494:("The Hidden One"), refers to Pessoa's vision of future world peace and the Fifth Empire which, according to Pessoa, is spiritual and not material. After the Age of Force (Vis), and Taedium (Otium) will come Science (understanding) through a reawakening of "The Hidden One", or "King Sebastian". The Hidden One represents the fulfillment of the destiny of mankind, designed by God since before Time, and the accomplishment of Portugal. Sebastian is highly important to the work, as indeed he is referenced in all three parts of
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487:("Portuguese Sea"), Pessoa references Portugals Age of Exploration and its seaborne empire until the death of King Sebastian in 1578. Pessoa brings the reader to the present as if he had woken up from a dream of the past, to fall in a dream of the future: he sees King Sebastian returning and still determined to accomplish a Universal Empire.
590:, and led the Church hierarchy to view him as a "threat to the Church's authority and popularity". In 1893 the community entered into conflict with the magistrate of a neighbouring town, which spun into an ultimately violent confrontation with the state that became the deadliest civil-war in Brazilian history, known as the
501:
Many
Portuguese folk tales, particularly in the Azores, feature King Sebastian, usually riding a white horse, and sometimes followed by companions. Often named as "the enchanted king", they generally involve the monarch appearing before one or a few residents on full moon nights or holy days, such as
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in Africa, Asia and Brazil, until a dramatic and unlikely succession of plague, bad harvest years, economical depression and the unexpected deaths of all ten of John III's children suddenly threatened the continued existence of
Portugal as an independent nation. The young king was educated under the
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After António was defeated and
Portugal fell under the rule of the Habsburgs, Philip ordered that a body recovered from the battlefield, identified as Sebastian be ransomed from the Saadians and paraded throughout Portugal in a funeral procession. The body was however, found to be in too advanced a
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The
Inquisition condemned Sebastianism and actively sought to confiscate any writings associated with it, particularly the verses of Bandarra, in an effort to stamp out the belief, though with little success. In 1727 the epitaph from the grave of Bandarra was removed by order of Chief-Inquisitor
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protection, as the location was hard to access. Within two years, as the religious community prospered, Conselheiro convinced several thousand followers to join him, eventually making it the second-largest urban center in Bahia at the time. The settlement was supported by cultivation of crops and
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A second imposter was a son of a stone-cutter from the Azores, who had retired to a hermitage. Because of his frequent self-inflicted deprivations and penitences, those in nearby communities proclaimed him to be the king, atoning for the misfortune of his subjects. Despite his initial denials, he
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by French forces under the command of marshal Junot sparked a revival of
Sebastianism. Some of the prophecies of Bandarra were seen as being confirmed particularly by the fact that marshal Junot ordered the universal extraction of taxes equally from every Portuguese individual, along with the
537:
had been closely tied and strongly affected
Brazilian people. Most of the opposition movements to the republic in the 1890s, 1900s and early 1910s had religious motivations. The character of King Sebastian returned to people's imagination: he would come back to defend the divine right of the
340:
445:, which he expelt from the country under the accusation of, among other things, fabricating Sebastianism and the verses of Bandarra, by their association with António Vieira. In 1761 two men were arrested and delivered to the Inquisition for propagating Sebastianist ideas.
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he anticipated a ruler who would inaugurate an epoch of unparalleled prosperity that was to unite the world under the spiritual leadership of the Pope and the temporal leadership of a
Portuguese king, and would last a millennia till the coming of the Antichrist. Vieiras
601:, there is a belief, especially on the Lençóis Island, on the coast of the state, that King Sebastian would live on this island, having many legends around his figure, how to become an enchanted black bull with a star on the forehead. The leather of the bull of
351:). After the death of King António, Dom João published a series of writings expounding the idea that King Sebastian was "the Hidden One", foretold to lead Portugal and all Christian nations in the unification of the Earth and the creation of one, last,
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the feast of Saint John, and asking a simple question (such as "who goes"); a correct answer would dispel the charm the king is under, while a wrong answer will simply result in the king vanishing, to appear on another occasion.
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The forced abolishment of
Catholic marriage and the imposition of mandatory civil marriage was a point of particular contention among the poor but deeply religious people of northern Bahia. An itinerant preacher by the name of
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struck on All Saints' Day three years later (November 1, 1755), there was a surge of converts to
Sebastianism. The most severe blow to Sebastianism was dealt by the violent persecution during the premiership of the
522:, where Catholicism had been the official religion. In imperial administration, the church had very important roles: functioning as registrar for births, deaths, weddings, and even for the recording of property.
371:, published in 1603. They proved especially popular among the Portuguese who resented foreign rule, and were quoted by later Sebastianists and proponents of a Fifth Monarchy, such as Sebastião de Paiva in
367:, written a few decades prior. He published three books and wrote over twenty other volumes of manuscripts during his exile in Paris, between the end of the 16th century and 1623. The most important was
594:. Conselheiro perished amidst the fighting and the community was violently razed at the end of a fourth military expedition sent against it, with over 25,000 people being estimated to have been killed.
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Many
Portuguese doubted the reports of his death however, and some still expected the king to return based on differing accounts of the outcome of the battle. Those who opposed the pretensions of
580:"Dom Sebastião has arrived/And he brings many directives/Abolishing the civil union/And conducting marriage./Our King Sebastian/Shall visit us/Regret be on the poor man/Who is under dogs law."
321:, a baker, whose appearance recalled the person of Sebastian. Dos Santos persuaded him to impersonate Sebastian. María Ana de Austria, a nun who was a cousin of Sebastian via her father
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and the republican reforms brought few changes in most people's lifestyle — for example, universal enfranchisement was not enacted —, the greatest change for Brazilians really was the
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finally consented to the acclamation of local peasants. Traveling to Lisbon, he was paraded through the streets on an ass, exposed to the jeers of the populace, and publicly hanged.
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resulting social unrest. The Napoleonic invasions of Portugal motivated new editions of the verses of Bandarra, in 1809, prefaced by friar José Leonardo da Silva, in 1815 and 1822.
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figure by the unstable Republic at the time. The ultra-conservative doctrine he preached, implicitly criticizing the "wayward behavior" of many priests, was "attractive" to many
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legends in Western Europe, having had profound political and cultural resonances from the time of Sebastian's death until at least the late 19th century in Brazil.
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The latent popularity of Sebastianism persisted throughout the 18th century. In 1752, a Sebastianist predicted that a terrible earthquake would destroy Lisbon on
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state of decay shortly after its recovery to be definitively and conclusively confirmed as Sebastian, and was mostly rejected by Portuguese society as being his.
390:, reminiscent of unidentified mythical islands which geographers, sailors and cartographers hypothesized to exist, or claimed to have sighted and even visited.
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export of leather, with residents allowed to retain private property and businesses. "The poor were maintained through donations to the community".
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Almost immediately after coming of age, Sebastian began plans for the conquest of Morocco. The Portuguese landed in Asilah in 1578, and at the
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A fourth impostor arose in Naples, but was transferred to a prison in Spain. His claims were undermined by his inability to speak Portuguese.
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Notwithstanding continued official condemnation, the verses of Bandarra remained in issue, as a popular form of folk-literature. In 1803 the
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The first and greatest proponent of Sebastianism was a supporter of King António in exile by the name of Dom João de Castro (grandson of the
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the Portuguese, along with mercenaries from various parts of Christendom, were routed along with their ally the deposed Moroccan Sultan
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155:, would reappear and return to Portugal at some critical point in the future. The belief gained momentum after an interpretation by priest
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The first appeared in 1584; he was a commoner of Alcobaça, quickly apprehended and spared execution by a sentence to work in the galleys.
404:, one the greatest literary figures in the history of the Portuguese-speaking world and an ardent supporter of King John IV. In his book
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The idea that Sebastian awaited the proper time to reveal himself on an unknown island spread spontaneously. It was named by some as the
364:
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and terecô, also have a special connection with King Sebastian, who is believed to be an "encantado" (an entity with special powers).
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A third Sebastian arose in Spain: an Augustinian friar, Miguel dos Santos, who once had been a chaplain of Sebastian and confessor to
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from October 1665 to December 1667, and finally imposed a sentence which prohibited him from teaching, writing or preaching.
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Visions, Prophecies and Divinations: Early Modern Messianism And Millenarianism In Iberian America, Spain And Portugal
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Visions, Prophecies and Divinations: Early Modern Messianism And Millenarianism In Iberian America, Spain And Portugal
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He held that "it was the monarch’s God-given right to rule", which caused him to be progressively branded as a
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Since Sebastian's body was never definitively identified after his death, during this time, various
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are two of the most important texts for Sebastianism. Accused of heresy, he was arrested by the
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had to swear to yield his throne to Sebastian, who would have been 86 years old by that point.
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to the throne of Portugal tended to support such versions of events, and backed the rule of
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691:, edited by Henry Smith Williams, Hooper and Jackson publishers (1908); pages 503-504.
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and to defend Catholicism, which had been removed from government by the Republic.
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the most important manifestation of Sebastianism took place in the context of the
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Vale of Tears: Revisiting the Canudos Massacre in Northeastern Brazil, 1893-1897
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1012:"Na Ilha dos Lençóis, o Rei Sebastião é um pai para os nativos, que o veem"
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One of the most important Portuguese authors of the 20th century, the poet
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that was to succeed the four previous great earthly empires, based on the
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sponsored a new edition of the verses of Bandarra, at Nantes, France.
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Exposição do XI, XII & XII Capítulos do IV Livro do Profeta Esdras
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folk motif, typified by people awaiting a hero. The Portuguese author
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471:"Dom Sebastian on the Incoberta Island", 1871 Swedish illustration.
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578:. A popular tune sung by minstrels among the community went that
226:, and became heir to the throne due to the death of his father,
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with his followers. The village was very small but offered the
18:
230:, two weeks before his birth. This period had seen continued
746:. Biblioteca Geral da Universidade de Coimbra, 2002, p. xxx
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claimed to be King Sebastian in 1584, 1585, 1595 and 1598.
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Paráfrase e Concordância de Algumas Profecias de Bandarra
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When Portugal revolted from Habsburg rule in 1640, King
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As of 2024, the true King Sebastian has not reappeared.
222:(January 20, 1554 - August 4, 1578) was the grandson of
1052:
The evolution of Sebastianism, by João Lúcio de Azevedo
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752:
689:
A Historians' History of the World: Spain and Portugal
260:. After the disastrous defeat against the Saadians of
400:
The verses of Bandarra influenced the Jesuit priest
984:Madden, Lori (1993). "The Canudos War in History".
948:Madden, Lori (1993). "The Canudos War in History".
899:Madden, Lori (1993). "The Canudos War in History".
875:"D. Sebastião, o Encantado do Ilhéu de Vila Franca"
479:built upon Sebastianist motifs. The second part of
264:, Sebastian was almost certainly killed in battle.
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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710:
313:, and was ultimately confessor to the nunnery of
744:Sebástica: bibliografia geral sobre D. Sebastião
671:in Theory and Practice in Early Modern Portugal
363:, and most importantly the messianic verses of
525:The coup d'état against the régime of Emperor
716:Ana Paula Torres, Luís Filipe Silvério Lima:
700:Ana Paula Torres, Luís Filipe Silvério Lima:
198:It is the longest-lived and most influential
8:
924:
922:
771:, Princeton University Press, 2005, page 100
343:Father António Vieira. 18th century painting
678:University of Toronto Press, 2010, p. 127
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
825:"O rei D. Sebastião e a ilha encantada"
662:
542:, who were directly descended from the
937:. pp. 171–177, 184–183, 196, 207.
441:, as part of his campaign against the
386:("Shrouded Island") and by others as
7:
512:proclamation of Brazil as a Republic
281:Portuguese succession crisis of 1580
214:Banner of King Sebastian of Portugal
187:wrote about such a hero in his epic
47:adding citations to reliable sources
767:deBoer, Jelle and Sanders, Donald,
574:and prophesied the return of king
14:
349:viceroy of India of the same name
291:Appearance of imposter pretenders
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147:, based on the belief that King
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1082:1578 establishments in Portugal
34:needs additional citations for
935:University of California Press
1:
365:António Gonçalves de Bandarra
232:Portuguese colonial expansion
159:of the second chapter of the
153:1578 battle of Alcácer Quibir
769:Earthquakes in Human History
570:Conselheiro claimed to be a
518:, in contrast to the former
425:Dom Veríssimo de Lencastre.
315:Madrigal de las Altas Torres
177:Proclamation of the Republic
742:Oliveira, Vítor Amaral de.
731:A Evolução do Sebastianismo
373:Tratado da Quinta Monarquia
206:Death of Sebastian the King
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929:Levine, Robert M. (1992).
1018:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
514:in 1889, Brazil became a
151:, who disappeared in the
16:Portuguese messianic myth
615:Afro-Brazilian religions
413:together with Bandarras
335:Sebastianism in Portugal
317:, Castile. He met there
258:Abu Abdallah Mohammed II
228:Crown Prince João Manuel
1087:King asleep in mountain
804:alfarrabio.di.uminho.pt
729:João Lúcio de Azevedo:
277:António, Prior of Crato
181:King asleep in mountain
1102:Monarchism in Portugal
850:"D. Sebastião na Maia"
617:in the state, such as
533:. Catholicism and the
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461:occupation of Portugal
375:and Félix da Costa in
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1047:at Wikimedia Commons
986:Luso-Brazilian Review
974:Azevedo, 1918, p.160.
950:Luso-Brazilian Review
901:Luso-Brazilian Review
789:Azevedo, 1918, p.144.
780:Azevedo, 1918, p.140.
758:Azevedo, 1918, p.134.
651:Nero Redivivus legend
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220:Sebastian of Portugal
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149:Sebastian of Portugal
127:Sebastian of Portugal
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1067:Portuguese mythology
720:, Brill, 2016, p. 17
704:, Brill, 2016, p. 16
558:founded the town of
531:"godless" government
43:improve this article
1092:Impostor pretenders
1072:Brazilian mythology
1016:redeglobo.globo.com
646:The Magical Kingdom
556:Antônio Conselheiro
544:Portuguese monarchs
395:John IV of Portugal
319:Gabriel de Espinosa
249:to King Sebastian.
933:(First ed.).
800:"Projecto Vercial"
540:Brazilian Monarchy
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406:História do Futuro
361:Book of Revelation
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269:Philip II of Spain
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169:Book of Revelation
143:) is a Portuguese
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1043:Media related to
879:www.lendarium.org
854:www.lendarium.org
829:www.lendarium.org
676:Braudel Revisited
490:The third cycle,
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36:verification
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859:November 2,
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809:November 2,
492:O Encoberto
455:During the
419:Inquisition
311:Dom Antonio
279:during the
246:the Lusiads
200:millenarian
193:The Message
1097:Messianism
1061:Categories
1022:2018-12-02
657:References
636:Messianism
631:L'Encobert
588:sertanejos
584:monarchist
273:King Henry
243:dedicated
167:) and the
137:Portuguese
69:newspapers
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907:(2): 21.
611:Guimarães
576:Sebastian
510:With the
483:, called
297:impostors
956:(2): 7.
625:See also
607:Cururupu
599:Maranhão
535:monarchy
527:Pedro II
496:Mensagem
481:Mensagem
411:História
224:John III
189:Mensagem
165:Daniel 2
998:3513950
962:3513950
913:3513950
572:prophet
560:Canudos
443:Jesuits
388:Antilia
262:Morocco
237:Jesuits
83:scholar
996:
960:
911:
548:Brazil
459:, the
415:Trovas
359:, the
173:Brazil
85:
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71:
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994:JSTOR
958:JSTOR
909:JSTOR
218:King
171:. In
125:King
90:JSTOR
76:books
886:2022
861:2022
836:2022
811:2022
609:and
62:news
674:in
195:).
45:by
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