621:
757:
259:
821:
29:
894:
101:
783:, a form of cured game meats commonly used in Africa. This iron ration was prepared in two small tins (soldered together) that were fastened inside the belts of the soldiers. It was the last ration used and it was used only as a last resort—when ordered by the commanding officer. A man could march on this for 36 hours before he began to drop from hunger.
376:
509:
The pemmican was cooked in two ways in the west; one a stew of pemmican, water, flour and, if they could be secured, wild onions or preserved potatoes. This was called "rubaboo"; the other was called by the plains hunters a "rechaud". It was cooked in a frying pan with onions and potatoes or alone.
881:
Today, people in many indigenous communities across North
America continue to make pemmican for personal, communal, and ceremonial consumption. Some contemporary pemmican recipes incorporate ingredients that have been introduced to the Americas in the past 500 years, including beef. There are also
644:
posts. For these people on the edge of the prairie, the pemmican trade was as important a source of trade goods as was the beaver trade for the
Indigenous peoples farther north. This trade was a major factor in the emergence of the new and distinct Métis society. Packs of pemmican would be shipped
409:
was then spread across a tanned animal hide pinned to the ground, where it was beaten with flails or ground between two large stones until it turned into very small pieces, almost powder-like in its consistency. The pounded meat was then mixed with melted fat in an approximate 1:1 ratio by weight.
433:
Today, some people store their pemmican in glass jars or tin boxes. The shelf life may vary depending on ingredients and storage conditions. At room temperature, pemmican can generally last anywhere from one to five years, but there are anecdotal stories of pemmican stored in cool cellars being
525:
As bone grease is an essential ingredient in pemmican, archaeologists consider evidence of its manufacture a strong indicator of pemmican making. There is widespread archaeological evidence (bone fragments and boiling pits) for bone grease production on the
572:
had no time to live off the land during the short season when the lakes and rivers were free of ice. They had to carry all of their food with them if the distance traveled was too great to be resupplied along the way. A north
583:) with six men and 25 standard 90-pound (41 kg) packs required about four packs of food per 500 miles (800 km). Montreal-based canoemen could be supplied by sea or with locally grown food. Their main food was dried
748:
fat (i.e., a 2:1 ratio of protein to fat), without carbohydrate. It was later ascertained that although the dogs survived on it, this was not a nutritious and healthy diet for them, being too high in protein. Members of
807:
The study found that during a cycle of two starvation periods the subjects could stave off starvation for the first cycle of testing with only 1000 calories worth of pemmican.
779:
made of 4 ounces (110 g) of pemmican and 4 ounces of chocolate and sugar. The pemmican would keep in perfect condition for decades. It was considered much superior to
391:. Approximately 5 pounds (2,300 g) of meat are required to make 1 pound (450 g) of dried meat suitable for pemmican. This thin brittle meat is known in Cree as
2080:
793:
Pemmican, likely condensed meat bars, was used as a ration for French troops fighting in
Morocco in the 1920s. Pemmican was also taken as an emergency ration by
2085:
350:—though in some regions these are used almost exclusively for ceremonial and wedding pemmican—and European fur traders have also noted the addition of sugar.
709:, he devoted several pages to the food, stating, "Too much cannot be said of the importance of pemmican to a polar expedition. It is an absolute
426:, cranberries, or saskatoon berries, were pounded into powder and then added to the meat-fat mixture. The resulting mixture was then packed into
1570:
Ngapo, Tania M.; Champagne, Claude; Chilian, Cornelia; Dugan, Michael E.R.; Gariépy, Stéphane; Vahmani, Payam; Bilodeau, Pauline (August 2021).
2065:
1507:
1395:
1338:
National Center for Native
American Aging at the Center for Rural Health, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences
2070:
654:
557:, who sun-dried and minced bison meat and then would make a stew of it and bison fat. The first written English usage is attributed to
1286:
1178:
800:
A 1945 scientific study of pemmican criticized using it exclusively as a survival food because of the low levels of certain vitamins.
196:
2005:
753:'s 1914–1916 expedition to the Antarctic resorted to eating dog pemmican when they were stranded on ice during the antarctic summer.
1675:
1631:
1313:
1059:
868:
2015:
2055:
625:
542:
2010:
717:. Without it a sledge-party cannot compact its supplies within a limit of weight to make a serious polar journey successful."
2045:
1923:
1702:
1211:
882:
indigenous-owned companies that produce pemmican or foods based on traditional pemmican recipes for commercial distribution.
846:
691:
650:
620:
1524:
387:
Traditionally, the meat was cut in thin slices and dried, either over a slow fire or in the hot sun until it was hard and
134:-rich food, it can be used as a key component in prepared meals or eaten raw. Historically, it was an important part of
640:, slaughter bison, convert it into pemmican, and carry it north to trade from settlements they would make adjacent to
415:
831:
705:
used pemmican on all three of his expeditions, from 1886 to 1909, for both his men and his dogs. In his 1917 book,
215:
850:
835:
2050:
842:
787:
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646:
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could be obtained locally. By the time trade reached the Lake
Winnipeg area, the pemmican trade was developed.
569:
633:
1694:
Great
Adventures and Explorations: From the Earliest Times to the Present As Told by the Explorers Themselves
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1127:
538:
448:
2020:
1647:
681:
1525:"Origin Stories, Archaeological Evidence, and Postclovis Paleoindian Bison Hunting on the Great Plains"
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721:
1754:
561:, who in 1743 wrote that "pimmegan" was a mixture of finely pounded dried meat, fat and cranberries.
104:
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While serving as chief of scouts for the
British Army in South Africa, American adventurer
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by AD 1, but it likely developed much earlier. However, calcified bone fragments from
1408:
772:
764:
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554:
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times do not offer clear evidence, due to lack of boiling pits and other possible usages.
273:
Pemmican has traditionally been made using whatever meat was available at the time: large
227:
223:
174:
984:
1758:
1719:
1980:
1950:
1234:
Merriam, Willis B. (1955). "The Role of
Pemmican in the Canadian Northwest Fur Trade".
1196:
1049:
1032:
805:
Arctic
Survival Rations, III. The Evaluation of Pemmican Under Winter Field Conditions.
794:
666:
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278:
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76:
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Arctic
Survival Rations, III. The Evaluation of Pemmican Under Winter Field Conditions
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pemmican" or simply "dog pemmican", it was a beef product consisting, by volume, of
437:
A bag of bison pemmican weighing approximately 90 lb (41 kg) was called a
1745:
712:
702:
677:
662:
531:
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343:
239:
1587:
510:
Some persons ate pemmican raw, but I must say I never had a taste for it that way.
258:
1497:
1623:
Making the Voyageur World: Travelers and Traders in the North American Fur Trade
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50:
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40–60 centuries ago. The first written account of pemmican is considered to be
202:
Pemmican was widely adopted as a high-energy food by Europeans involved in the
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referring to small pieces that adhere to something. It was invented by the
28:
1872:
1849:
1818:
1791:, New York: McGraw Hill, Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 58-59666
1499:
Reading the River: A Traveller's Companion to the North Saskatchewan River
1330:
1247:
359:(or pemmican) that does not contain dried meat. This is made from toasted
100:
979:
964:
592:
444:
360:
339:
185:
1451:
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502:
501:
recorded three ways of serving pemmican: raw, boiled in a stew called "
131:
893:
803:
A study was later done by the U.S. military in January 1969, entitled
767:, consisting of four ounces of pemmican and four ounces of cocoa paste
1896:
928:
725:
430:
bags for storage where it would cool, and then harden into pemmican.
419:
314:
298:
262:
207:
123:
375:
720:
British polar expeditions fed a type of pemmican to their dogs as "
537:
It has also been suggested that pemmican may have come through the
1937:"Defects of Pemmican as an Emergency Ration for Infantry Troops".
949:
918:
755:
619:
610:
588:
574:
374:
364:
347:
309:. The meat is dried and chopped, before being mixed with rendered
290:
257:
183:, originally meaning 'grease derived from marrow bones', with the
88:
628:, Canada (1899), Library and Archives Canada, Acc. No. 1989-492-2
584:
411:
306:
302:
294:
282:
80:
814:
286:
84:
16:
Food mix with long shelf life, sometimes used as survival food
1005:
richeau, rasho, richot, rouchou, rousseau, rusho(o), rowshow
927:), a similar high caloric density food invented by Japanese
461:"bulls"), when mixed with fat from the udder, were known as
632:
Trading people of mixed ancestry and becoming known as the
1096:
353:
Among the Lakota and Dakota nations, there is also a corn
1281:. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.
1236:
Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers
599:. (Western canoemen called their Montreal-based fellows
1037:. Philadelphia: Porter & Coates. pp. 81–84.
479:. It generally took the meat of one bison to fill a
422:. In some cases, dried fruits, such as blueberries,
1198:
Cupboard Love: A Dictionary of Culinary Curiosities
1132:
sacred.indigenous.youth.education.circle.mysite.com
383:
of a traditional method of drying meat for pemmican
72:
64:
56:
46:
38:
1833:
1802:
1195:
1171:Fat: An Appreciation of a Misunderstood Ingredient
672:So important was pemmican that, in 1814, governor
763:, c. 1899, as carried by British soldiers in the
1615:
1613:
790:required pemmican to be carried by every scout.
684:, which forbade the export of pemmican from the
2011:Experiments in traditional pemmican preparation
1572:"Pemmican, an endurance food: Past and present"
694:relied on pemmican on his 1793 expedition from
507:
505:", or fried, known in the West as a "rechaud":
305:; while contemporary pemmican may also include
1331:"Healthy Traditions: Recipes of our Ancestors"
922:
680:with the Métis when he passed the short-lived
399:and colloquially in North American English as
1359:"Interviewed with owner of Pânsâwân Dry Meat"
8:
600:
578:
480:
474:
468:
462:
452:
438:
354:
190:
178:
19:
1867:. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company.
1051:The Great Outdoors Kitchen: Native Cookbook
849:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
710:
624:Bison meat drying at a Métis settlement in
458:
1009:http://dchp.ca/DCHP-1/entries/view/richeau
775:(1899–1902), British troops were given an
404:
392:
329:
168:
162:
156:
150:
18:
1648:"How to Make a 5,000-Year-Old Energy Bar"
869:Learn how and when to remove this message
645:north and stored at the major fur posts:
553:, traversing the region later called the
1840:. New York: MacMillan Company. pp.
1809:. New York: MacMillan Company. pp.
521:Métis buffalo hunt § Pemmican trade
434:safely consumed after a decade or more.
2021:How to Make a 5,000-Year-Old Energy Bar
1670:. Douglas & McIntyre. p. 178.
1305:Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia
1023:
996:
636:would go southwest onto the prairie in
2081:Indigenous culture of the Great Plains
1915:
1962:
1960:
1433:"How Long Does Pemmican Last (GUIDE)"
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
7:
2086:Historical foods in American cuisine
1626:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 118.
1496:Myrna Kostash; Duane Burton (2005).
1477:. Montreal: J. Lovell. p. 168.
847:adding citations to reliable sources
1863:Burnham, Frederick Russell (1926).
1279:The Sioux Chef's Indigenous Kitchen
1031:Ballantyne, Robert Michael (1876).
410:Typically, the melted fat would be
197:Indigenous peoples of North America
2006:Métis Nation in the pemmican trade
1981:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1961.tb01895.x
1951:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1945.tb08500.x
1885:Rupert Furneaux, Abdel Krim, p.177
797:in her 1928 transatlantic flight.
473:, and when mixed with berries, as
467:, when mixed with bone marrow, as
269:) sometimes are added to pemmican.
161:), which is derived from the word
122:in older sources) is a mixture of
14:
1739:Taylor, R. J. F. (January 1957).
1398:Black Dog & Levanthal. p. 107
130:, and sometimes dried berries. A
1173:. Ten Speed Press. p. 195.
1078:. Lakota Red Nations. 2017-11-30
892:
819:
142:and it is still prepared today.
99:
27:
1945:(10): 314–315. 1 October 1945.
1832:Stefansson, Vilhjalmur (1946).
1801:Stefansson, Vilhjalmur (1946).
1741:"The physiology of sledge dogs"
1691:Stefansson, Vilhjalmur (2005).
1471:Hargrave, Joseph James (1871).
63:
55:
1384:How to Stay Alive in the Woods
1146:"New Lakota Dictionary Online"
1:
1588:10.1016/j.meatsci.2021.108526
1523:Bamforth, Douglas B. (2011).
1502:. Coteau Books. p. 160.
1452:"How the Metis make pemmican"
626:St. François Xavier, Manitoba
543:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
317:). Dried fruit may be added:
2066:Indigenous cuisine in Canada
1905:. Harcourt Brace and Company
1724:. Century Company. pp.
1413:Alderleaf Wilderness College
2071:Traditional meat processing
1202:. Insomniac Press. p.
443:(French for "bull") by the
405:
393:
330:
301:, and smaller game such as
169:
157:
2102:
1922:: CS1 maint: url-status (
1897:"The Fun of It, Chapter 5"
1865:Scouting on Two Continents
1697:. Kessinger. p. 328.
1667:Historical Atlas of Canada
1620:Carolyn Podruchny (2006).
1169:McLagan, Jennifer (2008).
605:or "pork-eaters".) In the
545:records from 1541, of the
518:
1767:10.1017/S003224740004924X
1718:Peary, Robert E. (1917).
1541:10.7183/0002-7316.76.1.24
1386:(originally published as
1308:. Abc-Clio. p. 235.
923:
788:Frederick Russell Burnham
495:North-West Mounted Police
363:, animal fat, fruit, and
163:
151:
94:
26:
1975:(3): 73–75. 2009-04-27.
1150:www.lakotadictionary.org
1076:"Wo Lakota Making Wasna"
570:North American fur trade
145:The name comes from the
2056:Native American cuisine
1787:Alfred Lansing (1969),
1721:Secrets of Polar Travel
1048:Anderson, Anne (1973).
707:Secrets of Polar Travel
371:Traditional preparation
355:
216:Captain Robert Bartlett
191:
184:
179:
1450:Barkwell, Lawrence J.
1388:Living off the Country
1277:Sherman, Sean (2017).
1034:Away in the Wilderness
917:, also called "butter
768:
711:
629:
601:
579:
539:Bering Strait crossing
512:
493:In his notes of 1874,
481:
475:
469:
463:
453:
439:
384:
270:
173:), 'fat, grease'. The
2046:First Nations cuisine
1664:Hayes, Derek (2006).
1302:Albala, Kevn (2011).
1248:10.1353/pcg.1955.0000
1194:Morton, Mark (2004).
1117:Harper Collins: 2001.
759:
682:Pemmican Proclamation
623:
379:Demonstration at the
378:
261:
189:creating a noun, and
2016:How to make pemmican
1113:Sinclair, J.M. (ed)
1054:. Cree Productions.
843:improve this section
701:North Pole explorer
138:in certain parts of
1759:1957PoRec...8..317T
692:Alexander Mackenzie
232:Robert Falcon Scott
214:explorers, such as
177:(or Sioux) word is
105:Media: Pemmican
23:
1836:Not by Bread Alone
1805:Not by Bread Alone
1529:American Antiquity
1409:"Pemmican Recipes"
1382:Angier, Bradford.
1115:English Dictionary
769:
642:North West Company
630:
385:
271:
136:indigenous cuisine
1969:Nutrition Reviews
1939:Nutrition Reviews
1895:Earhart, Amelia.
1509:978-1-55050-317-3
1437:Ultimate Prepping
1396:978-1-57912-221-8
1329:Goodwin, Janice.
935:Alaskan ice cream
879:
878:
871:
811:Contemporary uses
751:Ernest Shackleton
476:taureaux à grains
323:saskatoon berries
267:Aronia prunifolia
220:Ernest Shackleton
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651:Cumberland House
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2035:Categories
1909:2024-08-30
1902:Wikisource
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1082:2018-09-17
1018:References
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519:See also:
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311:animal fat
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