155:
1520:, usually 0–10 metres (0–33 ft) below the ocean surface and in all levels of latitude. Pteropods can be found lower than 10 meters, but in less amounts in terms of biomass, however, pteropod distribution is more spread out deeper based on findings. This can be explained as Pteropods from tropical areas become more common in deeper areas. They are not found commonly in the deep sea, in fact, few live lower than 500 meters below sea level.
1477:
128:
1524:, areas containing many opportunities for nutrients, and productivity are locations in which Pteropods are usually populous, according to patterns in data. Springtime is a peak season for pteropoda, as they reach higher populations, though data shows that pteropoda south of the
503:
Pteropods are estimated to have originated during the Early
Cretaceous, around 133 million years ago, with the diversification into the major lineages occurring during the mid-late Cretaceous. The oldest known fossil pteropod is a member of
491:
Finally, all these attempts were abandoned and, as more and more species were described as a result of several scientific expeditions, the classification of the
Pteropoda into Thecosomata and Gymnosomata was generally adopted.
1863:
Janssen, A.W.; Goedert, J.L. (2016). "Notes on the systematics, morphology, and biostratigraphy of fossil holoplanktonic
Mollusca, 24. First observation of a genuinely Late Mesozoic thecosomatous pteropod".
1507:
shell. The shell of a pteropod was immersed in ocean water with the projected pH level that the water will reach by the year 2100. After a month and a half in the water, the shell had almost completely dissolved.
1636:
1891:
1808:
1503:
was used to test the sensitivity to decreasing pH. This species of pteropod is potentially vulnerable to the corrosive waters associated with ocean acidification due to their
2397:
1885:
Peijnenburg, Katja T.C.A.; Janssen, Arie W.; Wall-Palmer, Deborah; Goetze, Erica; Maas, Amy E.; Todd, Jonathan A.; Marlétaz, Ferdinand (24 September 2020).
1802:
Peijnenburg, Katja T.C.A.; Janssen, Arie W.; Wall-Palmer, Deborah; Goetze, Erica; Maas, Amy E.; Todd, Jonathan A.; Marlétaz, Ferdinand (13 October 2020).
1961:"Limacina helicina shell dissolution as an indicator of declining habitat suitability owing to ocean acidification in the California Current Ecosystem"
2371:
2203:
2384:
2219:
Burridge, Alice K.; Hörnlein, Christine; Janssen, Arie W.; Hughes, Martin; Bush, Stephanie L.; Marlétaz, Ferdinand; et al. (12 June 2017).
1632:"Systematic position of the pelagic Thecosomata and Gymnosomata within Opisthobranchia (Mollusca, Gastropoda) - revival of the Pteropoda"
1460:
The phylogenetic tree has been inferred from 2,654 nuclear proteins (representing 834,394 concatenated amino acid positions).
460:
went one step further and, for the sake of symmetry, wanted each order to contain four families and each family to contain four genera.
456:(1829) followed the Cuvierian classification but tried to include the character of having a distinct head or not. The German naturalist
1721:
1598:
1569:
404:
440:(and his followers) did not accept the classification by de Blainville; they preferred the original classification as described in
2474:
2436:
319:; if not, their similarity (in that they are both pelagic, small, and transparent, and both groups swim using wing-like flaps (
2171:
2389:
419:
which he upgraded to a third group that he called
Psilosomata. Only much later was Phyllirhoë classified within the order
400:). In 1810, these authors divided the whole group in two separate groups: Those with a shell and those without a shell.
2332:
2319:
484:(1829) treated the Pteropoda as a family and emended the spelling to Pteropodidae (a name now re-used for a family of
495:
The relationship between these two clades is not unequivocally established, but it seems that they are sister taxa.
2464:
2402:
1553:
1528:
are less abundant seasonally. In addition, current data suggests that 93% of the world's pteropods are part of the
681:
154:
2079:"The global distribution of pteropods and their contribution to carbonate and carbon biomass in the modern ocean"
1672:
1299:
461:
355:
1677:
611:
396:
282:
2272:
637:
245:
2337:
2211:
315:"case-body") have a shell, while the Gymnosomata ("naked body") do not. The two clades may or may not be
2423:
1517:
983:
829:
663:
481:
432:
2441:
2358:
2090:
2031:
1900:
1817:
1780:
351:
324:
2190:
1887:"The origin and diversification of pteropods precede past perturbations in the Earth's carbon cycle"
1804:"The origin and diversification of pteropods precede past perturbations in the Earth's carbon cycle"
1565:
1557:
1494:
1488:
1481:
1229:
965:
904:
868:
370:
1959:
Bednaršek, N.; Feely, R.A.; Reum, J.C.P.; Peterson, B.; Menkel, J.; Alin, S.R.; Hales, B. (2014).
2469:
1334:
1152:
939:
778:
149:
2428:
444:
2410:
2345:
2254:
2059:
1998:
1980:
1936:
1918:
1845:
1521:
1504:
1499:
1352:
1281:
886:
743:
567:
209:
1685:
2415:
2244:
2234:
2108:
2098:
2049:
2039:
1988:
1972:
1926:
1908:
1835:
1825:
1739:
1645:
1607:
760:
513:
427:
386:
375:
1552:
Many of the new
Pteropoda species were first described by French zoologists, for example,
1185:
1126:
1084:
1066:
585:
408:
300:
141:
2310:
2094:
2035:
2016:
Comeau, S.; Gorsky, G.; Jeffree, R.; Teyssié, J.-L.; Gattuso, J.-P. (4 September 2009).
1904:
1821:
2249:
2220:
2022:
1993:
1960:
1931:
1886:
1840:
1803:
1699:
1476:
1211:
339:
2458:
1650:
1631:
1041:
801:
437:
359:
263:
224:
85:
269:. Most live in the top 10 m of the ocean and are less than 1 cm long. The
2350:
2018:"Impact of ocean acidification on a key Arctic pelagic mollusc (Limacina helicina)"
1108:
813:
420:
316:
286:
274:
273:
of
Pteropoda is the subject of a lengthy debate; they have even been considered as
35:
2181:
2078:
1666:
2324:
2239:
2143:
2304:
1757:
1561:
1533:
1529:
843:
731:
550:
505:
457:
453:
304:
296:
278:
260:
238:
60:
2295:
2077:
Bednaršek, N.; Možina, J.; Vogt, M.; O'Brien, C.; Tarling, G.A. (10 Dec 2012).
1592:
Wägele, Heike; Klussmann-Kolb, Annette; Verbeek, Eva; Schrödl, Michael (2013).
2144:
Wissenschaftliche
Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer
2113:
1612:
1593:
391:
327:
196:
105:
70:
2063:
1984:
1922:
2164:
2150:[Scientific results of the German deep-sea expedition on the steam ship
2139:
2103:
1913:
1830:
509:
380:
364:
320:
308:
270:
266:
252:
166:
136:
110:
39:
31:
2258:
2044:
2017:
2002:
1976:
1940:
1849:
407:
named these two groups
Gymnosomata and Thecosomata and named the combining
2289:
2225:
1866:
256:
186:
100:
95:
80:
75:
65:
17:
2376:
2054:
1525:
485:
249:
115:
90:
127:
1594:"Flashback and foreshadowing – a review of the taxon Opisthobranchia"
176:
2266:
2206:. Report of the Scientific results of the Voyage of the H.M.S.
1493:
A study was conducted on the West Coast of the United States to see
1475:
412:
293:
2363:
2180:(short videos & photos). Plankton Chronicles. Archived from
1762:
Manuel de l'histoire naturelle des mollusques et leurs coquilles
430:
divided the
Pteropoda into Dactylobranchia (with just the genus
2270:
464:, divided the Pteropoda according to the size of their fins: "
411:
Aporobranchia instead of
Pteropoda. He rejected the additional
2210:(1873–1876). Zoology, part LVIII (Report). Archived from
1783:[Description of a new genera in the class Pteropoda].
358:
thought the group to be larger, and so they also included the
2195:
WoRMS – World Registry of Marine Species (marinespecies.org)
1781:"Description d'un genre nouveau de la classe des Ptéropodes"
1766:
Handbook of the Natural History of Molluscs and their Shells
2186:— archived documentary website with film clips & photos
1637:
Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research
1892:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA
1809:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA
1625:
1623:
2154:
1898–1899]. Atlas (Report) (in German). Part 9
1328:
1275:
1267:
1205:
1179:
1146:
1120:
1060:
959:
933:
862:
854:
754:
657:
631:
605:
561:
436:) and Pterobranchia (including all the other genera).
426:
Other attempts were made to describe the Pteropoda:
2279:
2214:
on 6 March 2012 – via 19thcenturyscience.org.
248:meaning "wing-foot") are specialized free-swimming
2221:"Time-calibrated molecular phylogeny of pteropods"
1665:
1702:(1804). "MĂ©moire sur l'Hyale et Ie Pneumoderme".
1954:
1952:
1950:
323:) which protrude from their bodies) may reflect
527:Cladogram of genera and species of pteropods.
8:
474:
466:
442:
344:
2267:
1728:(in French). Vol. xxxii. p. 271.
285:, leans towards interpreting the group as
126:
46:
2248:
2238:
2112:
2102:
2053:
2043:
1992:
1930:
1912:
1839:
1829:
1649:
1630:Klussmann-Kolb, A.; Dinapoli, A. (2006).
1611:
2167:; beautifully illustrated; free download
1584:
1545:
338:The group Pteropoda was established by
1480:Unhealthy pteropod showing effects of
472:" (including only Pneumonoderma) and "
7:
2161:– via biodiversitylibrary.org.
1686:participating institution membership
1472:Vulnerability to ocean acidification
1599:Organisms Diversity & Evolution
1324:
1271:
1263:
1201:
1175:
1168:
1142:
1116:
1056:
1049:
1035:
955:
929:
858:
850:
820:
808:
750:
738:
653:
627:
601:
557:
545:
533:
25:
312:
1651:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2006.00351.x
153:
1785:Annales des Sciences Naturelles
1570:Louis François Auguste Souleyet
330:to their particular lifestyle.
281:. Current consensus, guided by
480:" (including all the others).
292:Pteropoda encompasses the two
1:
2240:10.1371/journal.pone.0177325
1516:Pteropods are found in all
2491:
2163:— by German planktologist
1722:de Blainville, H.M.D.
1704:Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris
1486:
682:Spongiobranchaea australis
42:(extinct flying reptiles).
29:
2204:"Report on the Pteropoda"
2083:Earth System Science Data
1744:London Medical Repository
1673:Oxford English Dictionary
1613:10.1007/s13127-013-0151-5
1532:family, while the 7% are
1497:'s effects on pteropods.
1348:
1330:
1322:
1300:Diacavolinia longirostris
1295:
1277:
1269:
1261:
1225:
1207:
1199:
1181:
1173:
1166:
1148:
1140:
1122:
1114:
1080:
1062:
1054:
1047:
1033:
979:
961:
953:
935:
927:
900:
882:
864:
856:
848:
825:
818:
806:
774:
756:
748:
736:
677:
659:
651:
633:
625:
607:
599:
581:
563:
555:
543:
405:H.M.D. de Blainville
356:Charles Alexandre Lesueur
150:Scientific classification
148:
134:
125:
49:
2202:Pelseneer, Paul (1887).
30:Not to be confused with
2475:Obsolete gastropod taxa
2104:10.5194/essd-4-167-2012
1914:10.1073/pnas.1920918117
1831:10.1073/pnas.1920918117
1678:Oxford University Press
1554:Jean René Constant Quoy
612:Paedoclione doliiformis
2197:. AlphaID 325345.
2178:planktonchronicles.org
2045:10.5194/bg-6-1877-2009
1977:10.1098/rspb.2014.0123
1484:
638:Pneumodermopsis spoeli
508:from the early-middle
475:
467:
443:
345:
2424:Paleobiology Database
1479:
984:Limacina trochiformis
830:Heliconoides inflatus
664:Pneumoderma violaceum
2193:. WoRMS taxon data.
499:Evolutionary history
2184:on 12 January 2012.
2142:(22 January 1905).
2095:2012ESSD....4..167B
2036:2009BGeo....6.1877C
1905:2020PNAS..11725609P
1899:(41): 25609–25617.
1822:2020PNAS..11725609P
1816:(41): 25609–25617.
1676:(Online ed.).
1558:Joseph Paul Gaimard
1522:Continental shelves
1495:ocean acidification
1489:Ocean acidification
1482:ocean acidification
1230:Cuvierina atlantica
966:Limacina bulimoides
905:Limacina retroversa
869:Limacina antarctica
311:. The Thecosomata (
2114:20.500.11850/60379
1971:(1785): 20140123.
1768:] (in French).
1485:
1335:Diacria trispinosa
1153:Hyalocylis striata
940:Limacina lesueurii
779:Peracle reticulata
2465:Euopisthobranchia
2452:
2451:
2411:Open Tree of Life
2273:Taxon identifiers
1787:. 1 (in French).
1779:Rang, S. (1825).
1726:Diet. d. Sci. Nat
1684:(Subscription or
1505:calcium carbonate
1500:Limacina helicina
1464:
1463:
1454:
1453:
1445:
1444:
1436:
1435:
1427:
1426:
1418:
1417:
1409:
1408:
1400:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1382:
1381:
1373:
1372:
1364:
1363:
1353:Telodiacria danae
1311:
1310:
1282:Cavolinia inflexa
1250:
1249:
1241:
1240:
1096:
1095:
1022:
1021:
1013:
1012:
1004:
1003:
995:
994:
916:
915:
887:Limacina helicina
790:
789:
744:Pseudothecosomata
720:
719:
711:
710:
702:
701:
693:
692:
568:Clione antarctica
283:molecular studies
232:
231:
228:
210:Euopisthobranchia
27:Order of molluscs
16:(Redirected from
2482:
2445:
2444:
2432:
2431:
2419:
2418:
2406:
2405:
2393:
2392:
2380:
2379:
2367:
2366:
2354:
2353:
2341:
2340:
2328:
2327:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2268:
2262:
2252:
2242:
2215:
2198:
2185:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2116:
2106:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2057:
2047:
2030:(9): 1877–1882.
2013:
2007:
2006:
1996:
1956:
1945:
1944:
1934:
1916:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1833:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1681:
1669:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1627:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1589:
1573:
1566:Alcide d'Orbigny
1550:
1325:
1272:
1264:
1202:
1176:
1169:
1143:
1117:
1057:
1050:
1036:
956:
930:
859:
851:
821:
809:
761:Cymbulia sibogae
751:
739:
654:
628:
602:
558:
546:
534:
524:
523:
514:San Juan Islands
512:deposits of the
478:
470:
448:
390:), and even the
348:
314:
277:with respect to
223:
158:
157:
130:
120:
57:
56:Campanian–Recent
53:Temporal range:
47:
21:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2440:
2435:
2427:
2422:
2414:
2409:
2401:
2396:
2388:
2383:
2375:
2370:
2362:
2357:
2349:
2344:
2336:
2331:
2323:
2318:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2275:
2265:
2233:(6): e0177325.
2218:
2201:
2189:
2173:Episode 17
2170:
2157:
2155:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2119:
2117:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2015:
2014:
2010:
1965:Proc. R. Soc. B
1958:
1957:
1948:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1629:
1628:
1621:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1514:
1491:
1474:
1469:
1455:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1401:
1392:
1383:
1374:
1365:
1312:
1251:
1242:
1186:Clio pyramidata
1127:Styliola subula
1097:
1085:Creseis virgula
1067:Creseis acicula
1023:
1014:
1005:
996:
917:
791:
721:
712:
703:
694:
586:Clione limacina
522:
501:
476:Microptérygiens
468:Macroptérygiens
445:Le Règne Animal
336:
301:sea butterflies
222:
152:
142:Clione limacina
139:of the species
121:
119:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
55:
54:
51:
43:
38:(megabats), or
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2488:
2486:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2457:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2433:
2420:
2407:
2394:
2381:
2368:
2355:
2342:
2329:
2316:
2301:
2285:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2264:
2263:
2216:
2199:
2187:
2168:
2135:
2133:
2132:External links
2130:
2128:
2127:
2089:(1): 167–186.
2069:
2023:Biogeosciences
2008:
1946:
1877:
1855:
1794:
1771:
1749:
1746:. p. 235.
1731:
1713:
1691:
1657:
1619:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1513:
1510:
1487:Main article:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1329:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1212:Clio cuspidata
1206:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1180:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1121:
1115:
1113:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
993:
992:
989:
988:
978:
975:
974:
971:
970:
960:
954:
952:
949:
948:
945:
944:
934:
928:
926:
923:
922:
919:
918:
914:
913:
910:
909:
899:
896:
895:
892:
891:
881:
878:
877:
874:
873:
863:
857:
855:
849:
847:
839:
838:
835:
834:
824:
819:
817:
807:
805:
797:
796:
793:
792:
788:
787:
784:
783:
773:
770:
769:
766:
765:
755:
749:
747:
737:
735:
727:
726:
723:
722:
718:
717:
714:
713:
709:
708:
705:
704:
700:
699:
696:
695:
691:
690:
687:
686:
676:
673:
672:
669:
668:
658:
652:
650:
647:
646:
643:
642:
632:
626:
624:
621:
620:
617:
616:
606:
600:
598:
595:
594:
591:
590:
580:
577:
576:
573:
572:
562:
556:
554:
544:
542:
532:
529:
528:
521:
518:
500:
497:
352:François Péron
335:
332:
230:
229:
217:
213:
212:
207:
200:
199:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
146:
145:
132:
131:
123:
122:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
58:
52:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2487:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2166:
2153:
2149:
2147:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2012:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1881:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1798:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1661:
1658:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1588:
1585:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1490:
1483:
1478:
1471:
1466:
1459:
1458:
1450:
1449:
1441:
1440:
1432:
1431:
1423:
1422:
1414:
1413:
1405:
1404:
1396:
1395:
1387:
1386:
1378:
1377:
1369:
1368:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1246:
1245:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1204:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1145:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1119:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1059:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1042:Cavolinioidea
1038:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1018:
1017:
1009:
1008:
1000:
999:
991:
990:
987:
986:
985:
977:
976:
973:
972:
969:
968:
967:
958:
957:
951:
950:
947:
946:
943:
942:
941:
932:
931:
925:
924:
921:
920:
912:
911:
908:
907:
906:
898:
897:
894:
893:
890:
889:
888:
880:
879:
876:
875:
872:
871:
870:
861:
860:
853:
852:
846:
845:
841:
840:
837:
836:
833:
832:
831:
823:
822:
816:
815:
811:
810:
804:
803:
802:Euthecosomata
799:
798:
795:
794:
786:
785:
782:
781:
780:
772:
771:
768:
767:
764:
763:
762:
753:
752:
746:
745:
741:
740:
734:
733:
729:
728:
725:
724:
716:
715:
707:
706:
698:
697:
689:
688:
685:
684:
683:
675:
674:
671:
670:
667:
666:
665:
656:
655:
649:
648:
645:
644:
641:
640:
639:
630:
629:
623:
622:
619:
618:
615:
614:
613:
604:
603:
597:
596:
593:
592:
589:
588:
587:
579:
578:
575:
574:
571:
570:
569:
560:
559:
553:
552:
548:
547:
541:
540:
536:
535:
531:
530:
526:
525:
519:
517:
515:
511:
507:
498:
496:
493:
489:
487:
483:
479:
477:
471:
469:
463:
459:
455:
451:
449:
447:
446:
439:
435:
434:
429:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
401:
399:
398:
393:
389:
388:
383:
382:
377:
373:
372:
367:
366:
361:
360:opisthobranch
357:
353:
349:
347:
341:
333:
331:
329:
326:
322:
318:
310:
306:
302:
298:
295:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
265:
264:opisthobranch
262:
258:
254:
251:
247:
243:
240:
236:
226:
221:
218:
215:
214:
211:
208:
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
156:
151:
147:
144:
143:
138:
133:
129:
124:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
48:
45:
41:
37:
34:(dinosaurs),
33:
19:
2280:
2230:
2224:
2212:the original
2207:
2194:
2182:the original
2177:
2172:
2156:. Retrieved
2151:
2145:
2118:. Retrieved
2086:
2082:
2072:
2027:
2021:
2011:
1968:
1964:
1896:
1890:
1880:
1871:
1865:
1858:
1813:
1807:
1797:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1765:
1761:
1752:
1743:
1734:
1725:
1716:
1707:
1703:
1694:
1671:
1660:
1641:
1635:
1603:
1597:
1587:
1548:
1518:major oceans
1515:
1512:Distribution
1498:
1492:
1351:
1349:
1333:
1331:
1298:
1296:
1280:
1278:
1228:
1226:
1210:
1208:
1184:
1182:
1151:
1149:
1125:
1123:
1109:Cavoliniidae
1107:
1106:
1083:
1081:
1065:
1063:
1040:
1039:
982:
980:
964:
962:
938:
936:
903:
901:
885:
883:
867:
865:
842:
828:
826:
814:Limacinoidea
812:
800:
777:
775:
759:
757:
742:
730:
680:
678:
662:
660:
636:
634:
610:
608:
584:
582:
566:
564:
549:
538:
537:
502:
494:
490:
473:
465:
452:
441:
431:
425:
421:Nudibranchia
416:
402:
395:
385:
379:
369:
363:
343:
337:
291:
287:monophyletic
275:paraphyletic
241:
234:
233:
219:
203:
140:
44:
36:Pteropodidae
2305:Wikispecies
2191:"Pteropoda"
2055:10453/14721
1606:: 133–149.
1534:Gymnosomata
1530:Thecosomata
844:Limacinidae
732:Thecosomata
551:Gymnosomata
506:Limacinidae
350:" in 1804.
317:sister taxa
305:Gymnosomata
297:Thecosomata
279:cephalopods
244:, from the
239:common name
2459:Categories
2208:Challenger
2158:2023-04-25
2140:Chun, Carl
1740:Gray, J.E.
1700:Cuvier, G.
1688:required.)
1644:(2): 118.
1580:References
486:fruit bats
482:W.B. Clark
417:Phyllirhoë
397:Callianira
392:Ctenophora
376:heteropoda
365:Phyllirhoë
346:ptéropodes
328:adaptation
325:convergent
309:sea angels
267:gastropods
253:sea snails
197:Gastropoda
2470:Pteropoda
2325:Pteropoda
2311:Pteropoda
2281:Pteropoda
2165:Carl Chun
2148:1898–1899
2064:1726-4189
1985:0962-8452
1923:0027-8424
1562:Paul Rang
1540:Footnotes
539:Pteropoda
520:Phylogeny
510:Campanian
462:P.A. 1829
433:Cavolinia
428:J.E. Gray
415:, except
403:In 1824,
381:Carinaria
321:parapodia
271:monophyly
257:sea slugs
242:pteropods
235:Pteropoda
220:Pteropoda
173:Kingdom:
167:Eukaryota
137:sea angel
50:Pteropoda
40:Pterosaur
32:Theropoda
2364:46451494
2296:Q1031983
2290:Wikidata
2259:28604805
2226:PLoS One
2152:Valdivia
2146:Valdivia
2003:24789895
1941:32973093
1874:: 59–63.
1867:Basteria
1850:32973093
1760:(1829).
1758:Rang, P.
1742:(1821).
1724:(1824).
1667:"theco-"
334:Taxonomy
187:Mollusca
183:Phylum:
177:Animalia
163:Domain:
18:Pteropod
2377:9697017
2250:5467808
2120:18 June
2091:Bibcode
2032:Bibcode
1994:4024287
1932:7568333
1901:Bibcode
1841:7568333
1818:Bibcode
1526:equator
1467:Threats
1350:
1332:
1297:
1279:
1227:
1209:
1183:
1150:
1124:
1082:
1064:
981:
963:
937:
902:
884:
866:
827:
776:
758:
679:
661:
635:
609:
583:
565:
458:L. Oken
374:), the
371:Glaucus
250:pelagic
216:Order:
193:Class:
2442:325345
2429:167418
2416:616224
2403:977783
2390:198379
2338:854079
2257:
2247:
2062:
2001:
1991:
1983:
1939:
1929:
1921:
1848:
1838:
1791:: 284.
1710:: 232.
1568:, and
438:Cuvier
413:genera
387:Firola
378:taxa (
362:taxa (
340:Cuvier
307:, the
303:, and
299:, the
294:clades
261:marine
227:(1804)
225:Cuvier
2437:WoRMS
2351:7NFFH
1764:[
1682:
409:order
246:Greek
204:Clade
2398:NCBI
2385:ITIS
2372:GBIF
2333:BOLD
2255:PMID
2122:2018
2060:ISSN
1999:PMID
1981:ISSN
1937:PMID
1919:ISSN
1846:PMID
1556:and
454:Rang
384:and
368:and
354:and
342:as "
313:lit.
255:and
61:Preęž’
2359:EoL
2346:CoL
2320:AFD
2245:PMC
2235:doi
2109:hdl
2099:doi
2050:hdl
2040:doi
1989:PMC
1973:doi
1969:281
1927:PMC
1909:doi
1897:117
1836:PMC
1826:doi
1814:117
1646:doi
1608:doi
2461::
2439::
2426::
2413::
2400::
2387::
2374::
2361::
2348::
2335::
2322::
2307::
2292::
2253:.
2243:.
2231:12
2229:.
2223:.
2176:.
2107:.
2097:.
2085:.
2081:.
2058:.
2048:.
2038:.
2026:.
2020:.
1997:.
1987:.
1979:.
1967:.
1963:.
1949:^
1935:.
1925:.
1917:.
1907:.
1895:.
1889:.
1872:80
1870:.
1844:.
1834:.
1824:.
1812:.
1806:.
1706:.
1670:.
1642:44
1640:.
1634:.
1622:^
1604:14
1602:.
1596:.
1564:,
1560:,
1536:.
516:.
488:)
450:.
423:.
289:.
259:,
206::
135:A
111:Pg
2261:.
2237::
2124:.
2111::
2101::
2093::
2087:4
2066:.
2052::
2042::
2034::
2028:6
2005:.
1975::
1943:.
1911::
1903::
1852:.
1828::
1820::
1789:V
1708:4
1680:.
1654:.
1648::
1616:.
1610::
1572:.
394:(
237:(
116:N
106:K
101:J
96:T
91:P
86:C
81:D
76:S
71:O
66:ęž’
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
