366:
119:
477:
merge and split along the length of the stem and in fact represents a single dissected stele. As the stems increased in size, the vascular segments also expanded by adding secondary wood. The vascular segments of the stele are embedded in ground tissue that contain canals or ducts thought to have contained a resin-like substance. The cortex surrounding the stele also had resin-ducts, and towards the outside of the stem there were radially aligned bands of sclerotic tissue.
398:
the ultimate pinnae. However, there is a strong possibility that this reconstruction was based on the chance finds of ovules having been preserved just lying on a piece of pinna rather than in organic attachment to it. A number of cases are now coming to light that suggest that the seeds were borne in clusters on relatively slender, branching axes, and that these trusses of ovules would have been produced from the top of the trunk among the crown of fronds.
148:
542:
524:
909:
for a little longer, with evidence having been found there in the
Asselian Stage. There is little evidence to suggest that the Medullosales ranged into the southern latitudes of Gondwana. In the northern hemisphere, there are good late Mississippian records in temperate latitudes of Kazakhstan but evidence from the higher northern latitudes in Siberia (Angara) is more equivocal.
386:
405:; the nucellus and integument were completely free except at the base of the ovule. There has been some debate as to the exact homologies of these tissues, and it has been argued that the vascularised nucellus was in fact the nucellus and integument that have become fused together, and that the 'integument' was homologous to a cupule that contained only one ovule.
908:
age. The group became particularly diverse and abundant during
Moscovian and Kasimovian times when it dominated many habitats in the tropical wetland of Euramerica, especially on clastic substrates. The group became extinct in Euramerica in earliest Permian (Autunian) times. They survived in China
476:
when found as petrifactions with anatomy preserved. When viewed in transverse section they appear to have several vascular segments passing along the length of the stem, superficially resembling the polysteles seen in tree ferns. However, detailed study of these vascular strands has shown that they
502:
Fragments of the fronds are the most frequently found fossils of the
Medullosales, and they have been widely used for biostratigraphy and biogeographical studies. Most are characterised by a major fork of the main rachis in the lower (proximal) part of the frond. Each branch produced by the fork
397:
Ovules in different medullosalean species could vary from maybe 1 cm to over 10 cm long - the latter being the largest known ovules produced by any non-angiosperm seed-plant. It was traditionally believed that the ovules were borne directly on the fronds, replacing one of the pinnules on
519:
The characters used to differentiate the fossil genera have used in descending order of significance to group families based mainly on vegetative characters, notably the architecture of the frond: (1) the overall architecture of the frond, (2) the epidermis and cuticles, (3) how the pinnules are
484:
stems, but many of these differences have been shown to represent changes that took place with the growth of the stem. Moreover, it has been shown that very similar types of stem could bear a variety of different types of frond. There is a distinctive type of stem found in Late
Pennsylvanian
503:
has an essentially pinnate appearance, superficially resembling the fronds of many ferns, but it is now thought that they in fact consist of a series of more or less overtopped dichotomies. Only one group of fronds, known as parispermacean fronds (fossil genera
489:
and has consistently slender stems and (uniquely for medullosaleans) axillary branching, and has been interpreted as a climbing plant. Another distinctive type of stem in which the vascular segments are of two different sizes in transverse section (fossil genus
455:
The pollen that they produce is strictly known as pre-pollen, as it germinated proximally and was thus intermediate in structure between pteridophytic spores and gymnospermous true-pollen. The pollen organs of the parispermacean species (fossil genus
420:, depending mainly on differences in the apical form of the ovule. Another group of medullosalean seeds, usually associated with parispermacean fronds (see later), have six longitudinal ribs and are referred to as
1017:
Wnuk C.; Pfefferkorn H. W. (1984). "The life habits and paleoecology of Middle
Pennsylvanian medullosan pteridosperms based on an in situ assemblage from the Bernice Basin (Sullivan County, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.)".
1679:"Combined methodologies for three-dimensional reconstruction of fossil plants preserved in siderite nodules: Stephanospermum braidwoodensis nov. sp. (Medullosales) from the Mazon Creek lagerstätte"
1640:"On Paleozoic Plants from Marine Strata: Hexaloba Finisensia New Genus and Species, A Trigonocarpalean Ovule from the Virgilian (Upper Pennsylvanian: Gzhelian) Finis Shale of Texas"
436:
The pollen producing organs consisted of clusters of elongate sacs formed into a variety of cup-, bell- and cigar-shaped configurations, assigned to various fossil genera including
1936:
460:) produced spherical pre-pollen with a trilete mark. Most other medullosaleans produced large ovoid pre-pollen with a monolete mark, and assigned to the genus
345:
times, many medullosales were rather smaller, with fronds only about 2 metres long, and apparently growing in dense, mutually supporting stands. During
2010:
1813:
Seyfullah L. J.; Hilton J.; Shi-Jun Wang; Galtier J. (2009). "Anatomically preserved pteridosperm stems and rachises from
Permian floras of China".
472:
Most medullosaleans had unbranched, upright stems that produced a crown of fronds at the top. The most widespread are referred to the fossil genus
1848:
Goganova L. A.; Laveine J.-P.; Lemoigne Y.; Durante M.; et al. (1992). "General characteristics of the
Carboniferous pteridosperm
1556:
Laveine J.-P. (1997). "Synthetic analysis of the neuropterids. Their interest for the decipherment of
Carboniferous palaeogeography".
2005:
1786:
DiMichele W. A.; Phillips T. L.; Pfefferkorn H. W. (2006). "Paleoecology of Late
Paleozoic pteridosperms from tropical Euramerica".
1341:
Basinger J. F.; Rothwell G. W.; Stewart W. N. (1974). "Cauline vasculature and leaf trace production in medullosan pteridosperms".
511:), lacked this major dichotomy although they were still thought to have been constructed from a series of overtopped dichotomies.
1586:
Laveine J.-P.; Lemoigne Y.; Shanzhen Zhang (1993). "General characteristics and paleobiogeography of the
Parispermaceae (genera
1284:"Zoidogamy in fossil gymnosperms: the centenary of a concept, with special reference to pre-pollen of Late Paleozoic conifers"
408:
Most medullosalean ovules preserved as casts or adpressions show three longitudinal ribs and are assigned to the fossil genus
1157:
Doubinger J.; Vetter P.; Langiaux J.; Galtier J.; Broutin J. (1995). "La flore fossile du bassin houiller de Saint-Étienne".
1122:(Langford) comb. nov: a medullosan ovule from the Middle Pennsylvanian Mazon Creek flora of northeastern Illinois, U.S.A.".
957:
1995:
1990:
452:. Unlike with the ovules, there is good anatomical evidence that they were borne on the fronds, attached to the rachis.
2015:
147:
342:
1708:
Taylor T. N.; Eggert D. A. (1967). "Petrified plants from the Upper Mississippian of North America. I: The seed
1655:
973:
401:
The seed megaspore was surrounded by two layers of tissue: a vascularised nucellus and a usually three-layered
365:
1799:
931:
2000:
341:, whose fronds could be 7 metres long and the trees were perhaps up to 10 metres tall. Especially in
1876:
799:
529:
242:
1962:
803:
247:
231:
1501:
Compte rendu 9e Congrès International de Stratigraphie et de Géologie du Carbonifère (Washington, 1979)
1433:
Pryor J. S. (1990). "Delimiting species among permineralized medullosan pteridosperms: a plant bearing
594:
1521:
Cleal C. J. (2008). "Palaeofloristics of Middle Pennsylvanian medullosaleans in Variscan Euramerica".
867:
859:
791:
706:
685:
678:
573:
221:
118:
1923:
1530:
1295:
883:
795:
629:
587:
185:
723:
692:
657:
615:
891:
827:
699:
534:
374:
1856:, from the uppermost Visean strata of Kuucheku Colliery near Karaganda, central Kazakhstan, CIS".
843:
819:
664:
580:
335:
Most medullosales were small to medium-sized trees. The largest specimens were probably of genus
1830:
1768:
1751:
gen. et ap. n., a structurally simple medullosan stem from the Upper Mississippian of Arkansas".
1729:
1678:
1358:
1264:
1139:
1100:
875:
636:
256:
142:
1967:
851:
811:
790:
are so anatomically distinctive that some authors classify them each within a monotypic family (
759:
743:
735:
718:
Also commonly known as Potonieaceae, and less commonly Rachivestitaceae or Hexapterospermaceae.
1914:
751:
1949:
1659:
1323:
905:
835:
547:
216:
1954:
1941:
1822:
1795:
1760:
1721:
1690:
1651:
1565:
1538:
1481:
1446:
1415:
1350:
1313:
1303:
1256:
1221:
1131:
1092:
1061:
1027:
999:
969:
932:"Brief history of the gymnosperms: classification, biodiversity, phytogeography and ecology"
671:
541:
226:
412:. When such ovules are preserved as petrifactions, they are assigned to the fossil genera
321:
1534:
1299:
1318:
1283:
622:
236:
172:
1569:
1239:
Ramanujam C. G. K.; Rothwell G. W.; Stewart W. N. (1974). "Probable attachment of the
1003:
480:
Numerous species used to be recognised for what appeared to be anatomically different
1984:
1639:
1485:
1225:
1176:
Taylor T. N. (1965). "Paleozoic seed studies: a monograph of the American species of
1031:
305:
130:
76:
45:
41:
1834:
1143:
1694:
566:
523:
337:
1619:
1542:
1908:
650:
608:
51:
552:
402:
346:
96:
61:
17:
1899:
1663:
1308:
101:
1327:
385:
1893:
350:
313:
91:
86:
71:
66:
56:
1772:
1733:
1362:
1268:
1104:
106:
81:
1621:
Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum: Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium
1083:, a new species from the Middle Pennsylvanian of southern Illinois".
520:
attached to the rachis, and (4) the veining pattern of the pinnules.
329:
317:
309:
1870:
1764:
1725:
1450:
1419:
1379:
Delevoryas T (1955). "The Medullosae--structure and relationships".
1354:
1260:
1096:
1065:
778:
are generally attributed to medullosans. Examples are listed below.
1826:
1464:
Stidd B. M.; Oestry L. L.; Phillips T. L. (1975). "On the frond of
1212:
Stidd B. M. (2007). "The current status of medullosan seed ferns".
1135:
353:
times there were also non-arboreal forms with smaller fronds (e.g.
775:
540:
522:
384:
364:
325:
159:
1048:
Hamer J. J.; Rothwell G. W. (1988). "The vegetative structure of
1928:
378:
134:
1874:
1437:
fronds from the Upper Pennsylvanian of the Appalachian basin".
930:
Anderson, John M.; Anderson, Heidi M.; Cleal, Chris J. (2007).
1499:
Wagner R. H. (1984). "Megafloral zones of the Carboniferous".
357:) that were probably scrambling or possibly climbing plants.
328:-like leaves. Their nearest still-living relatives are the
1677:
Spencer, Alan R.T.; Hilton, Jason; Sutton, Mark D. (2013).
1656:
10.1666/0022-3360(2002)076<0173:OPPFMS>2.0.CO;2
1202:(Second edition). Hutchinson University Library, London.
986:
Laveine J.-P. (1986). "The size of the frond in the genus
974:
10.3159/1095-5674(2006)133[119:PATBOS]2.0.CO;2
1800:
10.3159/1095-5674(2006)133[83:polppf]2.0.co;2
1638:
Dunn, Michael T.; Mapes, Gene; Rothwell, Gar W. (2002).
1406:
from the Upper Pennsylvanian of the Appalachian Basin".
1398:
Beeler H. E. (1983). "Anatomy and frond architecture of
958:"Pteridosperms are the backbone of seed-plant phylogeny"
373:
ovule showing stalk attachment; Massillon Sandstone (
1118:
Drinnan A. N.; Schramke J. M.; Crane P. R. (1990). "
1883:
1043:
1041:
904:The oldest evidence of the Medullosales is of late
1581:
1579:
494:) has been linked with the parispermacean fronds.
485:preserved floras, however, that is referred to as
1523:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1374:
1372:
393:ovule showing one of the three longitudinal ribs.
1159:Mémoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle
990:Sternberg (Pteridospermopsida, Carboniferous)".
1594:Presl), pteridosperms from the Carboniferous".
1288:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
312:with circular cross-section and a vascularised
1282:Poort R.J.; Visscher H.; Dilcher D.L. (1996).
27:Extinct order of Late Carboniferous seed ferns
537:age. Collection of the Universiteit Utrecht.
8:
1516:
1514:
1871:
117:
31:
1317:
1307:
956:Hilton, J. & Bateman, R. M. (2006),
424:when found as adpressions or casts, and
1815:International Journal of Plant Sciences
1788:Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society
1624:(in English and Russian). Moscow: GEOS.
962:Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society
917:
533:pinna with mesh veins, probably middle
1858:Revue de Paléobiologie, Volume spécial
1079:Gastaldo R. A.; Matten L. C. (1978). "
1683:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
1633:
1631:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1558:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
1474:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
1214:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
1020:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
7:
925:
923:
921:
316:, complex pollen-organs, stems and
308:seed plants characterised by large
1747:Mapes G.; Rothwell G. W. (1980). "
25:
146:
2011:Carboniferous first appearances
1695:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2012.09.001
1596:Palaeontographica, Abteilung B
1381:Palaeontographica, Abteilung B
1200:The morphology of gymnosperms.
1182:Palaeontographica, Abteilung B
784:Colpospermum, Polylophospermum
1:
1618:Doweld, Alexander B. (2001).
1570:10.1016/s0034-6667(96)00033-4
1004:10.1016/s0016-6995(86)80035-3
428:when found as petrifactions.
1543:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.03.045
1486:10.1016/0034-6667(75)90006-8
1226:10.1016/0034-6667(81)90075-0
1032:10.1016/0034-6667(84)90053-8
2032:
1753:American Journal of Botany
1714:American Journal of Botany
1439:Canadian Journal of Botany
1408:Canadian Journal of Botany
1343:American Journal of Botany
1249:American Journal of Botany
1120:Stephanospermum konopeonus
1085:American Journal of Botany
1054:Canadian Journal of Botany
371:Trigonocarpus trilocularis
262:
255:
213:
208:
143:Scientific classification
141:
125:
116:
34:
2006:Prehistoric plant orders
1309:10.1073/pnas.93.21.11713
1644:Journal of Paleontology
1245:Myeloxylon-Alethopteris
1052:(Pteridospermopsida)".
304:is an extinct order of
1241:Dolerotheca campanulum
1198:Sporne, K. R. (1974).
1050:Medullosa endocentrica
556:
538:
487:Medullosa endocentrica
394:
382:
1963:Paleobiology Database
644:Neurodontopteridaceae
544:
526:
388:
368:
232:Neurodontopteridaceae
1996:Pennsylvanian plants
1991:Pteridospermatophyta
1081:Trigonocarpus leanus
186:Pteridospermatophyta
2016:Permian extinctions
1535:2008PPP...268..164C
1466:Sutcliffia insignis
1300:1996PNAS...9311713P
1294:(21): 11713–11717.
800:Polylophospermaceae
774:"Trigonocarpalean"
530:Lonchopteris rugosa
375:Upper Carboniferous
243:Polylophospermaceae
1749:Quaestora amplecta
804:Stephanospermaceae
557:
539:
395:
383:
290:Hexapterospermales
248:Stephanospermaceae
1978:
1977:
1950:Open Tree of Life
1877:Taxon identifiers
1850:Cardioneuropteris
1400:Neuropteris ovata
1255:(10): 1057–1066.
1124:Botanical Gazette
806:, respectively).
731:) (ovulate organ)
595:Cardioneuropteris
560:Alethopteridaceae
548:Neuropteris ovata
545:Compression of a
527:Compression of a
462:Schopfipollenites
320:with a dissected
298:
297:
217:Alethopteridaceae
204:
127:Neuropteris ovata
16:(Redirected from
2023:
1971:
1970:
1958:
1957:
1945:
1944:
1932:
1931:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1635:
1626:
1625:
1615:
1604:
1603:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1564:(1–4): 155–189.
1553:
1547:
1546:
1529:(3–4): 164–180.
1518:
1509:
1508:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1414:(9): 2352–2368.
1395:
1389:
1388:
1376:
1367:
1366:
1349:(9): 1002–1015.
1338:
1332:
1331:
1321:
1311:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1209:
1203:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1045:
1036:
1035:
1026:(3–4): 329–351.
1014:
1008:
1007:
983:
977:
976:
953:
947:
946:
936:
927:
868:Polypterospermum
860:Polylophospermum
792:Codonospermaceae
729:Hexapterospermum
707:Palaeoweichselia
686:Neurocallipteris
679:Neurodontopteris
672:Macroneuropteris
602:Cyclopteridaceae
574:Neuralethopteris
426:Hexapterospermum
239:(= Potonieaceae)
227:Cyclopteridaceae
222:Codonospermaceae
202:
197:
184:
151:
150:
133:of northeastern
121:
111:
48:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2020:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1966:
1961:
1953:
1948:
1940:
1935:
1927:
1922:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1879:
1869:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1765:10.2307/2442657
1746:
1745:
1741:
1726:10.2307/2440722
1707:
1706:
1702:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1637:
1636:
1629:
1617:
1616:
1607:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1520:
1519:
1512:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1451:10.1139/b90-025
1432:
1431:
1427:
1420:10.1139/b83-259
1397:
1396:
1392:
1378:
1377:
1370:
1355:10.2307/2441991
1340:
1339:
1335:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1261:10.2307/2441923
1238:
1237:
1233:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1197:
1193:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1097:10.2307/2442184
1078:
1077:
1073:
1066:10.1139/b88-060
1047:
1046:
1039:
1016:
1015:
1011:
985:
984:
980:
955:
954:
950:
934:
929:
928:
919:
915:
902:
895:(ovulate organ)
887:(ovulate organ)
884:Stephanospermum
879:(ovulate organ)
871:(ovulate organ)
863:(ovulate organ)
855:(ovulate organ)
847:(ovulate organ)
839:(ovulate organ)
831:(ovulate organ)
823:(ovulate organ)
815:(ovulate organ)
796:Colpospermaceae
788:Stephanospermum
772:
716:
646:
630:Margaritopteris
604:
588:Lonchopteridium
562:
517:
500:
470:
434:
418:Stephanospermum
363:
306:pteridospermous
278:Codonospermales
272:Trigonocarpales
266:Neuropteridales
201:
195:
182:
145:
129:Hoffmann, Late
112:
110:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2029:
2027:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
2001:Permian plants
1998:
1993:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1959:
1946:
1933:
1920:
1905:
1889:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1868:
1867:
1840:
1827:10.1086/599076
1821:(6): 814–828.
1805:
1778:
1759:(5): 636–647.
1739:
1720:(8): 984–992.
1700:
1669:
1650:(1): 173–180.
1627:
1605:
1575:
1548:
1510:
1491:
1480:(1–2): 55–66.
1456:
1425:
1404:N. scheuchzeri
1390:
1368:
1333:
1274:
1231:
1204:
1191:
1168:
1149:
1136:10.1086/337839
1130:(3): 385–401.
1110:
1091:(8): 882–890.
1071:
1060:(2): 375–387.
1037:
1009:
978:
948:
916:
914:
911:
901:
898:
897:
896:
888:
880:
872:
864:
856:
848:
840:
832:
824:
816:
771:
769:incertae sedis
766:
765:
764:
756:
755:(pollen organ)
748:
740:
732:
724:Hexagonocarpus
715:
714:Parispermaceae
712:
711:
710:
703:
696:
693:Barthelopteris
689:
682:
675:
668:
661:
658:Reticulopteris
654:
645:
642:
641:
640:
633:
626:
623:Callipteridium
619:
616:Laveineopteris
612:
603:
600:
599:
598:
591:
584:
577:
570:
561:
558:
516:
513:
499:
496:
469:
466:
433:
430:
422:Hexagonocarpus
362:
359:
296:
295:
294:
293:
287:
281:
275:
269:
268:Schimper, 1869
260:
259:
253:
252:
251:
250:
245:
240:
237:Parispermaceae
234:
229:
224:
219:
211:
210:
206:
205:
193:
189:
188:
180:
176:
175:
170:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
139:
138:
123:
122:
114:
113:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
49:
37:
26:
24:
18:Parispermaceae
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2028:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1710:Rhynchosperma
1704:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1622:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1247:type frond".
1246:
1242:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
982:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
952:
949:
944:
940:
933:
926:
924:
922:
918:
912:
910:
907:
906:Mississippian
899:
894:
893:
892:Trigonocarpus
889:
886:
885:
881:
878:
877:
873:
870:
869:
865:
862:
861:
857:
854:
853:
849:
846:
845:
841:
838:
837:
833:
830:
829:
828:Codonospermum
825:
822:
821:
817:
814:
813:
809:
808:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
780:Codonospermum
777:
770:
767:
762:
761:
757:
754:
753:
749:
746:
745:
741:
738:
737:
733:
730:
726:
725:
721:
720:
719:
713:
709:
708:
704:
702:
701:
700:Lescuropteris
697:
695:
694:
690:
688:
687:
683:
681:
680:
676:
674:
673:
669:
667:
666:
662:
660:
659:
655:
653:
652:
648:
647:
643:
639:
638:
634:
632:
631:
627:
625:
624:
620:
618:
617:
613:
611:
610:
606:
605:
601:
597:
596:
592:
590:
589:
585:
583:
582:
578:
576:
575:
571:
569:
568:
564:
563:
559:
554:
550:
549:
543:
536:
532:
531:
525:
521:
514:
512:
510:
506:
497:
495:
493:
488:
483:
478:
475:
467:
465:
463:
459:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
432:Pollen organs
431:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
410:Trigonocarpus
406:
404:
399:
392:
391:Trigonocarpus
387:
380:
376:
372:
367:
360:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
339:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
291:
288:
285:
284:Pachytestales
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
263:
261:
258:
254:
249:
246:
244:
241:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
214:
212:
207:
200:
194:
191:
190:
187:
181:
178:
177:
174:
173:Tracheophytes
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
149:
144:
140:
136:
132:
131:Carboniferous
128:
124:
120:
115:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
47:
46:Early Permian
43:
42:Carboniferous
33:
30:
19:
1915:Medullosales
1885:Medullosales
1884:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1686:
1682:
1672:
1647:
1643:
1620:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1526:
1522:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1442:
1438:
1435:Alethopteris
1434:
1428:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1384:
1380:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1291:
1287:
1277:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1199:
1194:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1023:
1019:
1012:
995:
991:
988:Alethopteris
987:
981:
965:
961:
951:
942:
938:
903:
900:Distribution
890:
882:
874:
866:
858:
850:
844:Holcospermum
842:
834:
826:
820:Colpospermum
818:
810:
787:
783:
779:
773:
768:
758:
750:
742:
734:
728:
722:
717:
705:
698:
691:
684:
677:
670:
665:Odontopteris
663:
656:
649:
635:
628:
621:
614:
607:
593:
586:
581:Lonchopteris
579:
572:
567:Alethopteris
565:
546:
528:
518:
508:
504:
501:
491:
486:
481:
479:
473:
471:
461:
457:
454:
449:
445:
441:
437:
435:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
407:
400:
396:
390:
370:
355:Odontopteris
354:
338:Alethopteris
336:
334:
302:Medullosales
301:
299:
292:Doweld, 2001
289:
286:Doweld, 2001
283:
280:Doweld, 2001
277:
274:Seward, 1917
271:
265:
203:Corsin, 1960
199:Medullosales
198:
166:
126:
35:Medullosales
29:
1909:Wikispecies
1590:Gothan and
1470:tuberculata
1445:: 184–192.
968:: 119–168,
876:Ptychotesta
651:Neuropteris
637:Douropteris
609:Cyclopteris
555:age, Spain.
551:, probably
535:Westphalian
446:Aulacotheca
442:Whittleseya
438:Dolerotheca
1985:Categories
1864:: 167–219.
1794:: 83–118.
1712:gen. n.".
1592:Linopteris
1588:Paripteris
1507:: 109–134.
1387:: 114–167.
1220:: 63–101.
1178:Pachytesta
939:Strelitzia
913:References
852:Pachytesta
812:Aethotesta
760:Sutcliffia
744:Paripteris
736:Linopteris
553:Kasimovian
509:Linopteris
505:Paripteris
492:Sutcliffia
414:Pachytesta
403:integument
389:Cast of a
347:Kasimovian
179:Division:
1852:Goganova
1664:0022-3360
1602:: 81–139.
998:: 49–56.
752:Potonieae
747:(foliage)
739:(foliage)
482:Medullosa
474:Medullosa
343:Moscovian
209:Families
156:Kingdom:
1894:Wikidata
1835:85907996
1689:: 1–17.
1328:16594095
1165:: 1–357.
1144:84259958
945:: 1–280.
836:Hexaloba
515:Families
458:Potoniea
450:Potoniea
369:Cast of
351:Gzhelian
318:rachides
314:nucellus
257:Synonyms
1955:5422414
1929:6876425
1900:Q978608
1773:2442657
1734:2440722
1531:Bibcode
1363:2441991
1319:1074524
1296:Bibcode
1269:2441923
1188:: 1–46.
1105:2442184
992:Geobios
498:Foliage
192:Order:
160:Plantae
1968:157238
1854:et al.
1833:
1771:
1732:
1662:
1361:
1326:
1316:
1267:
1142:
1103:
802:, and
786:, and
776:ovules
763:(stem)
377:), NE
361:Ovules
330:cycads
324:, and
310:ovules
1942:12912
1937:IRMNG
1831:S2CID
1769:JSTOR
1730:JSTOR
1468:var.
1359:JSTOR
1265:JSTOR
1243:to a
1140:S2CID
1101:JSTOR
935:(PDF)
468:Stems
326:frond
322:stele
167:Clade
1660:ISSN
1402:and
1324:PMID
507:and
448:and
379:Ohio
349:and
300:The
135:Ohio
52:PreꞒ
1924:EoL
1823:doi
1819:170
1796:doi
1792:133
1761:doi
1722:doi
1691:doi
1687:188
1652:doi
1600:230
1566:doi
1539:doi
1527:268
1482:doi
1472:".
1447:doi
1416:doi
1351:doi
1314:PMC
1304:doi
1257:doi
1222:doi
1186:117
1180:".
1163:164
1132:doi
1128:151
1093:doi
1062:doi
1028:doi
1000:doi
970:doi
727:(=
416:or
1987::
1965::
1952::
1939::
1926::
1911::
1896::
1860:.
1829:.
1817:.
1790:.
1767:.
1757:67
1755:.
1728:.
1718:64
1716:.
1685:.
1681:.
1658:.
1648:76
1646:.
1642:.
1630:^
1608:^
1598:.
1578:^
1562:95
1560:.
1537:.
1525:.
1513:^
1503:.
1478:20
1476:.
1443:68
1441:.
1412:61
1410:.
1385:97
1383:.
1371:^
1357:.
1347:61
1345:.
1322:.
1312:.
1302:.
1292:93
1290:.
1286:.
1263:.
1253:61
1251:.
1218:32
1216:.
1184:.
1161:.
1138:.
1126:.
1099:.
1089:65
1087:.
1058:66
1056:.
1040:^
1024:41
1022:.
996:19
994:.
966:33
964:,
960:,
943:20
941:.
937:.
920:^
798:,
794:,
782:,
464:.
444:,
440:,
332:.
169::
137:.
102:Pg
44:-
1862:6
1837:.
1825::
1802:.
1798::
1775:.
1763::
1736:.
1724::
1697:.
1693::
1666:.
1654::
1572:.
1568::
1545:.
1541::
1533::
1505:2
1488:.
1484::
1453:.
1449::
1422:.
1418::
1365:.
1353::
1330:.
1306::
1298::
1271:.
1259::
1228:.
1224::
1146:.
1134::
1107:.
1095::
1068:.
1064::
1034:.
1030::
1006:.
1002::
972::
381:.
196:†
183:†
107:N
97:K
92:J
87:T
82:P
77:C
72:D
67:S
62:O
57:Ꞓ
20:)
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