History of videotelephony

706: 729: 236: 245: 684: 172: 570: 379:... whenever a baby is born anywhere in the world, he is given at birth a ... telephone number for life ... a watch-like device with ten little buttons on one side and a screen on the other ... when he wishes to talk with anyone in the world, he will pull out the device and his friend. Then turning the device over, he will hear the voice of his friend and see his face on the screen, in color and in three dimensions. If he does not see and hear him he will know that the friend is dead. 3359: 1116: 873: 920: 756:, formally spanned some 15 years and consumed more than US$ 500 million, eventually meeting with commercial failure. At the time of its first launch, AT&T foresaw a hundred thousand Picturephones in use across the Bell System by 1975. However, by the end of July 1974, only five Picturephones were being leased in Pittsburgh, and U.S.-wide there were only a few hundred, mostly in Chicago. Unrelated difficulties at 4430: 948: 4440: 833: 4419: 3349: 42: 561:, plus other researchers working under contract to the Bell Labs. However the use of reservation time slots and their cost of US$ 16 (Washington, D.C., to New York) to $ 27 (New York to Chicago) (equivalent to $ 118 to $ 200 in 2012 dollars) for a three-minute call at the public videophone booths greatly limited their appeal resulting in their closure by 1968. 4450: 1180: 977:

was limited. In the era prior to low-cost, high-speed broadband service, its video quality was found to be generally poor by the public with images shifting jerkily between frames, due to British phone lines that generally provided less than 3.4 kHz of bandwidth. British Telecom had initially expected the device, manufactured by

467:, but expansion plans were discontinued in 1939 with the start of the Second World War. After Germany subsequently became fully engaged in the war its public videophone system was closed in 1940, with its expensive inter-city broadband cables converted to telegraphic message traffic and broadcast television service. 1163:

Technical challenges handled by about a dozen engineers at Kyocera over the two year development period included the camera module's placement within the phone at a time when electronic components had not been fully reduced in size, as well as increasing its data transmission rate. After its release

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The Kyocera project was initiated at their Yokohama research and development center by Kazumi Saburi, one of their section managers. His explanation for the project was "Around that time, cellular handsets with enabled voice and SMS communication capabilities were considered to be just one among many

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Relate 2000, which was released for sale in 1993, costing between £400-£500 each. The Relate 2000 featured a 74 millimetres (2.9 in) flip-up colour LCD display screen operating at a nominal rate of 8 video frames per second, which could be depressed to 3-4 frames per second if the PSTN bandwidth

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The $ 500M figure is attributed only to the AT&T and Bell Labs' 15 year program covering its Picturephone Mod I and Mod II versions. Earlier videotelephony programs during the later half of the 1920s, 1930s, late 1940s and 1950s, plus the AT&T VideoPhone 2500 model program of the late 1980s

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AT&T's initial Picturephone "Mod I" (Model No. 1) and then its upgraded "Mod II" programs, were a continuation of its many years of prior research during the 1920s, 1930s, late 1940s and 1950s. Both Picturephone programs, like their experimental AT&T predecessors, were researched principally

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The VP-210 was released in May 1999 and used its single front-facing 110,000-pixel camera to send two images per second through Japan's PHS mobile phone network system. Although its frame rate was crude and its memory is considered tiny in the present day, the phone was viewed as "revolutionary" at

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Mitsubishi also marketed its lower-cost VisiTel LU-500 image phone in 1988 costing about US$ 400, aimed at the consumer market. It came with reduced capabilities but had with a larger black and white display. Other Japanese electronic manufacturers marketed similar image transfer phones during the

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Despite AT&T's various videophone products meeting with commercial failure, they were widely viewed as technical successes which expanded the limits of the telecommunications sciences in several areas. Its videotelephony programs were critically acclaimed for their technical brilliance and even

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In addition to an installation charge of $ 150 for the first set, companies paid $ 160 per month ($ 947/month in 2012 dollars) for the service on the first set and $ 50 per month for each additional set. Thirty minutes of video calling was included with each Picturephone, with extra minutes costing

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Saburi also stated that their R&D section had "nourished for several years before" they received project approval from their top management which had encourage such forward-thinking research, because they "also believed that such a product would improve Kyocera's brand image." Their research

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were conducted by CNET in France in 1972, with its first commercial applications for videophones appearing in 1984. The delay was due to the problem of insufficient bandwidth, with 2 Mb per second being required for transmitting both video and audio signals. The problem was solved worldwide by the

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The original Picturephone system used contemporary crossbar and multi-frequency operation. Lines and trunks were six wire, one pair each way for video and one pair two way for audio. MF address signaling on the audio pair was supplemented by a Video Supervisory Signal (VSS) looping around on the

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One such demonstration that likely omitted any signal compression was performed in Mobile, Alabama, on April 27, 1938. An Alabama news article reported that a "...technician of the American Television Institute, the Roche Home Equipment Company... and through the medium of a scientific marvel...

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telephone service lines used by several other videoconferencing manufacturers. It was limited by analog phone line connection speeds of about 19 Kilobits per second, the video portion being 11,200 bit/s, and with a maximum frame rate of 10 frames per second, but typically much slower, as low as a

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AT&T developed a refined Picturephone throughout the late 1960s, resulting in the "Mod II" (Model No. 2), which served as the basis for AT&T's launch of the first true video conferencing service. Unlike earlier systems, in which people had to visit public videophone booths, any company or

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in 1984. The Lumaphone was marketed by Mitsubishi Electric of America in 1986 as the Luma LU-1000, costing US$ 1,500, designed with a small black and white video display, approximately 4 centimetres (1.6 in) in size, and a video camera adjacent to the display which could be blocked with a

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Should it be found ... is illuminated, then an apparatus might be constructed in which each piece of selenium is a mere speck, like the head of a small pin, the smaller the better. The darkened selenium should be placed in a cup-like receiver which can fit over the eye ... Then, when the first

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for safekeeping. Written under the pseudonym "Electrician", one article earlier claimed that "an eminent scientist" had invented a device whereby objects or people anywhere in the world "....could be seen anywhere by anybody". The device, among other functions, would allow merchants to transmit

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camera and then transferred to a storage tube or magnetic drum for transmission over regular phone lines at two-second intervals to the receiving unit, which displayed them on a small cathode-ray television tube. AT&T had earlier promoted its experimental video for telephone service at the

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However Dr. Alexander Graham Bell personally thought that videotelephony was achievable even though his contributions to its advancement were incidental. In April 1891, Dr. Bell actually did record conceptual notes on an "electrical radiophone", which discussed the possibility of "seeing by

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Fraudulent reports of "amazing" advances in video telephones would be publicized as early as 1880 and would reoccur every few years, such as the episode of "Dr. Sylvestre" of Paris who claimed in 1902 to have invented a powerful (and inexpensive) video telephone, termed a "spectograph", the

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was coined in 1935. Prior to that time there appeared to be no standard terms for "video telephone", with expressions such as "sight-sound television system", "visual radio" and nearly 20 others (in English) being used to describe the marriage of telegraph, telephone, television and radio

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Beginning in the late 1960s, several countries worldwide sought to compete with AT&T's advanced development of its Picturephone service in the United States. However such projects were research and capital intensive, and fraught with difficulties in being deployed commercially.

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third of a video frame per second. The VideoPhone 2500 used proprietary technology protocols, including AT&T's Global VideoPhone Standard (GVS). Again, AT&T met with very little commercial success, selling only about 30,000 units, mainly outside the United States.

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personal communication tools. One day a simple idea hit us - 'What if we were able to enjoy talking with the intended person watching his/her face on the display?' We were certain that such a device would make cell phone communications much more convenient and enjoyable."

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displays within their housings. The cameras were located atop their screens to help users see eye to eye. Later generation display screens were larger than in the original demonstration units, approximately six inches (15 cm) square in a roughly cubical cabinet.

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capable of displaying 65,000 colors, and was able to process two video frames per second. The 155 gram (5.5 oz.) camera could also take 20 photos and convey them by e-mail, with the camera phone retailing at the time for 40,000 yen, about US$ 325 in 1999.

412:. The system eventually operated with more than 1,000 km (620 miles) of coaxial cable transmission lines. The videophones were integrated within large public videophone booths, with two booths provided per city. Calls between Berlin and Leipzig cost 1338:, with the data being presented on their Picturephone's video display, long before computer monitors came into popular use. AT&T's Bell Labs would also soon experiment with multiple users on the same videocall, creating one of the earliest forms of 773:

1,500 (approximately $ 3,260 in current dollars) and later dropping to $ 1,000 ($ 2,110 in current dollars), marketed by its Global VideoPhone Systems unit. The VideoPhone 2500 was designed to provide low-frame rate compressed color video on ordinary

899:) for their internal use. CNET intended to guide its initial use towards the business sector, to be later followed by personal home usage. Its estimated unit cost in 1971 was the equivalent of £325, with a monthly usage subscription charge of £3.35. 537:, with the first transcontinental videocall between the two venues made on April 20, 1964. These demonstration units used small oval housings on swivel stands, intended to stand on desks. Similar AT&T Picturephone units were also featured at the 278:

There were also other public demonstrations of "two-way television-telephone" systems during this period by inventors and entrepreneurs who sought to compete with AT&T, although none appeared capable of dealing with the technical issues of

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telephone lines (higher resolution colour videophones would require even far greater capabilities). After the Second World War, Bell Labs resumed its efforts during the 1950s and 1960s, eventually leading to AT&T's Picturephone.

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also slowed AT&T's efforts, and few customers signed up for the service in either city. Customers peaked at 453 in early 1973. AT&T ultimately concluded that its early Picturephones were a "concept looking for a market".

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began developing a videophone in the mid-1960s, intending to market it to government, institutions, businesses and industry, but not to consumers due to AT&T's lack of success in that market segment. Tests were conducted in

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was one of three French companies that sought to develop advanced videophones in the early 1970s, spurred by AT&T's Picturephone in the United States. Initial plans by Matra included the deployment of 25 units to France's

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L'année scientifique et industrielle ou Exposé annuel des travaux scientifiques, des inventions et des principales applications de la science à l'industrie et aux arts, qui ont attiré l'attention publique en France et à

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Although the pseudonymous letter was accompanied by a technical description of how the telectroscope would work and was published in a reputable New York newspaper, researchers later noted that it was published close to

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flashed a living picture over an ordinary telephone wire. Forming a practical insight into things that are to come, the television contrivance afforded a small, but clear, picture of speakers at each end of the wire."

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for unequaled video quality and ease of use with a video relay service (VRS). Favourable reviews quickly led to its popular usage at educational facilities for the deaf, and from there to the greater deaf community.

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The United States would not see its first public videophone booths until 1964, when AT&T installed their earliest commercial videophone units, the Picturephone "Mod I", in booths that were set up in New York's

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of the U.K., inventors of the world's first functional television. During its life the German system underwent further development and testing, resulting in higher resolutions and a conversion to an all-electronic

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offices, this being the most widespread of the relatively modern kind. Hundreds of technicians attended schools to learn to operate the Cable Equalizer Test Set and other equipment, and to install Picturephones.

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became Bell's largest Picturephone customer, leasing 12 sets. The following year, Picturephone service expanded to central Chicago and the suburb of Oak Brook, before expanding to other large East Coast cities.

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Bell went on to later predict that: "...the day would come when the man at the telephone would be able to see the distant person to whom he was speaking." The discoveries in physics, chemistry and

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had 16 demonstration models of its Viewphone built, meant to be the equivalent to AT&T's Picturephone. Their initial attempt at a first generation commercial videophone later led to the

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of ordinary telephone cable, two pairs for video and one for audio and signaling. Cable amplifiers were spaced about a mile apart (1.6 kilometres) with built-in six-band adjustable

215:(from Greek: "image-sound"), which operated at 18 frames per second and occupied half a room full of equipment cabinets. An early U.S. test in 1927 had their then-Commerce Secretary 981:, to sell at a rate of 10,000 per year, but its actual sales were minimal. Its second generation videophone thus also proved to be commercially unsuccessful, similar to AT&T's 787:

the novel uses they experimented with. The research and development programs conducted by Bell Labs were highly notable for their beyond-the-state-of-the-art results produced in

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selenium speck is presented to an illuminated object, it may be possible that the eye in the darkened receiver, should perceive, not merely light, but an image of the object ...

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The video telephone equipment used in Berlin was designed and built by the German Post Office Laboratory. Videophone equipment used in other German cities were developed by

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pictures of their wares to their customers, and the contents of museum collections to be made available to scholars in distant cities...." In the era prior to the advent of

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system under its APRIS, or Alcoa Picturephone Remote Information System. APRIS let users retrieve information from Alcoa's databases, controlled by the buttons on their

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conducted extensive research and development of videophones, eventually leading to public demonstrations of its trademarked "Picturephone" product in the 1960s. Its

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were fundamental to the issue of transmitting the very large bandwidth of low-resolution black and white video through the very limited capacity of low-speed copper

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along with his team of more than 200 scientists, engineers and technicians, intending to develop it for both telecommunication and broadcast entertainment purposes.

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Several uses of the Picturephone were novel and ahead of their time. At Alcoa in Pittsburgh, their Picturephone system was integrated into the company's corporate

79: 207:. Such early image transmitters were themselves based on previous work by Ernest Hummel and others in the 19th century. By 1927 AT&T had created its earliest 1160:

showed that a "cell phone with a camera and color display provided a completely new value for users, It could be used as a phone, a camera and a photo album".

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During the mid-1950s, its laboratory work had produced another early test prototype capable of transmitting still images every two seconds over regular analog

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After a period of experimentation, the system entered public use and was soon extended with another 160 km (100 miles) of coaxial cable from Berlin to

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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda

258: 1832: 589:. The service officially launched the next day, July 1, 1970, with 38 Picturephones located at eight Pittsburgh companies. Among the first subscribers, 29:

Videotelephony as a concept began to materialize shortly after the telephone was patented in 1876, and its history is closely connected to that of the

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network from 1981 to 1988, serving several large German cities, and also created one of Europe's first public switched broadband services in 1989.

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Norby, K. "A Window To The Future: The Videophone Experience In Norway", Kjeller, Norway: Norwegian Telecom Research Department, 1991, pp. 66-77.

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The compound term "videophone" slowly entered into general usage after 1950, although "video telephone" likely entered the lexicon earlier after

1205:(formerly Sorenson Vision), a video compression software coding company, developed its VP-100 model stand-alone videophone specifically for the 4474: 4396: 499: 268: 3092:, Gale Document Number: GALE|A18253819. Accessed December 23, 2011, via General Science eCollection (subscription). This study in turn cites: 2339: 4391: 4381: 4361: 4163: 3075: 1715: 757: 343: 2536:

Silberg, Lurie (February 6, 1995). "Here's Looking At You! AT&T, Sharp Sign 3-Year Contract To Jointly Develop Videophone Technology".

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along with his team of more than 200 scientists, engineers and technicians. The Bell Labs early experimental model of 1930 had transmitted

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intellectual property rights he believed were worth $ 5,000,000. After reviewing his claim Dr. Bell denounced the supposed invention as a "

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streams to be transmitted over the Internet, which was previously difficult due to the impractically high bandwidth requirements of

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25 cents. AT&T later reduced the price to $ 75 per month with forty-five minutes of video calling included to stimulate demand.

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Among the technological precursors to the videophone were telegraphic image transmitters created by several companies, such as the

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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States

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individual could pay to be connected to the system, after which they could call anyone in the network from their home or office.

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in Berlin. The German post office announced ambitious plans to extend their public videophone network to Cologne, Frankfurt and

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was conceptualized in the popular periodicals of the day. It was also mentioned in various early science fiction works such as

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led to a cumulative cost which approached, by some estimates, one billion dollars in total for all videotelephony development.

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to cover the distance of approximately 160 km (100 miles). The system's opening was inaugurated by the Minister of Posts

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late-1980s, including Sony's PCT-15 (US$ 500), and two models from Panasonic, its WG-R2 (US$ 450) and its KX-TV10 (US$ 500).

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Les premiers travaux britanniques sur la vision à distance (1880–1881): J. Perry, W.E. Ayrton, G. Middleton, S. Bidwell

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France's post office telecommunications branch had earlier set up a commercial videophone system similar to the German

4433: 3940: 3380: 3253: 2850: 1120: 1105: 840: 775: 127:, electrical "seeing" devices were conceived as adjuncts to the telephone, thus creating the concept of a videophone. 111: 2928: 2257:"Journeys Digital Telephony: Video From The Phone: World's First Videophone System (1964): Seeing As Well As Hearing" 2133: 171: 4292: 4214: 4153: 3860: 2509: 978: 2825:"How This Is Us Honored the Real-Life 'Genius' Who Made It Possible for the Pearsons to Stay Connected amid COVID" 110:, to popularize an invention wrongly interpreted as real and incorrectly ascribed to Dr. Bell, possibly after his 4064: 4025: 3870: 3770: 3632: 3459: 3233: 1610:

Editorial and Articles on the Possibility of Seeing By Electricity, Beinn Bhreagh Recorder, 1910, March 22, 1910.

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AT&T would later market its VideoPhone 2500 to the general public from 1992 to 1995 with prices starting at

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AT&T's published research additionally helped pave the way for other companies to later enter the field of

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filters. For distances of more than a few miles, the signal was digitized at 2 MHz and 3 bits per sample

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Schubert's system was based on Gunter Krawinkel's earlier research of the late-1920s that he displayed at the

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Color on AT&T's Picturephone was not employed with their early models. These Picturephone units packaged

627:(hands free telephone), with an added box to control picture transmission. Each Picturephone line used three 135:", and publicly commented on the charlatans promoting bogus inventions for financial gain or self-promotion. 4479: 4262: 4247: 4091: 4042: 3965: 3865: 3543: 3429: 3424: 3223: 3136: 2896: 569: 119: 1104:' early experimental image transfer phone of 1956, transmitting still images every 3–5 seconds over analog 4184: 3970: 3785: 3730: 3725: 3538: 3503: 2011: 1632: 1371: 1331: 1164:

the mobile video-camera phone was commercially successful, spawning several other competitors such as the

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through multiple phone lines, a highly impractical and expensive method unsuitable for commercial use.

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This time period saw the research, development and commercial roll-out of what would become powerful

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lines. It could also be hooked up to a printer or connected to a regular TV or monitor for improved

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IEE Publication Series, Institution of Electrical Engineers, Science Museum (Great Britain), 1998,

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By 1930, AT&T's "two-way television-telephone" system was in full-scale experimental use. The

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Coupled with similar high-quality videophones introduced by other electronics manufacturers, the

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underlying video technology would not be in place until the mid-1920s, first being utilized in

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public videophone system of the late 1930s. In 1972 the defense and electronics manufacturer

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A similar commercial post office system was also created in France during the late-1930s. The

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with a resolution of 150 lines (180 lines in later versions) running at 25 frames per second.

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video quad to ensure continuity. More complex protocols were later adopted for conferencing.

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The videophones were offered to the general public, which had to visit special post office

3910: 3765: 3533: 3496: 3181: 3171: 2264: 2025: 1863: 1169: 820:, became iconic of both the movie and, arguably, the public's general view of the future. 796: 663: 464: 175:

Artist's conception: 21st-century videotelephony imagined in the early 20th century (1910)

148: 3508: 63:, used by the parents in the foreground and their daughter on the viewing display (1878). 2071: 1625: 347:(Berlin International Radio Exposition). Schubet's higher-performance system employed a 67:

Barely two years after the telephone was first patented in the United States in 1876 by

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sliding door for privacy. Although promoted as a "videophone", it operated similar to

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in 1983 under the direction of Atari's Steve Bristow. Atari then sold its division to

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The more advanced Picturephone "Mod I" (Model No. 1) had public evaluation displays at

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Telepresence in Videocommunications: A Study on Stereoscopy and Individual Eye Contact

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AT&T magazine advertisement announcing commercial launch of Picturephone service.

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in Berlin on March 1, 1936, who viewed and spoke with Leipzig's chief burgomaster.

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that Bell Labs would eventually resolve. Signal compression, and its later sibling

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Nuttall, Nick (March 26, 1993). "Well, Hello, How Nice To See You; Videophones".

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An experimental Philips videophone demonstration, Netherlands (1974 video, 1:23)

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The Kyocera VP-210 Visual Phone was the first commercial mobile videophone. The

667: 437: 433: 348: 254: 115: 71:, an early concept of a combined videophone and wide-screen television called a 2884: 2725: 1445:. Vingt et unième année (1877), Librairie Hachette, Paris, 1878. Reproduced on 4340: 4047: 3745: 3654: 3610: 3580: 3558: 3548: 3523: 3186: 2829: 1964:"German Postoffice to Use Television-Telephone for its Communication System". 1812: 1088: 1034: 982: 882: 811: 670: 530: 456: 413: 368: 318: 132: 1139:

for still photos. The camera phone was the same size as similar contemporary

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The inaugural video call occurred on June 30, 1970, between Pittsburgh Mayor

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in 1985. The project was originally started by the Ataritel division of the

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in 2002, VRS services for the deaf underwent rapid growth in that country.

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of 8 kHz, and about 250 visible scan lines. The equipment included a

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telephone lines. The images were captured by the Picturephone's compact

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In early 1936, the first public video telephone service, Nazi Germany's

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facility devoted years of research to it during the 1930s, led by Dr.

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imaging components. Bell wrote, decades prior to the invention of the

4345: 4305: 3627: 3419: 3372: 2080: 2055: 1654:"Far-Off Speakers Seen As Well As Heard Here In A Test Of Television" 1288: 475: 405: 323: 1582:

Editorial and Articles: On The Possibility Of Seeing By Electricity

83:(The 20th century. The electrical life) and other works written by 4330: 4267: 3575: 1799:. New York & London: Harper & Brothers. pp. 106–126. 1178: 1143:, but sported a large camera lens and a 5 cm (2 inch) colour 1114: 1092: 1069: 1065: 1061: 998: 946: 918: 887: 871: 586: 568: 408:. Point-to-point video calling required swapping connections on a 312:, a technical combine for television broadcasting technology. Two 170: 40: 1056:

in 1973. The DCT algorithm was the basis for the first practical

502:

devoted years of technical research during the 1930s, led by Dr.

4272: 2769:

Audiovisual Quality Assessment and Prediction for Videotelephony

2461: 1041: 1030: 779: 452: 3376: 3125: 2396:"A collection of several articles on the AT&T Picturephone" 2134:"The World's First Videophone Service: Telepresence 1936 Style" 3518: 3315: 3014:"Desperately Seeking Saburi: Finding the Camera Phone Creator" 2728:, BritishTelephones.com website. Retrieved December 22, 2013. 2018:

Goebel, G. "Das Fernsehen in Deutschland bis zum Jahre 1945",

827: 692:(Mod II) fully enclosed in its housing, control pad at bottom 204: 2103: 2101: 2099: 1988:

Zworykin, Vladimir Kosma; Ramberg, E.G.; Flory, L.E. (1958).

3121: 3029: 3027: 2861: 2859: 1994:. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 12–13, 254–255. 1838:. Finland: Helsinki University of Technology. Archived from 1311:

and believed the article was submitted as an elaborate hoax.

3059:

Television: An International History of the Formative Years

2972: 2970: 1264:

List of video telecommunication services and product brands

907:

creation of software for data encoding and compression via

2152:"IEEE Global History Network: Harold S. Osborne Biography" 778:(POTS) lines, circumventing the significantly higher cost 474:

postal service would decades later develop and deploy its

2499: 2497: 2340:"Future Calling: Videophones in the World of The Jetsons" 1592:

Recorder", March 22, 1910. Retrieved 2009-04-05 from the

1183:

Typical low-cost webcam used with many personal computers

734:

An exposed view of the Picturephone's rear circuit board

3084:", Human Factors, June 1995, Vol.37, No.2, p. 290, 2538:

HFN the Weekly Newspaper for the Home Furnishing Network

95:. One such sketch was published on December 9, 1878, in 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2128: 2126: 2110:"BT History: Connecting With The Past: Video Telephony" 2009:

Electronics magazine. "Picture-Phone TV Gets a Boost",

1773:"Pictures By Wire Sent With Success for the First Time" 1457: 1455: 844: 106:" was also used in 1878 by French writer and publisher 49:" combination videophone-television, conceptualized by 2448:"Technology-Supported Human-World Interaction website" 1884: 1882: 1372:"Telephonoscope, A Cartoon of a Television/Videophone" 420:, or about one-fifteenth of the average weekly wage. 59:

magazine. The drawing also depicts then-contemporary

375:

in 1948, an AT&T electrical engineer predicted:

4354: 4291: 4213: 4177: 4134: 4075: 4009: 3718: 3410: 3308: 3277: 3216: 3195: 3159: 3080:

Mulbach, Lothar; Bocker, Martin; Prussog, Angela. "

2887:. Digicamhistory.com website. Retrieved 2009-08-23. 478:(Broadband Integrated Glass-Fiber Optical Network) 2799:Intelligent Multimedia Data Hiding: New Directions 3008: 3006: 3004: 2951: 2949: 1938:"A Missing Link in the History of the Videophone" 2899:, Atarimuseum.com website. Retrieved 2009-08-23. 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1749: 1747: 1596:from their Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers. 893:Centre national d'études des télécommunications 541:(also called the "Bell Telephone Pavilion") at 377: 365: 308:, who headed the development department at the 153: 87:, and was also sketched in various cartoons by 3036:"For the Deaf, Communication Without the Wait" 2156:IEEE Global History Network website, 2009–2012 1060:that was useful for online videoconferencing, 678:AT&T's advanced Mod II Picturephone (1969) 3388: 3137: 1420:The Telegraphic Journal and Electrical Review 711:Right side view, housing removed, one of its 662:To deploy Picturephone service, new wideband 459:overtones similar to the broadcasting of the 114:discreetly deposited a sealed container of a 8: 1968:. St. Petersburg, Florida. 1 September 1934. 1576: 1574: 304:(visual telephone system), was developed by 296:Closed-circuit videophone systems: 1936–1940 184:technologies employed in early experiments. 4403:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 3034:Fitzgerald, Thomas J. (December 18, 2003). 2761: 2759: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 1201:occurred in the United States in 2003 when 1123:(PHS) phone was introduced in Japan (1999). 927:using an Ericsson videophone to speak with 253:A 1927 Bell Labs videophone prototype (its 4439: 3395: 3381: 3373: 3144: 3130: 3122: 2929:"Kyocera visual phone VP-210, Japan, 1999" 2796:Huang, Hsiang-Cheh; Fang, Wai-Chi (2007). 2656:"French Tete-a-Tete on Face-to-Face Phone" 2531: 2529: 2527: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1626:"Video Conferencing in Distance Education" 1619: 1617: 1001:, which would eventually lead to low cost 344:1929 Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin 2079: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 611:The Picturephone's video bandwidth was 1 139:electricity" using devices that employed 2979:"Camera phones: A look back and forward" 2791: 2789: 2620:"AT&T Trims Price of its Videophone" 1588:, April 10, 1891, then recorded in the " 1505: 1503: 1501: 1477: 1475: 1447:https://www.histv.net/louis-figuier-1878 545:, an International World's Fair held in 400:, and then in July 1938 from Leipzig to 2598:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" 1484:"The Evolution of Picturephone Service" 1467:https://www.histv.net/electroscope-1877 1426:(174): 149. May 1, 1880. Archived from 1363: 1299: 812:AT&T videophone being casually used 676: 500:large Manhattan experimental laboratory 330:and connected together via a dedicated 209:electromechanical television-videophone 2823:Mizoguchi, Karen (February 16, 2021). 2108:Boothroyd, David (February 26, 2013). 1859: 1848: 565:First video conferencing service: 1970 486:AT&T Picturephone Mod I: 1964–1970 80:Le Vingtième siècle. La vie électrique 2933:Science & Society Picture Library 2885:Atari–Mitsubishi Picture Phone - 1985 2596:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 2020:Archiv für das Postund Fernmeldewesen 666:were designed and installed into the 7: 4449: 2957:"First mobile videophone introduced" 1734:"2-Way Television in Phoning Tested" 1714:Kennedy Jr., T.R. (April 13, 1930). 909:video coding and decoding algorithms 585:and Chairman and CEO John Harper of 203:, which were forerunners of today's 2866:Booth, Stephen A. (February 1988). 1219:availability of high speed Internet 436:transmission system to replace its 45:"Fiction becomes fact": Imaginary " 2217:"Georg Oskar Schubert (biography)" 1991:Television in Science and Industry 1631:. Department of Computer Science, 1624:Andberg, Sami (December 5, 2008). 1175:Videophone improvements: post-2000 876:The French Matra videophone (1970) 824:Other early videophones: 1968–1984 25: 3115:, History of Television website. 2977:Yegulalp, Serdar (May 11, 2012). 2618:Brooks, John M. (February 1993). 2366:"Developing Picturephone Service" 2015:, Vol. 29, p. 28, September 1956; 1227:Federal Communications Commission 989:Digital videotelephony: 1985–1999 591:Westinghouse Electric Corporation 416:3½, approximately one sixth of a 4448: 4438: 4429: 4428: 4417: 4038:Free-space optical communication 3357: 3347: 2853:, Atari History Society webpage. 2338:Novak, Matt (January 28, 2013). 1494:(9). Bell Laboratories: 282–291. 1465:, March 29, 1877. Reproduced on 831: 727: 704: 682: 243: 234: 2364:Hall, Arthur D. (Spring 1964). 2315:. June 29, 2012. Archived from 1914:Beverly, O.T. (28 April 2012). 1482:Carson, D.N (October 1, 1968). 931:, a popular TV show host (1969) 447:(video telephone booths, from " 438:mechanical Nipkow scanning disc 354:for its transmitter (a form of 257:not visible), exhibited at the 2909:Vizard, Frank (January 1989). 2715:. London, England. p. 31. 2488:"How to use your Picturephone" 2056:"Public Television In Germany" 1555:Lange, André (March 2, 2003). 1223:sponsored video relay services 1087:was developed and marketed by 1: 4475:History of telecommunications 1890:"Herbert E. Ives (biography)" 1740:. April 10, 1930. p. 25. 1392:magazine, December 9th, 1878. 935:In Sweden, electronics maker 316:were installed in the German 4424:Telecommunication portal 4205:Telecommunications equipment 3354:Telecommunication portal 2772:. Springer. pp. 11–13. 2590:American Antiquarian Society 2570:American Antiquarian Society 2066:(3462): 391. March 7, 1936. 2036:, Vol. 8, pp. 399–404, 1930. 1761:. April 8, 1927. p. 20. 1660:. April 8, 1927. p. 20. 1544:: 53–56, 62. August 1, 1906. 1403:Distant vision (c 1880–1920) 1249:History of telecommunication 1193:Significant improvements in 814:in the science fiction film 358:) and a 20 cm (8 inch) 166:electromechanical television 91:as a fictional invention of 3941:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 2766:Belmudez, Benjamin (2014). 2006:. This work in turn cites: 1701:Online Etymology Dictionary 1563:(in French). Archived from 1197:quality of service for the 1121:Personal Handy-phone System 997:and decompression software 902:Studies of applications of 776:Plain Old Telephone Service 302:Gegensehn-Fernsprechanlagen 4496: 3645:Telecommunications history 1793:The Outlook For Television 1779:. May 20, 1924. p. 1. 1186: 535:1964 New York World's Fair 524:1939 New York World's Fair 314:closed-circuit televisions 259:Museum of the Moving Image 4412: 4253:Public Switched Telephone 4065:telecommunication circuit 4026:Fiber-optic communication 3771:Francis Blake (telephone) 3566:Optical telecommunication 3344: 3229:Communications satellites 2911:"Telephony With Pictures" 2868:"Telephony With Pictures" 2309:"Debut Of The Videophone" 1388:George du Maurier (1878) 1279:Timeline of the telephone 1152:the time of its release. 1046:discrete cosine transform 985:of the same time period. 765:Later development (1990s) 4164:Orbital angular-momentum 3601:Satellite communications 3440:Communications satellite 2802:. Springer. p. 41. 2403:Bell Laboratories Record 2034:Bell Laboratories Record 1790:Dunlap, Orrin E (1932). 1580:Bell, Alexander Graham. 1542:Electrician and Mechanic 1488:Bell Laboratories Record 1274:History of communication 1254:History of the telephone 1239:History of mobile phones 1093:Atari Video Game Company 1068:in 1988, and subsequent 911:, also known as codecs. 801:information technologies 360:cathode ray display tube 205:fax (facsimile) machines 199:developed by AT&T's 4043:Molecular communication 3866:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 3695:Undersea telegraph line 3430:Cable protection system 3224:Cable protection system 2700:(3). November 24, 1966. 2692:"A Viewphone Service". 2675:"Ericsson's Videophone" 2510:Encyclopædia Britannica 2373:Bell Telephone Magazine 2176:Kasher, Steven (1992). 1918:. Mobile Press Register 1831:Mäkinen, Lauri (2007). 1672:"Videophone definition" 1538:"Seeing By Electricity" 1469:retrieved 14 July 2024 1449:Retrieved 14 July 2024. 1416:"Seeing By Electricity" 1225:authorized by the U.S. 1211:video compression codec 923:Swedish Prime Minister 639:, and transmitted on a 332:broadband coaxial cable 219:address an audience in 120:Smithsonian Institution 4185:Communication protocol 3971:Charles Sumner Tainter 3786:Walter Houser Brattain 3731:Edwin Howard Armstrong 3539:Information revolution 2289:Mulbach 1995. Pg. 294. 2028:"Two-Way Television", 1858:Cite journal requires 1676:Merriam-Webster Online 1633:University of Helsinki 1606:Bell, Alexander Graham 1332:Information Technology 1184: 1124: 1073:video coding standards 1064:, standardised by the 960: 932: 877: 713:printed circuit boards 574: 555:Grand Central Terminal 490:In the United States, 449:far sight speech place 418:British pound sterling 382: 381: 336:Paul von Eltz-Rübenach 176: 158: 116:Graphophone phonograph 64: 4159:Polarization-division 3891:Narinder Singh Kapany 3856:Erna Schneider Hoover 3776:Jagadish Chandra Bose 3756:Alexander Graham Bell 3487:online video platform 3364:Telephones portal 2743:University of Salford 2662:: 140. July 15, 1971. 2428:"Expo Lounge website" 1336:touch-tone telephones 1259:History of television 1187:Further information: 1182: 1118: 1058:video coding standard 1029:(VGA) quality video ( 955: 922: 875: 817:2001: A Space Odyssey 690:AT&T Picturephone 572: 429:Baird Television Ltd. 410:telephone switchboard 356:mechanical television 174: 69:Alexander Graham Bell 44: 4001:Vladimir K. Zworykin 3961:Almon Brown Strowger 3931:Charles Grafton Page 3586:Prepaid mobile phone 3514:Electrical telegraph 3326:Telephone newspapers 3020:. November 18, 2005. 2450:. February 14, 2008. 2344:Smithsonian Magazine 2313:AT&T Techchannel 2271:on December 24, 2013 2206:Burns 1998, Pg. 530. 1461:The Electroscope in 1079:Japanese videophones 1048:(DCT), developed by 1027:Video Graphics Array 1005:in the early 2000s. 968:In 1970 the British 845:adding missing items 621:horizontal scan rate 445:Fernsehsprechstellen 269:Bell Labs' Manhattan 3951:Johann Philipp Reis 3710:Wireless revolution 3672:The Telephone Cases 3529:Hydraulic telegraph 3249:Mobile phone signal 2178:"The Art of Hitler" 2140:. October 20, 2010. 2072:1936Natur.137Q.391. 1966:Evening Independent 1954:Burns 1998. Pg. 528 1894:BairdTelevision.com 1833:"Mobile Videophone" 1594:Library of Congress 1509:Burns 1998. p. 217. 1203:Sorenson Media Inc. 1189:Video relay service 1133:Kyocera Corporation 1097:Mitsubishi Electric 1052:, T. Natarajan and 979:Marconi Electronics 970:General Post Office 607:Picturephone Mod II 472:Deutsche Bundespost 352:flying-spot scanner 4149:Frequency-division 4126:Telephone exchange 3996:Charles Wheatstone 3926:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 3901:Innocenzo Manzetti 3836:Reginald Fessenden 3571:Optical telegraphy 3404:Telecommunications 3239:Free-space optical 3040:The New York Times 2681:on March 23, 2012. 2673:Jonvallen, Petra. 1759:The New York Times 1738:The New York Times 1720:The New York Times 1697:"Video definition" 1526:. January 4, 1902. 1185: 1125: 1023:uncompressed video 961: 933: 878: 843:; you can help by 793:telecommunications 758:New York Telephone 747:Commercial failure 650:cameras and small 617:vertical scan rate 575: 539:Telephone Pavilion 508:uncompressed video 461:1936 Olympic Games 427:, partly owned by 322:(post offices) in 306:Dr. Georg Schubert 281:signal compression 177: 65: 4462: 4461: 4200:Store and forward 4195:Data transmission 4109:Network switching 4060:Transmission line 3906:Guglielmo Marconi 3871:Internet pioneers 3736:Mohamed M. Atalla 3705:Whistled language 3370: 3369: 3203:Answering machine 3076:978-0-85296-914-4 2915:Popular Mechanics 2872:Popular Mechanics 2188:. MIT Press: 59. 2030:Bell Laboratories 1520:"Seeing By Phone" 1340:videoconferencing 1015:video compression 1009:Video compression 995:video compression 953: 861: 860: 808:videoconferencing 789:materials science 741: 722: 699: 664:crossbar switches 391: 162:materials science 89:George du Maurier 53:and published in 51:George du Maurier 16:(Redirected from 4487: 4452: 4451: 4442: 4441: 4432: 4431: 4422: 4421: 4420: 4293:Notable networks 4283:Wireless network 4223:Cellular network 4215:Types of network 4190:Computer network 4077:Network topology 3991:Thomas A. Watson 3846:Oliver Heaviside 3831:Philo Farnsworth 3806:Daniel Davis Jr. 3781:Charles Bourseul 3741:John Logie Baird 3450:Data compression 3445:Computer network 3397: 3390: 3383: 3374: 3362: 3361: 3360: 3352: 3351: 3350: 3316:Fax transmission 3264:Submarine cables 3146: 3139: 3132: 3123: 3118: 3044: 3043: 3031: 3022: 3021: 3010: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2985:. Archived from 2974: 2965: 2964: 2953: 2944: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2906: 2900: 2897:Ataritel webpage 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2863: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2793: 2784: 2783: 2763: 2754: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2677:. Archived from 2670: 2664: 2663: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2635: 2629:. Archived from 2624: 2615: 2609: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2593: 2587: 2573: 2567: 2552: 2546: 2545: 2533: 2522: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2501: 2492: 2491: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2466:Today's Engineer 2458: 2452: 2451: 2444: 2438: 2437: 2435: 2434: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2415: 2400: 2392: 2377: 2376: 2370: 2361: 2355: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2335: 2329: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2305: 2290: 2287: 2281: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2267:. Archived from 2253: 2238: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2227:on June 3, 2012. 2223:. 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February 2014 2460: 2459: 2455: 2446: 2445: 2441: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2413: 2398: 2394: 2393: 2380: 2368: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2348: 2346: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2322: 2320: 2319:on May 17, 2013 2307: 2306: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2274: 2272: 2265:British Telecom 2255: 2254: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2215: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2201: 2175: 2174: 2170: 2160: 2158: 2150: 2149: 2145: 2132: 2131: 2124: 2117:New Electronics 2112: 2107: 2106: 2097: 2054: 2053: 2042: 2002: 1987: 1986: 1973: 1963: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1936: 1935: 1931: 1921: 1919: 1913: 1912: 1908: 1898: 1896: 1888: 1887: 1880: 1875: 1871: 1857: 1847: 1842: 1835: 1830: 1829: 1820: 1796: 1789: 1788: 1784: 1771: 1770: 1766: 1753: 1752: 1745: 1732: 1731: 1727: 1713: 1712: 1708: 1695: 1694: 1690: 1680: 1678: 1670: 1669: 1665: 1652: 1651: 1647: 1637: 1635: 1628: 1623: 1622: 1615: 1604: 1600: 1586:document images 1579: 1572: 1554: 1553: 1549: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1499: 1481: 1480: 1473: 1460: 1453: 1440:Louis Figuier, 1439: 1435: 1414: 1413: 1409: 1400: 1396: 1387: 1383: 1370: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1350: 1346: 1329: 1325: 1319: 1315: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1235: 1191: 1177: 1168:, and one from 1131:Much later the 1081: 1038: 1033:resolution and 1011: 991: 983:VideoPhone 2500 974:British Telecom 966: 957: 947: 917: 870: 857: 851: 848: 832: 826: 767: 749: 742: 732: 723: 709: 700: 687: 619:of 30 Hz, 609: 600: 598:Service pricing 567: 488: 465:Vienna, Austria 394: 384: 298: 265: 264: 263: 262: 250: 249: 248: 240: 239: 149:image dissector 39: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4493: 4491: 4483: 4482: 4480:Videotelephony 4477: 4467: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4456: 4446: 4436: 4426: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4406: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4378: 4377: 4372: 4364: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4297: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4219: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4181: 4179: 4175: 4174: 4172: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4144:Space-division 4140: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4128: 4123: 4122: 4121: 4116: 4106: 4105: 4104: 4094: 4089: 4083: 4081: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4069: 4068: 4067: 4057: 4056: 4055: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4034: 4033: 4023: 4017: 4015: 4007: 4006: 4004: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3981:Camille Tissot 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3956:Claude Shannon 3953: 3948: 3946:Tivadar Puskás 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3916:Antonio Meucci 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3886:Charles K. Kao 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3861:Harold Hopkins 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3761:Emile Berliner 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3722: 3720: 3716: 3715: 3713: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3700:Videotelephony 3697: 3692: 3691: 3690: 3685: 3675: 3668: 3663: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3636: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3615: 3614: 3613: 3603: 3598: 3596:Radiotelephone 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3562: 3561: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3500: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3482:Internet video 3474: 3473: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3416: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3402: 3400: 3399: 3392: 3385: 3377: 3368: 3367: 3345: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3312: 3310: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3290:Misdialed call 3287: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3210: 3205: 3199: 3197: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3163: 3161: 3157: 3156: 3151: 3149: 3148: 3141: 3134: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3102: 3101: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3078: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3045: 3023: 3000: 2966: 2945: 2920: 2901: 2889: 2877: 2855: 2843: 2815: 2808: 2785: 2778: 2755: 2730: 2726:BT Relate 2000 2718: 2703: 2684: 2665: 2647: 2610: 2594:1800–present: 2547: 2523: 2493: 2479: 2462:"Picturephone" 2453: 2439: 2419: 2416:on 2012-06-23. 2378: 2356: 2330: 2291: 2282: 2261:Connected Eart 2239: 2230: 2208: 2199: 2168: 2143: 2122: 2095: 2040: 2038: 2037: 2023: 2016: 2000: 1971: 1956: 1947: 1929: 1906: 1878: 1869: 1860:|journal= 1845:on 2016-10-07. 1818: 1782: 1777:New York Times 1764: 1743: 1725: 1722:. p. 137. 1706: 1688: 1663: 1658:New York Times 1645: 1613: 1598: 1570: 1567:on 2016-05-13. 1561:HistTV.free.fr 1547: 1529: 1511: 1497: 1471: 1451: 1433: 1430:on 2010-12-06. 1407: 1394: 1381: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1354: 1344: 1323: 1313: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1291: 1286: 1284:Videotelephony 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1234: 1231: 1207:deaf community 1176: 1173: 1080: 1077: 1010: 1007: 1003:videotelephony 990: 987: 965: 964:United Kingdom 962: 929:Lennart Hyland 916: 913: 904:videotelephony 897:France Télécom 869: 866: 859: 858: 838: 836: 825: 822: 766: 763: 748: 745: 744: 743: 733: 726: 724: 710: 703: 701: 688: 681: 679: 608: 605: 599: 596: 583:Peter Flaherty 566: 563: 487: 484: 480:videotelephony 457:propagandistic 455:political and 388:Harold Osborne 364: 297: 294: 252: 251: 242: 241: 233: 232: 231: 230: 229: 217:Herbert Hoover 74:telephonoscope 61:speaking tubes 38: 35: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4492: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4455: 4447: 4445: 4437: 4435: 4427: 4425: 4415: 4414: 4411: 4404: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4353: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4212: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4176: 4170: 4169:Code-division 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4154:Time-division 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4127: 4124: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4111: 4110: 4107: 4103: 4100: 4099: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4084: 4082: 4080:and switching 4078: 4074: 4066: 4063: 4062: 4061: 4058: 4054: 4051: 4050: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4032: 4031:optical fiber 4029: 4028: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4021:Coaxial cable 4019: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4008: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3936:Radia Perlman 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3826:Lee de Forest 3824: 3822: 3821:Thomas Edison 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3811:Donald Davies 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3796:Claude Chappe 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3680: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3640:Smoke signals 3638: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3620: 3619: 3618:Semiconductor 3616: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3479: 3478: 3477:Digital media 3475: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3452: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3398: 3393: 3391: 3386: 3384: 3379: 3378: 3375: 3365: 3355: 3343: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3307: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3295:Nuisance call 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3234:Fibre-optical 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3194: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3147: 3142: 3140: 3135: 3133: 3128: 3127: 3124: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3098: 3097: 3096: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3068:0-85296-914-7 3065: 3061: 3060: 3056:Burns, R.W., 3055: 3054: 3049: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3028: 3024: 3019: 3018:TomsGuide.com 3015: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3001: 2988: 2984: 2983:Computerworld 2980: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2958: 2952: 2950: 2946: 2934: 2930: 2924: 2921: 2916: 2912: 2905: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2844: 2832: 2831: 2826: 2819: 2816: 2811: 2809:9783540711698 2805: 2801: 2800: 2792: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2779:9783319141664 2775: 2771: 2770: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2744: 2740: 2734: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2719: 2714: 2707: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2694:New Scientist 2688: 2685: 2680: 2676: 2669: 2666: 2661: 2660:New Scientist 2657: 2651: 2648: 2636:on 2012-06-23 2632: 2628: 2621: 2614: 2611: 2599: 2591: 2584: 2583: 2578: 2571: 2564: 2563: 2558: 2551: 2548: 2543: 2539: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2512: 2511: 2506: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2483: 2480: 2467: 2463: 2457: 2454: 2449: 2443: 2440: 2429: 2423: 2420: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2397: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2367: 2360: 2357: 2345: 2341: 2334: 2331: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2286: 2283: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2237:Mulbach 1995. 2234: 2231: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2212: 2209: 2203: 2200: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2172: 2169: 2157: 2153: 2147: 2144: 2139: 2138:The Economist 2135: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2111: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2008: 2007: 2003: 2001:9780471987697 1997: 1993: 1992: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1960: 1957: 1951: 1948: 1943: 1942:Vsee.com blog 1939: 1933: 1930: 1917: 1910: 1907: 1895: 1891: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1873: 1870: 1865: 1852: 1841: 1834: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1795: 1794: 1786: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1768: 1765: 1760: 1756: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1735: 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the 1078: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1025:. To achieve 1024: 1020: 1019:digital video 1016: 1008: 1006: 1004: 1000: 996: 988: 986: 984: 980: 975: 971: 963: 945: 943: 938: 930: 926: 925:Tage Erlander 921: 914: 912: 910: 905: 900: 898: 894: 889: 885: 884: 874: 867: 865: 855: 852:December 2012 846: 842: 839:This list is 837: 830: 829: 823: 821: 819: 818: 813: 809: 804: 802: 798: 794: 790: 784: 781: 777: 772: 764: 762: 759: 755: 746: 739: 738:Richard Diehl 730: 725: 720: 719:Richard Diehl 714: 707: 702: 697: 696:Richard Diehl 691: 685: 680: 677: 675: 672: 669: 668:Bell System's 665: 660: 656: 653: 649: 644: 642: 638: 634: 630: 629:twisted pairs 626: 622: 618: 614: 606: 604: 597: 595: 592: 588: 584: 579: 571: 564: 562: 560: 556: 550: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 527: 525: 520: 516: 511: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 485: 483: 481: 477: 473: 468: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 441: 439: 435: 430: 426: 421: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 393: 389: 380: 376: 374: 370: 363: 361: 357: 353: 350: 346: 345: 339: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 320: 315: 311: 307: 303: 295: 293: 290: 286: 282: 276: 274: 270: 260: 256: 246: 237: 228: 226: 222: 221:New York City 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 193:Western Union 190: 185: 182: 173: 169: 167: 163: 157: 152: 150: 146: 142: 136: 134: 128: 126: 121: 117: 113: 109: 108:Louis Figuier 105: 104:telectroscope 100: 98: 94: 93:Thomas Edison 90: 86: 85:Albert Robida 82: 81: 76: 75: 70: 62: 58: 57: 52: 48: 43: 37:Early history 36: 34: 32: 27: 19: 4136:Multiplexing 4011:Transmission 3976:Nikola Tesla 3966:Henry Sutton 3921:Samuel Morse 3851:Robert Hooke 3816:Amos Dolbear 3751:John Bardeen 3699: 3670: 3650:Telautograph 3554:Mobile phone 3509:Edholm's law 3492:social media 3425:Broadcasting 3331:Théâtrophone 3309:Applications 3217:Connectivity 3177:Mobile phone 3081: 3058: 3050:Bibliography 3039: 3017: 2991:. Retrieved 2987:the original 2982: 2960: 2936:. Retrieved 2932: 2923: 2914: 2904: 2892: 2880: 2871: 2846: 2834:. Retrieved 2828: 2818: 2798: 2768: 2748:December 22, 2746:. Retrieved 2742: 2733: 2721: 2712: 2706: 2697: 2693: 2687: 2679:the original 2668: 2659: 2650: 2638:. Retrieved 2631:the original 2626: 2613: 2603:February 29, 2601:. Retrieved 2581: 2561: 2550: 2541: 2537: 2516:December 18, 2514:. Retrieved 2508: 2505:"Videophone" 2482: 2472:February 19, 2470:. Retrieved 2465: 2456: 2442: 2431:. Retrieved 2422: 2411:the original 2406: 2402: 2372: 2359: 2349:December 18, 2347:. Retrieved 2343: 2333: 2321:. Retrieved 2317:the original 2312: 2285: 2275:December 18, 2273:. Retrieved 2269:the original 2260: 2233: 2225:the original 2220: 2211: 2202: 2185: 2181: 2171: 2159:. Retrieved 2155: 2146: 2137: 2116: 2063: 2059: 2033: 2019: 2010: 1990: 1965: 1959: 1950: 1941: 1932: 1920:. Retrieved 1909: 1897:. Retrieved 1893: 1872: 1851:cite journal 1840:the original 1792: 1785: 1776: 1767: 1758: 1737: 1728: 1719: 1709: 1700: 1691: 1679:. Retrieved 1675: 1666: 1657: 1648: 1636:. 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