591:
the reaction while the endpoint is just the color change from the indicator. Thus, a careful selection of the indicator will reduce the indicator error. For example, if the equivalence point is at a pH of 8.4, then the phenolphthalein indicator would be used instead of
Alizarin Yellow because phenolphthalein would reduce the indicator error. Common indicators, their colors, and the pH range in which they change color are given in the table above. When more precise results are required, or when the reagents are a weak acid and a weak base, a
1787:
622:
1376:
296:
427:
34:
4659:
3680:
4683:
3704:
195:
4695:
3716:
1621:
4671:
3692:
1668:: If a reaction produces a solid, a precipitate will form during the titration. A classic example is the reaction between Ag and Cl to form the insoluble salt AgCl. Cloudy precipitates usually make it difficult to determine the endpoint precisely. To compensate, precipitation titrations often have to be done as "back" titrations (see below).
590:
is added to the titration chamber, representing the pH range of the equivalence point. The acid–base indicator indicates the endpoint of the titration by changing color. The endpoint and the equivalence point are not exactly the same because the equivalence point is determined by the stoichiometry of
1777:
The titration process creates solutions with compositions ranging from pure acid to pure base. Identifying the pH associated with any stage in the titration process is relatively simple for monoprotic acids and bases. The presence of more than one acid or base group complicates these computations.
1760:
Back titration is a titration done in reverse; instead of titrating the original sample, a known excess of standard reagent is added to the solution, and the excess is titrated. A back titration is useful if the endpoint of the reverse titration is easier to identify than the endpoint of the normal
342:
titration, the titration curve represents the strength of the corresponding acid and base. For a strong acid and a strong base, the curve will be relatively smooth and very steep near the equivalence point. Because of this, a small change in titrant volume near the equivalence point results in a
231:
of the titration, meaning the amount of titrant balances the amount of analyte present, according to the reaction between the two. Depending on the endpoint desired, single drops or less than a single drop of the titrant can make the difference between a permanent and temporary change in the
1435:. First, the measurement does not depend on path length, because the same path length is used for the measurement of both the excess titrant and the product. Second, the measurement does not depend on a linear change in absorbance as a function of analyte concentration as defined by the
1564:. Serial dilutions are performed on a sample in a fixed ratio (such as 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, etc.) until the last dilution does not give a positive test for the presence of the virus. The positive or negative value may be determined by inspecting the infected cells visually under a
1716:: Measures the current produced by the titration reaction as a result of the oxidation or reduction of the analyte. The endpoint is detected as a change in the current. This method is most useful when the excess titrant can be reduced, as in the titration of
1278:
must equal to the number of moles of dissolved acid and base, respectively. Charge balance is used in the fourth equation, where the left hand side represents the total charge of the cations and the right hand side represents the total charge of the anions:
2405:
Christophe, R. (1971). "L'analyse volumétrique de 1790 à 1860. Caractéristiques et importance industrielle. Evolution des instruments" [Volumetric analysis from 1790–1860. Characteristics and industrial importance. Evolution of instruments.].
1692:: Differentiated from calorimetric titrimetry because the heat of the reaction (as indicated by temperature rise or fall) is not used to determine the amount of analyte in the sample solution. Instead, the endpoint is determined by
1646:: A measurement of ions in a solution. Ion concentration can change significantly in a titration, which changes the conductivity. (For instance, during an acid–base titration, the H and OH ions react to form neutral H
1661:
Color change: In some reactions, the solution changes color without any added indicator. This is often seen in redox titrations when the different oxidation states of the product and reactant produce different
226:
containing the titrant. Small volumes of the titrant are then added to the analyte and indicator until the indicator changes color in reaction to the titrant saturation threshold, representing arrival at the
2493:
Gaiao, Edvaldo da
Nobrega; Martins, Valdomiro Lacerda; Lyra, Wellington da Silva; Almeida, Luciano Farias de; Silva, Edvan Cirino da; Araújo, Mário César Ugulino (2006). "Digital image-based titrations".
1030:
711:
and titration mixture is considered as buffer. In
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation the and are said to be the molarities that would have been present even with dissociation or hydrolysis. In a buffer,
1808:(WVO) must be neutralized before a batch may be processed. A portion of WVO is titrated with a base to determine acidity, so the rest of the batch may be neutralized properly. This removes
162:) developed the first burette (which was similar to a graduated cylinder) in 1791. Gay-Lussac developed an improved version of the burette that included a side arm, and invented the terms "
1130:
374:
would be appropriate. Titration curves corresponding to weak bases and strong acids are similarly behaved, with the solution being acidic at the equivalence point and indicators such as
1313:
935:
1465:
to increase the sensitivity of iodometric titration, the dark blue complex of starch with iodine and iodide being more visible than iodine alone. Other complexometric indicators are
1349:
requires iodine as an oxidizing agent. In this case, starch is used as an indicator; a blue starch-iodine complex is formed in the presence of excess iodine, signalling the endpoint.
1209:
is applied to the ionization of water and the dissociation of acid to derived the first and second equations. The mass balance is used in the third equation, where the sum of
358:
If one reagent is a weak acid or base and the other is a strong acid or base, the titration curve is irregular and the pH shifts less with small additions of titrant near the
1925:: Also known as ascorbic acid, vitamin C is a powerful reducing agent. Its concentration can easily be identified when titrated with the blue dye Dichlorophenolindophenol (
1191:
1162:
666:
is calculated in an aqueous solution of weak acid before adding any base. When the number of moles of bases added equals the number of moles of initial acid or so called
1640:.) The pH of the solution is measured throughout the titration, more accurately than with an indicator; at the endpoint there will be a sudden change in the measured pH.
779:
1752:
There is a slight difference between the endpoint and the equivalence point of the titration. This error is referred to as an indicator error, and it is indeterminate.
851:
240:
Typical titrations require titrant and analyte to be in a liquid (solution) form. Though solids are usually dissolved into an aqueous solution, other solvents such as
746:
705:
664:
3754:
1943:
in a patient. Benedict's method is the conventional method to quantify glucose in urine using a prepared reagent. During this type of titration, glucose reduces
3398:
1276:
1238:
385:
Titrations between a weak acid and a weak base have titration curves which are very irregular. Because of this, no definite indicator may be appropriate and a
370:(a strong base) is pictured. The equivalence point occurs between pH 8-10, indicating the solution is basic at the equivalence point and an indicator such as
3855:
1345:. The color change of the solution from orange to green is not definite, therefore an indicator such as sodium diphenylamine is used. Analysis of wines for
670:, one of hydrolysis and the pH is calculated in the same way that the conjugate bases of the acid titrated was calculated. Between starting and end points,
3860:
3627:
614:
are in the range of aqueous pH changes are of little use. Instead, the titrant and indicator used are much weaker acids, and anhydrous solvents such as
1915:. The iodine is released in proportion to the oxygen in the sample, thus the oxygen concentration is determined with a redox titration of iodine with
139:, which thus came to mean the "fineness of alloyed gold", and then the "concentration of a substance in a given sample". In 1828, the French chemist
3838:
155:
281:. For instance, the oxidation of some oxalate solutions requires heating to 60 °C (140 °F) to maintain a reasonable rate of reaction.
3882:
3650:
3438:
1616:
of the solution. These are used for redox titrations; the potential of the working electrode will suddenly change as the endpoint is reached.
3303:
3264:
3207:
3117:
3020:
2885:
2749:
2638:
1765:
reactions. Back titrations are also useful if the reaction between the analyte and the titrant is very slow, or when the analyte is in a non-
1606:
are also used. A drop of indicator solution is added to the titration at the beginning; the endpoint has been reached when the color changes.
327:-coordinate of which represents the concentration of the analyte at the corresponding stage of the titration (in an acid–base titration, the
3833:
629:
The approximate pH during titration can be approximated by three kinds of calculations. Before beginning of titration, the concentration of
3894:
1609:
3351:
3747:
2258:
On pp. 170–171, Gay-Lussac describes various figures that appear in a plate (illustration) that accompanies the article. From p. 170:
1958:
708:
3391:
1636:: A potentiometer with an electrode whose potential depends on the amount of H ion present in the solution. (This is an example of an
159:
4699:
3720:
3328:
3231:
3176:
3092:
3041:
2996:
2967:
2923:
DeMore, W.B.; M. Patapoff (September 1976). "Comparison of Ozone
Determinations by Ultraviolet Photometry and Gas-Phase Titration".
2845:
2820:
2780:
2613:
2588:
2563:
2538:
2451:
2389:
2182:
1996:). The reagent contains iodine, which reacts proportionally with water. Thus, the water content can be determined by monitoring the
1900:
941:
170:" in an 1824 paper on the standardization of indigo solutions. The first true burette was invented in 1845 by the French chemist
131:(1543), meaning the proportion of gold or silver in coins or in works of gold or silver; i.e., a measure of fineness or purity.
3195:
Do It
Yourself Guide to Biodiesel: Your Alternative Fuel Solution for Saving Money, Reducing Oil Dependency, Helping the Planet
4578:
3740:
3696:
3657:
3423:
1425:
404:
There are many types of titrations with different procedures and goals. The most common types of qualitative titration are
4726:
4021:
3775:
3684:
3384:
1315:
is the molarity of the cation (e.g. sodium, if sodium salt of the acid or sodium hydroxide is used in making the buffer).
1356:
a slight persisting pink color signals the endpoint of the titration because of the color of the excess oxidizing agent
266:
In instances where two reactants in a sample may react with the titrant and only one is the desired analyte, a separate
2157:"Il leur serait plus facile de titrer l'acide sulfurique normal au moyen du carbonate de soude ou de potasse pur; ... "
4298:
3785:
3428:
2222:
1778:
Graphical methods, such as the equiligraph, have long been used to account for the interaction of coupled equilibria.
1439:. Third, it is useful for samples containing species which interfere at wavelengths typically used for the analyte.
2334:[New experiments on the assay of commercial potash and an apparatus called a "potassimeter" to perform it].
4224:
4195:
4175:
4128:
3601:
2690:
2159:( it would be easier for them to titrate normal sulfuric acid by means of pure sodium or potassium carbonate; ... )
1352:
Some redox titrations do not require an indicator, due to the intense color of the constituents. For instance, in
1341:
is usually used to determine the endpoint of the titration, as when one of the constituents is the oxidizing agent
583:
27:
1036:
277:) reactions may require heating the sample solution and titrating while the solution is still hot to increase the
3813:
3504:
3494:
1762:
1665:
1650:
O.) As total conductance depends on all ions present in the solution and not all ions contribute equally (due to
1674:: An instrument that measures the heat produced or consumed by the reaction to determine the endpoint. Used in
4568:
4484:
4123:
3575:
3535:
1926:
1679:
1651:
1493:
1458:
1448:
1282:
857:
178:, who redesigned the burette into a simple and convenient form, and who wrote the first textbook on the topic,
421:
405:
115:) to determine the analyte's concentration. The volume of titrant that reacted with the analyte is termed the
46:
1967:: A measure of unsaturation in an analyte, expressed in grams of iodine absorbed by 100 grams of sample.
4506:
4417:
4380:
4264:
4190:
4011:
3994:
3937:
3664:
3545:
3453:
1643:
1637:
171:
140:
1729:
Though the terms equivalence point and endpoint are often used interchangeably, they are different terms.
4424:
4412:
4303:
4168:
3942:
3808:
3643:
2332:"Nouvelles expériences sur l'essai des potasses du commerce et appareil dit potassimètre pour l'effectuer"
1977:
1786:
1713:
1689:
1535:
1357:
4573:
4470:
4455:
4385:
4308:
4140:
4090:
3999:
3924:
3823:
3443:
3362:
Titration freeware - simulation of any pH vs. volume curve, distribution diagrams and real data analysis
1948:
1904:
1368:
ion can itself be used as an endpoint, though at lower concentrations sensitivity is improved by adding
621:
599:
65:
4675:
3366:
3149:
2715:
2468:
1932:
1436:
2093:
tiltre « proportion d'or ou d'argent dans les monnaies, dans les ouvrages d'or et d'argent »
1862:
in one gram of sample. Saponification is used to determine average chain length of fatty acids in fat.
1706:
of the reactant, titrant or product is known. The concentration of the material can be determined by
4563:
4518:
4293:
4113:
4043:
3800:
3780:
3499:
3463:
3415:
3407:
2932:
2331:
2245:
2138:
1980:: A potentiometric method to analyze trace amounts of water in a substance. A sample is dissolved in
1855:
1551:
1342:
174:(1798–1873). A major improvement of the method and popularization of volumetric analysis was due to
104:
68:
3372:
Graphic and numerical solver for general acid-base problems - Software
Program for phone and tablets
1396:, specifically as methods for determining reactive species by reaction with an excess of some other
4586:
4540:
4465:
4438:
4336:
4318:
4271:
4209:
4105:
4085:
3954:
3949:
3850:
3540:
3256:
2174:
1845:
1613:
1454:
175:
4682:
3703:
3371:
1865:
Ester value (or ester index): a calculated index. Ester value = Saponification value – Acid value.
1848:(KOH) required to titrate fully an acid in one gram of sample. An example is the determination of
1733:
is the theoretical completion of the reaction: the volume of added titrant at which the number of
1167:
1138:
781:
and self-ionization of water must be taken into account. Four independent equations must be used:
4721:
4663:
4629:
4491:
4460:
4341:
4283:
3981:
3964:
3959:
3914:
3877:
3867:
3828:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3433:
1997:
1805:
1515:
1466:
1206:
565:
252:, which specializes in petroleum.) Concentrated analytes are often diluted to improve accuracy.
203:
1375:
755:
4644:
4609:
4592:
4530:
4448:
4443:
4371:
4356:
4326:
4247:
4214:
4185:
4180:
4155:
4145:
4065:
4053:
3932:
3845:
3636:
3611:
3606:
3596:
3509:
3468:
3448:
3324:
3299:
3260:
3227:
3203:
3172:
3113:
3088:
3037:
3016:
2992:
2963:
2881:
2841:
2816:
2776:
2745:
2634:
2609:
2584:
2559:
2534:
2511:
2447:
2385:
2379:
2178:
2014:
1827:
1585:
1432:
787:
667:
586:
between an acid and a base when mixed in solution. In addition to the sample, an appropriate
359:
228:
92:
3199:
3193:
3013:
Characterization of liquids, nano- and micro- particulates and porous bodies using
Ultrasound
714:
673:
632:
4687:
4604:
4259:
4118:
4095:
4048:
3989:
3708:
3616:
3248:
2940:
2503:
2415:
2010:
1908:
1903:: Used to determine oxygen concentration in water. Oxygen in water samples is reduced using
1887:
1835:
1462:
1369:
533:
469:
393:
379:
367:
352:
339:
308:
295:
207:
42:
3356:
2901:
1424:
After the reaction is complete, the remaining titrant and product are quantified (e.g., by
4545:
4501:
4496:
4390:
4366:
4200:
4163:
4016:
4006:
3889:
2772:
2766:
2199:
1815:
1603:
1599:
1478:
1353:
1338:
1324:
549:
426:
409:
371:
348:
290:
260:
215:
3249:
2936:
1201:
where X is the cation), respectively, used in the buffer, and the volume of solution is
33:
4429:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4352:
4348:
4331:
4288:
4219:
4080:
4075:
4060:
3872:
3790:
3489:
1989:
1961:
in an analyte, expressed in milligrams of bromine absorbed by 100 grams of sample.
1954:
1875:
1737:
of titrant is equal to the number of moles of analyte, or some multiple thereof (as in
1655:
1519:
1499:
1346:
249:
2669:
2477:] (in German). Braunschweig, (Germany): Friederich Vieweg und Sohn. pp. 2–20.
1243:
1212:
270:
may be added to the reaction chamber which eliminates the effect of the unwanted ion.
4715:
4634:
4523:
4479:
4204:
4038:
4033:
4026:
3904:
3555:
1964:
1823:
1707:
1507:
1498:
Zeta potential titrations are titrations in which the completion is monitored by the
1334:
485:
453:
375:
300:
278:
267:
96:
72:
3361:
2983:
Somasundaran, P. (2006). "Calculation of Zeta-Potentials from
Electrokinetic Data".
1745:
is what is actually measured, a physical change in the solution as determined by an
1556:
An assay is a type of biological titration used to determine the concentration of a
4511:
4361:
4276:
4252:
4242:
4234:
4135:
4070:
3969:
3818:
3591:
3514:
3226:. Vol. 1 (21 ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2005. p. 501.
1746:
1699:
1675:
1595:
1531:
1503:
1428:) (FT-IR); this is used to determine the amount of analyte in the original sample.
603:
587:
211:
1702:: Used to measure the absorption of light by the solution during titration if the
1461:
that form weak complexes with the analyte. The most common example is the use of
433:
194:
2865:(in German). Vol. 166–167. University of Michigan: J.F. Bergmann. p. 1.
3909:
3484:
3110:
Technician's
Formulation Handbook for Industrial and Household Cleaning Products
2123:
1916:
1883:
1734:
1671:
1364:, at sufficiently large concentrations, the disappearance of the deep red-brown
363:
304:
241:
1818:: a measure of nitrogen content in a sample. Organic nitrogen is digested into
1594:
Indicator: A substance that changes color in response to a chemical change. An
4535:
3550:
3458:
3357:
Science Aid: A simple explanation of titrations including calculation examples
3346:
2840:. Vol. 2 (2 ed.). University of California Press. pp. 751–753.
2507:
2355:
1859:
1849:
1841:
1831:
1812:
from the WVO that would normally react to make soap instead of biodiesel fuel.
1809:
1766:
1738:
1565:
1527:
501:
151:), meaning "to determine the concentration of a substance in a given sample".
1658:), predicting the change in conductivity is more difficult than measuring it.
4597:
3764:
2479:
Page 3 shows Mohr's burette; page 12 shows a burette with a glass stopcock (
2443:
2384:. Translated by Gyula Svehla. Oxford, England: Permagon Press. p. 237.
1922:
1801:
1561:
1474:
1393:
1380:
1365:
1361:
20:
2716:"Methods for Standardizing Alkyllithium Reagents (literature through 2006)"
2515:
2109:
1620:
154:
Volumetric analysis originated in late 18th-century France. French chemist
2419:
1457:
between the analyte and the titrant. In general, they require specialized
4619:
3057:
1981:
1940:
1879:
1703:
1633:
1625:
592:
386:
3732:
2944:
392:
The type of function that can be used to describe the curve is termed a
4639:
3376:
2088:
2063:
1993:
1936:
1819:
1511:
1470:
607:
343:
large pH change and many indicators would be appropriate (for instance
320:
245:
223:
219:
167:
163:
80:
76:
38:
2099:: proportion of gold or silver in monies, in works of gold or silver)
2013:
are compounds with consistent and reliable properties used to prepare
625:
Phenolphthalein, a commonly used indicator in acid and base titration.
210:
containing a very precise amount of the analyte and a small amount of
1985:
1944:
1912:
1717:
1683:
1400:, acting as the titrant. In one common gas phase titration, gaseous
517:
344:
100:
2739:
3367:
Graphical method to solve acid-base problems, including titrations
2861:
German
Chemical Society. Division of Analytical Chemistry (1959).
1869:
1785:
1619:
1573:
1569:
1557:
1547:
1401:
1374:
1330:
620:
425:
294:
274:
193:
32:
610:, water is generally not a suitable solvent and indicators whose
16:
Laboratory method for determining the concentration of an analyte
4614:
1481:
1383:
titration mixture before (left) and after (right) the end point.
335:
26:
This article is about volumetric titration. For other uses, see
3736:
3380:
3036:. Eleventh Hour (3 ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 18–20.
2798:
The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation: Its History and Limitations
4624:
3283:. Vol. 3. London: Taylor & Francis. 1967. p. 52.
1397:
615:
611:
2583:(2 ed.). McGraw-Hill Prof Med/Tech. pp. 2.11–2.16.
2470:
Lehrbuch der chemisch-analytischen Titrirmethode ... , part 1
362:. For example, the titration curve for the titration between
2248:[Instructions on the assaying of chlorinated lime].
1025:{\displaystyle +={\frac {(n_{{\ce {A}}}+n_{{\ce {B}}})}{V}}}
3251:
Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations
2202:[Description and uses of the Berthollimeter, ...].
1523:
256:
1404:
is titrated with nitrogen oxide according to the reaction
263:
may be added to the titration chamber to maintain the pH.
3323:. UW-Madison Libraries Parallel Press. pp. 305–309.
2314:, burette destinée à mesurer la teinture d'épreuve: ... "
1790:
A titration is demonstrated to secondary school students.
3137:. Vol. 1 (3 ed.). CRC Press. pp. 108–109.
1951:
to produce a white precipitate, indicating the endpoint.
1868:
Amine value: the mass in milligrams of KOH equal to the
1372:, which forms an intensely blue complex with triiodide.
331:-coordinate usually represents the pH of the solution).
2428:( ... it foreshadows well its modern descendants ... )
2426:" ... il préfigure bien ses descendants actuelles ... "
1858:: the mass in milligrams of KOH required to saponify a
1431:
Gas phase titration has several advantages over simple
2768:
Analytical Chemistry: An Introduction, seventh edition
2475:
Textbook of analytical chemistry titration methods ...
1984:, and titrated with Karl Fischer reagent (consists of
1929:) which becomes colorless when reduced by the vitamin.
2962:(2 ed.). New Age International. pp. 63–76.
2800:. Journal of Chermical Education. pp. 1499–1503.
2654:
Bewick, S.; J. Edge; T. Forsythe; R. Parsons (2009).
1590:
Different methods to determine the endpoint include:
1453:
Complexometric titrations rely on the formation of a
1285:
1246:
1215:
1170:
1141:
1039:
944:
860:
790:
758:
717:
676:
635:
323:
added since the beginning of the titration, and the
4556:
4317:
4233:
4154:
4104:
3980:
3923:
3799:
3625:
3584:
3528:
3477:
3414:
2608:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 515–520.
2558:. New Delhi: Laxmi Publications. pp. 642–645.
2320:, "burette" intended to measure the test dye: ... )
1530:. Another use is to determine the optimum dose for
1333:between an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent. A
127:The word "titration" descends from the French word
2813:Vogel's textbook of quantitative chemical analysis
1307:
1270:
1232:
1185:
1156:
1124:
1024:
929:
845:
773:
748:can be calculated exactly but the dissociation of
740:
699:
658:
184:Textbook of analytical chemistry titration methods
2151:In footnote (1) of p. 340, Gay-Lussac first uses
1878:: the mass in milligrams of KOH corresponding to
255:Many non-acid–base titrations require a constant
2034:Whitney, W.D; Smith, B.E. (1911). "Titrimetry".
1628:that can be used to monitor titration reactions.
1392:Gas phase titrations are titrations done in the
180:Lehrbuch der chemisch-analytischen Titrirmethode
3224:Remington: the science and practice of pharmacy
2838:Table wines: the technology of their production
2765:Skoog, D.A.; West, D.M.; Holler, F.J. (2000).
2356:"The history of chemical laboratory equipment"
2344:A sketch of Henry's burette appears on p. 218.
2246:"Instruction sur l'essai du chlorure de chaux"
2200:"Description et usages du BerthollimĂŞtre, ..."
319:-coordinate of which represents the volume of
3748:
3392:
2050:Compendium for Basal Practice in Biochemistry
1882:groups in one gram of sample. The analyte is
1678:titrations, such as the determination of how
1125:{\displaystyle +{\frac {n_{{\ce {B}}}}{V}}=+}
8:
2554:Verma, Dr. N.K.; S.K. Khanna; Dr B. Kapila.
2533:(2 ed.). Gulf Professional Publishing.
3298:. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 149.
2985:Encyclopedia of Surface and Colloid Science
2904:. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures
2629:Reger, D.L.; S.R. Goode; D.W. Ball (2009).
2360:Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering
303:titrated with a strong base. Shown here is
3755:
3741:
3733:
3399:
3385:
3377:
2863:Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry
2815:(6 ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 423.
1830:. Finally, ammonia is back titrated with
1308:{\displaystyle {\frac {n_{{\ce {B}}}}{V}}}
930:{\displaystyle =K_{a}{\ce {{\frac {}{}}}}}
315:A titration curve is a curve in graph the
2744:(Seventh ed.). Freeman and Company.
1568:or by an immunoenzymetric method such as
1293:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1258:
1253:
1245:
1222:
1214:
1176:
1175:
1169:
1147:
1146:
1140:
1112:
1107:
1091:
1086:
1068:
1067:
1061:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1006:
1005:
991:
990:
980:
967:
962:
948:
943:
914:
906:
895:
893:
892:
886:
869:
864:
859:
834:
817:
812:
799:
794:
789:
764:
759:
757:
727:
719:
718:
716:
686:
678:
677:
675:
645:
637:
636:
634:
3169:Ionic Equilibria in Analytical Chemistry
3150:"The Equligraph: Revisiting an old tool"
1484:used to titrate metal ions in solution.
3321:Soil Chemical Analysis: Advanced Course
2141:[Assays of commercial potash].
2026:
1522:becomes zero, achieved by changing the
1514:. One of the uses is to determine the
389:is often used to monitor the reaction.
3651:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
3087:(6 ed.). Macmillan. p. 129.
2960:Basic Concepts of Analytical Chemistry
2925:Environmental Science & Technology
2223:"François Antoine Henri Descroizilles"
1947:ions to cuprous ions which react with
311:. Both equivalence points are visible.
198:Analysis of soil samples by titration.
3439:High-performance liquid chromatograph
3062:Science & Technology Encyclopedia
2658:. CK-12 Foundation. pp. 794–797.
2036:The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
1602:) changes color depending on the pH.
1580:Measuring the endpoint of a titration
248:are used for special purposes (as in
7:
4670:
3691:
3135:Analytical Chemistry for Technicians
2581:Dean's Analytical Chemistry Handbook
2531:Chemistry of Petrochemical Processes
2440:Four Centuries of Clinical Chemistry
1572:(ELISA). This value is known as the
156:François-Antoine-Henri Descroizilles
4694:
3715:
2878:Metrology and Fundamental Constants
2836:Amerine, M.A.; M.A. Joslyn (1970).
2068:Science & Technology Dictionary
582:Acid–base titrations depend on the
259:during the reaction. Therefore, a
64:) is a common laboratory method of
3255:(2 ed.). CRC Press. pp.
2631:Chemistry: Principles and Practice
2336:Journale de Pharmacie et de Chimie
1749:or an instrument mentioned above.
1612:: An instrument that measures the
202:A typical titration begins with a
45:(conical flask) being used for an
14:
3352:An interactive guide to titration
2670:"pH measurements with indicators"
1901:Winkler test for dissolved oxygen
1570:enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
595:or a conductance meter are used.
218:) placed underneath a calibrated
4693:
4681:
4669:
4658:
4657:
3714:
3702:
3690:
3679:
3678:
3319:Jackson, M.L.; P. Barak (2005).
2811:Vogel, A.I.; J. Mendham (2000).
2796:Henry, N.; M.M. Senozon (2001).
2633:(3 ed.). Cengage Learning.
2289:, small measure or "pipette" of
2250:Annales de chimie et de physique
2204:Journal des Arts et Manufactures
2143:Annales de Chimie et de Physique
2139:"Essai des potasses du commerce"
2124:"WordReference: titre and titer"
1992:, a base and a solvent, such as
1672:Isothermal titration calorimeter
1329:Redox titrations are based on a
79:(a substance to be analyzed). A
3011:Dukhin, A. S. and Goetz, P. J.
2991:(2 ed.). CRC Press: 1097.
2381:History of Analytical Chemistry
2227:Revista CENIC Ciencias QuĂmicas
2171:History of Analytical Chemistry
2038:. The Century Co. p. 6504.
598:For very strong bases, such as
299:A typical titration curve of a
3424:Atomic absorption spectrometer
3085:Quantitative Chemical Analysis
2741:Quantitative Chemical Analysis
2529:Matar, S.; L.F. Hatch (2001).
2264:, petite mesure ou pipette de
1872:content in one gram of sample.
1725:Endpoint and equivalence point
1694:the rate of temperature change
1426:Fourier transform spectroscopy
1265:
1250:
1227:
1219:
1119:
1104:
1098:
1083:
1055:
1040:
1013:
983:
974:
959:
953:
945:
920:
907:
902:
896:
876:
861:
824:
809:
806:
791:
733:
720:
709:Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
692:
679:
651:
638:
111:(which may also be termed the
1:
4022:Interface and colloid science
3776:Glossary of chemical formulae
2467:Mohr, Karl Friedrich (1855).
2408:Revue d'histoire des sciences
2089:Ortolang: "titre" (in French)
1186:{\displaystyle n_{{\ce {B}}}}
1157:{\displaystyle n_{{\ce {A}}}}
3347:Wikihow: Perform a Titration
3148:Hatfield, D. Brooke (2015).
2110:"Etymology On Line: titrate"
1844:: the mass in milligrams of
1331:reduction-oxidation reaction
103:. The titrant reacts with a
4299:Bioorganometallic chemistry
3786:List of inorganic compounds
3429:Flame emission spectrometer
2771:. Emily Barrosse. pp.
2378:Szabadváry, Ferenc (1966).
2354:Szabadváry, Ferenc (1986).
2169:Szabadváry, Ferenc (1993).
1506:, in order to characterize
224:chemistry pipetting syringe
4743:
4225:Dynamic covalent chemistry
4196:Enantioselective synthesis
4176:Physical organic chemistry
4129:Organolanthanide chemistry
3296:Lab Manual Of Biochemistry
3198:. Ulysses Press. pp.
3034:Introduction to immunology
2880:. IOS Press. p. 568.
2738:Harris, Daniel C. (2007).
2606:Essentials of Geochemistry
2556:Comprehensive Chemistry XI
2338:. 3rd series (in French).
2308:cc., ... ) From p. 171:
2252:. 2nd series (in French).
2145:. 2nd series (in French).
2052:. Aarhus University. 2008.
1583:
1545:
1491:
1446:
1322:
774:{\displaystyle {\ce {A-}}}
419:
288:
273:Some reduction-oxidation (
28:Titration (disambiguation)
25:
18:
4653:
3814:Electroanalytical methods
3771:
3674:
3505:Ion mobility spectrometry
3495:Electroanalytical methods
3112:. Lulu.com. p. 103.
2508:10.1016/j.aca.2006.04.048
1919:using a starch indicator.
1459:complexometric indicators
846:{\displaystyle =10^{-14}}
4569:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
4485:Supramolecular chemistry
4124:Organometallic chemistry
2691:"Titrating Soluble RM, R
2283:centimètres cubes, ... "
1494:Zeta potential titration
1488:Zeta potential titration
1449:Complexometric titration
1443:Complexometric titration
741:{\displaystyle {\ce {}}}
700:{\displaystyle {\ce {}}}
659:{\displaystyle {\ce {}}}
382:being most appropriate.
19:Not to be confused with
4507:Combinatorial chemistry
4418:Food physical chemistry
4381:Environmental chemistry
4265:Bioorthogonal chemistry
4191:Retrosynthetic analysis
4012:Chemical thermodynamics
3995:Spectroelectrochemistry
3938:Computational chemistry
3665:Analytical Biochemistry
3454:Melting point apparatus
3247:Spellman, F.R. (2009).
2702:shenvilab.org/education
2221:Wisniak, Jaime (2014).
1890:then titrated with KOH.
1690:Thermometric titrimetry
1638:ion-selective electrode
1193:are the moles of acid (
141:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
4579:of element discoveries
4425:Agricultural chemistry
4413:Carbohydrate chemistry
4304:Bioinorganic chemistry
4169:Alkane stereochemistry
4114:Coordination chemistry
3943:Mathematical chemistry
3809:Instrumental chemistry
3644:Analytica Chimica Acta
2958:Khopkar, S.M. (1998).
2604:Walther, J.V. (2005).
2496:Analytica Chimica Acta
2438:Rosenfeld, L. (1999).
2198:Descroizilles (1795).
1978:Karl Fischer titration
1939:in urine may indicate
1791:
1629:
1384:
1358:potassium permanganate
1309:
1272:
1234:
1187:
1158:
1126:
1026:
931:
847:
775:
742:
701:
660:
626:
431:
312:
236:Preparation techniques
199:
186:), published in 1855.
50:
4574:Timeline of chemistry
4471:Post-mortem chemistry
4456:Clandestine chemistry
4386:Atmospheric chemistry
4309:Biophysical chemistry
4141:Solid-state chemistry
4091:Equilibrium chemistry
4000:Photoelectrochemistry
3536:Coning and quartering
3444:Infrared spectrometer
3192:Purcella, G. (2007).
3108:Hannan, H.J. (2007).
3083:Harris, D.C. (2003).
3032:Decker, J.M. (2000).
2902:"Gas phase titration"
2876:Hänsch, T.W. (2007).
2420:10.3406/rhs.1971.3172
1949:potassium thiocyanate
1905:manganese(II) sulfate
1789:
1623:
1469:for the titration of
1378:
1310:
1273:
1235:
1188:
1159:
1127:
1027:
932:
848:
776:
743:
707:is obtained from the
702:
661:
624:
600:organolithium reagent
443:Range of color change
440:Color on acidic side
429:
298:
197:
123:History and etymology
36:
4727:Analytical chemistry
4564:History of chemistry
4519:Chemical engineering
4294:Bioorganic chemistry
4044:Structural chemistry
3781:List of biomolecules
3658:Analytical Chemistry
3500:Gravimetric analysis
3464:Optical spectrometer
3408:Analytical chemistry
3167:Freiser, H. (1963).
2695:NM and ROM Reagents"
2579:Patnaik, P. (2004).
2177:. pp. 208–209.
2175:Taylor & Francis
1907:, which reacts with
1856:Saponification value
1795:Acid–base titrations
1552:Virus quantification
1502:, rather than by an
1343:potassium dichromate
1283:
1244:
1213:
1168:
1139:
1037:
942:
858:
788:
756:
752:, the hydrolysis of
715:
674:
633:
448:Color on basic side
406:acid–base titrations
172:Étienne Ossian Henry
4587:The central science
4541:Ceramic engineering
4466:Forensic toxicology
4439:Chemistry education
4337:Radiation chemistry
4319:Interdisciplinarity
4272:Medicinal chemistry
4210:Fullerene chemistry
4086:Microwave chemistry
3955:Molecular mechanics
3950:Molecular modelling
3133:Kenkel, J. (2003).
2945:10.1021/es60120a012
2937:1976EnST...10..897D
2244:Gay-Lussac (1824).
2137:Gay-Lussac (1828).
1846:potassium hydroxide
1806:waste vegetable oil
1761:titration, as with
1614:electrode potential
1596:acid–base indicator
1388:Gas phase titration
422:Acid–base titration
416:Acid–base titration
400:Types of titrations
242:glacial acetic acid
176:Karl Friedrich Mohr
91:, is prepared as a
62:volumetric analysis
47:acid–base titration
4630:Chemical substance
4492:Chemical synthesis
4461:Forensic chemistry
4342:Actinide chemistry
4284:Clinical chemistry
3965:Molecular geometry
3960:Molecular dynamics
3915:Elemental analysis
3868:Separation process
3571:Separation process
3566:Sample preparation
3015:, Elsevier, 2017
2446:. pp. 72–75.
2330:Henry, O. (1845).
2015:standard solutions
1998:electric potential
1933:Benedict's reagent
1792:
1630:
1516:iso-electric point
1467:Eriochrome Black T
1385:
1305:
1268:
1230:
1207:law of mass action
1183:
1154:
1135:In the equations,
1122:
1022:
927:
843:
771:
738:
697:
656:
627:
432:
366:(a weak acid) and
313:
200:
51:
4709:
4708:
4645:Quantum mechanics
4610:Chemical compound
4593:Chemical reaction
4531:Materials science
4449:General chemistry
4444:Amateur chemistry
4372:Photogeochemistry
4357:Stellar chemistry
4327:Nuclear chemistry
4248:Molecular biology
4215:Polymer chemistry
4186:Organic synthesis
4181:Organic reactions
4146:Ceramic chemistry
4136:Cluster chemistry
4066:Chemical kinetics
4054:Molecular physics
3933:Quantum chemistry
3846:Mass spectrometry
3730:
3729:
3612:Standard addition
3607:Internal standard
3597:Calibration curve
3510:Mass spectrometry
3469:Spectrophotometer
3449:Mass spectrometer
3434:Gas chromatograph
3305:978-0-07-061767-4
3266:978-1-4200-7530-4
3209:978-1-56975-624-9
3119:978-0-615-15601-9
3021:978-0-444-63908-0
2887:978-1-58603-784-0
2751:978-0-7167-7041-1
2640:978-0-534-42012-3
2011:Primary standards
2000:of excess iodine.
1828:potassium sulfate
1773:Graphical methods
1731:Equivalence point
1586:Equivalence point
1510:systems, such as
1433:spectrophotometry
1303:
1296:
1271:{\displaystyle V}
1257:
1233:{\displaystyle V}
1225:
1179:
1150:
1111:
1090:
1078:
1071:
1047:
1020:
1009:
994:
966:
951:
924:
913:
901:
868:
816:
798:
763:
726:
685:
668:equivalence point
644:
580:
579:
360:equivalence point
93:standard solution
75:of an identified
71:to determine the
69:chemical analysis
4734:
4697:
4696:
4685:
4673:
4672:
4661:
4660:
4605:Chemical element
4260:Chemical biology
4119:Magnetochemistry
4096:Mechanochemistry
4049:Chemical physics
3990:Electrochemistry
3895:Characterization
3757:
3750:
3743:
3734:
3718:
3717:
3706:
3694:
3693:
3682:
3681:
3617:Isotope dilution
3401:
3394:
3387:
3378:
3335:
3334:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3254:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3029:
3023:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2699:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2327:
2321:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2257:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2166:
2160:
2150:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2106:
2100:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2031:
1909:potassium iodide
1895:Redox titrations
1888:acetic anhydride
1836:sodium carbonate
1810:free fatty acids
1604:Redox indicators
1463:starch indicator
1437:Beer–Lambert law
1370:starch indicator
1314:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1255:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1223:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1062:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1007:
997:
996:
995:
992:
981:
973:
972:
971:
964:
952:
949:
936:
934:
933:
928:
926:
925:
923:
919:
918:
911:
905:
899:
894:
891:
890:
875:
874:
873:
866:
852:
850:
849:
844:
842:
841:
823:
822:
821:
814:
805:
804:
803:
796:
780:
778:
777:
772:
770:
769:
768:
761:
751:
747:
745:
744:
739:
737:
736:
732:
731:
724:
706:
704:
703:
698:
696:
695:
691:
690:
683:
665:
663:
662:
657:
655:
654:
650:
649:
642:
534:Bromothymol blue
470:Bromophenol blue
434:
410:redox titrations
394:sigmoid function
380:bromothymol blue
368:sodium hydroxide
353:bromothymol blue
309:sodium hydroxide
285:Titration curves
268:masking solution
208:Erlenmeyer flask
117:titration volume
43:Erlenmeyer flask
4742:
4741:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4712:
4711:
4710:
4705:
4649:
4552:
4546:Polymer science
4502:Click chemistry
4497:Green chemistry
4391:Ocean chemistry
4367:Biogeochemistry
4313:
4229:
4201:Total synthesis
4164:Stereochemistry
4150:
4100:
4017:Surface science
4007:Thermochemistry
3976:
3919:
3890:Crystallography
3795:
3767:
3761:
3731:
3726:
3670:
3621:
3580:
3524:
3473:
3416:Instrumentation
3410:
3405:
3343:
3338:
3331:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3306:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3179:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3067:
3065:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3044:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3010:
3006:
2999:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2907:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2823:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2697:
2694:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2566:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2541:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2017:for titrations.
2007:
1974:
1957:: A measure of
1897:
1850:free fatty acid
1816:Kjeldahl method
1797:
1784:
1782:Particular uses
1775:
1758:
1727:
1649:
1600:phenolphthalein
1588:
1582:
1554:
1546:Main articles:
1544:
1496:
1490:
1479:chelating agent
1451:
1445:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1390:
1354:permanganometry
1339:redox indicator
1327:
1325:Redox titration
1321:
1319:Redox titration
1288:
1281:
1280:
1254:
1242:
1241:
1211:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1108:
1087:
1063:
1044:
1035:
1034:
1001:
986:
982:
963:
940:
939:
910:
882:
865:
856:
855:
830:
813:
795:
786:
785:
760:
754:
753:
749:
723:
713:
712:
682:
672:
671:
641:
631:
630:
566:Alizarin yellow
550:Phenolphthalein
444:
424:
418:
402:
372:phenolphthalein
349:phenolphthalein
293:
291:Titration curve
287:
261:buffer solution
238:
216:phenolphthalein
192:
125:
56:(also known as
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4740:
4738:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4714:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4691:
4679:
4667:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4590:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4571:
4566:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4458:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4430:Soil chemistry
4422:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4408:Food chemistry
4405:
4403:Carbochemistry
4400:
4398:Clay chemistry
4395:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4369:
4359:
4353:Astrochemistry
4349:Cosmochemistry
4346:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4332:Radiochemistry
4323:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4289:Neurochemistry
4286:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4250:
4239:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4220:Petrochemistry
4217:
4212:
4207:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4160:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4121:
4116:
4110:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4081:Spin chemistry
4078:
4076:Photochemistry
4073:
4068:
4063:
4061:Femtochemistry
4058:
4057:
4056:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3986:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3935:
3929:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3873:Chromatography
3870:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3816:
3811:
3805:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3791:Periodic table
3788:
3783:
3778:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3737:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3712:
3700:
3688:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3632:
3630:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3490:Chromatography
3487:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3420:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3342:
3341:External links
3339:
3337:
3336:
3329:
3311:
3304:
3294:Nigam (2007).
3286:
3272:
3265:
3239:
3232:
3215:
3208:
3184:
3177:
3159:
3140:
3125:
3118:
3100:
3093:
3075:
3049:
3042:
3024:
3004:
2997:
2975:
2968:
2950:
2931:(9): 897–899.
2915:
2893:
2886:
2868:
2853:
2846:
2828:
2821:
2803:
2788:
2781:
2757:
2750:
2730:
2707:
2692:
2682:
2661:
2656:CK12 Chemistry
2646:
2639:
2621:
2614:
2596:
2589:
2571:
2564:
2546:
2539:
2521:
2502:(2): 283–290.
2485:
2459:
2452:
2430:
2397:
2390:
2370:
2346:
2322:
2236:
2213:
2190:
2183:
2161:
2129:
2115:
2101:
2091:: "4. a) 1543
2081:
2055:
2041:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1990:sulfur dioxide
1973:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1962:
1955:Bromine number
1952:
1930:
1920:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1876:Hydroxyl value
1873:
1866:
1863:
1853:
1839:
1813:
1796:
1793:
1783:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1757:
1756:Back titration
1754:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1711:
1697:
1687:
1669:
1663:
1659:
1656:ionic strength
1647:
1641:
1624:An elementary
1618:
1617:
1607:
1584:Main article:
1581:
1578:
1543:
1540:
1520:surface charge
1500:zeta potential
1492:Main article:
1489:
1486:
1477:ions, and the
1447:Main article:
1444:
1441:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1389:
1386:
1347:sulfur dioxide
1323:Main article:
1320:
1317:
1302:
1291:
1267:
1261:
1252:
1249:
1229:
1221:
1218:
1174:
1145:
1133:
1132:
1121:
1115:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1094:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1042:
1032:
1019:
1015:
1004:
1000:
989:
985:
979:
976:
970:
961:
958:
955:
947:
937:
922:
917:
909:
904:
898:
889:
885:
881:
878:
872:
863:
853:
840:
837:
833:
829:
826:
820:
811:
808:
802:
793:
767:
735:
730:
722:
694:
689:
681:
653:
648:
640:
584:neutralization
578:
577:
574:
571:
568:
562:
561:
558:
555:
552:
546:
545:
542:
539:
536:
530:
529:
526:
523:
520:
514:
513:
510:
507:
504:
498:
497:
494:
491:
488:
482:
481:
478:
475:
472:
466:
465:
462:
459:
456:
450:
449:
446:
441:
438:
420:Main article:
417:
414:
401:
398:
307:titrated with
289:Main article:
286:
283:
250:petrochemistry
237:
234:
191:
188:
124:
121:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4739:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4702:
4701:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4684:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4656:
4655:
4652:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4635:Chemical bond
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4591:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4529:
4525:
4524:Stoichiometry
4522:
4521:
4520:
4517:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4490:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4480:Nanochemistry
4478:
4477:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4205:Semisynthesis
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4039:Sonochemistry
4037:
4035:
4034:Cryochemistry
4032:
4028:
4027:Micromeritics
4025:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3905:Wet chemistry
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3758:
3753:
3751:
3746:
3744:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3723:
3722:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3624:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3602:Matrix effect
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3561:Pulverization
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3402:
3397:
3395:
3390:
3388:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3332:
3330:1-893311-47-3
3326:
3322:
3315:
3312:
3307:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3268:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3252:
3243:
3240:
3235:
3233:0-7817-4673-6
3229:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3211:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3188:
3185:
3180:
3178:0-88275-955-8
3174:
3170:
3163:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3144:
3141:
3136:
3129:
3126:
3121:
3115:
3111:
3104:
3101:
3096:
3094:0-7167-4464-3
3090:
3086:
3079:
3076:
3064:. McGraw-Hill
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3045:
3043:0-632-04415-2
3039:
3035:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3000:
2998:0-8493-9607-7
2994:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2976:
2971:
2969:81-224-1159-2
2965:
2961:
2954:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2916:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2889:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2869:
2864:
2857:
2854:
2849:
2847:0-520-01657-2
2843:
2839:
2832:
2829:
2824:
2822:0-582-22628-7
2818:
2814:
2807:
2804:
2799:
2792:
2789:
2784:
2782:0-03-020293-0
2778:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2761:
2758:
2753:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2734:
2731:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2703:
2696:
2686:
2683:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2657:
2650:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2622:
2617:
2615:0-7637-2642-7
2611:
2607:
2600:
2597:
2592:
2590:0-07-141060-0
2586:
2582:
2575:
2572:
2567:
2565:81-7008-596-9
2561:
2557:
2550:
2547:
2542:
2540:0-88415-315-0
2536:
2532:
2525:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2463:
2460:
2455:
2453:90-5699-645-2
2449:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2424:From p. 38:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2410:(in French).
2409:
2401:
2398:
2393:
2391:9781483157122
2387:
2383:
2382:
2374:
2371:
2366:(1–2): 77–95.
2365:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2288:
2284:
2261:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2237:
2233:(1): 184–193.
2232:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2206:(in French).
2205:
2201:
2194:
2191:
2186:
2184:2-88124-569-2
2180:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2130:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2098:
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2090:
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2082:
2070:. McGraw-Hill
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2045:
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2037:
2030:
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2021:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1972:Miscellaneous
1971:
1966:
1965:Iodine number
1963:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1928:
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1847:
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1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1824:sulfuric acid
1821:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1781:
1779:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1763:precipitation
1755:
1753:
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1744:
1740:
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1724:
1719:
1715:
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1709:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1666:Precipitation
1664:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1615:
1611:
1610:Potentiometer
1608:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1592:
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1587:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1536:stabilization
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1508:heterogeneous
1505:
1501:
1495:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1442:
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1427:
1407:
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1399:
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1387:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1335:potentiometer
1332:
1326:
1318:
1316:
1300:
1289:
1259:
1247:
1216:
1208:
1172:
1143:
1113:
1101:
1092:
1080:
1075:
1064:
1058:
1049:
1033:
1017:
1002:
998:
987:
977:
968:
956:
938:
915:
887:
883:
879:
870:
854:
838:
835:
831:
827:
818:
800:
784:
783:
782:
765:
728:
710:
687:
669:
646:
623:
619:
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569:
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521:
519:
516:
515:
511:
508:
505:
503:
500:
499:
495:
492:
489:
487:
486:Methyl orange
484:
483:
479:
476:
473:
471:
468:
467:
463:
460:
457:
455:
454:Methyl violet
452:
451:
447:
442:
439:
436:
435:
430:Methyl orange
428:
423:
415:
413:
411:
407:
399:
397:
395:
390:
388:
383:
381:
377:
376:methyl orange
373:
369:
365:
361:
356:
354:
350:
346:
341:
337:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
310:
306:
302:
301:diprotic acid
297:
292:
284:
282:
280:
279:reaction rate
276:
271:
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264:
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258:
253:
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243:
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118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
97:concentration
94:
90:
86:
83:, termed the
82:
78:
74:
73:concentration
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
48:
44:
40:
35:
29:
22:
4698:
4686:
4674:
4662:
4512:Biosynthesis
4362:Geochemistry
4277:Pharmacology
4253:Cell biology
4243:Biochemistry
4071:Spectroscopy
3970:VSEPR theory
3899:
3819:Spectroscopy
3763:Branches of
3719:
3707:
3695:
3683:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3628:publications
3592:Chemometrics
3576:Sub-sampling
3519:
3515:Spectroscopy
3320:
3314:
3295:
3289:
3280:
3275:
3250:
3242:
3223:
3218:
3194:
3187:
3168:
3162:
3153:
3143:
3134:
3128:
3109:
3103:
3084:
3078:
3068:30 September
3066:. Retrieved
3061:
3052:
3033:
3027:
3012:
3007:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2959:
2953:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2908:29 September
2906:. Retrieved
2896:
2877:
2871:
2862:
2856:
2837:
2831:
2812:
2806:
2797:
2791:
2767:
2760:
2740:
2733:
2722:. Retrieved
2710:
2701:
2685:
2675:29 September
2673:. Retrieved
2664:
2655:
2649:
2630:
2624:
2605:
2599:
2580:
2574:
2555:
2549:
2530:
2524:
2499:
2495:
2488:
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2474:
2469:
2462:
2439:
2433:
2425:
2414:(1): 25–44.
2411:
2407:
2400:
2380:
2373:
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2359:
2349:
2339:
2335:
2325:
2317:
2313:
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2239:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2207:
2203:
2193:
2170:
2164:
2156:
2155:as a verb:
2152:
2146:
2142:
2132:
2118:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2084:
2074:30 September
2072:. Retrieved
2067:
2058:
2049:
2044:
2035:
2029:
1959:unsaturation
1776:
1759:
1751:
1742:
1730:
1728:
1700:Spectroscopy
1693:
1644:Conductivity
1589:
1555:
1532:flocculation
1497:
1452:
1430:
1423:
1391:
1351:
1328:
1197:) and salt (
1134:
628:
604:metal amides
597:
588:pH indicator
581:
403:
391:
384:
357:
333:
328:
324:
316:
314:
272:
265:
254:
239:
232:indicator.
201:
183:
179:
153:
148:
144:
136:
132:
128:
126:
116:
112:
108:
88:
84:
66:quantitative
61:
57:
53:
52:
4700:WikiProject
3925:Theoretical
3910:Calorimetry
3721:WikiProject
3585:Calibration
3546:Dissolution
3485:Calorimetry
3171:. Kreiger.
3058:"Titration"
1917:thiosulfate
1911:to produce
1714:Amperometry
1676:biochemical
364:oxalic acid
305:oxalic acid
147:as a verb (
143:first used
4716:Categories
4536:Metallurgy
4235:Biological
3801:Analytical
3626:Prominent
3551:Filtration
3478:Techniques
3459:Microscope
2724:2014-06-04
2368:See p. 87.
2342:: 214–222.
2256:: 162–175.
2210:: 256–276.
2149:: 337–368.
2022:References
1884:acetylated
1860:fatty acid
1842:Acid value
1832:boric acid
1739:polyprotic
1708:Beer's Law
1680:substrates
1566:microscope
1528:surfactant
1526:or adding
1381:iodometric
618:are used.
502:Methyl red
437:Indicator
58:titrimetry
4722:Titration
4598:Catalysis
4106:Inorganic
3900:Titration
3765:chemistry
3520:Titration
3154:tahosa.us
2481:Glasshahn
2444:CRC Press
2064:"Titrand"
1935:: Excess
1923:Vitamin C
1834:and then
1802:biodiesel
1747:indicator
1741:acids).
1562:bacterium
1504:indicator
1475:magnesium
1394:gas phase
1379:Color of
1366:triiodide
1362:iodometry
1260:−
1114:−
1093:−
969:−
916:−
836:−
819:−
766:−
573:10.1—12.0
554:Colorless
214:(such as
212:indicator
190:Procedure
95:of known
54:Titration
21:Tetration
4664:Category
4620:Molecule
4557:See also
3982:Physical
3685:Category
3541:Dilution
3529:Sampling
2516:17723410
2291:2
2266:2
2005:See also
1982:methanol
1941:diabetes
1880:hydroxyl
1852:content.
1743:Endpoint
1720:with Ag.
1704:spectrum
1682:bind to
1652:mobility
1634:pH meter
1626:pH meter
1512:colloids
1412:+ NO → O
608:hydrides
593:pH meter
557:8.3—10.0
387:pH meter
229:endpoint
105:solution
89:titrator
4676:Commons
4640:Alchemy
4156:Organic
3697:Commons
3637:Analyst
3556:Masking
3281:Biology
2933:Bibcode
2773:265-305
2306:
2281:
1994:alcohol
1937:glucose
1820:ammonia
1769:solid.
1767:soluble
1718:halides
1684:enzymes
1662:colors.
1598:(e.g.,
1471:calcium
1455:complex
541:6.0—7.6
525:5.0—8.0
512:Yellow
509:4.4—6.3
496:Yellow
493:3.1—4.4
477:3.0—4.6
464:Violet
461:0.0—1.6
321:titrant
246:ethanol
220:burette
168:burette
166:" and "
164:pipette
135:became
113:titrand
109:analyte
85:titrant
81:reagent
77:analyte
39:burette
4688:Portal
3834:UV-Vis
3709:Portal
3327:
3302:
3263:
3230:
3206:
3175:
3116:
3091:
3040:
3019:
2995:
2966:
2884:
2844:
2819:
2779:
2748:
2637:
2612:
2587:
2562:
2537:
2514:
2450:
2388:
2181:
2097:tiltre
1986:iodine
1945:cupric
1913:iodine
1886:using
1804:fuel:
1205:. The
606:, and
570:Yellow
538:Yellow
518:Litmus
474:Yellow
458:Yellow
345:litmus
334:In an
204:beaker
149:titrer
133:Tiltre
129:titrer
101:volume
3861:MALDI
3829:Raman
3200:81–96
2719:(PDF)
2698:(PDF)
2473:[
2153:titre
1927:DCPIP
1870:amine
1822:with
1735:moles
1574:titer
1558:virus
1548:Assay
1542:Assay
1518:when
1402:ozone
1360:. In
1337:or a
560:Pink
544:Blue
528:Blue
480:Blue
445:(pH)
275:redox
145:titre
137:titre
4615:Atom
3883:HPLC
3325:ISBN
3300:ISBN
3261:ISBN
3228:ISBN
3204:ISBN
3173:ISBN
3114:ISBN
3089:ISBN
3070:2011
3038:ISBN
3017:ISBN
2993:ISBN
2964:ISBN
2910:2001
2882:ISBN
2842:ISBN
2817:ISBN
2777:ISBN
2746:ISBN
2677:2011
2635:ISBN
2610:ISBN
2585:ISBN
2560:ISBN
2535:ISBN
2512:PMID
2448:ISBN
2386:ISBN
2179:ISBN
2076:2011
1826:and
1800:For
1654:and
1550:and
1482:EDTA
1473:and
1416:+ NO
1240:and
1164:and
576:Red
408:and
378:and
340:base
336:acid
99:and
60:and
41:and
4625:Ion
3856:ICP
3839:NMR
3257:545
2941:doi
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2416:doi
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1560:or
1534:or
1398:gas
616:THF
612:pKa
522:Red
506:Red
490:Red
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351:or
244:or
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206:or
107:of
87:or
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1199:XA
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1110:OH
950:HA
900:HA
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257:pH
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