160:, which represents the idea of equality for all people. Arguments used in favor of new eugenics include that it is in the best interest of society that life succeeds rather than fail, and that it is acceptable to ensure that progeny has a chance of achieving this success. Ethical arguments against new eugenics include the claim that creating designer babies is not in the best interest of society as it might create a breach between genetically modified individuals and natural individuals. Additionally, some of these technologies might be economically restrictive further increasing the socio-economical gap.
1029:
impinges upon the principle of respect for human dignity in several ways. It weakens the idea that the differences among human beings, regardless of the measure of their endowment, are exactly what the recognition of their equality presupposes and therefore protects. It introduces the risk of new forms of discrimination and stigmatization for those who cannot afford such enhancement or simply do not want to resort to it. The arguments that have been produced in favour of the so-called liberal eugenics do not trump the indication to apply the limit of medical reasons also in this case.
192:
wrote that new eugenics should not be confused with the ethical problems of the 20th century eugenics movements. They have also stated the notion is nevertheless problematic as it challenges the idea of human equality and opens up new ways of discrimination and stigmatization against those who do not
1028:
The goal of enhancing individuals and the human species by engineering the genes related to some characteristics and traits is not to be confused with the barbarous projects of eugenics that planned the simple elimination of human beings considered as 'imperfect' on an ideological basis. However, it
180:
is important enough for the state to mandate childrearing practices such as health care and basic education, that very same interest is important enough for the state to mandate safe, effective, and functionally integrated genetic practices that act on analogous all-purpose traits such as resistance
438:
Because a flexible definition of health relates to a flexible definition of the disabled, any attempt to prohibit access to enhancement technology can be challenged as a violation of disability rights. Presented this way, disability rights are the gateway for the application of transhumanism. Any
171:
which inspires its name. Instead he favors traditional, coersive eugenics, arguing that reprogenetic technologies like embryo selection, cellular surgery, and human genetic engineering, which aim to enhance general purpose traits in offspring, are not practices a liberal government leaves to the
419:
Some forms of assistive reproduction previously seen as enhancement are now considered to be treatments. This vagueness in therapy is mirrored in the classification of interventions. Vaccination can be seen as a form of prevention, but also as an enhancement of the immune system. To distinguish
133:
or genetic selection of individuals for traits that are supposed to improve human welfare. The underlying idea is to improve the genetic basis of future generations and reduce incidence of genetic diseases and other undesirable traits. Some of the practices included in new eugenics are:
290:). This distinction, naturally, "draws a line between services or interventions meant to prevent or cure (or otherwise ameliorate) conditions that we view as diseases or disabilities and interventions that improve a condition that we view as a
121:, for example, are widely considered justified. Compulsory sterilization of those deemed unfit is a form of coercive eugenics that has been overwhelmingly rejected in the 21st century, and is illegal under many national and international laws.
439:
attempt to identify a moral or natural hazard associated with enhancement technology must also include some limitation of disability rights, which seems to go against the entire direction of human rights legislation over the last century.
340:
of the therapy–enhancement distinction. Without such a clear divide, restorative medicine and exploratory eugenics also invariably become harder to distinguish; and accordingly might one explain the matter's relevance to ongoing
237:
An argument in favor of this principle is that traits (such as empathy, memory, etc.) are "all-purpose means" in the sense of being instrumental in realizing whatever life plans the child may come to have.
1689:
134:
pre-implantation diagnosis and embryo selection, selective breeding, and human enhancement through the use of genetic technologies, such as embryo engineering or gene therapy.
94:") and negative eugenics (discouraging reproduction among those designated "unfit"). Another distinction is between coercive eugenics and non-coercive eugenics. According to
83:
New eugenics is distinguished from previous versions of eugenics by its emphasis on informed parental choice rather than coercive governmental control.
1475:
1351:
98:, many positive eugenic programs were advocated and pursued during the early 20th century, but the negative programs were responsible for the
1542:
1442:
1406:
659:
294:". And yet the adequacy of such a dichotomy is highly contested in modern scholarly bioethics. One simple counterargument is that it has
389:
117:
Bioethicists generally consider coercive eugenics more difficult to justify than non-coercive eugenics, though coercive laws forbidding
1572:
1393:
360:
1315:
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577:
471:
223:
189:
1770:
1045:
1811:
1470:
1242:
Hens, K.; Dondorp, W.; Handyside, A. H.; Harper, J.; Newson, A. J.; Pennings, G.; Rehmann-Sutter, C.; De Wert, G. (2013).
496:
257:
53:. Those who advocate new eugenics generally think selecting or altering embryos should be left to the preferences of
278:
Self-described opponents of historical eugenics first and foremost, are known to insist on a particularly stringent
1730:
1829:
1295:
1248:
249:
50:
99:
181:
to disease and general cognitive functioning. He concludes that the liberal case for compulsory eugenics is a
1844:
164:
46:
1849:
271:
149:
244:
has argued that because there is no intrinsic moral difference between "creating" and "choosing" a life,
1667:
The
Blurred Line Between Therapy and Enhancement: A Consideration of Disability Rights and Transhumanism
1528:(2008). "Ethical Issues in Human Enhancement". In Ryberg, Jesper; Petersen, Thomas; Wolf, Clark (eds.).
365:
319:
512:"Looking into the shadow: the eugenics argument in debates on reproductive technologies and practices"
1567:
928:
331:
323:
182:
102:
of hundreds of thousands of persons in many countries, and were contained in much of the rhetoric of
253:
299:
298:
long been ignored throughout various contemporary fields of scientific study and practice such as "
130:
78:
1244:"Dynamics and ethics of comprehensive preimplantation genetic testing: A review of the challenges"
1834:
1798:
1758:
1717:
327:
241:
1666:
1079:
de Melo-Martin I (2004). "On our obligation to select the best children: a reply to
Savulescu".
248:
becomes a natural consequence of procreative beneficence. Similar positions were also taken by
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632:
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336:
Granting these assertions' validity, one may, once more, call this first and foremost a moral
91:
42:
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533:
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153:
1005:
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393:
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173:
118:
1187:
1643:
1616:
1529:
1525:
1466:
1430:
826:
793:
777:
745:"Review of The New Eugenics: Selective Breeding in an Era of Reproductive Technologies"
744:
627:
602:
538:
511:
404:
385:
157:
107:
58:
1220:
944:
875:
850:
717:
684:
1823:
1802:
1352:"Why Procreative Preferences May be Moral — And Why it May not Matter if They Aren't"
1298:(2009). "Enhancements are a Moral Obligation". In Savulescu, J.; Bostrom, N. (eds.).
1175:
1092:
400:
342:
38:
1721:
1521:
1117:(October 2001). "Procreative Beneficence: Why We Should Select the Best Children".
1006:"Report of the IBC on Updating Its Reflection on the Human Genome and Human Rights"
809:
355:
103:
87:
86:
Eugenics is sometimes broken into the categories of positive eugenics (encouraging
66:
1762:
1746:
1328:
167:, argues that liberal eugenics cannot be justified on the basis of the underlying
566:
561:
95:
1786:
488:
1705:
1633:
1552:
1488:
1452:
1416:
587:
528:
307:
168:
1593:
1496:
1157:"The Moral Obligation to Have Children with the Best Chance of the Best Life"
1016:
952:
817:
768:
708:
669:
568:
War
Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race
65:
practiced and advocated in the 20th century, which fell into disrepute after
17:
1389:
1262:
1243:
1130:
1064:
1050:
618:
396:
334:
what has been coined the "moral continuum argument" by some of its critics.
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1713:
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1601:
1504:
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1336:
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1228:
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1138:
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835:
726:
636:
547:
1585:
866:
760:
700:
245:
231:
177:
143:
111:
62:
1367:
219:
1617:"Limits to human enhancement: nature, disease, therapy or betterment?"
1313:
Ranisch, Robert (2022). "Procreative
Beneficence and Genome Editing".
1272:
1435:
The Case
Against Perfection: Ethics in the Age of Genetic Engineering
54:
1568:"Reproductive Choice, Enhancement, and the Moral Continuum Argument"
1516:
1514:
61:). "New" eugenics purports to distinguish itself from the forms of
1207:(2005). "New breeds of humans: the moral obligation to enhance".
652:
Better than Human: The
Prospect and Perils of Enhancing Ourselves
416:
Invoking
Bostrom and Roache once more, Hofmann explicates here:
176:
makes compulsory. Fox argues that if the liberal commitment to
1471:"Normal Functioning and the Treatment-Enhancement Distinction"
1039:
1037:
222:
in a position to select their children, for instance through
148:
New eugenics was founded under the liberal ethical values of
234:, to favor those expected to have the best possible life.
114:. New eugenics belongs to the positive eugenics category.
57:, rather than forbidden (or left to the preferences of the
1395:
Beyond therapy: biotechnology and the pursuit of happiness
851:"Preimplantation genetic diagnosis and the 'new' eugenics"
685:"Preimplantation genetic diagnosis and the 'new' eugenics"
1004:
International
Bioethics Committee (October 2, 2015).
603:"No time to waste on the road to a liberal eugenics?"
292:
normal function or feature of members of our species
1537:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 120–152.
565:
1046:"Procreative Beneficence and Genetic Enhancement"
464:Liberal Eugenics: In Defence of Human Enhancement
424:and contact lenses or glasses appears artificial.
27:Liberal use of reprogenetics in human enhancement
330:, and much else". This is one way of conducting
1690:"Why we Should Defend Gene Editing as Eugenics"
43:enhancing human characteristics and capacities
8:
1302:. Oxford University Press. pp. 131–154.
272:Philosophy of medicine § Demarcating therapy
972:
970:
265:Beyond the therapy-enhancement distinction
204:Julian Savulescu § Procreative beneficence
1773:(1 October 2019). "Eugenics Undefended".
1642:
1632:
1271:
1261:
1063:
874:
825:
776:
716:
626:
537:
527:
172:discretion of parents, but practices the
1694:Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics
1476:Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics
1437:. Harvard University Press. p. 47.
193:want or cannot afford the enhancements.
144:Eugenics § Contested ethical status
454:
377:
979:"The Illiberality of Liberal Eugenics"
929:"Eugenics: some lessons from the past"
792:Vizcarrondo, Felipe E. (August 2014).
499:from the original on 29 November 2014.
896:
894:
794:"Human Enhancement: The New Eugenics"
152:, which advocates for the respect of
7:
738:
736:
493:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1573:Journal of Medicine and Philosophy
749:Journal of Law and the Biosciences
361:Directed evolution (transhumanism)
218:, rather than mere permission, of
25:
1316:The American Journal of Bioethics
743:Hoffman, Allison K (2017-12-01).
280:treatment-enhancement distinction
224:preimplantation genetic diagnosis
190:International Bioethics Committee
73:As opposed to historical eugenics
1176:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2008.00687.x
1093:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2004.00379.x
390:President's Council on Bioethics
270:This section is an excerpt from
202:This section is an excerpt from
163:Dov Fox, a law professor at the
129:New eugenics generally supports
1209:Reproductive Biomedicine Online
933:Reproductive BioMedicine Online
1566:Malmqvist, Erik (2014-02-01).
810:10.1179/2050854914Y.0000000021
37:(a term coined by bioethicist
1:
1812:"The Case Against Perfection"
1747:10.1136/medethics-2012-101200
1329:10.1080/15265161.2022.2105435
1221:10.1016/s1472-6483(10)62202-x
945:10.1016/S1472-6483(10)62222-5
487:Goering, Sara (2 July 2014).
1671:2017 Proceedings of the CPSA
1555:– via nickbostrom.com.
572:. Four Walls Eight Windows.
210:Savulescu coined the phrase
1665:Tabachnick, David (2017). "
1531:New Waves in Applied Ethics
388:affiliated chairman of the
1866:
1787:10.1007/s40592-019-00094-w
1615:Hofmann B (October 2017).
683:King, D. S. (1999-04-01).
328:cosmetic dental procedures
269:
214:. It is the controversial
201:
141:
76:
1735:Journal of Medical Ethics
1706:10.1017/S0963180118000336
1634:10.1186/s12910-017-0215-8
1489:10.1017/S0963180100903037
1249:Human Reproduction Update
927:Galton, DJ (2005-01-01).
855:Journal of Medical Ethics
689:Journal of Medical Ethics
529:10.1007/s40592-018-0086-x
510:Cavaliere, Giuli (2018).
51:human genetic engineering
1810:Sandel, Michael (2004).
1729:Sparrow, Robert (2014).
601:Witzany G (March 2016).
185:against liberal theory.
100:compulsory sterilization
1814:. The Atlantic Monthly.
1775:Monash Bioethics Review
1688:Agar, Nicholas (2019).
1131:10.1111/1467-8519.00251
1065:10.1515/krt-2018-320105
619:10.15252/embr.201541855
516:Monash Bioethics Review
282:(sometimes also called
212:procreative beneficence
197:Procreative beneficence
165:University of San Diego
47:reproductive technology
1350:Saunders, Ben (2015).
1155:; Kahane, Guy (2009).
849:King DS (April 1999).
441:
426:
125:New eugenics practices
90:among the designated "
1263:10.1093/humupd/dmt009
1044:Veit, Walter (2018).
902:"Regulating Eugenics"
798:The Linacre Quarterly
436:
417:
366:Mendelian inheritance
320:contraceptive devices
232:selective termination
226:(PGD) and subsequent
142:Further information:
77:Further information:
1401:. Harper Perennial.
1193:on 25 February 2021.
867:10.1136/jme.25.2.176
701:10.1136/jme.25.2.176
324:fertility treatments
183:reductio ad absurdum
131:genetic modification
1731:"In Vitro Eugenics"
650:Buchanan A (2011).
435:More impactful yet:
300:preventive medicine
188:The United Nations
79:History of eugenics
45:through the use of
1586:10.1093/jmp/jht058
1368:10.1111/bioe.12147
906:Harvard Law Review
761:10.1093/jlb/lsx025
1771:Wilson, Robert A.
1544:978-0-230-53783-5
1444:978-0-674-04306-0
1408:978-0-06-073490-9
1300:Human Enhancement
1205:Savulescu, Julian
1153:Savulescu, Julian
1115:Savulescu, Julian
661:978-0-19-066404-6
422:laser eye surgery
384:Examples include
154:personal autonomy
16:(Redirected from
1857:
1830:Applied genetics
1815:
1806:
1766:
1725:
1674:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1646:
1636:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1536:
1518:
1509:
1508:
1463:
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1456:
1427:
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1400:
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1347:
1341:
1340:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1275:
1265:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1186:. Archived from
1161:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1041:
1032:
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1023:
1010:
1001:
995:
994:
974:
965:
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924:
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898:
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888:
878:
846:
840:
839:
829:
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731:
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680:
674:
673:
647:
641:
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598:
592:
591:
571:
558:
552:
551:
541:
531:
507:
501:
500:
484:
478:
477:
459:
442:
433:
427:
414:
408:
392:, the perennial
382:
228:embryo selection
216:moral obligation
35:liberal eugenics
33:, also known as
21:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1809:
1769:
1741:(11): 725–731.
1728:
1687:
1683:
1681:Further reading
1678:
1677:
1664:
1660:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1545:
1534:
1526:Roache, Rebecca
1520:
1519:
1512:
1467:Daniels, Norman
1465:
1464:
1460:
1445:
1431:Sandel, Michael
1429:
1428:
1424:
1409:
1398:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1312:
1311:
1307:
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1289:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1159:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1125:(5–6): 413–26.
1113:
1112:
1108:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1043:
1042:
1035:
1021:
1019:
1008:
1003:
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998:
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968:
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911:
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892:
848:
847:
843:
791:
790:
786:
742:
741:
734:
682:
681:
677:
662:
654:. p. 123.
649:
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644:
600:
599:
595:
580:
560:
559:
555:
509:
508:
504:
486:
485:
481:
474:
462:Agar N (2004).
461:
460:
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451:
446:
445:
434:
430:
415:
411:
394:bioconservative
383:
379:
374:
352:
347:
346:
316:plastic surgery
312:sports medicine
304:palliative care
275:
267:
262:
261:
207:
199:
146:
140:
127:
119:cousin marriage
81:
75:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1863:
1861:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1845:Medical ethics
1842:
1837:
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1822:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1807:
1767:
1726:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1658:
1621:BMC Med Ethics
1607:
1558:
1543:
1510:
1483:(3): 309–322.
1458:
1443:
1422:
1407:
1381:
1362:(7): 499–506.
1342:
1305:
1287:
1234:
1196:
1170:(5): 274–290.
1144:
1106:
1071:
1033:
996:
977:Fox D (2007).
966:
919:
890:
841:
804:(3): 239–243.
784:
732:
695:(2): 176–182.
675:
660:
642:
593:
578:
553:
502:
479:
472:
453:
452:
450:
447:
444:
443:
428:
409:
405:Michael Sandel
386:George W. Bush
376:
375:
373:
370:
369:
368:
363:
358:
351:
348:
276:
268:
266:
263:
254:Robert Ranisch
208:
200:
198:
195:
169:liberal theory
158:egalitarianism
139:
138:Ethical status
136:
126:
123:
108:racial hygiene
74:
71:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1862:
1851:
1850:Transhumanism
1848:
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1587:
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1574:
1569:
1562:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1522:Bostrom, Nick
1517:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1469:(July 2000).
1468:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1440:
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1432:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1404:
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1396:
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1385:
1382:
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1365:
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1357:
1353:
1346:
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1326:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1256:(4): 366–75.
1255:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1200:
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1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1145:
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1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1061:
1058:(11): 75–92.
1057:
1053:
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861:(2): 176–82.
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469:
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41:), advocates
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39:Nicholas Agar
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18:Reprogenetics
1781:(1): 68–75.
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1323:(9): 20–22.
1320:
1314:
1308:
1299:
1296:Harris, John
1290:
1253:
1247:
1237:
1215:(1): 36–39.
1212:
1208:
1199:
1188:the original
1167:
1163:
1147:
1122:
1118:
1109:
1087:(1): 72–83.
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1027:
1020:. Retrieved
999:
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910:. Retrieved
905:
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755:(3): 671–7.
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258:Ben Saunders
240:Philosopher
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106:policies of
104:Nazi eugenic
88:reproduction
85:
82:
67:World War II
34:
31:New eugenics
30:
29:
1700:(1): 9–19.
1022:October 22,
332:ostensively
250:John Harris
242:Walter Veit
96:Edwin Black
1824:Categories
1673:, abstract
1553:1408785912
1453:1041148369
1417:1091186133
1390:Kass, Leon
1273:2123/12262
1011:. UNESCO.
613:(3): 281.
588:1035882630
489:"Eugenics"
449:References
345:discourse.
308:obstetrics
1835:Bioethics
1803:198131924
1627:(1): 56.
1594:0360-5310
1580:(1): 43.
1497:0963-1801
1356:Bioethics
1164:Bioethics
1119:Bioethics
1081:Bioethics
1051:Kriterion
1017:932076434
953:1472-6483
939:: 133–6.
818:0024-3639
769:2053-9711
709:0306-6800
670:759685982
397:Leon Kass
150:pluralism
1840:Eugenics
1795:31325149
1755:23557913
1722:58195676
1714:30570459
1653:29017486
1602:24334271
1505:10858880
1433:(2009).
1392:(2003).
1376:25655693
1337:36040888
1282:23466750
1229:15820005
1184:19076124
1139:12058767
1101:15168699
961:15820025
885:10226925
836:25249705
727:10226925
637:26882552
564:(2003).
548:30535862
497:Archived
420:between
350:See also
338:collapse
246:eugenics
178:autonomy
112:genocide
63:eugenics
1644:5635529
991:1072104
827:4135459
778:5965496
628:4772985
562:Black E
539:6336759
296:already
220:parents
55:parents
1801:
1793:
1763:959092
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912:May 2,
908:. 2008
883:
876:479204
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284:divide
156:, and
1799:S2CID
1759:S2CID
1718:S2CID
1535:(PDF)
1399:(PDF)
1191:(PDF)
1160:(PDF)
1009:(PDF)
983:Ratio
372:Notes
174:state
59:state
1791:PMID
1751:PMID
1710:PMID
1649:PMID
1598:PMID
1590:ISSN
1549:OCLC
1539:ISBN
1501:PMID
1493:ISSN
1449:OCLC
1439:ISBN
1413:OCLC
1403:ISBN
1372:PMID
1333:PMID
1278:PMID
1225:PMID
1180:PMID
1135:PMID
1097:PMID
1024:2015
1013:OCLC
987:SSRN
957:PMID
949:ISSN
914:2015
881:PMID
832:PMID
814:ISSN
765:ISSN
723:PMID
705:ISSN
666:OCLC
656:ISBN
633:PMID
584:OCLC
574:ISBN
544:PMID
468:ISBN
399:and
256:and
110:and
49:and
1783:doi
1743:doi
1702:doi
1639:PMC
1629:doi
1582:doi
1485:doi
1364:doi
1325:doi
1268:hdl
1258:doi
1217:doi
1172:doi
1127:doi
1089:doi
1060:doi
941:doi
871:PMC
863:doi
822:PMC
806:doi
773:PMC
757:doi
713:PMC
697:doi
623:PMC
615:doi
534:PMC
524:doi
288:gap
286:or
230:or
92:fit
1826::
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