1339:
1306:
153:
2812:
524:
2353:
5077:
5063:
848:
625:
5089:
2941:
2346:
2340:
5101:
2806:
132:
838:
crest) on the border of the nasal passage and the throat, used to keep it open and to allow for breathing while eating. The development of a secondary palate in the skull gradually evolved in therocephalians, and the choanal crest is featured in all later therocephalians.
825:. Between the palatine and maxilla, just behind the canines, are large foramens, presumably to allow for nerves. A slanting ridge along the middle of the palatine presumably supported a soft palate, which allowed air to travel between the nose and the lungs.
864:
was a cat-like predator, being able to pierce skin and hold onto struggling prey with its long canines. This is the first record of this kind of hunting technique. Given its sturdily designed, thick snout, enormous canines, and powerful jaw muscles,
1457:
Peter D Ward; Jennifer Botha; Roger Buik; Michiel O. De Kock; Douglas H. Erwin; Geoffrey H Garrison; Joseph L Kirschvink; Roger Smith (2005). "Abrupt and
Gradual Extinction Among Late Permian Land Vertebrates in the Karoo Basin, South Africa".
730:. They are especially thick and strong, and uniquely circular in cross-section. In length, these sabers are comparable to gorgonopsids. While there is no real modern analogue, the most similar living example would be the
719:. They are large, curve slightly, and have a bell-shaped cross-section. They had smooth cutting surfaces, and, unlike those of other therocephalians, lacked facets or striae resulting from abrasion and wear.
817:(forming the back of the roof of the mouth) are enlarged and thick, especially on their outer edges where they are joined to the maxilla. On their inner edges, the palatines are joined to the pterygoid and
635:
was a large carnivore, reaching 1.1–1.5 metres (3.6–4.9 ft) in total body length and weighing 84.3 kilograms (186 lb). The skull is similar to that of the
Gorgonopsids, with large
3681:
3008:
915:
grew faster than
Permian ones, resulting in reduced body size in the former, largely believed to be an effect of the harsher environmental variability after the Permian Extinction (
508:
by
Kitching in his unpublished PhD thesis, and a re-description of the holotype in 2023 by David Groenewald and Christian Kammerer confirmed this proposal. As the older name,
3391:
2977:
1090:
The
Paleobiology of South African Therocephalian Therapsids (Amniota, Synapsida) and the Effects of the End-Permian Extinction on Size, Growth, and Bone Microstructure
5170:
745:
had a reduced number of postcanines which were housed in the maxillae. In most therocephalians, the “teeth,” or rather toothlike projection (denticulations) of the
813:
Overall, the palate is convex, with a broad, triangular vomer, with paired tubercles, rounded projections pointing ventrally, similar to other akidnognathids. The
4870:
3648:
3686:
5234:
5249:
3653:
801:. The lacrimal has a bony boss (a rounded knob) on the orbit, and a large foramen towards its inner side. The lower edge of the eye socket is formed the
1215:
5264:
919:). Permian skulls average 207 mm (8.1 in) in length, while that of Triassic skull is only 179 mm (7.0 in). Nonetheless, Triassic
5157:
1662:
666:
jaw, showing range of motion necessary for such large incisors, and upper palatal fenestrae of snout. (From van
Valkenburgh and Jenkins, 2002).
5239:
5224:
943:
Groenewald, D. P.; Kammerer, C. F. (2023). "Re-identification and updated stratigraphic context of the holotypes of the late
Permian tetrapods
520:
as the correct name, pending a revision of akidnognathid therocephalian taxonomy and the possibility that even older names may have seniority.
2970:
682:. The lower jaw is much broader than that of any other therocephalian. The upper snout projects a bit beyond the incisors in juveniles.
5244:
3492:
4875:
3427:
5093:
4972:
2963:
1151:
4257:
4927:
4865:
4262:
5254:
4247:
4242:
3643:
3500:
2811:
785:, depressions on either side of the crest, indicating the presence of many blood vessels and nerves supplying the brain.
4828:
4523:
4267:
3691:
152:
4518:
4252:
1655:
647:, to those of a lion. They possess a characteristically short, broad snout. They possess a pair of prominently long
3546:
3536:
3510:
877:
Many vertebrate fossils have been uncovered in the Karoo Basin. Other therocephalians from the same rock level are
678:
is characteristically short and broad. The blunt tip of the snout features a ridge running down the midline to the
4947:
3472:
381:, reaching 1.1–1.5 metres (3.6–4.9 ft) in total body length with the largest skull comparable to that of a
4568:
3437:
3088:
3024:
2352:
805:
and maxillary bones. The jugal ends at the eye socket, and is not convex, as in several later therocephalians.
2345:
1420:"New Middle Triassic Tetrapods from the Upper Fremouw Formation of Antarctica and Their Depositional Setting"
5229:
4917:
4397:
3505:
3220:
3174:
3098:
2986:
1520:
1226:
992:
904:
1611:
911:, intense seasons, reduced ecosystem diversity, and a loss of forests. Fossil evidence shows that Triassic
5259:
5125:
4932:
4860:
4823:
3515:
3396:
3159:
2944:
2339:
1648:
1475:
407:. While most abundant in the Late Permian, it survived into the Early Triassic in small numbers after the
5196:
3442:
283:
2454:
1521:"Rapid vertebrate recuperation in the Karoo Basin of South Africa following the End-Permian extinction"
1393:
5004:
4962:
4912:
3618:
3609:
3306:
3049:
2805:
2482:
1467:
1088:
516:
for the species. However, Groenewald and
Kammerer (2023) believed it would be premature to establish
2109:
1480:
5107:
5081:
4967:
4808:
3562:
3455:
3411:
3386:
3257:
3235:
3123:
3113:
3073:
2538:
2271:
2010:
828:
The sabers require the mouth to open widely for use, making feeding difficult. The closely related
463:
2907:
2872:
2176:
2137:
4942:
4907:
4191:
3631:
3626:
3465:
3460:
3371:
3269:
3240:
3169:
3118:
3029:
2879:
2685:
2189:
1952:
1945:
1931:
1917:
1753:
1574:
1501:
1439:
1331:
1044:
900:
501:
408:
308:
147:
1895:
5201:
5183:
5175:
5032:
4937:
4613:
4206:
3636:
3301:
3296:
3274:
3230:
3225:
3193:
3181:
3103:
3034:
2782:
2151:
1592:
1493:
1307:"An Investigation into the Cladistic Relationships and Monophyly of Therocephalian Therapsids"
1287:
1104:
Rubidge, B. S.; Sidor, C. A. (2001). "Evolutionary
Patterns Among Permo-Triassic Therapsids".
885:
830:
656:
636:
523:
447:
5188:
1419:
1117:
590:, along with other large, carnivorous therapsids with strong skulls and large upper canines.
4161:
4041:
4026:
3850:
3753:
3291:
3279:
3210:
3044:
2858:
2710:
2461:
1626:
1582:
1566:
1535:
1485:
1431:
1372:
1321:
1277:
1267:
1204:
1195:
species composition across the Permo–Triassic boundary in the Karoo Basin of South Africa".
1166:
1113:
1036:
1023:
Huttenlocker AK, Botha-Brink J (2013). "Body size and growth patterns in the therocephalian
960:
597:
584:
528:
455:
374:
353:
5037:
4792:
4724:
4689:
4653:
4457:
4432:
4357:
4211:
4196:
4111:
3925:
3865:
3845:
3763:
3401:
3381:
3376:
3264:
3203:
3154:
3083:
2545:
2503:
2433:
2398:
2102:
2086:
2059:
1989:
1966:
1909:
1886:
1840:
1220:
species composition across the Permo–Triassic boundary in the Karoo Basin of South Africa"
916:
766:
731:
587:
443:, refers to Mr. James Kitching, who originally found (but did not describe) the specimen.
356:
239:
1361:"New therapsid specimens and the origin of the secondary hard and soft palate of mammals"
1471:
1418:
Christian A. Sidor; Roger M. H. Smith; Adam K. Huttenlocker; Brandon R. Peecook (2014).
1282:
1251:
1152:"Evolutionary Patterns in the History of Permo-Triassic and Cenozoic Synapsid Predators"
5067:
4957:
4787:
4709:
4663:
4638:
4583:
4502:
4427:
4412:
4392:
4382:
4332:
4287:
4226:
4141:
4071:
4031:
3825:
3712:
3541:
3531:
3366:
3361:
3215:
3198:
3164:
2775:
2768:
2734:
2678:
2524:
2278:
2165:
2158:
2144:
2025:
1902:
1722:
1587:
1554:
1377:
1360:
908:
847:
782:
778:
774:
746:
697:
644:
568:
546:
543:
412:
386:
370:
45:
624:
5218:
4891:
4818:
4756:
4628:
4623:
4598:
4548:
4467:
4452:
4442:
4367:
4342:
4337:
4327:
4322:
4292:
4176:
4151:
4121:
4066:
4016:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3930:
3920:
3885:
3855:
3830:
3804:
3743:
3604:
3599:
3039:
2844:
2719:
2699:
2531:
2517:
2440:
2426:
2285:
2257:
2209:
2095:
2068:
2039:
1973:
1815:
1802:
1765:
1671:
1539:
1443:
1326:
1208:
1174:
814:
794:
770:
561:
539:
478:
459:
428:
400:
346:
226:
82:
1505:
1335:
1048:
5062:
4952:
4922:
4714:
4704:
4668:
4593:
4573:
4553:
4497:
4482:
4472:
4377:
4362:
4317:
4216:
4146:
4116:
4106:
4056:
4046:
4011:
3990:
3970:
3965:
3910:
3895:
3773:
3758:
3738:
3482:
2921:
2914:
2893:
2886:
2831:
2754:
2726:
2658:
2631:
2620:
2606:
2597:
2552:
2447:
2405:
2292:
2264:
2200:
2116:
1875:
1859:
879:
853:
822:
705:
679:
652:
572:
483:
467:
366:
318:
259:
41:
1630:
1435:
1394:"A revised descripction of the skull of moschorhinus (therapsida, therocephalia)"
4782:
4719:
4694:
4673:
4658:
4588:
4563:
4492:
4487:
4437:
4422:
4407:
4372:
4312:
4302:
4201:
4186:
4181:
4136:
4131:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4036:
3905:
3890:
3875:
3840:
3768:
3477:
3432:
3356:
3324:
3247:
3108:
3068:
2865:
2851:
2570:
2559:
2496:
2489:
2419:
2241:
2230:
2223:
2075:
2018:
1959:
1938:
1924:
601:
396:
57:
5148:
1027:(Eutheriodontia) before and after the end-Permian extinction in South Africa".
4813:
4777:
4648:
4633:
4618:
4608:
4558:
4477:
4462:
4447:
4387:
4347:
4307:
4297:
4101:
4076:
4051:
3940:
3935:
3900:
3880:
3860:
3707:
3594:
3252:
3133:
2692:
2640:
2510:
2468:
2384:
2371:
2307:
2250:
2047:
1868:
1847:
1833:
1713:
1170:
802:
798:
716:
709:
210:
131:
102:
67:
17:
439:
for nose or snout, in reference to its short, broad snout. The species name,
4761:
4740:
4699:
4417:
4402:
4221:
4171:
4156:
4126:
4081:
4061:
4021:
3915:
3870:
3835:
3820:
3799:
3783:
3722:
3717:
3406:
2900:
2745:
2613:
2579:
2412:
2216:
2123:
1738:
1704:
1489:
471:
378:
197:
164:
107:
51:
1596:
1570:
1497:
1291:
477:
Broom had previously named another species of therocephalian in 1907 from
2955:
1612:"The Lilliput effect in the aftermath of the end-Permian extinction event"
993:"On Some New Therocephalian Reptiles from the Karroo Beds of South Africa"
5142:
4603:
4578:
4543:
3995:
3945:
3778:
3748:
3450:
2671:
2647:
2032:
2003:
1695:
628:
Side view of the head, showing the sabers and range of motion for the jaw
613:
576:
349:
184:
97:
92:
77:
72:
62:
1272:
5162:
5042:
4352:
2586:
1578:
965:
723:
701:
648:
605:
404:
339:
112:
87:
899:
seems to have gone extinct in the Early
Triassic at 251 mya after the
4643:
2761:
2475:
1689:
835:
797:
is larger than the reduced prefrontal, and forms the majority of the
685:
The nostrils were large and positioned towards the tip of the snout.
640:
451:
174:
5119:
27:
Genus of synapsid from late Permian and early Triassic South Africa
1040:
846:
818:
623:
565:
522:
342:
1256:(Therapsida: Therocephalia) from the Karoo Basin of South Africa"
1640:
385:
in size, and had a broad, blunt snout which bore long, straight
382:
5123:
5021:
4993:
4849:
3670:
3583:
3345:
2997:
2959:
2828:
2369:
1800:
1682:
1644:
903:
by 252 mya, along with 80–95% of animal species, due to a mass
470:
in 1920. It is now one of the best known and most recognizable
769:
above the eyes, followed by large, widened frontal bones. The
1365:
Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research
1553:
Damiani, R.; Modesto, S.; Yates, A.; Neveling, J. (2003).
777:
along the midline of the skull, which houses a very basic
3682:
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa
3009:
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa
1250:
Stuart, B. P.; Huttenlocker, A. K.; Botha, J. (2024).
821:
on the nose, forming part of the circumference of the
639:(three in total as a synapsid) and a convexly bowed
5132:
4900:
4884:
4801:
4770:
4749:
4733:
4682:
4536:
4511:
4280:
4235:
4004:
3813:
3792:
3731:
3700:
3555:
3524:
3491:
3420:
3392:
Tectonic evolution of the Barberton greenstone belt
3317:
3144:
3058:
3017:
2744:
2709:
2657:
2630:
2596:
2569:
2382:
2306:
2240:
2199:
2175:
2085:
2058:
1987:
1885:
1858:
1813:
1764:
1737:
1619:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
722:The large saber-like canines are held within the
923:were the largest therocephalians of their time.
538:remains have been found most prominently in the
997:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
893:specimens were the only large therocephalians.
4871:Geological Commission of the Cape of Good Hope
3649:Department of Mineral Resources (South Africa)
643:. The skull ranged in size to comparable to a
3687:Archean life in the Barberton Greenstone Belt
2971:
1656:
8:
1559:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
1359:Maier W, van den Heever J, Durand F (1996).
938:
936:
726:, and are quickly identifiable features of
5120:
5100:
5018:
4990:
4881:
4846:
4508:
4232:
3697:
3667:
3654:Department of Mineral Resources and Energy
3580:
3417:
3342:
3014:
2994:
2978:
2964:
2956:
2825:
2663:
2390:
2379:
2366:
2181:
1995:
1825:
1821:
1810:
1797:
1743:
1734:
1679:
1663:
1649:
1641:
869:appears to have been a daunting predator.
395:appears to have ecologically replaced the
130:
31:
1586:
1555:"Earliest evidence of cynodont burrowing"
1479:
1376:
1325:
1314:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1281:
1271:
964:
749:, are greatly reduced or missing, and in
1354:
1352:
1118:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114113
1106:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
496:, maintaining it as a distinct species.
1191:Botha, J. & Smith, R.M.H. (2005). "
1082:
1080:
1078:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
932:
1413:
1411:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
411:, though these Triassic survivors had
1150:van Valkenburgh B, Jenkins I (2002).
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
458:in South Africa, near the village of
7:
907:event. This appears to have led to
604:. Both groups were built much like
512:would have taxonomic priority over
500:was later recognised as a probable
5235:Early Triassic synapsids of Africa
4876:Geological Society of South Africa
1424:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1398:Annals of the South African Museum
1378:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1996.tb00805.x
781:. Indentations can be seen in the
712:in either side of the upper jaw.
25:
5250:Lopingian genus first appearances
3428:List of volcanoes in South Africa
1528:Journal of African Earth Sciences
1345:from the original on 19 Mar 2023.
1093:(Ph.D). University of Washington.
5265:Early Triassic genus extinctions
5099:
5088:
5087:
5075:
5061:
4973:Eduard Meine van Zinderen-Bakker
2940:
2939:
2810:
2804:
2351:
2344:
2338:
1540:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2006.04.006
1327:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00538.x
1209:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2007.00011.x
151:
4258:Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone
761:Tracing the roof of the skull,
715:The incisors are housed in the
450:, a skull (best preserved, the
4866:Evolutionary Studies Institute
4263:Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone
1159:Paleontological Society Papers
608:. Following the extinction of
435:for calf or young animal, and
365:, which has been found in the
1:
5240:Fossil taxa described in 1920
5225:Lopingian synapsids of Africa
4248:Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone
4243:Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone
3644:Minerals Council South Africa
3501:1620 Robben Island earthquake
377:. It was a large carnivorous
4851:Research and administration
4524:Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone
4268:Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone
1631:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.11.038
1610:Richard J Twitchett (2007).
1436:10.1080/02724634.2014.837472
1252:"The postcranial anatomy of
851:Reconstruction feeding on a
741:Like other therocephalians,
4519:Cynognathus Assemblage Zone
4253:Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone
1087:Huttenlocker, Adam (2013).
616:took over a similar niche.
5281:
5245:Taxa named by Robert Broom
3547:Vredefort impact structure
3537:Morokweng impact structure
3511:2006 Mozambique earthquake
1519:Botha J, Smith RM (2006).
1305:Huttenlocker Adam (2009).
5055:
5028:
5017:
5000:
4989:
4948:Daniel Rossouw Kannemeyer
4856:
4845:
4829:Waterloo Farm lagerstätte
3692:Waterloo Farm lagerstätte
3677:
3666:
3590:
3579:
3473:Barberton Greenstone Belt
3352:
3341:
3004:
2993:
2935:
2839:
2824:
2802:
2666:
2393:
2378:
2365:
2336:
2184:
1998:
1828:
1824:
1809:
1796:
1746:
1733:
1678:
1171:10.1017/S1089332600001121
696:is thought to have had a
488:, that he later moved to
431:words μόσχος (mos'-khos)
403:, and hunted much like a
314:
307:
289:
282:
148:Scientific classification
146:
138:
129:
34:
4569:Coelophysis rhodesiensis
3438:Pilanesberg Game Reserve
3089:Table Mountain Sandstone
3025:Bushveld Igneous Complex
446:Kitching discovered the
5082:South Africa portal
4918:Charles Kimberlin Brain
3506:1969 Tulbagh earthquake
3221:Abrahamskraal Formation
3175:Sundays River Formation
3099:Abrahamskraal Formation
2987:Geology of South Africa
1490:10.1126/science.1107068
1213:Full version online at
953:Palaeontologia Africana
583:is classified into the
359:with only one species:
4933:Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan
4861:Council for Geoscience
4824:West Coast Fossil Park
3516:2014 Orkney earthquake
3397:Terra Australis Orogen
3347:Tectonics and orogeny
3160:Buffelskloof Formation
1571:10.1098/rspb.2003.2427
1254:Moschorhinus kitchingi
1025:Moschorhinus kitchingi
857:
629:
532:
296:Moschorhinus kitchingi
141:Moschorhinus kitchingi
5197:Paleobiology Database
3443:Prince Edward Islands
2999:Geological formations
951:from KwaZulu-Natal".
850:
627:
526:
373:of the South African
5255:Changhsingian genera
5005:Geology of Cape Town
4963:John Talbot Robinson
4913:Lieuwe Dirk Boonstra
3619:Coal in South Africa
3610:Banket (mining term)
3307:Normandien Formation
3050:Transvaal Supergroup
949:Scymnosaurus warreni
860:It is presumed that
700:of I6.C1.M3, with 6
579:and modern mammals.
427:is derived from the
4968:George William Stow
4809:Cradle of Humankind
3563:Bellsbank meteorite
3456:Finsch diamond mine
3412:Witwatersrand Basin
3387:Makhonjwa Mountains
3258:Whitehill Formation
3236:Middleton Formation
3124:Whitehill Formation
3114:Ganigobis Formation
3074:Ganigobis Formation
1565:(1525): 1747–1751.
1472:2005Sci...307..709W
1392:Durand J F (1991).
1273:10.7717/peerj.17765
834:shows stiff folds (
600:once controlled by
474:of the supergroup.
5068:Geology portal
4943:Alfred W. Crompton
4908:Andrew Geddes Bain
4192:Pristerognathoides
3632:Titanium in Africa
3627:Platinum in Africa
3623:Iron ore in Africa
3466:Koffiefontein mine
3461:Jagersfontein Mine
3372:Gondwanide orogeny
3270:Bushveld Sandstone
3241:Teekloof Formation
3170:Kirkwood Formation
3119:Teekloof Formation
3030:Fig Tree Formation
901:Permian Extinction
858:
657:saber toothed cats
637:temporal fenestrae
630:
564:, a member of the
533:
466:by paleontologist
409:Permian Extinction
5212:
5211:
5184:Open Tree of Life
5126:Taxon identifiers
5117:
5116:
5051:
5050:
5033:Pothole (geology)
5013:
5012:
4995:Regional articles
4985:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4938:H. Basil S. Cooke
4841:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4614:Heterodontosaurus
4532:
4531:
4276:
4275:
4207:Promoschorhynchus
3662:
3661:
3637:Uranium in Africa
3585:Mineral deposits
3575:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3302:Molteno Formation
3297:Katberg Formation
3275:Clarens Formation
3231:Katberg Formation
3226:Balfour Formation
3194:Drakensberg Group
3182:Kalahari Deposits
3104:Balfour Formation
3035:Komatii Formation
2953:
2952:
2931:
2930:
2820:
2819:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2783:Traversodontoides
2455:Jiucaiyuangnathus
2361:
2360:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2302:
2301:
2152:Promoschorhynchus
1983:
1982:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1466:(5710): 709–714.
886:Promoschorhynchus
831:Promoschorhynchus
753:they are absent.
736:Neofelis nebulosa
651:, similar to the
612:by the Triassic,
448:holotype specimen
331:
330:
325:
275:M. kitchingi
263:
16:(Redirected from
5272:
5205:
5204:
5192:
5191:
5179:
5178:
5166:
5165:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5121:
5103:
5102:
5091:
5090:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5066:
5065:
5019:
4991:
4882:
4847:
4509:
4233:
4162:Macroscelesaurus
4042:Cistecephaloides
4027:Blattoidealestes
3851:Cistecephaloides
3754:Deltacephalaspis
3698:
3668:
3581:
3418:
3343:
3292:Elliot Formation
3280:Elliot Formation
3211:Karoo Supergroup
3045:Onverwacht Group
3015:
2995:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2957:
2943:
2942:
2859:Blattoidealestes
2826:
2815:
2814:
2808:
2711:Ericiolacertidae
2664:
2462:Macroscelesaurus
2391:
2380:
2367:
2356:
2355:
2348:
2342:
2182:
1996:
1826:
1822:
1811:
1798:
1744:
1735:
1728:
1727:
1680:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1642:
1635:
1634:
1625:(1–2): 132–144.
1616:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1590:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1525:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1483:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1415:
1406:
1405:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1356:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1329:
1311:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1285:
1275:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1231:
1225:. Archived from
1224:
1212:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1173:. Archived from
1156:
1147:
1122:
1121:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1084:
1053:
1052:
1020:
1001:
1000:
991:Broom R (1920).
988:
971:
970:
968:
945:Dicynodon ingens
940:
767:prefrontal bones
765:possesses small
662:Lateral view of
531:and its outcrops
529:Karoo Supergroup
456:Karoo Supergroup
375:Karoo Supergroup
323:
298:
294:
258:
251:
238:
225:
156:
155:
134:
124:
54:
40:Temporal range:
32:
21:
5280:
5279:
5275:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5269:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5208:
5200:
5195:
5187:
5182:
5174:
5169:
5161:
5156:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5128:
5118:
5113:
5076:
5074:
5060:
5047:
5038:Steep structure
5024:
5009:
4996:
4977:
4901:Paleontologists
4896:
4880:
4852:
4833:
4797:
4793:Vulpes skinneri
4766:
4745:
4729:
4725:Ptychoceratodus
4690:Acanthohoplites
4678:
4654:Ptychoceratodus
4528:
4507:
4458:Ptychoceratodus
4433:Platycraniellus
4358:Ictidosuchoides
4272:
4231:
4212:Scalopocephalus
4197:Pristerognathus
4112:Homodontosaurus
4000:
3926:Ictidosuchoides
3866:Dicynodontoides
3846:Charassognathus
3809:
3788:
3764:Gondwanascorpio
3727:
3696:
3673:
3658:
3586:
3567:
3551:
3520:
3487:
3416:
3402:Transvaal Basin
3382:Kalahari Craton
3377:Kaapvaal Craton
3348:
3329:
3313:
3265:Stormberg Group
3204:Uitenhage Group
3155:Uitenhage Group
3140:
3084:Bokkeveld Group
3054:
3013:
3000:
2989:
2984:
2954:
2949:
2927:
2835:
2816:
2809:
2788:
2740:
2705:
2653:
2626:
2592:
2565:
2546:Silphictidoides
2504:Scalopocephalus
2483:Nanictocephalus
2434:Ictidosuchoides
2399:Homodontosaurus
2387:
2374:
2357:
2350:
2322:
2298:
2236:
2195:
2171:
2103:Annatherapsidus
2087:Akidnognathidae
2081:
2060:Chthonosauridae
2054:
1992:
1990:Eutherocephalia
1979:
1967:Pristerognathus
1910:Biarmosuchoides
1887:Scylacosauridae
1881:
1854:
1841:Porosteognathus
1818:
1805:
1780:
1760:
1729:
1685:
1684:
1674:
1669:
1639:
1638:
1614:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1534:(4–5): 502–14.
1523:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1481:10.1.1.503.2065
1456:
1455:
1451:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1342:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1214:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1125:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1086:
1085:
1056:
1022:
1021:
1004:
990:
989:
974:
942:
941:
934:
929:
917:Lilliput effect
875:
845:
811:
791:
783:temporal fossae
759:
747:pterygoid bones
732:clouded leopard
691:
672:
622:
588:Akidnognathidae
555:
462:. It was first
423:The genus name
421:
357:Akidnognathidae
303:
300:
292:
291:
278:
257:
249:
240:Akidnognathidae
236:
223:
150:
139:Restoration of
125:
123:
122:
121:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
49:
48:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5278:
5276:
5268:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5230:Akidnognathids
5227:
5217:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5193:
5180:
5167:
5154:
5138:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5124:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5111:
5104:
5097:
5085:
5071:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5022:
5015:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5007:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4994:
4987:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4958:James Kitching
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4888:
4886:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4850:
4843:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4788:Panthera shawi
4785:
4780:
4774:
4772:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4753:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4710:Macroscaphites
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4686:
4684:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4664:Sefapanosaurus
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4639:Massospondylus
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4584:Erythrotherium
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4515:
4513:
4506:
4505:
4503:Zorillodontops
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4428:Plateosauravus
4425:
4420:
4415:
4413:Olivierosuchus
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4393:Microgomphodon
4390:
4385:
4383:Melanorosaurus
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4333:Erythrotherium
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4288:Batrachosuchus
4284:
4282:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4239:
4237:
4230:
4229:
4227:Uranocentrodon
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4142:Lanthanostegus
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4072:Cynariognathus
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4032:Brachyprosopus
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4008:
4006:
4005:Beaufort Group
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3826:Alopecognathus
3823:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3713:Onychopterella
3710:
3704:
3702:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3602:
3597:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3542:Tswaing crater
3539:
3534:
3532:Kalkkop crater
3528:
3526:
3525:Impact craters
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3497:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3367:Ellisras Basin
3364:
3362:Cape Fold Belt
3359:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3250:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3216:Beaufort Group
3208:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3199:Enon Formation
3196:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3165:Enon Formation
3162:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3065:Carboniferous
3062:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3021:
3019:
3018:Palaeoarchaean
3012:
3011:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2960:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2779:
2776:Scalopognathus
2772:
2769:Microgomphodon
2765:
2758:
2750:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2735:Silphedosuchus
2731:
2723:
2715:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2679:Nothogomphodon
2675:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2644:
2636:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2602:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2583:
2575:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2525:Scalopolacerta
2521:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2394:
2388:
2383:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2312:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2279:Moschowhaitsia
2275:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2246:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2205:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2166:Zorillodontops
2162:
2159:Shiguaignathus
2155:
2148:
2145:Olivierosuchus
2141:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2110:Cerdosuchoides
2106:
2099:
2091:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2064:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2029:
2026:Perplexisaurus
2022:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1993:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1906:
1903:Alopecognathus
1899:
1891:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1864:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1844:
1837:
1829:
1819:
1814:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1747:
1741:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1723:Eutheriodontia
1716:
1707:
1698:
1692:
1683:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1645:
1637:
1636:
1602:
1545:
1511:
1449:
1430:(4): 793–801.
1407:
1384:
1348:
1320:(4): 865–891.
1297:
1242:
1203:(2): 125–137.
1183:
1180:on 2013-10-17.
1123:
1096:
1054:
1002:
972:
931:
930:
928:
925:
909:stunted growth
874:
871:
844:
841:
815:palatine bones
810:
807:
790:
787:
779:pineal foramen
775:sagittal crest
773:form a narrow
758:
755:
698:dental formula
690:
687:
671:
668:
645:monitor lizard
621:
618:
596:took over the
569:Eutheriodontia
562:therocephalian
554:
553:Classification
551:
547:Beaufort Group
544:Lower Triassic
420:
417:
413:stunted growth
371:Early Triassic
347:therocephalian
329:
328:
327:
326:
312:
311:
305:
304:
301:
287:
286:
280:
279:
271:
269:
265:
264:
247:
243:
242:
234:
230:
229:
221:
214:
213:
208:
201:
200:
195:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
144:
143:
136:
135:
127:
126:
118:
117:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
55:
46:Early Triassic
39:
26:
24:
18:Moschorhininae
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5277:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5260:Induan genera
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5203:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5159:
5155:
5150:
5144:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5122:
5110:
5109:
5105:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5064:
5058:
5057:
5054:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5027:
5020:
5016:
5006:
5003:
5002:
4999:
4992:
4988:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4893:
4892:Hans Merensky
4890:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4855:
4848:
4844:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4819:Scylacorhinus
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4757:Africanacetus
4755:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4629:Litargosuchus
4627:
4625:
4624:Lesothosaurus
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4599:Gigantoscelus
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4549:Abrictosaurus
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4468:Scaloposaurus
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4453:Proterosuchus
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4443:Progalesaurus
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4368:Lepidodendron
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4343:Euskelosaurus
4341:
4339:
4338:Eucnemesaurus
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4328:Erythrosuchus
4326:
4324:
4323:Ericiolacerta
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4293:Blikanasaurus
4291:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4177:Pelictosuchus
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4152:Lepidodendron
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4122:Ictidochampsa
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4067:Cryptocynodon
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4017:Anomocephalus
4015:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3986:Thliptosaurus
3984:
3982:
3981:Theriognathus
3979:
3977:
3976:Stereosternum
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3961:Scylacosaurus
3959:
3957:
3956:Procynosuchus
3954:
3952:
3951:Odontocyclops
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3931:Lepidodendron
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3921:Ictidognathus
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3886:Dwykaselachus
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3856:Crapartinella
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3831:Anomocephalus
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3806:
3805:Lepidodendron
3803:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:Carboniferous
3791:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3744:Antarctilamna
3742:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3672:Paleontology
3669:
3665:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3605:Witwatersrand
3603:
3601:
3600:Merensky Reef
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3582:
3578:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3344:
3340:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3040:Moodies Group
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3003:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2976:
2974:
2969:
2967:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2946:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2845:Alopecorhinus
2842:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2807:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2720:Ericiolacerta
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2700:Scaloposaurus
2697:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2539:Scaloposuchus
2536:
2534:
2533:
2532:Scaloporhinus
2529:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2518:Scalopodontes
2515:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2441:Ictidosuchops
2438:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2427:Ictidognathus
2424:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2354:
2349:
2347:
2341:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2286:Theriognathus
2283:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2272:Microwhaitsia
2269:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2258:Ictidochampsa
2255:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2210:Gorochovetzia
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2096:Akidnognathus
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2069:Chthonosaurus
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2040:Scylacosuchus
2037:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2011:Kotelcephalon
2008:
2006:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1986:
1976:
1975:
1974:Scylacosaurus
1971:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1816:Therocephalia
1812:
1808:
1804:
1803:Therocephalia
1799:
1795:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1766:Therocephalia
1763:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1672:Therocephalia
1666:
1661:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1453:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1385:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1246:
1243:
1232:on 2008-09-10
1228:
1221:
1219:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1041:10.1666/12020
1038:
1035:(2): 253–77.
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1003:
998:
994:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
973:
967:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
939:
937:
933:
926:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
892:
888:
887:
882:
881:
872:
870:
868:
863:
856:
855:
849:
842:
840:
837:
833:
832:
826:
824:
820:
816:
808:
806:
804:
800:
796:
795:lacrimal bone
788:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
756:
754:
752:
748:
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
720:
718:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
688:
686:
683:
681:
677:
674:The snout of
669:
667:
665:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
626:
619:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
589:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
567:
563:
559:
552:
550:
548:
545:
541:
540:Upper Permian
537:
530:
525:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
485:
480:
479:KwaZulu-Natal
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
460:Nieu-Bethesda
457:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
429:Ancient Greek
426:
418:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
401:apex predator
398:
394:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
363:
358:
355:
351:
348:
344:
341:
337:
336:
322:
320:
316:
315:
313:
310:
306:
299:
297:
288:
285:
284:Binomial name
281:
277:
276:
270:
267:
266:
261:
256:
255:
248:
245:
244:
241:
235:
232:
231:
228:
227:Therocephalia
222:
219:
216:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
154:
149:
145:
142:
137:
133:
128:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
53:
50:254–251
47:
43:
37:
33:
30:
19:
5134:Moschorhinus
5133:
5106:
5092:
5073:
5059:
4953:Andre Keyser
4928:Alfred Brown
4923:Robert Broom
4715:Nqwebasaurus
4705:Kangnasaurus
4669:Sphenosuchus
4594:Geranosaurus
4574:Dracovenator
4554:Antetonitrus
4498:Ufudocyclops
4483:Tetracynodon
4473:Scymnosaurus
4378:Lystrosaurus
4363:Kannemeyeria
4318:Elliotherium
4217:Silpholestes
4167:Moschorhinus
4166:
4147:Leontosaurus
4117:Icticephalus
4107:Euchambersia
4057:Colobodectes
4047:Choerosaurus
4012:Aelurosaurus
3991:Trochosaurus
3971:Simorhinella
3966:Scymnosaurus
3911:Glossopteris
3896:Eunotosaurus
3774:Serenichthys
3759:Diplacanthus
3739:Africanaspis
3483:Karoo-Ferrar
2922:Trochosuchus
2920:
2915:Trochosaurus
2913:
2908:Trochorhinus
2906:
2899:
2894:Scymnosaurus
2892:
2887:Ictidosaurus
2885:
2878:
2873:Hyaenasuchus
2871:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2832:Nomina dubia
2830:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2755:Antecosuchus
2753:
2733:
2727:Pedaeosaurus
2725:
2718:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2659:Bauriamorpha
2646:
2639:
2632:Regisauridae
2621:Tetracynodon
2619:
2612:
2607:Choerosaurus
2605:
2598:Lycideopidae
2585:
2578:
2558:
2553:Silpholestes
2551:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2448:Ictidosuchus
2446:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2406:Icticephalus
2404:
2397:
2343:
2293:Viatkosuchus
2291:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2265:Megawhaitsia
2263:
2256:
2249:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2201:Hofmeyriidae
2188:
2177:Whaitsioidea
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2138:Notaelurodon
2136:
2131:Moschorhinus
2130:
2129:
2122:
2117:Euchambersia
2115:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2074:
2067:
2046:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2009:
2002:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1876:Simorhinella
1874:
1867:
1860:Lycosuchidae
1846:
1839:
1832:
1718:
1709:
1700:
1622:
1618:
1605:
1562:
1558:
1548:
1531:
1527:
1514:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1427:
1423:
1401:
1397:
1387:
1368:
1364:
1317:
1313:
1300:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1245:
1234:. Retrieved
1227:the original
1218:Lystrosaurus
1217:
1200:
1196:
1193:Lystrosaurus
1192:
1186:
1175:the original
1162:
1158:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1089:
1032:
1029:Paleobiology
1028:
1024:
996:
956:
952:
948:
944:
921:Moschorhinus
920:
913:Moschorhinus
912:
897:Moschorhinus
896:
895:
891:Moschorhinus
890:
884:
880:Tetracynodon
878:
876:
873:Paleoecology
867:Moschorhinus
866:
862:Moschorhinus
861:
859:
854:Lystrosaurus
852:
843:Paleobiology
829:
827:
823:nasal cavity
812:
792:
763:Moschorhinus
762:
760:
751:Moschorhinus
750:
743:Moschorhinus
742:
740:
735:
728:Moschorhinus
727:
721:
714:
694:Moschorhinus
693:
692:
684:
680:frontal bone
676:Moschorhinus
675:
673:
664:Moschorhinus
663:
661:
633:Moschorhinus
632:
631:
610:Moschorhinus
609:
602:gorgonopsids
594:Moschorhinus
593:
592:
581:Moschorhinus
580:
573:sister taxon
558:Moschorhinus
557:
556:
536:Moschorhinus
535:
534:
517:
514:M. kitchingi
513:
509:
506:M. kitchingi
505:
497:
493:
490:Moschorhinus
489:
484:Scymnosaurus
482:
476:
468:Robert Broom
445:
440:
436:
432:
425:Moschorhinus
424:
422:
397:gorgonopsids
393:Moschorhinus
392:
391:
367:Late Permian
362:M. kitchingi
361:
360:
335:Moschorhinus
334:
333:
332:
319:Scymnosaurus
317:
295:
290:
274:
273:
254:Moschorhinus
253:
252:
217:
204:
191:
140:
42:Late Permian
36:Moschorhinus
35:
29:
4783:Homo naledi
4771:Pleistocene
4720:Paranthodon
4695:Algoasaurus
4674:Tritheledon
4659:Pulanesaura
4589:Fabrosaurus
4564:Coelophysis
4512:Assemblages
4493:Trirachodon
4488:Thrinaxodon
4438:Procolophon
4423:Pentasaurus
4408:Noteosuchus
4398:Micropholis
4373:Lydekkerina
4313:Dinanomodon
4303:Cynognathus
4236:Assemblages
4202:Procolophon
4187:Pristerodon
4182:Polycynodon
4137:Ictidostoma
4132:Ictidodraco
4097:Eohyosaurus
4092:Eodicynodon
4087:Dinanomodon
4037:Broomistega
3906:Glanosuchus
3891:Endothiodon
3876:Dinanomodon
3841:Bulbasaurus
3769:Priscomyzon
3493:Earthquakes
3478:Drakensberg
3433:Pilanesberg
3357:Algoa Basin
3325:Algoa Group
3248:Dwyka Group
3151:Cretaceous
3130:Ordovician
3109:Dwyka Group
3069:Dwyka Group
2880:Ictidoparia
2866:Dongusaurus
2852:Arnognathus
2686:Notictoides
2571:Karenitidae
2560:Yikezhaogia
2497:Rhigosaurus
2490:Polycynodon
2420:Ictidodraco
2242:Whaitsiidae
2231:Mirotenthes
2224:Ictidostoma
2190:Ophidostoma
2076:Ichibengops
2019:Nanictidops
1960:Pardosuchus
1953:Maraisaurus
1946:Koksharovia
1939:Julognathus
1932:Hyorhynchus
1925:Glanosuchus
1918:Eutheriodon
1112:: 449–480.
966:10539/37143
959:: 171–179.
789:Eye sockets
717:premaxillae
710:postcanines
620:Description
492:in 1932 as
437:rhin/rhino-
324:Broom, 1907
302:Broom, 1920
5219:Categories
4885:Geologists
4814:Planolites
4778:Boskop Man
4683:Cretaceous
4649:Pegomastax
4634:Lycorhinus
4619:Ledumahadi
4609:Gyposaurus
4559:Arcusaurus
4478:Shansiodon
4463:Regisaurus
4448:Prolacerta
4388:Mesosuchus
4348:Galesaurus
4308:Diademodon
4298:Bolotridon
4102:Emyduranus
4077:Cynosaurus
4052:Clelandina
3941:Mesosaurus
3936:Lycosuchus
3901:Galechirus
3881:Dinogorgon
3861:Cynosaurus
3708:Notiodella
3701:Ordovician
3595:Kimberlite
3556:Meteorites
3447:Diatremes
3253:Ecca Group
3134:Soom Shale
2693:Ordosiodon
2641:Regisaurus
2511:Scalopodon
2469:Malasaurus
2385:Baurioidea
2372:Baurioidea
2317:see below↓
2308:Baurioidea
2251:Dalongkoua
2048:Cynodontia
1896:Alopecodon
1869:Lycosuchus
1848:Cynodontia
1834:Gorynychus
1775:see below↓
1714:Therapsida
1404:: 381–413.
1266:. e17765.
1236:2008-07-02
1165:: 267–88.
999:: 351–354.
927:References
799:eye socket
757:Skull roof
518:M. warreni
510:M. warreni
498:M. warreni
494:M. warreni
472:therapsids
454:), in the
211:Therapsida
4762:Nummulite
4741:Nummulite
4734:Paleogene
4700:Baculites
4418:Orosaurus
4403:Myosaurus
4222:Tamboeria
4172:Paliguana
4157:Lycideops
4127:Ictidodon
4082:Diictodon
4062:Compsodon
4022:Basilodon
3916:Hofmeyria
3871:Diictodon
3836:Basilodon
3821:Abdalodon
3800:Dadoxylon
3784:Umzantsia
3723:Soomaspis
3718:Promissum
3421:Volcanism
3407:Witteberg
3288:Triassic
3190:Jurassic
3080:Devonian
3059:Paleozoic
2901:Tamboeria
2746:Bauriidae
2614:Lycideops
2580:Karenites
2413:Ictidodon
2217:Hofmeyria
2124:Jiufengia
1754:Synapsida
1739:Synapsida
1705:Synapsida
1688:Kingdom:
1476:CiteSeerX
1444:128981733
771:parietals
614:cynodonts
577:cynodonts
464:described
441:kitchingi
379:therapsid
268:Species:
198:Synapsida
171:Kingdom:
165:Eukaryota
5149:Q1093062
5143:Wikidata
5108:Glossary
5094:Category
4604:Gryponyx
4579:Eocursor
4544:Aardonyx
4537:Jurassic
4281:Triassic
3996:Youngina
3946:Moschops
3779:Tutusius
3749:Bainella
3732:Devonian
3451:Big Hole
3318:Cenozoic
3145:Mesozoic
3095:Permian
2945:Category
2672:Hazhenia
2648:Urumchia
2033:Purlovia
2004:Caodeyao
1696:Chordata
1694:Phylum:
1690:Animalia
1597:12965004
1506:46198018
1498:15661973
1371:: 9–19.
1340:Archived
1336:84603632
1292:39148680
1283:11326434
1049:86490421
724:maxillae
708:, and 3
702:incisors
649:incisors
606:big cats
571:and the
419:Taxonomy
350:synapsid
309:Synonyms
233:Family:
185:Chordata
181:Phylum:
175:Animalia
161:Domain:
5189:4127123
5176:1128438
5163:4822350
5043:Swazian
4750:Neogene
4353:Howesia
3814:Permian
2587:Mupashi
1588:1691433
1579:3592240
1468:Bibcode
1460:Science
1197:Lethaia
905:hypoxia
836:choanal
653:canines
502:synonym
486:warreni
433:moschos
405:big cat
387:canines
352:in the
340:extinct
321:warreni
293:†
272:†
246:Genus:
119:↓
4644:Ngwevu
2762:Bauria
2476:Muchia
1595:
1585:
1577:
1504:
1496:
1478:
1442:
1334:
1290:
1280:
1047:
809:Palate
706:canine
641:palate
585:family
452:palate
399:as an
354:family
338:is an
262:, 1920
5202:39155
5171:IRMNG
5023:Other
4802:Other
1719:Clade
1710:Clade
1701:Clade
1615:(PDF)
1575:JSTOR
1524:(PDF)
1502:S2CID
1440:S2CID
1343:(PDF)
1332:S2CID
1310:(PDF)
1260:PeerJ
1230:(PDF)
1223:(PDF)
1178:(PDF)
1155:(PDF)
1045:S2CID
819:vomer
803:jugal
689:Teeth
670:Snout
598:niche
566:clade
560:is a
343:genus
260:Broom
218:Clade
205:Clade
192:Clade
5158:GBIF
1752:see
1593:PMID
1494:PMID
1288:PMID
947:and
883:and
793:The
704:, 1
527:The
383:lion
58:PreꞒ
1627:doi
1623:252
1583:PMC
1567:doi
1563:270
1536:doi
1486:doi
1464:307
1432:doi
1373:doi
1322:doi
1318:157
1278:PMC
1268:doi
1205:doi
1167:doi
1114:doi
1037:doi
961:hdl
738:).
655:of
575:to
542:to
504:of
369:to
345:of
5221::
5199::
5186::
5173::
5160::
5145::
1721::
1712::
1703::
1621:.
1617:.
1591:.
1581:.
1573:.
1561:.
1557:.
1532:45
1530:.
1526:.
1500:.
1492:.
1484:.
1474:.
1462:.
1438:.
1428:34
1426:.
1422:.
1410:^
1402:99
1400:.
1396:.
1369:34
1367:.
1363:.
1351:^
1338:.
1330:.
1316:.
1312:.
1286:.
1276:.
1264:12
1262:.
1258:.
1201:40
1199:.
1161:.
1157:.
1126:^
1110:32
1108:.
1057:^
1043:.
1033:39
1031:.
1005:^
995:.
975:^
957:56
955:.
935:^
889:.
659:.
549:.
481:,
415:.
389:.
220::
207::
194::
108:Pg
52:Ma
2979:e
2972:t
2965:v
2730:?
2051:?
2043:?
2014:?
1913:?
1851:?
1664:e
1657:t
1650:v
1633:.
1629::
1599:.
1569::
1542:.
1538::
1508:.
1488::
1470::
1446:.
1434::
1381:.
1375::
1324::
1294:.
1270::
1239:.
1216:"
1211:.
1207::
1169::
1163:8
1120:.
1116::
1051:.
1039::
969:.
963::
734:(
250:†
237:†
224:†
113:N
103:K
98:J
93:T
88:P
83:C
78:D
73:S
68:O
63:Ꞓ
44:–
20:)
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