328:) sitting on top of the ocean with giant fangs, crocodile skin, and gnashing teeth calling for flesh to feast on. The two gods decided that the fifth cosmos could not prosper with such a horrible creature roaming the world, and so they set out to destroy her. To attract her, Tezcatlipoca used his foot as bait, and Tlaltecuhtli ate it. In the fight that followed, Tezcatlipoca lost his foot and Tlaltecuhtli lost her lower jaw, taking away her ability to sink below the surface of the water. After a long struggle, Tezcatlipoca and Quetzalcoatl managed to rip her body in two — from the upper half came the sky, and from the lower came the earth. She remained alive, however, and demanded human blood as repayment for her sacrifice.
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200:) people. Sometimes referred to as the "earth monster," Tlaltecuhtli's dismembered body was the basis for the world in the Aztec creation story of the fifth and final cosmos. In carvings, Tlaltecuhtli is often depicted as an anthropomorphic being with splayed arms and legs. Considered the source of all living things, she had to be kept sated by human sacrifices which would ensure the continued order of the world.
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423:, interpret this pose as a male Tlaltecuhtli crouching under the earth with his mouth wide open, waiting to devour the dead. While Tlaltecuhtli is usually portrayed as female, some depictions are clearly male (though these distinctions may at times arise from the Spanish-language gendering process). H.B. Nicholson writes, "most of the available evidence suggests that... the earth monster in the
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Since
Tlaltecuhtli's body was transformed into the geographical features, the Mexica attributed strange sounds from the earth as either the screams of Tlaltecuhtli in her dismembered agony, or her calls for human blood to feed her. As a source of life, it was thought necessary to appease Tlaltecuhtli
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While
Tlaltecuhtli's name may be interpreted as masculine, the deity is most often depicted with female characteristics and clothing. According to Miller, "Tlaltecuhtli literally means 'Earth Lord,' but most Aztec representations clearly depict this creature as female, and despite the expected male
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One of the largest modern debates surrounding
Tlaltecuhtli is over the deity's gender. In English, "tlal-" translates to "earth," and "tecuhtli" is usually rendered "lord." However, "teuctli" (like most words in Nahuatl) has no gender, despite normally being used to describe men or male gods. There
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The Mexica believe
Tlaltecuhtli to swallow the sun between her massive jaws at dusk, and regurgitate it the next morning at dawn. The fear that this cycle could be interrupted, like during solar eclipses, was often the cause of uneasiness and increased ritual sacrifice. Tlaltecuhtli's connection to
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Tlaltecuhtli is typically depicted as a squatting toad-like creature with massive claws, a gaping mouth, and crocodile skin, which represented the surface of the earth. In carvings, her mouth is often shown with a river of blood flowing from it or a flint knife between her teeth, a reference to the
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The other gods were angered to hear of
Tlaltecuhtli's treatment and decreed that the various parts of her dismembered body would become the features of the new world. Her skin became grasses and small flowers, her hair the trees and herbs, her eyes the springs and wells, her nose the hills and
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Though most renderings of
Tlaltecuhtli were placed face down, this monolith was found face up. Clutched in her lower right claw is the year glyph for 10 rabbit (1502 CE). Lopez Lujan noted that according to the surviving codices, 1502 was the year that one of the empire's most feared rulers,
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human blood she thirsted for. Her elbows and knees are often adorned with human skulls, and she sometimes appears with multiple mouths full of sharp teeth all over her body. In some images, she wears a skirt made of human bones and a star border, a symbol of her primordial sacrifice.
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position was conceived to be female and depicted wearing the costume proper to that sex. A male aspect of that deity was also recognized and occasionally represented in appropriate garb—but was apparently quite subordinate to the more fundamental and pervasive female conception."
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thought that the newly created world should be inhabited. And for this, they made
Tlalcihuatl, 'Lady of the earth', come down from heaven, and Tlaltecuhtli, 'Lord of the earth', would be her consort. Tezcatlipoca and Quetzalcoatl create the Earth from the body of
262:("eagle box"), which held the sacrificial hearts she was so partial to. In reference to her mythological function as the support of the earth, Tlaltecuhtli was sometimes carved onto the cornerstones of temples, such as the pyramid platform at
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Many sculptures of
Tlaltecuhtli were meant only for the gods and were not intended to be seen by humans. She was often carved onto the bottom of sculptures where they made contact with the earth, or on the undersides of stone boxes called
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This ambiguity has prompted some scholars to argue that
Tlaltecuhtli may have possessed a dual gender like several other Mesoamerican primordial deities. In Bernardino Sahagún's Florentine Codex, for example, Tlaltecuhtli is invoked as
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and is vividly painted in red, white, black, and blue. The stone was found by archaeologists broken into 4 pieces. Reassembled, Tlaltecuhtli's skull and bones skirt, and the river of blood flowing from her mouth, can be seen.
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Tlaltecuhtli's importance in the Mexica pantheon is demonstrated by her inclusion in major works of art. A representation of the goddess can be found on each side of the 1503 CE Coronation Stone of the Aztec ruler
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with blood sacrifices, especially human hearts. The Aztecs believed that
Tlatlecuhtli's insatiable appetite had to be satisfied or the goddess would cease her nourishment of the earth and crops would fail.
400:), it is clear that "tēuctli" does not mean "lord" or "señor." Those are just approximations to the genderless Nahuatl title. A better rendering is "esteemed personage" or "noble." In fact, in
486:). The sculpture measures approximately 13.1 x 11.8 feet (4 x 3.6 meters) and weighs nearly 12 tons, making it one of the largest Aztec monoliths ever discovered—larger even than the
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Finally, because of Tlatlecuhtli's association with fertility, midwives called on her aid during difficult births—when an "infant warrior" threatened to kill the mother during labor.
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According to a source, in the creation of the Earth, the gods did not tire of admiring the liquid world, no oscillations, no movements, so
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After several years of excavation and restoration, the monolith can be seen on display at the Museum of the Templo Mayor in Mexico City.
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Annotations detailing the iconography of the Tlaltecuhtli Monolith (located at the Museum of the Templo Mayor in Mexico City, Mexico)
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as a consort as the devourer, and Coatlicue as the one who gives continuous birth to new beings, men and animals.
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According to a source, all the deities of the earth are female, except the advocation of Tezcatlipoca, which is
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Caso, Alfonso (fifth printing 1978) The Aztecs: People of the Sun Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
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Depiction of Tlaltecuhtli in the Codex Borbonicus (ca. 1520), shown with a flint knife between her teeth
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The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya: An Illustrated Dictionary of Mesoamerican Religion
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Tlatlecuhtli's head is shown flung back with a serpent tongue and a sacrificial knife between her teeth
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Producer of the Living, Eater of the Dead: Revealing Tlaltecuhtli, the Two-Faced Aztec Earth
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Masculine anthropomorphism of Tlaltecuhtli found in Tenochtitlan (ca. 1500), wearing a male
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In the Mexica creation story, Tlaltecuhtli is described as a sea monster (sometimes called
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descended from the heavens in the form of serpents and found the monstrous Tlaltecuhtli (
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Nicholson, H.B. (1967). "A Fragment of an Aztec Relief Carving of the Earth Monster".
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278:(Piedra del Sol), where she symbolizes the end of the 5th and final Aztec cosmos.
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gender of the name, some sources call Tlaltecuhtli a goddess. usually in a
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Tlaltecuhtli is known from several post-conquest manuscripts that surveyed
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valleys, her shoulders the mountains, and her mouth the caves and rivers.
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older women are addressed as "notēcuiyo" or "my noble" several times.
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According to Alfonso Caso, there were four earth gods — Tlaltecuhtli,
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1326:
591:
Los Reyes Aztecas: La Construcción del Gobierno en la Historia Mexica
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Monolith of Tlaltecuhtli discovered in Mexico City in 2006 (1502 CE)
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Tlaltecuhtli monolith on display in the Museum of the Templo Mayor
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416:, with head flung backwards and her mouth of flint blades open."
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as the 2nd of the 13 deity days, and her date glyph is 1 Rabbit.
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the sun ensured that she was included in the prayers offered to
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721:"Mother Earth for the Aztecs Was a Horrific, Demanding Monster"
216:, a giant alligator/crocodile self-created in the Omeyocan.
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and Chalmecatecuhtli. In the Huehuetlahtolli collected by
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of Tlaltecuhtli was discovered in an excavation at the
900:
Stefan Lovgren, "Aztec Temple found in Mexico City",
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847:. Berkely: UCLA Latin American Center Publications.
568:(in Spanish). Editorial Universo. pp. 69, 70.
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117:
109:
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53:
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21:
388:are notable exceptions—for example, the goddesses
845:The Art of Nahuatl Speech: The Bancroft Dialogues
435:Feminine anthropomorphism of Tlaltecuhtli in the
768:(in Spanish). Editorial Panorama. p. 114.
593:(in Spanish). Siglo XXI Editores. p. 192.
961:
618:(in Spanish). Editorial Porrúa. p. 351.
8:
832:. Mexico City: Sextil Editores. p. 101.
312:) who dwelled in the ocean after the fourth
968:
954:
946:
705:Miller, Mary Ellen and Karl Taube (1993).
523:– similar figure in Mesopotamian mythology
235:, both compiled in the sixteenth century.
34:
810:de Sahagún, Bernardino (1590). "Book 6".
792:de Sahagún, Bernardino (1590). "Book 6".
566:El Mundo Mágico de los Dioses del Anáhuac
1853:Romances de los señores de Nueva España
875:Journal de la Société des Americanistes
545:
1969:Androgynous and hermaphroditic deities
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
549:
180:
18:
823:
821:
805:
803:
787:
785:
535:– similar figure in Chinese mythology
7:
700:
698:
696:
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665:
663:
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396:in the early 17th century (known as
529:– similar figure in Norse mythology
766:Los Dioses Prehispánicos de México
192:deity worshipped primarily by the
14:
1748:Lienzo de Coixtlahuaca I & II
993:: Ometēcuthli and Omecihuātl (or
364:before Aztec military campaigns.
1008:
933:
223:and belief systems, such as the
124:as female form (Codex Zumarraga)
1923:Codex Vindobonensis Mexicanus I
1803:Oztoticpac Lands Map of Texcoco
1753:Lienzo de Santa María Nativitas
919:. Mexico City: Sextil Editores.
915:Lopez Lujan, Leondardo (2010).
670:Thevet, André (c. 1540). "IX".
1763:Lienzo de Zacatepec I & II
828:Lopez Lujan, Leonardo (2010).
616:Diccionario de Mitología Nahoa
439:(ca. 1540), wearing a women's
1:
383:loincloth and Tlaloc facemask
709:. London: Thames and Hudson.
674:(in French). pp. 31–34.
281:Tlaltecuhtli appears in the
1898:Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca
1758:Lienzo de Santiago Ihuitlan
843:Kartunnen, Frances (1987).
589:Susan D. Gillespie (1989).
182:[t͡ɬaːl.teːkʷ.t͡ɬi]
2000:
1858:Codex Santa Maria Asunción
1638:Boban Aztec Calendar Wheel
862:. Archaeopress. p. 5.
645:World History Encyclopedia
614:Cecilio A. Robelo (1905).
28:Earth monster/god of earth
1873:Codex Telleriano-Remensis
1663:Mapas de Cuauhtinchan 1-4
1633:Codices Becker I & II
1006:
858:Henderson, Lucia (2007).
33:
26:
1813:Plano en papel de maguey
1623:Codices Azoyú I & II
902:National Geographic News
764:Adela Fernández (1992).
685:"Codex Bodley". c. 1500.
1608:Aubin Manuscript no. 20
754:pp. 52-56 OCLC 58-11603
402:The Bancroft Dialogues,
1743:Lienzo Antonio de León
467:
446:
398:The Bancroft Dialogues
384:
248:
239:Representations in art
178:Nahuatl pronunciation:
163:
155:
1903:Codex Totomixtlahuaca
1843:Relación de Michoacán
1793:Códice Maya de México
1778:Matrícula de Tributos
1703:Codex Fejérváry-Mayer
1148:Tlāhuizcalpantecuhtli
887:10.3406/jsa.1967.2272
465:
434:
419:Other scholars, like
378:
246:
161:
153:
1933:Codex Zouche-Nuttall
1883:Anales de Tlatelolco
1773:Codex Magliabechiano
1023:(Four Tezcatlipocas)
942:at Wikimedia Commons
672:Histoyre du mechique
564:Otilia Meza (1981).
276:Aztec Calendar Stone
225:Histoyre du méchique
132:• With Tlalcihuatl:
1823:Codex Porfirio Díaz
1818:Primeros Memoriales
1733:Codex Ixtlilxochitl
1728:Humboldt fragment 1
1718:Códice de Huichapan
1628:Badianus Manuscript
1582:The Stinking Corpse
470:In 2006, a massive
1788:Crónica Mexicayotl
1673:Codex Chimalpopoca
1262:Itzpapalotlcihuatl
1242:Huitztlampaehecatl
1103:Tezcatlipoca (see
1069:Lords of the Night
904:, October 5, 2006.
492:squatting position
468:
447:
412:, or birth-giving
385:
289:Creation narrative
249:
164:
156:
1941:
1940:
1918:Codex Vaticanus B
1878:Tira de Tepechpan
1723:Codex Huexotzinco
1668:Codex Chimalpahin
1587:Use of entheogens
1554:Tlillan-Tlapallan
1448:Centzon Tōtōchtin
1443:Centzonhuītznāhua
1169:Acuecueyotl (see
1024:
938:Media related to
351:Rites and rituals
171:Classical Nahuatl
148:
147:
105:(Codex Zumarraga)
1991:
1888:Codex Tlatelolco
1708:Codex Florentine
1648:Codex Borbonicus
1618:Codex Azcatitlan
1613:Aubin Tonalamatl
1544:Thirteen Heavens
1307:Mictlanpachecatl
1267:Itzpapalotltotec
1187:Chalchiuhtotolin
1128:Lords of the Day
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452:in tonan in tota
229:Florentine Codex
221:Mexica mythology
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1783:Codex Mexicanus
1713:Codex Huamantla
1688:Codex Cozcatzin
1678:Codex Colombino
1591:
1569:
1563:
1487:
1438:Centzonmīmixcōa
1421:
1272:Itztlacoliuhqui
1171:Chalchiuhtlicue
1094:Piltzintecuhtli
1079:Chalchiuhtlicue
1055:
1031:Huītzilōpōchtli
1021:
1013:
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977:Aztec mythology
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995:Tōnacātēcuhtli
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371:Gender debate
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1979:Sea monsters
1928:Codex Xolotl
1908:Codex Tudela
1893:Mapa Tloztin
1768:Codex Madrid
1653:Codex Borgia
1643:Codex Bodley
1568:Beliefs and
1527:
1483:Xiuhtotontli
1412:Yacatecuhtli
1392:Xōchiquetzal
1352:Tlacotzontli
1342:Temazcalteci
1337:Tēcciztēcatl
1237:Huēhuecoyōtl
1227:Coyolxāuhqui
1197:Chicomecōātl
1170:
1153:Tlaltecuhtli
1152:
1121:Xiuhtecuhtli
1105:Creator gods
1104:
1041:Tezcatlipoca
1036:Quetzalcoatl
1019:Creator gods
940:Tlaltecuhtli
917:Tlaltecuhtli
916:
910:
901:
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874:
868:
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844:
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830:Tlaltecuhtli
829:
811:
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728:. Retrieved
724:
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680:
671:
649:. Retrieved
643:
634:
615:
609:
590:
584:
565:
505:
497:
482:(modern-day
480:Tenochtitlan
476:Templo Mayor
469:
451:
448:
440:
437:Codex Tudela
424:
421:Alfonso Caso
418:
409:
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401:
397:
386:
380:
366:
362:Tezcatlipoca
358:
354:
334:
330:
322:Tezcatlipoca
318:Quetzalcoatl
307:
292:
280:
272:Moctezuma II
268:
259:cuauhxicalli
257:
254:
250:
233:Codex Bodley
224:
218:
209:Quetzalcoatl
205:Tezcatlipoca
202:
190:Mesoamerican
173:
167:Tlaltecuhtli
166:
165:
144:(Codex Ríos)
82:Ethnic group
22:Tlaltecuhtli
1984:Animal gods
1863:Selden Roll
1838:Codex Reese
1808:Paris Codex
1798:Codex Osuna
1698:Codex Durán
1683:Codex Cospi
1603:Aubin Codex
1539:Teotihuacan
1514:Chicomoztoc
1473:Tiānquiztli
1417:Zacatzontli
1397:Xochitlicue
1357:Tlalocayotl
1347:Tepoztēcatl
1257:Ītzpāpālōtl
1143:Nanahuatzin
1116:Tlazōlteōtl
1099:Tepēyōllōtl
984:Primordials
484:Mexico City
337:Tepeyollotl
314:Great Flood
303:Tlazolteotl
174:Tlāltēuctli
142:Xochitlicue
122:Tlalcihuatl
76:Mesoamerica
16:Aztec deity
1974:Chaos gods
1964:Earth gods
1954:Aztec gods
1948:Categories
1848:Codex Ríos
1738:Codex Laud
1534:Tamoanchan
1528:Underworld
1509:Cemanahuac
1478:Tzitzimitl
1458:Cihuateteo
1433:Ahuiateteo
1387:Xōchipilli
1217:Cipactonal
1207:Cihuacōātl
1133:Citlālicue
1046:Xipe Totec
730:2018-10-08
651:2018-10-07
540:References
516:Cosmic Man
299:Cihuacoatl
49:Tlalticpac
1577:Five Suns
1463:Civateteo
1377:Tonantzin
1372:Toltecatl
1277:Ixtlilton
1222:Cōātlīcue
881:: 81–94.
725:ThoughtCo
501:Ahuitzotl
345:Coatlicue
295:Coatlicue
134:Coatlicue
93:Genealogy
1570:practice
1549:Tlālōcān
1453:Cintēteo
1332:Patecatl
1317:Opochtli
1312:Mixcoatl
1297:Mayahuel
1202:Chīmalmā
1192:Chantico
1182:Atlacoya
1158:Tōnatiuh
1084:Cinteotl
1074:Centeōtl
1050:Camaxtle
991:Ōmeteōtl
510:See also
472:monolith
458:Monolith
381:maxtlatl
341:Cipactli
326:Cipactli
310:Cipactli
264:El Tajin
214:Cipactli
138:Chimalma
129:Children
110:Siblings
1596:Codices
1524:Mictlān
1499:Anahuac
1382:Xilonen
1362:Tlilhua
1322:Oxomoco
1302:Metztli
1232:Ehecatl
1177:Atlahua
1061:Deities
185:) is a
118:Consort
98:Parents
88:(Nahua)
1559:Tōllān
1504:Aztlán
1492:Places
1426:Groups
1407:Xolotl
1402:Xocotl
1327:Painal
1111:Tláloc
772:
750:
622:
597:
572:
521:Tiamat
442:huipil
410:hocker
231:, and
194:Mexica
72:Region
66:Female
62:Gender
54:Symbol
1526:(The
533:Pangu
445:tunic
414:squat
198:Aztec
86:Aztec
57:Earth
46:Abode
1367:Toci
1048:(or
997:and
770:ISBN
748:ISBN
620:ISBN
595:ISBN
570:ISBN
527:Ymir
320:and
301:and
207:and
113:None
883:doi
478:in
1950::
879:56
877:.
820:^
802:^
784:^
739:^
723:.
691:^
660:^
642:.
548:^
305:.
297:,
266:.
227:,
176:,
140:,
136:,
1530:)
1173:)
1107:)
1052:)
1001:)
969:e
962:t
955:v
889:.
885::
814:.
778:.
733:.
654:.
628:.
603:.
578:.
196:(
169:(
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