
1553:(1–4): 155–189.
1542:
1536:
1535:
1518:(3–4): 164–180.
1507:
1498:
1497:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1403:(9): 2352–2368.
1384:
1378:
1377:
1365:
1356:
1355:
1338:(9): 1002–1015.
1327:
1321:
1320:
1310:
1300:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1198:
1192:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1034:
1025:
1024:
1015:(3–4): 329–351.
1003:
997:
996:
972:
966:
965:
942:
936:
935:
925:
916:
857:Polypterospermum
849:Polylophospermum
781:Codonospermaceae
718:Hexapterospermum
696:Palaeoweichselia
675:Neurocallipteris
668:Neurodontopteris
661:Macroneuropteris
591:Cyclopteridaceae
563:Neuralethopteris
415:Hexapterospermum
228:(= Potonieaceae)
216:Cyclopteridaceae
211:Codonospermaceae
191:
186:
173:
140:
139:
122:of northeastern
110:
100:
37:
27:Temporal range:
21:
2022:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2009:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1955:
1950:
1942:
1937:
1929:
1924:
1916:
1911:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1868:
1858:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1754:10.2307/2442657
1735:
1734:
1730:
1715:10.2307/2440722
1696:
1695:
1691:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1626:
1625:
1618:
1606:
1605:
1596:
1574:
1573:
1566:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1509:
1508:
1501:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1440:10.1139/b90-025
1421:
1420:
1416:
1409:10.1139/b83-259
1386:
1385:
1381:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1344:10.2307/2441991
1329:
1328:
1324:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1250:10.2307/2441923
1227:
1226:
1222:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1186:
1182:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1086:10.2307/2442184
1067:
1066:
1062:
1055:10.1139/b88-060
1036:
1035:
1028:
1005:
1004:
1000:
974:
973:
969:
944:
943:
939:
923:
918:
917:
908:
904:
891:
884:(ovulate organ)
876:(ovulate organ)
873:Stephanospermum
868:(ovulate organ)
860:(ovulate organ)
852:(ovulate organ)
844:(ovulate organ)
836:(ovulate organ)
828:(ovulate organ)
820:(ovulate organ)
812:(ovulate organ)
804:(ovulate organ)
785:Colpospermaceae
777:Stephanospermum
761:
705:
635:
619:Margaritopteris
593:
577:Lonchopteridium
551:
506:
489:
459:
423:
407:Stephanospermum
352:
295:pteridospermous
267:Codonospermales
261:Trigonocarpales
255:Neuropteridales
190:
184:
171:
134:
118:Hoffmann, Late
101:
99:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1990:Permian plants
1987:
1982:
1972:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1948:
1935:
1922:
1909:
1894:
1878:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1857:
1856:
1829:
1816:10.1086/599076
1810:(6): 814–828.
1794:
1767:
1748:(5): 636–647.
1728:
1709:(8): 984–992.
1689:
1658:
1639:(1): 173–180.
1616:
1594:
1564:
1537:
1499:
1480:
1469:(1–2): 55–66.
1445:
1414:
1393:N. scheuchzeri
1379:
1357:
1322:
1263:
1220:
1193:
1180:
1157:
1138:
1125:10.1086/337839
1119:(3): 385–401.
1099:
1080:(8): 882–890.
1060:
1049:(2): 375–387.
1026:
998:
967:
937:
905:
903:
900:
890:
887:
886:
885:
877:
869:
861:
853:
845:
837:
829:
821:
813:
805:
760:
758:incertae sedis
755:
754:
753:
745:
744:(pollen organ)
737:
729:
721:
713:Hexagonocarpus
704:
703:Parispermaceae
701:
700:
699:
692:
685:
682:Barthelopteris
678:
671:
664:
657:
650:
647:Reticulopteris
643:
634:
631:
630:
629:
622:
615:
612:Callipteridium
608:
605:Laveineopteris
601:
592:
589:
588:
587:
580:
573:
566:
559:
550:
547:
505:
502:
488:
485:
458:
455:
422:
419:
411:Hexagonocarpus
351:
348:
285:
284:
283:
282:
276:
270:
264:
258:
257:Schimper, 1869
249:
248:
242:
241:
240:
239:
234:
229:
226:Parispermaceae
223:
218:
213:
208:
200:
199:
195:
194:
182:
178:
177:
169:
165:
164:
159:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
128:
127:
112:
111:
103:
102:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
38:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2018:
2017:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1699:Rhynchosperma
1693:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1236:type frond".
1235:
1231:
1224:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1002:
999:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
971:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
941:
938:
933:
929:
922:
915:
913:
911:
907:
901:
899:
896:
895:Mississippian
888:
883:
882:
881:Trigonocarpus
878:
875:
874:
870:
867:
866:
862:
859:
858:
854:
851:
850:
846:
843:
842:
838:
835:
834:
830:
827:
826:
822:
819:
818:
817:Codonospermum
814:
811:
810:
806:
803:
802:
798:
797:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
769:Codonospermum
766:
759:
756:
751:
750:
746:
743:
742:
738:
735:
734:
730:
727:
726:
722:
719:
715:
714:
710:
709:
708:
702:
698:
697:
693:
691:
690:
689:Lescuropteris
686:
684:
683:
679:
677:
676:
672:
670:
669:
665:
663:
662:
658:
656:
655:
651:
649:
648:
644:
642:
641:
637:
636:
632:
628:
627:
623:
621:
620:
616:
614:
613:
609:
607:
606:
602:
600:
599:
595:
594:
590:
586:
585:
581:
579:
578:
574:
572:
571:
567:
565:
564:
560:
558:
557:
553:
552:
548:
543:
539:
538:
532:
525:
521:
520:
514:
510:
503:
501:
499:
495:
486:
484:
482:
477:
472:
467:
464:
456:
454:
452:
448:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
421:Pollen organs
420:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
399:Trigonocarpus
395:
393:
388:
381:
380:Trigonocarpus
376:
369:
365:
361:
356:
349:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
328:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
280:
277:
274:
273:Pachytestales
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
252:
250:
247:
243:
238:
235:
233:
230:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
203:
201:
196:
189:
183:
180:
179:
176:
170:
167:
166:
163:
162:Tracheophytes
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
138:
133:
129:
125:
121:
120:Carboniferous
117:
113:
109:
104:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
36:
35:Early Permian
32:
31:Carboniferous
22:
19:
1904:Medullosales
1874:Medullosales
1873:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1636:
1632:
1609:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1515:
1511:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1431:
1427:
1424:Alethopteris
1423:
1417:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1373:
1369:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1188:
1183:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1012:
1008:
1001:
984:
980:
977:Alethopteris
976:
970:
954:
950:
940:
931:
927:
892:
889:Distribution
879:
871:
863:
855:
847:
839:
833:Holcospermum
831:
823:
815:
809:Colpospermum
807:
799:
776:
772:
768:
762:
757:
747:
739:
731:
723:
717:
711:
706:
694:
687:
680:
673:
666:
659:
654:Odontopteris
652:
645:
638:
624:
617:
610:
603:
596:
582:
575:
570:Lonchopteris
568:
561:
556:Alethopteris
554:
535:
517:
507:
497:
493:
490:
480:
475:
470:
468:
462:
460:
450:
446:
443:
438:
434:
430:
426:
424:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
396:
389:
385:
379:
359:
344:Odontopteris
343:
327:Alethopteris
325:
323:
291:Medullosales
290:
288:
281:Doweld, 2001
278:
275:Doweld, 2001
272:
269:Doweld, 2001
266:
263:Seward, 1917
260:
254:
192:Corsin, 1960
188:Medullosales
187:
155:
115:
24:Medullosales
18:
1898:Wikispecies
1579:Gothan and
1459:tuberculata
1434:: 184–192.
957:: 119–168,
865:Ptychotesta
640:Neuropteris
626:Douropteris
598:Cyclopteris
544:age, Spain.
540:, probably
524:Westphalian
435:Aulacotheca
431:Whittleseya
427:Dolerotheca
1974:Categories
1853:: 167–219.
1783:: 83–118.
1701:gen. n.".
1581:Linopteris
1577:Paripteris
1496:: 109–134.
1376:: 114–167.
1209:: 63–101.
1167:Pachytesta
928:Strelitzia
902:References
841:Pachytesta
801:Aethotesta
749:Sutcliffia
733:Paripteris
725:Linopteris
542:Kasimovian
498:Linopteris
494:Paripteris
481:Sutcliffia
403:Pachytesta
392:integument
378:Cast of a
336:Kasimovian
168:Division:
1841:Goganova
1653:0022-3360
1591:: 81–139.
987:: 49–56.
741:Potonieae
736:(foliage)
728:(foliage)
471:Medullosa
463:Medullosa
332:Moscovian
198:Families
145:Kingdom:
1883:Wikidata
1824:85907996
1678:: 1–17.
1317:16594095
1154:: 1–357.
1133:84259958
934:: 1–280.
825:Hexaloba
504:Families
447:Potoniea
439:Potoniea
358:Cast of
340:Gzhelian
307:rachides
303:nucellus
246:Synonyms
1944:5422414
1918:6876425
1889:Q978608
1762:2442657
1723:2440722
1520:Bibcode
1352:2441991
1308:1074524
1285:Bibcode
1258:2441923
1177:: 1–46.
1094:2442184
981:Geobios
487:Foliage
181:Order:
149:Plantae
1957:157238
1843:et al.
1822:
1760:
1721:
1651:
1350:
1315:
1305:
1256:
1131:
1092:
791:, and
775:, and
765:ovules
752:(stem)
366:), NE
350:Ovules
319:cycads
313:, and
299:ovules
1931:12912
1926:IRMNG
1820:S2CID
1758:JSTOR
1719:JSTOR
1457:var.
1348:JSTOR
1254:JSTOR
1232:to a
1129:S2CID
1090:JSTOR
924:(PDF)
457:Stems
315:frond
311:stele
156:Clade
1649:ISSN
1391:and
1313:PMID
496:and
437:and
368:Ohio
338:and
289:The
124:Ohio
41:PreꞒ
1913:EoL
1812:doi
1808:170
1785:doi
1781:133
1750:doi
1711:doi
1680:doi
1676:188
1641:doi
1589:230
1555:doi
1528:doi
1516:268
1471:doi
1461:".
1436:doi
1405:doi
1340:doi
1303:PMC
1293:doi
1246:doi
1211:doi
1175:117
1169:".
1152:164
1121:doi
1117:151
1082:doi
1051:doi
1017:doi
989:doi
959:doi
716:(=
405:or
1976::
1954::
1941::
1928::
1915::
1900::
1885::
1849:.
1818:.
1806:.
1779:.
1756:.
1746:67
1744:.
1717:.
1707:64
1705:.
1674:.
1670:.
1647:.
1637:76
1635:.
1631:.
1619:^
1597:^
1587:.
1567:^
1551:95
1549:.
1526:.
1514:.
1502:^
1492:.
1467:20
1465:.
1432:68
1430:.
1401:61
1399:.
1374:97
1372:.
1360:^
1346:.
1336:61
1334:.
1311:.
1301:.
1291:.
1281:93
1279:.
1275:.
1252:.
1242:61
1240:.
1207:32
1205:.
1173:.
1150:.
1127:.
1115:.
1088:.
1078:65
1076:.
1047:66
1045:.
1029:^
1013:41
1011:.
985:19
983:.
955:33
953:,
949:,
932:20
930:.
926:.
909:^
787:,
783:,
771:,
453:.
433:,
429:,
321:.
158::
126:.
91:Pg
33:-
1851:6
1826:.
1814::
1791:.
1787::
1764:.
1752::
1725:.
1713::
1686:.
1682::
1655:.
1643::
1561:.
1557::
1534:.
1530::
1522::
1494:2
1477:.
1473::
1442:.
1438::
1411:.
1407::
1354:.
1342::
1319:.
1295::
1287::
1260:.
1248::
1217:.
1213::
1135:.
1123::
1096:.
1084::
1057:.
1053::
1023:.
1019::
995:.
991::
961::
370:.
185:†
172:†
96:N
86:K
81:J
76:T
71:P
66:C
61:D
56:S
51:O
46:Ꞓ
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
