416:
403:
610:
49:
946:
851:
643:
632:(thought to be virulently anti-Persian, thanks to the occasional persecution of Christians by some Sasanian monarchs) maintained that, for some time prior to his death, Valerian was subjected to the greatest insults by his captors. For example, being used as a human footstool by Shapur when mounting his horse. According to this version of events, after a long period of such treatment, Valerian offered Shapur a huge ransom for his release.
1198:
639:) and then had Valerian skinned and his skin stuffed with straw and preserved as a trophy in the main Persian temple. It was further alleged that it was only after a later Persian defeat against Rome that his skin was given a cremation and burial. The captivity and death of Valerian has been frequently debated by historians without any definitive conclusion.
538:
should lose their property and be banished, and that civil servants and members of the
Imperial household who would not worship the Roman gods should be reduced to slavery and sent to work on the Imperial estates. This indicates that Christians were well-established at that time, some in very high
1508:
He recorded these deeds for posterity in both words and images at Naqsh-i Rustam and on the Ka'aba-i Zardušt near the ancient
Achaemenid capital of Persepolis, preserving for us a vivid image of two Roman emperors, one kneeling (probably Philip the Arab, also defeated by Shapur) and the second
697:
It has been alleged that the account of
Lactantius is coloured by his desire to establish that persecutors of the Christians died fitting deaths; the story was repeated then and later by authors in the Roman Near East fiercely hostile to Persia.
398:
soldiers then proclaimed
Valerian emperor and continued their march towards Rome. Upon his arrival in September, Aemilianus's legions defected, killed him and proclaimed Valerian emperor. In Rome, the Senate quickly acknowledged Valerian.
1448:
The two emperors who are named are shown in the way they are described: Philip the Arab is kneeling, asking for peace, and
Valerian is physically taken prisoner by Šāpur. Consequently, the relief must have been made after 260
628:, writing between 364 and 378 AD, stated that Valerian "was overthrown by Shapur king of Persia, and being soon after made prisoner, grew old in ignominious slavery among the Parthians." An early Christian source,
393:
in 253 AD, he turned to
Valerian for assistance in crushing the attempted usurpation. Valerian headed south but was too late: Gallus was killed by his own troops, who joined Aemilianus before Valerian arrived. The
1273:, "Emperor Caesar Publius Licinius Valerianus, Patriotic, Favored, Unconquered Augustus, Conqueror of the Germans, Chief Priest, seven times Tribune, once Emperor, four times Consul, Father of the Fatherland".
635:
In reply (according to one version), Shapur was said to have forced
Valerian to swallow molten gold (the other version of his death is almost the same but it says that Valerian was killed by being
534:
to perform acts of worship to the Roman gods or lose their titles and property, and directed that they be executed if they continued to refuse. It also decreed that Roman matrons who would not
1251:
722:
was another son of
Valerian I. Consul in 265, he was probably killed by usurpers, some time between the capture of his father in 260 and the assassination of his brother Gallienus in 268.
7072:
7047:
374:
by the Senate, though he declined to accept the post. During the reign of Decius he was left in charge of affairs in Rome when that prince left for his ill-fated last campaign in
690:. In all the stone carvings on Naghshe-Rostam, in Iran, Valerian is represented holding hands with Shapur I, a sign of submission. According to the early Persian Muslim scholar
1213:
6948:
1271:
Imperator Caesar
Pvblivs Licinivs Valerianvs Pivs Felix Invictvs Avgvstvs Germanicvs Maximvs Pontifex Maximvs Tribuniciae Potestatis VII Imperator I Consul IV Pater Patriae
7067:
780:
370:
revived the censorship with legislative and executive powers so extensive that it practically embraced the civil authority of the emperor, Valerian was chosen
7062:
1218:
517:
308:. The unprecedented event and his unknown fate generated a variety of different reactions and "new narratives about the Roman Empire in diverse contexts".
2009:
1260:
12.298 gives his age at death as 61 years, but apparently mistakes the emperor for his identically-named son. Weigel says he was born shortly before 200.
970:
719:
386:
of an army probably drawn from the garrisons of the German provinces which seems to have been ultimately intended for use in a war against the
Persians.
338:
178:
6963:
6958:
1772:
469:(Sapor). Valerian and Gallienus split the problems of the empire between them, with the son taking the West, and the father heading East to face the
2105:
7077:
6938:
6933:
2630:
453:, thus making him co-emperor. Early in his reign, affairs in Europe went from bad to worse, and the whole West fell into disorder. In the East,
6943:
6923:
3424:
3292:
1929:
1895:
1626:
504:, weakening the Roman position, and the town was besieged by the Persians. In 260, probably in June, Valerian was decisively defeated in the
1840:
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2637:
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2033:
7032:
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4486:
3260:
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2016:
530:
or face banishment. The second, the following year, ordered the execution of Christian leaders. It also required Christian senators and
334:
7052:
6907:
5668:
5384:
4252:
3512:
3486:
1554:
1501:
1477:(...) while another figure, probably Philip the Arab, kneels, and the Sasanian king holds the ill-fated Emperor Valerian by his wrist.
1470:
579:
1755:
1730:
1698:
1422:
1327:
1302:
264:
694:, Shapur settled the prisoners of war in Gundishapur and released Valerian, as promised, after the construction of Band-e Kaisar.
7042:
6160:
3226:
3209:
3036:
3024:
292:
from 253 to spring 260 AD. Valerian is known as the first Roman emperor to have been taken captive in battle, captured by the
6953:
6210:
5937:
5793:
3197:
2989:
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462:
3457:
Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
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5683:
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1599:
Eutropius. Abridgement of Roman History. Translated by the Rev. John Selby Watson. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1853. (Book 9.7)
1858:
680:
where they lived in relatively good conditions. Shapur used the remaining soldiers in engineering and development plans.
6078:
6015:
5298:
3053:
2098:
737:
1157:
as one of the main characters. In Act III, Valerian is killed for being responsible for the persecution and killing of
7022:
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5460:
4945:
4722:
4713:
3134:
2813:
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1284:
415:
322:
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Caldwell, Craig H. (2018). "The Roman Emperor as Persian Prisoner of War: Remembering Shapur's Capture of Valerian".
402:
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6268:
5601:
5338:
5165:
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3400:
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3007:
2776:
2118:
1153:
832:
375:
7037:
6789:
4560:
3351:
3319:
3144:
2324:
4634:
4405:
4267:
3361:
3314:
2861:
2508:
653:
609:
522:
While fighting the Persians, Valerian sent two letters to the Senate ordering that firm steps be taken against
48:
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508:
and held prisoner for the remainder of his life. Valerian's capture was a tremendous defeat for the Romans.
6978:
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6495:
6414:
5328:
5188:
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4392:
4186:
4128:
4012:
3816:
3479:
3439:
3418:
3324:
2114:
1973:
789:
481:
54:
6988:
6464:
6429:
6409:
6399:
6361:
4865:
4219:
3373:
3368:
3344:
3339:
3255:
3092:
3080:
2851:
2476:
2071:
1836:
625:
4961:
7027:
6489:
6444:
5817:
5445:
5380:
5233:
5228:
4935:
4930:
4783:
4209:
3997:
3876:
3356:
3304:
3164:
3139:
3104:
3019:
2933:
2783:
2614:
2083:
563:
2075:
6479:
6454:
6419:
6356:
5731:
5706:
4910:
4905:
4329:
3760:
3287:
3272:
3250:
3185:
3174:
3129:
3075:
2565:
2503:
2466:
1863:
1684:
691:
587:
543:
493:
6756:
6333:
5343:
4915:
4890:
3957:
3732:
3334:
3277:
3221:
3203:
3192:
3154:
3124:
3002:
2720:
2624:
2343:
2336:
1800:
1688:
1175:
1148:
648:
379:
945:
850:
366:
negotiated through him for senatorial acknowledgement for his claim as emperor. In 251 AD, when
642:
6824:
6803:
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6376:
5711:
5333:
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4835:
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4421:
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1925:
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1751:
1726:
1694:
1622:
1550:
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1466:
1439:
1418:
1323:
1298:
979:
961:
657:
567:
555:
497:
330:
157:
31:
7057:
7003:
6830:
6658:
6424:
6178:
5761:
5058:
4954:
4895:
4319:
4299:
3429:
3406:
3309:
3282:
3267:
3233:
3159:
3119:
3109:
2834:
2761:
2731:
2594:
2549:
2544:
2416:
1845:
1784:
1538:
1392:
1290:
1126:
686:(Caesar's dam) is one of the remnants of Roman engineering located near the ancient city of
505:
458:
449:
358:
301:
235:
6775:
6745:
6704:
6640:
6384:
6314:
6184:
5523:
5178:
4900:
4294:
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3900:
3739:
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2319:
2289:
2232:
2212:
1854:
1827:
1380:
613:
583:
470:
440:
293:
1509:(Valerian), uncrowned and held captive at the wrist by a gloriously mounted Persian king.
1867:
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6871:
6669:
6630:
6348:
6304:
6173:
5257:
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5013:
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4400:
4334:
4289:
4171:
4166:
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2928:
2873:
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2689:
2587:
2581:
2513:
2493:
2247:
2207:
1614:
1534:
1489:
1239:
1158:
1011:
702:
665:
559:
551:
428:
321:
Unlike many of the would-be emperors and rebels who vied for imperial power during the
274:
7016:
6550:
6449:
6281:
6251:
5927:
5782:
5639:
5508:
5348:
5323:
5273:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4860:
4667:
4598:
4588:
4450:
4204:
3952:
3895:
3848:
3685:
3644:
3434:
3394:
2938:
2746:
2554:
1921:
1804:
1650:
1539:
1209:
1204:
1137:
682:
289:
62:
6635:
6469:
6459:
6434:
6286:
6236:
6195:
5921:
5833:
5721:
5634:
5614:
5533:
5498:
5493:
5318:
5028:
4850:
4840:
4803:
4758:
4672:
4662:
4652:
4568:
4284:
4161:
3970:
3911:
3771:
3718:
3623:
3179:
2974:
2906:
2901:
2891:
2714:
2576:
2217:
1911:
1257:
636:
371:
345:
326:
305:
526:. The first, sent in 257, commanded Christian clergy to perform sacrifices to the
705:. Nevertheless, Gallienus held the throne until his own assassination in 268 AD.
423:
of Emperor Valerian standing at the background and held captive by King of Kings
6739:
6684:
6535:
6484:
6404:
6276:
6168:
6150:
6108:
6019:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5854:
5838:
5811:
5776:
5766:
5701:
5654:
5644:
5629:
5619:
5566:
5528:
5503:
5483:
5473:
5239:
5223:
5198:
5193:
4993:
4920:
4830:
4813:
4768:
4743:
4677:
4657:
4642:
4624:
4354:
4349:
4156:
3983:
3963:
3777:
3711:
3702:
3586:
3043:
2918:
2868:
2793:
2367:
2314:
2257:
1089:
677:
550:
is taken to have occurred in 257. Prominent Christians executed in 258 included
202:
134:
6856:
6810:
6763:
6718:
6690:
6511:
6394:
6319:
6246:
6135:
5950:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5860:
5848:
5828:
5801:
5771:
5751:
5696:
5649:
5624:
5556:
5518:
5488:
5478:
5218:
5018:
5008:
4778:
4773:
4738:
4647:
4619:
4440:
4344:
4339:
4324:
4309:
4117:
4111:
4025:
3753:
3571:
3508:
3099:
3014:
2979:
2944:
2856:
2771:
2531:
2524:
2471:
2451:
2396:
2361:
2354:
2299:
2264:
2127:
2005:
1788:
1641:
1294:
990:
925:
629:
595:
527:
523:
489:
420:
390:
1796:
6796:
6711:
6674:
6600:
6594:
6521:
6501:
6218:
6200:
6145:
6125:
5988:
5823:
5806:
5756:
5609:
5576:
5571:
5513:
5312:
5133:
5086:
4998:
4975:
4748:
4614:
4583:
4151:
3977:
3858:
3595:
2846:
2798:
2708:
2695:
2482:
2411:
2384:
2379:
2348:
2294:
2242:
2177:
2172:
2063:
2025:
1990:
1982:
1945:
1831:
1659:
1520:
1182:
1098:
951:
842:
714:
603:
599:
501:
363:
173:
147:
90:
5038:
1396:
17:
6866:
6861:
6850:
6817:
6732:
6725:
6679:
6651:
6645:
6610:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6190:
6130:
5973:
5945:
5538:
5468:
5280:
5266:
5246:
5208:
5120:
5065:
5023:
4855:
4825:
4788:
4733:
4578:
4455:
4360:
4304:
4199:
4106:
4100:
4089:
4055:
3939:
3925:
3918:
3905:
3869:
3609:
3114:
2896:
2788:
2741:
2701:
2683:
2603:
2538:
2518:
2488:
2461:
2456:
2441:
2431:
2401:
2309:
2304:
2252:
2227:
2222:
2187:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
1966:
1463:
The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia : A Historical Encyclopedia
1001:
701:
The joint rule of Valerian and Gallienus was threatened several times by
673:
669:
547:
535:
466:
424:
329:
family. Details of his early life are sparse, except for his marriage to
297:
130:
80:
1222:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 859.
6843:
6782:
6625:
6309:
6120:
6114:
6102:
5983:
5978:
5915:
5894:
5739:
5691:
5591:
5581:
5306:
5203:
5173:
5155:
5144:
5127:
5079:
5072:
5003:
4925:
4573:
4381:
4367:
4279:
4230:
4136:
4079:
4030:
3863:
3853:
3833:
3766:
3616:
3495:
3048:
2751:
2658:
2571:
2426:
2202:
1362:
575:
531:
454:
218:
6750:
6620:
6257:
6140:
5745:
5716:
5586:
5561:
5353:
5287:
5113:
5106:
5033:
4988:
4982:
4808:
4728:
4314:
4141:
4094:
4048:
4020:
3946:
3824:
3783:
3665:
3630:
3602:
2820:
2677:
2559:
2331:
2197:
1286:
Brill's Companion to Military Defeat in Ancient Mediterranean Society
591:
571:
432:
395:
367:
389:
However, when Trebonianus Gallus had to deal with the rebellion of
6836:
6615:
6605:
6583:
6241:
5150:
5138:
5051:
4968:
4819:
4753:
4415:
4237:
4084:
4042:
4036:
3828:
3787:
3658:
3651:
3637:
2421:
2192:
2182:
2162:
1383:(1980). "A propos de la politique exterieure de Trebonien Galle".
1203:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
641:
608:
485:
414:
401:
447:
Valerian's first act as emperor was to appoint his son Gallienus
6588:
6578:
5968:
5843:
5044:
4374:
4194:
4176:
4061:
3843:
3838:
3672:
2167:
2157:
687:
436:
6896:
6013:
5378:
4480:
3506:
3468:
2087:
4793:
1162:
480:
By 257, he had recovered Antioch and returned the province of
256:
250:
1140:'s poem "Behold the Lilies of the Field" in the collection
3464:
518:
Anti-Christian policies in the Roman Empire § Valerian
253:
241:
1859:
extract: Zonaras: Alexander Severus to Diocletian: 222–284
1888:
Grand livre des saints: culte et iconographie en Occident
1583:
1581:
1322:. Kent Town, S. Australia: Wakefield Press. p. 20.
562:(10 August). Others executed in 258 included the saints
1672:
Ruzgaran: tarikh-i Iran az aghz ta saqut saltnat Pahlvi
1178:
for all the usurpers of Valerian and Gallienus' reigns.
1568:
1566:
1415:
Roman Imperial Titulature and Chronology, A.D. 235–284
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
616:
of Shapur I capturing Valerian at the Battle of Edessa
1492:(2006). "Before Constantine". In Lenski, Noel (ed.).
265:
209:
Imperator Caesar Publius Licinius Valerianus Augustus
247:
238:
6549:
6534:
6375:
6347:
6332:
6295:
6267:
6227:
6209:
6159:
6092:
6077:
6044:
6035:
5959:
5936:
5869:
5792:
5730:
5682:
5667:
5600:
5547:
5459:
5444:
5409:
5400:
5297:
5256:
5164:
5096:
4944:
4712:
4697:
4633:
4607:
4559:
4544:
4511:
4502:
4431:
4391:
4266:
4251:
4185:
4127:
4070:
4011:
3996:
3886:
3815:
3800:
3701:
3585:
3570:
3537:
3528:
3387:
2833:
2730:
2613:
2440:
2278:
2126:
1320:
Gallienus: A study in reformist and sexual politics
244:
217:
201:
191:
156:
140:
124:
111:
107:
97:
86:
76:
68:
61:
41:
30:"Valerianus" redirects here. For other people, see
1750:. Boston: Brill Academic Publishers. p. 440.
672:sent Valerian and some of his army to the city of
1693:(5th ed.). Tihrān: Nashr-i Nay. p. 73.
1494:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine
606:became emperor in 260, the decree was rescinded.
304:, causing shock and instability throughout the
7073:Prisoners and detainees of the Sasanian Empire
1648:, v; Wickert, L., "Licinius (Egnatius) 84" in
7048:Heads of government who were later imprisoned
3480:
2099:
1609:
1607:
1605:
348:for the first time either before AD 238 as a
8:
1656:A History of the Roman World A.D. 138 to 337
476:In 254, 255, and 257, Valerian again became
6893:
6546:
6344:
6089:
6041:
6032:
6010:
5679:
5456:
5406:
5397:
5375:
4709:
4556:
4508:
4499:
4477:
4263:
4008:
3812:
3582:
3534:
3525:
3503:
3487:
3473:
3465:
2610:
2106:
2092:
2084:
1955:
1496:. Cambridge University Press. p. 35.
1186:, a genus of plants named for the emperor.
484:to Roman control. The following year, the
325:, Valerian was of a noble and traditional
47:
38:
668:, contrary to the account of Lactantius,
337:(his co-emperor and later successor) and
1771:Saunders, Randall T. (11 January 1992).
1545:. Fortress Press, Philadelphia. p.
1349:
1587:
1269:Valerian's full title at his death was
1227:
1129:'s historical fiction series of novels
647:The Humiliation of Emperor Valerian by
188:
1417:. Amsterdam: Gieben. pp. 36–38.
1106:
1104:
1097:
1095:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1000:
998:
989:
987:
978:
976:
968:
966:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
922:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
865:
848:
840:
838:
831:
813:
797:
788:
786:
779:
747:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
7:
1685:Abū Ḥanīfah Aḥmad ibn Dāvud Dīnavarī
1572:
1256:13.1 (1926) col. 488, Licinius 173.
1236:Catalogue Roman portraits, vol. III.
1687:; Mahdavī Dāmghānī, Maḥmūd (2002).
1408:
1406:
335:Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus
7063:Monarchs taken prisoner in wartime
1654:13.1 (1926), 488–495; Parker, H.,
25:
7068:People of the Roman–Sasanian Wars
1196:
944:
849:
664:According to the modern scholar
234:
1651:Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclopädie
492:. In 259, Valerian moved on to
457:had fallen into the hands of a
439:. The kneeling man is probably
7078:Ancient Roman prisoners of war
1748:The Near East under Roman Rule
1:
6507:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator
1890:(in French), EDITIONS CREER,
333:, with whom he had two sons:
282:
115:
27:Roman emperor from 253 to 260
1214:Valerianus, Publius Licinius
738:Aulus Egnatius Priscillianus
500:killed a critical number of
6440:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
323:Crisis of the Third Century
279:Publius Licinius Valerianus
197:Publius Licinius Valerianus
163:
7099:
7033:3rd-century Roman emperors
5339:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef
4723:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep
4487:Second Intermediate Period
3379:Constantine XI Palaiologos
3330:Andronikos III Palaiologos
3217:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
1841:Breviarium ab urbe condita
1658:(London, 1958), 170. From
833:Egnatius Victor Marinianus
515:
29:
7053:3rd-century Roman consuls
7001:
6903:
6892:
6790:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus
6480:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos
6031:
6009:
5396:
5385:Third Intermediate Period
5374:
4498:
4476:
3524:
3513:First Intermediate Period
3502:
3455:
3352:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
3320:Andronikos II Palaiologos
3145:Constantine IX Monomachos
2068:
2052:
2042:
2030:
2014:
2002:
1997:
1987:
1971:
1963:
1958:
1882:Baudoin, Jacques (2006),
1789:10.1017/S0066477400000708
1773:"Who Murdered Gallienus?"
1746:Isaacs, Benjamin (1997).
1723:Emperors don't die in bed
1670:Abdolhossein Zarinkoob "
1465:. ABC-CLIO. p. 274.
1413:Peachin, Michael (1990).
1295:10.1163/9789004355774_016
1074:
1072:
1070:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1034:
916:
914:
912:
906:
902:
900:
898:
894:
872:
870:
863:
846:
825:
823:
821:
811:
807:
805:
803:
781:Quintus Egnatius Proculus
773:
771:
769:
761:
757:
755:
753:
512:Persecution of Christians
317:Origins and rise to power
208:
196:
187:
46:
6502:Cleopatra VII Philopator
4759:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI
3517: (<3150–2040 BC)
3315:Michael VIII Palaiologos
1950:De Imperatoribus Romanis
1946:"Valerian and Gallienus"
1857:, Compendium of History
1646:De Mortibus Persecutorum
1541:The Rise of Christianity
1438:Overlaet, Bruno (2017).
654:Hans Holbein the Younger
72:September 253 – June 260
6475:Ptolemy XI Alexander II
6390:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
4684:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra
3170:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
2804:Tiberius II Constantine
1917:The Myth of Persecution
1725:. New York: Routledge.
1440:"ŠĀPUR I: ROCK RELIEFS"
1219:Encyclopædia Britannica
586:in Rome. In 259 Saint
542:The execution of Saint
382:Valerian was appointed
7043:Deified Roman emperors
6517:Ptolemy XIV Philopator
6496:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
6490:Berenice IV Epiphaneia
6445:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes
6415:Arsinoe III Philopator
5329:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef
4799:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw
4739:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V
4330:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb
3325:Michael IX Palaiologos
1397:10.3406/numi.1980.1803
790:Lucius Egnatius Victor
661:
617:
602:. When Valerian's son
444:
407:
278:
55:Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek
6465:Ptolemy X Alexander I
6430:Ptolemy VI Philometor
6410:Ptolemy IV Philopator
6405:Berenice II Euergetes
6400:Ptolemy III Euergetes
6362:Philip III Arrhidaeus
4871:Khahotepre Sobekhotep
4866:Merhotepre Sobekhotep
4220:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
3419:Thessalonian emperors
3413:Trapezuntine emperors
3374:John VIII Palaiologos
3369:Manuel II Palaiologos
3340:John VI Kantakouzenos
3256:Andronikos I Komnenos
3093:Constantine Lekapenos
2121:and empresses regnant
2072:Marcus Nummius Tuscus
2010:L. Valerius Poplicola
1832:Epitome de Caesaribus
1461:Kia, Mehrdad (2016).
1444:Encyclopaedia Iranica
645:
612:
496:, but an outbreak of
418:
405:
6898:Dynastic genealogies
6522:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
5818:Tutkheperre Shoshenq
5732:High Priests of Amun
5234:Merankhre Mentuhotep
4936:Seheqenre Sankhptahi
4931:Sewadjare Mentuhotep
4784:Khaankhre Sobekhotep
4491: (2040–1550 BC)
4210:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
3357:John VII Palaiologos
3305:Theodore II Laskaris
3165:Constantine X Doukas
3105:Nikephoros II Phokas
1721:Meijer, Fik (2004).
1289:. pp. 335–358.
1234:F. Johansen (1995).
1154:Auto de São Lourenço
1147:Valerian appears in
1125:Valerian appears in
6420:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
6357:Alexander the Great
5389: (1550–664 BC)
4911:Mershepsesre Ini II
4906:Merkawre Sobekhotep
4300:Neferkare IV Khendu
3288:Theodore I Laskaris
3273:Alexios III Angelos
3251:Alexios II Komnenos
3175:Romanos IV Diogenes
3130:Romanos III Argyros
3076:Romanos I Lekapenos
2046:L. Valerius Maximus
2034:L. Valerius Maximus
1367:Epitome Historiarum
1136:He also appears in
971:Licinius Valerianus
866:2.Cornelia Gallonia
720:Licinius Valerianus
692:Abu Hanifa Dinawari
406:Radiate of Valerian
339:Licinius Valerianus
179:Licinius Valerianus
128:After 260 or 264 AD
7023:2nd-century births
6757:Trebonianus Gallus
5344:Senakhtenre Ahmose
4962:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre
4916:Sewahenre Senebmiu
4891:Sankhenre Sewadjtu
4320:Neferkare V Tereru
4290:Neferkare III Neby
3958:Sekhemib-Perenmaat
3407:Britannic emperors
3401:Palmyrene emperors
3335:John V Palaiologos
3278:Alexios IV Angelos
3227:Constantine Doukas
3222:Alexios I Komnenos
3210:Constantine Doukas
3193:Michael VII Doukas
3155:Michael VI Bringas
2721:Romulus Augustulus
2344:Trebonianus Gallus
2337:Herennius Etruscus
2119:Byzantine emperors
2049:M. Acilius Glabrio
2037:M. Acilius Glabrio
1998:Political offices
1385:Revue Numismatique
1369:. p. XII, 20.
1176:Gallienus usurpers
1149:Joseph of Anchieta
1120:In popular culture
662:
621:Death in captivity
618:
554:(6 August), Saint
478:Consul Ordinarius.
445:
408:
380:Trebonianus Gallus
288:– 260 or 264) was
7010:
7009:
6997:
6996:
6888:
6887:
6884:
6883:
6880:
6879:
6804:Claudius Gothicus
6698:Severus Alexander
6665:Septimius Severus
6530:
6529:
6328:
6327:
6073:
6072:
6005:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5712:Osorkon the Elder
5663:
5662:
5440:
5439:
5370:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5334:Nubkheperre Intef
5214:Sekhemre Shedwast
4836:Sehetepkare Intef
4764:Semenkare Nebnuni
4693:
4692:
4540:
4539:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4247:
4246:
4225:Netjerkare Siptah
4147:Neferirkare Kakai
3992:
3991:
3796:
3795:
3566:
3565:
3462:
3461:
3300:John III Vatatzes
3246:Manuel I Komnenos
2985:Michael I Rangabe
2829:
2828:
2671:Petronius Maximus
2270:Severus Alexander
2238:Septimius Severus
2082:
2081:
2069:Succeeded by
2031:Succeeded by
1988:Succeeded by
1931:978-0-06-210452-6
1897:978-2-84819-041-9
1875:Secondary sources
1850:The Two Valerians
1628:978-1-56859-169-8
1318:Bray, J. (1997).
1117:
1116:
1014:
980:Claudius Gothicus
964:
962:Cornelia Salonina
658:Kunstmuseum Basel
556:Romanus Ostiarius
331:Egnatia Mariniana
227:
226:
213:
212:
32:Valerianus (name)
16:(Redirected from
7090:
7038:Valerian dynasty
7004:List of pharaohs
6894:
6659:Pescennius Niger
6547:
6543:
6542:
6455:Ptolemy IX Soter
6425:Cleopatra I Syra
6345:
6341:
6340:
6090:
6086:
6085:
6042:
6033:
6026:
6025:
6011:
5762:Djedkhonsuefankh
5680:
5676:
5675:
5457:
5453:
5452:
5427:
5422:
5407:
5398:
5391:
5390:
5376:
4969:Qareh Khawoserre
4955:Yakbim Sekhaenre
4896:Mersekhemre Ined
4710:
4706:
4705:
4557:
4553:
4552:
4509:
4500:
4493:
4492:
4478:
4264:
4260:
4259:
4009:
4005:
4004:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3535:
3526:
3519:
3518:
3504:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3466:
3310:John IV Laskaris
3283:Alexios V Doukas
3268:Isaac II Angelos
3234:John II Komnenos
3160:Isaac I Komnenos
3120:Constantine VIII
3110:John I Tzimiskes
2837:Byzantine Empire
2611:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2085:
2043:Preceded by
2003:Preceded by
1964:Preceded by
1956:
1934:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1846:Historia Augusta
1809:
1808:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1681:
1675:
1668:
1662:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1611:
1600:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1576:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1544:
1531:
1525:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1410:
1401:
1400:
1381:Christol, Michel
1377:
1371:
1370:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1334:
1333:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1280:
1274:
1272:
1267:
1261:
1249:
1243:
1232:
1223:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1127:Harry Sidebottom
1009:
974:consul suffectus
959:
948:
853:
836:consul suffectus
784:consul suffectus
726:
725:
590:was executed at
582:in Carthage and
506:Battle of Edessa
465:was occupied by
359:princeps senatus
356:. In 238 he was
352:or in 238 as an
302:Battle of Edessa
287:
284:
269:
263:
262:
259:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
189:
167:
120:
117:
100:
51:
39:
21:
7098:
7097:
7093:
7092:
7091:
7089:
7088:
7087:
7013:
7012:
7011:
7006:
6993:
6899:
6876:
6776:Macrianus Minor
6705:Maximinus Thrax
6641:Marcus Aurelius
6540:
6539:
6538:
6526:
6385:Ptolemy I Soter
6371:
6338:
6337:
6336:
6324:
6291:
6263:
6223:
6205:
6185:Psammetichus IV
6155:
6083:
6082:
6081:
6069:
6047:
6038:
6027:
6024:(664 BC–313 AD)
6023:
6022:
5993:
5955:
5932:
5928:Menkheperre Ini
5865:
5788:
5726:
5673:
5672:
5671:
5659:
5596:
5543:
5524:Neferneferuaten
5450:
5449:
5448:
5436:
5435:
5425:
5420:
5419:Pharaohs
5412:
5403:
5392:
5388:
5387:
5358:
5293:
5252:
5179:Sobekhotep VIII
5160:
5092:
4940:
4901:Sewadjkare Hori
4703:
4702:
4701:
4689:
4629:
4603:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4536:
4514:
4505:
4494:
4490:
4489:
4460:
4427:
4387:
4295:Djedkare Shemai
4257:
4256:
4255:
4243:
4181:
4123:
4066:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3988:
3882:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3792:
3697:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3562:
3540:
3531:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3498:
3493:
3463:
3458:
3451:
3395:Gallic emperors
3383:
3071:Constantine VII
2852:Constantine III
2839:
2836:
2825:
2734:
2726:
2665:Valentinian III
2653:Constantius III
2647:Priscus Attalus
2631:Constantine III
2617:
2609:
2499:Valerius Valens
2444:
2436:
2282:
2274:
2233:Didius Julianus
2213:Marcus Aurelius
2130:
2122:
2112:
2078:
2074:
2060:
2058:
2050:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2022:
2020:
2012:
2008:
1993:
1979:
1978:253–260
1977:
1969:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1924:, p. 153,
1910:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1884:"Saint Prudent"
1881:
1877:
1872:
1855:Joannes Zonaras
1828:Aurelius Victor
1823:
1821:Primary sources
1818:
1813:
1812:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1690:Akhbār al-ṭivāl
1683:
1682:
1678:
1669:
1665:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1615:Daryaee, Touraj
1613:
1612:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1586:
1579:
1571:
1564:
1557:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1519:
1515:
1504:
1490:Corcoran, Simon
1488:
1487:
1483:
1473:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1412:
1411:
1404:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1348:
1337:
1330:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1250:
1246:
1238:. p. 122, cat.
1233:
1229:
1212:, ed. (1911). "
1208:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1172:
1131:Warrior of Rome
1122:
1110:
1101:
1092:
1008:
1006:
1004:
995:
993:
984:
982:
973:
958:
956:
954:
949:
930:
928:
924:
860:
858:
854:
835:
783:
740:
711:
652:, pen and ink,
623:
558:(9 August) and
520:
514:
441:Philip the Arab
413:
319:
314:
285:
267:
237:
233:
183:
161:
160:
152:
129:
118:
98:
57:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7096:
7094:
7086:
7085:
7083:Roman pharaohs
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7015:
7014:
7008:
7007:
7002:
6999:
6998:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6913:
6910:
6904:
6901:
6900:
6897:
6890:
6889:
6886:
6885:
6882:
6881:
6878:
6877:
6875:
6874:
6872:Maximinus Daza
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6847:
6840:
6833:
6828:
6821:
6814:
6807:
6800:
6793:
6786:
6779:
6772:
6767:
6760:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6736:
6729:
6722:
6715:
6708:
6701:
6694:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6655:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6631:Antoninus Pius
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6555:
6553:
6544:
6541:(30 BC–313 AD)
6532:
6531:
6528:
6527:
6525:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6381:
6379:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6353:
6351:
6342:
6330:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6305:Artaxerxes III
6301:
6299:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6273:
6271:
6265:
6264:
6262:
6261:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6233:
6231:
6225:
6224:
6222:
6221:
6215:
6213:
6207:
6206:
6204:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6181:
6176:
6174:Petubastis III
6171:
6165:
6163:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6111:
6106:
6098:
6096:
6087:
6075:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6067:
6062:
6061:
6060:
6057:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6039:
6036:
6029:
6028:
6014:
6007:
6006:
6003:
6002:
5999:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5965:
5963:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5953:
5948:
5942:
5940:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5930:
5925:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5875:
5873:
5867:
5866:
5864:
5863:
5858:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5798:
5796:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5786:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5742:
5736:
5734:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5688:
5686:
5677:
5669:3 Intermediate
5665:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5606:
5604:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5553:
5551:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5465:
5463:
5454:
5451:(1550–1070 BC)
5442:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5404:
5401:
5394:
5393:
5379:
5372:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5309:
5303:
5301:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5291:
5284:
5277:
5270:
5262:
5260:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5243:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5184:Neferhotep III
5181:
5176:
5170:
5168:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5124:
5117:
5110:
5102:
5100:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5090:
5083:
5076:
5069:
5062:
5055:
5048:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5014:Sewadjkare III
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4983:Maaibre Sheshi
4979:
4976:'Ammu Ahotepre
4972:
4965:
4958:
4950:
4948:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4886:Merhotepre Ini
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4846:Sobekhotep III
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4718:
4716:
4707:
4704:(1802–1550 BC)
4699:2 Intermediate
4695:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4639:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4594:Mentuhotep III
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4565:
4563:
4554:
4551:(2040–1802 BC)
4546:Middle Kingdom
4542:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4506:
4503:
4496:
4495:
4483:Middle Kingdom
4481:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4446:Neferkare VIII
4443:
4437:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4418:
4413:
4411:Nebkaure Khety
4408:
4403:
4401:Meryibre Khety
4397:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4378:
4371:
4364:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4335:Neferkamin Anu
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4276:
4274:
4261:
4258:(2181–2040 BC)
4253:1 Intermediate
4249:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4191:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4172:Djedkare Isesi
4169:
4167:Menkauhor Kaiu
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4133:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4076:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4040:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4017:
4015:
4006:
4003:(2686–2181 BC)
3994:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3892:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3821:
3819:
3810:
3807:(3150–2686 BC)
3802:Early Dynastic
3798:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3781:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3707:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3688:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3591:
3589:
3580:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3532:
3529:
3522:
3521:
3507:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3469:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3416:
3410:
3404:
3398:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3354:
3349:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3231:
3219:
3214:
3190:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3150:Theodora (III)
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3046:
3041:
3029:
3017:
3012:
3000:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2965:Constantine VI
2962:
2957:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2929:Theodosius III
2926:
2921:
2916:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2874:Constantine IV
2871:
2866:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2732:Eastern Empire
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2717:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2693:
2686:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2662:
2655:
2650:
2643:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2615:Western Empire
2608:
2607:
2600:
2588:Magnus Maximus
2584:
2582:Valentinian II
2579:
2574:
2569:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2516:
2514:Constantius II
2511:
2509:Constantine II
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2448:
2446:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2377:
2372:
2364:
2359:
2341:
2329:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2286:
2284:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2208:Antoninus Pius
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2134:
2132:
2131:27 BC – AD 235
2124:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2088:
2080:
2079:
2076:Mummius Bassus
2070:
2067:
2051:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2032:
2029:
2013:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1986:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1959:Regnal titles
1954:
1953:
1941:
1940:External links
1938:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1908:
1896:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1861:
1852:
1843:
1834:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1763:
1756:
1738:
1731:
1713:
1699:
1676:
1663:
1634:
1627:
1601:
1592:
1577:
1575:, p. 153.
1562:
1556:978-0800619312
1555:
1535:W. H. C. Frend
1526:
1513:
1503:978-0521521574
1502:
1481:
1472:978-1610693912
1471:
1453:
1430:
1423:
1402:
1372:
1354:
1335:
1328:
1310:
1303:
1275:
1262:
1244:
1226:
1225:
1210:Chisholm, Hugh
1192:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1179:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1161:, in the year
1159:Saint Lawrence
1145:
1142:The Hard Hours
1134:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1105:
1103:
1096:
1094:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1012:Ulpia Severina
999:
997:
988:
986:
977:
975:
967:
965:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
920:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
908:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
874:
873:
871:
868:
867:
864:
862:
847:
845:
839:
837:
829:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
815:
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
795:
793:
792:
787:
785:
777:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
763:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
745:
743:
742:
735:
733:
731:
729:
724:
723:
717:
710:
707:
666:Touraj Daryaee
622:
619:
560:Saint Lawrence
552:Pope Sixtus II
513:
510:
429:Naqsh-e Rustam
412:
409:
318:
315:
313:
310:
225:
224:
221:
215:
214:
211:
210:
206:
205:
199:
198:
194:
193:
185:
184:
182:
181:
176:
170:
168:
154:
153:
151:
150:
144:
142:
138:
137:
126:
122:
121:
113:
109:
108:
105:
104:
101:
95:
94:
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
59:
58:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7095:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7020:
7018:
7005:
7000:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6905:
6902:
6895:
6891:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6852:
6848:
6846:
6845:
6841:
6839:
6838:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6826:
6822:
6820:
6819:
6815:
6813:
6812:
6808:
6806:
6805:
6801:
6799:
6798:
6794:
6792:
6791:
6787:
6785:
6784:
6780:
6778:
6777:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6765:
6761:
6759:
6758:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6741:
6737:
6735:
6734:
6730:
6728:
6727:
6723:
6721:
6720:
6716:
6714:
6713:
6709:
6707:
6706:
6702:
6700:
6699:
6695:
6693:
6692:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6660:
6656:
6654:
6653:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6596:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6552:
6548:
6545:
6537:
6533:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6497:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6450:Cleopatra III
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6378:
6374:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6352:
6350:
6346:
6343:
6335:
6331:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6298:
6294:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6274:
6272:
6270:
6266:
6260:
6259:
6255:
6253:
6252:Nepherites II
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6230:
6226:
6220:
6217:
6216:
6214:
6212:
6208:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6186:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6162:
6158:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6116:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6104:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6095:
6091:
6088:
6080:
6076:
6066:
6063:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6051:
6049:
6043:
6040:
6034:
6030:
6021:
6017:
6012:
6008:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5962:
5958:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5941:
5939:
5935:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5923:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5896:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5868:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5819:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5797:
5795:
5791:
5785:
5784:
5783:Psusennes III
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5747:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5729:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5685:
5681:
5678:
5674:(1069–664 BC)
5670:
5666:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5640:Ramesses VIII
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5603:
5599:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5550:
5546:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5509:Amenhotep III
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5462:
5458:
5455:
5447:
5443:
5432:
5429:
5424:
5418:
5417:
5414:
5408:
5405:
5399:
5395:
5386:
5382:
5377:
5373:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5349:Seqenenre Tao
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5324:Sobekemsaf II
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5300:
5296:
5290:
5289:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5274:Wepwawetemsaf
5271:
5269:
5268:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5259:
5255:
5249:
5248:
5244:
5242:
5241:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5167:
5163:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5125:
5123:
5122:
5118:
5116:
5115:
5111:
5109:
5108:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5099:
5095:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4881:Merneferre Ay
4879:
4877:
4876:Wahibre Ibiau
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4861:Sobekhotep IV
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4711:
4708:
4700:
4696:
4686:
4685:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4668:Amenemhat III
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4606:
4600:
4599:Mentuhotep IV
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4589:Mentuhotep II
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4555:
4547:
4543:
4533:
4530:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4510:
4507:
4501:
4497:
4488:
4484:
4479:
4475:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4451:Wahkare Khety
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4406:Neferkare VII
4404:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4254:
4250:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4007:
3999:
3995:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3953:Seth-Peribsen
3951:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3896:Hotepsekhemwy
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3803:
3799:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3687:
3686:Double Falcon
3684:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3577:(pre-3150 BC)
3573:
3572:Protodynastic
3569:
3559:
3556:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3536:
3533:
3527:
3523:
3514:
3510:
3509:Protodynastic
3505:
3501:
3497:
3490:
3485:
3483:
3478:
3476:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3454:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3032:Theodora (II)
3030:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2940:
2939:Constantine V
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2924:Anastasius II
2922:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2747:Theodosius II
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2555:Valentinian I
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2478:
2477:Constantine I
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2467:Constantius I
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2065:
2057:
2056:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2028:
2027:
2019:
2018:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1984:
1976:
1975:
1974:Roman emperor
1968:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1923:
1922:HarperCollins
1919:
1918:
1913:
1912:Moss, Candida
1909:
1899:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1868:Historia Nova
1865:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1757:90-04-09989-1
1753:
1749:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1732:0-415-31202-7
1728:
1724:
1717:
1714:
1702:
1700:9789643120009
1696:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1624:
1620:
1619:Sasanian Iran
1616:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1590:, p. 19.
1589:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1424:90-5063-034-0
1420:
1416:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1350:Chisholm 1911
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1329:1-86254-337-2
1325:
1321:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1304:9789004355774
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1279:
1276:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1205:public domain
1190:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1138:Anthony Hecht
1135:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1100:
1091:
1079:
1076:
1068:
1066:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1042:
1040:
1032:
1030:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1003:
992:
981:
972:
963:
953:
947:
927:
921:
918:
910:
909:
904:
896:
875:
869:
857:
852:
844:
834:
830:
827:
819:
817:
816:
809:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
782:
778:
775:
767:
765:
764:
759:
751:
749:
746:
744:
739:
727:
721:
718:
716:
713:
712:
708:
706:
704:
699:
695:
693:
689:
685:
684:
683:Band-e Kaisar
679:
675:
671:
667:
659:
655:
651:
650:
644:
640:
638:
633:
631:
627:
620:
615:
611:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
540:
537:
533:
529:
525:
519:
511:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
451:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
411:Rule and fall
410:
404:
400:
397:
392:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
360:
355:
351:
347:
344:Valerian was
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
316:
311:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
290:Roman emperor
280:
276:
272:
271:
261:
231:
222:
220:
216:
207:
204:
200:
195:
190:
186:
180:
177:
175:
172:
171:
169:
166:
165:
159:
155:
149:
146:
145:
143:
139:
136:
132:
127:
123:
114:
110:
106:
102:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
79:
75:
71:
67:
64:
63:Roman emperor
60:
56:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
6849:
6842:
6835:
6823:
6816:
6809:
6802:
6795:
6788:
6781:
6774:
6769:
6762:
6755:
6738:
6731:
6724:
6717:
6710:
6703:
6696:
6689:
6657:
6650:
6636:Lucius Verus
6593:
6494:
6470:Berenice III
6460:Cleopatra IV
6435:Cleopatra II
6367:Alexander IV
6287:Nectanebo II
6256:
6237:Nepherites I
6196:Artaxerxes I
6183:
6113:
6101:
6084:(664–332 BC)
6064:
6020:Roman Period
5922:Shoshenq VII
5920:
5893:
5853:
5834:Shoshenq III
5816:
5781:
5744:
5722:Psusennes II
5635:Ramesses VII
5615:Ramesses III
5499:Amenhotep II
5494:Thutmose III
5430:
5319:Sobekemsaf I
5311:
5286:
5279:
5272:
5265:
5245:
5238:
5143:
5126:
5121:'Aper-'Anati
5119:
5112:
5105:
5085:
5078:
5071:
5064:
5057:
5050:
5043:
5029:Sekheperenre
4981:
4974:
4967:
4960:
4953:
4851:Neferhotep I
4841:Seth Meribre
4818:
4804:Djedkheperew
4721:
4682:
4673:Amenemhat IV
4663:Senusret III
4653:Amenemhat II
4569:Mentuhotep I
4531:
4420:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4285:Neferkare II
4236:
4229:
4162:Nyuserre Ini
4116:
4099:
4054:
4047:
4035:
3976:
3971:Neferkasokar
3969:
3962:
3945:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3875:
3868:
3776:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3719:Finger Snail
3717:
3710:
3690:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3557:
3362:Andronikos V
3360:
3343:
3291:
3259:
3237:
3225:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3184:
3178:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3052:
3035:
3023:
3006:
2994:
2988:
2975:Nikephoros I
2950:
2949:
2943:
2910:
2907:Justinian II
2902:Tiberius III
2892:Justinian II
2883:
2877:
2860:
2812:
2784:Anastasius I
2775:
2719:
2715:Julius Nepos
2707:
2700:
2688:
2676:
2669:
2657:
2645:
2636:
2635:
2629:
2602:
2593:
2592:
2586:
2577:Theodosius I
2564:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2494:Maximinus II
2481:
2383:
2374:
2366:
2353:
2347:
2335:
2323:
2256:
2218:Lucius Verus
2061:
2055:Roman consul
2053:
2023:
2017:Roman consul
2015:
1981:
1972:
1949:
1915:
1901:, retrieved
1887:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1747:
1741:
1722:
1716:
1704:. Retrieved
1689:
1679:
1671:
1666:
1655:
1649:
1645:
1637:
1618:
1595:
1588:Baudoin 2006
1540:
1529:
1521:
1516:
1507:
1493:
1484:
1476:
1462:
1456:
1447:
1443:
1433:
1414:
1391:(6): 63–74.
1388:
1384:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1319:
1313:
1285:
1278:
1265:
1258:John Malalas
1252:
1247:
1235:
1230:
1217:
1194:
1181:
1152:
1141:
1130:
855:
700:
696:
681:
663:
656:, ca. 1521.
646:
637:flayed alive
634:
624:
541:
521:
477:
475:
448:
446:
388:
383:
357:
353:
349:
343:
320:
306:Roman Empire
229:
228:
162:
36:
7028:260s deaths
6740:Gordian III
6685:Diadumenian
6485:Cleopatra V
6339:(332–30 BC)
6334:Hellenistic
6277:Nectanebo I
6169:Cambyses II
6151:Psamtik III
6109:Tefnakht II
5911:Takelot III
5906:Osorkon III
5901:Shoshenq VI
5855:Pedubast II
5839:Shoshenq IV
5812:Shoshenq II
5777:Pinedjem II
5767:Menkheperre
5702:Psusennes I
5655:Ramesses XI
5645:Ramesses IX
5630:Ramesses VI
5620:Ramesses IV
5567:Ramesses II
5529:Tutankhamun
5504:Thutmose IV
5484:Thutmose II
5474:Amenhotep I
5446:New Kingdom
5381:New Kingdom
5240:Senusret IV
5224:Dedumose II
5199:Nebiriau II
5194:Nebiryraw I
5189:Mentuhotepi
4994:Khakherewre
4921:Merkheperre
4831:Imyremeshaw
4814:Sedjefakare
4769:Sehetepibre
4744:Ameny Qemau
4678:Sobekneferu
4658:Senusret II
4643:Amenemhat I
4625:Iyibkhentre
4355:Neferirkare
4350:Neferkauhor
4157:Shepseskare
3998:Old Kingdom
3984:Khasekhemwy
3964:Neferkara I
3933:Weneg-Nebty
3778:Scorpion II
3421:(1224–1242)
3415:(1204–1461)
3204:Konstantios
3081:Christopher
3054:Constantine
3044:Michael III
3025:Constantine
3008:Constantine
2990:Theophylact
2919:Philippicus
2869:Constans II
2794:Justinian I
2690:Severus III
2638:Constans II
2392:Claudius II
2368:Silbannacus
2315:Gordian III
2290:Maximinus I
2258:Diadumenian
1903:20 December
1090:Valerian II
741:philosopher
678:Gundishapur
539:positions.
502:legionaries
461:vassal and
203:Regnal name
135:Gundishapur
77:Predecessor
7017:Categories
6857:Diocletian
6811:Quintillus
6764:Aemilianus
6719:Gordian II
6691:Elagabalus
6512:Arsinoe IV
6395:Arsinoe II
6320:Darius III
6247:Psammuthes
6136:Psamtik II
5951:Bakenranef
5889:Pedubast I
5884:Takelot II
5879:Harsiese A
5861:Osorkon IV
5849:Shoshenq V
5829:Osorkon II
5802:Shoshenq I
5772:Smendes II
5752:Pinedjem I
5697:Amenemnisu
5650:Ramesses X
5625:Ramesses V
5577:Amenmesses
5557:Ramesses I
5519:Smenkhkare
5489:Hatshepsut
5479:Thutmose I
5229:Montuemsaf
5219:Dedumose I
5019:Nebdjefare
5009:Merdjefare
4779:Nedjemibre
4774:Sewadjkare
4648:Senusret I
4620:Qakare Ini
4441:Meryhathor
4345:Neferkaure
4340:Qakare Iby
4325:Neferkahor
4310:Neferkamin
4118:Thamphthis
4112:Shepseskaf
4026:Sekhemkhet
3877:Horus Bird
3754:Scorpion I
3198:Andronikos
3186:Nikephoros
3135:Michael IV
3100:Romanos II
3020:Theophilos
3015:Michael II
2996:Staurakios
2980:Staurakios
2952:Nikephoros
2945:Artabasdos
2857:Heraclonas
2814:Theodosius
2772:Basiliscus
2532:Nepotianus
2525:Magnentius
2519:Constans I
2472:Severus II
2452:Diocletian
2397:Quintillus
2362:Aemilianus
2355:Volusianus
2300:Gordian II
2265:Elagabalus
2128:Principate
2006:Volusianus
1777:Antichthon
1642:Lactantius
1191:References
1111:consul 268
1108:Marinianus
1102:co-emperor
994:co-emperor
991:Quintillus
926:Aemilianus
630:Lactantius
596:Fructuosus
594:and Saint
566:in Paris,
536:apostatize
528:Roman gods
524:Christians
516:See also:
490:Asia Minor
421:bas relief
391:Aemilianus
354:Ordinarius
327:senatorial
300:after the
286: 199
119: 199
99:Co-emperor
18:Valerianus
6989:Ptolemaic
6797:Gallienus
6712:Gordian I
6675:Caracalla
6601:Vespasian
6595:Vitellius
6377:Ptolemaic
6219:Amyrtaeus
6201:Darius II
6146:Ahmose II
6126:Psamtik I
6065:uncertain
6053:Pharaohs
5989:Tanutamun
5824:Takelot I
5807:Osorkon I
5757:Masaharta
5707:Amenemope
5610:Setnakhte
5572:Merneptah
5514:Akhenaten
5431:uncertain
5313:Nebmaatre
5134:Sakir-Har
5087:Yaqub-Har
4999:Nebefawre
4749:Hotepibre
4615:Segerseni
4584:Intef III
4532:uncertain
4520:Pharaohs
4152:Neferefre
3978:Hudjefa I
3859:Semerkhet
3596:Hedju Hor
3558:uncertain
3546:Pharaohs
3440:Classical
3425:Empresses
3409:(286–296)
3403:(267–273)
3397:(260–274)
3140:Michael V
3066:Alexander
2879:Heraclius
2847:Heraclius
2799:Justin II
2709:Glycerius
2696:Anthemius
2566:Procopius
2504:Martinian
2483:Maxentius
2412:Florianus
2385:Saloninus
2380:Gallienus
2349:Hostilian
2325:Philip II
2295:Gordian I
2243:Caracalla
2178:Vespasian
2173:Vitellius
2064:Gallienus
2026:Gallienus
1991:Gallienus
1983:Gallienus
1837:Eutropius
1805:146694960
1797:0066-4774
1783:: 80–94.
1706:30 August
1674:" pp. 195
1621:. Mazda.
1573:Moss 2013
1183:Valeriana
1099:Saloninus
952:Gallienus
843:Mariniana
715:Gallienus
626:Eutropius
604:Gallienus
600:Tarragona
588:Patroclus
427:found at
376:Illyricum
364:Gordian I
350:Suffectus
312:Biography
174:Gallienus
148:Mariniana
103:Gallienus
91:Gallienus
87:Successor
6949:21 to 23
6867:Galerius
6862:Maximian
6851:Numerian
6818:Aurelian
6770:Valerian
6733:Balbinus
6726:Pupienus
6680:Macrinus
6652:Pertinax
6646:Commodus
6611:Domitian
6574:Claudius
6569:Caligula
6564:Tiberius
6559:Augustus
6179:Darius I
6131:Necho II
5974:Shebitku
5946:Tefnakht
5539:Horemheb
5469:Ahmose I
5281:Pantjeny
5267:Senebkay
5247:Pepi III
5209:Bebiankh
5066:Shenshek
5024:Nebsenre
4856:Sihathor
4826:Khendjer
4789:Renseneb
4734:Nerikare
4579:Intef II
4456:Merykare
4361:Wadjkare
4305:Merenhor
4200:Userkare
4107:Menkaure
4101:Bikheris
4090:Djedefre
4056:Qahedjet
3940:Wadjenes
3926:Horus Sa
3919:Nubnefer
3906:Nynetjer
3870:Sneferka
3610:Ni-Neith
3496:Pharaohs
3435:Usurpers
3430:Augustae
3388:See also
3293:Nicholas
3115:Basil II
2912:Tiberius
2897:Leontius
2885:Tiberius
2862:Tiberius
2840:610–1453
2835:Eastern/
2789:Justin I
2742:Arcadius
2702:Olybrius
2684:Majorian
2625:Honorius
2604:Eugenius
2539:Vetranio
2489:Licinius
2462:Galerius
2457:Maximian
2442:Dominate
2432:Numerian
2402:Aurelian
2375:Valerian
2320:Philip I
2310:Balbinus
2305:Pupienus
2253:Macrinus
2228:Pertinax
2223:Commodus
2188:Domitian
2153:Claudius
2148:Caligula
2143:Tiberius
2138:Augustus
1967:Aemilian
1914:(2013),
1617:(2008).
1537:(1984).
1522:Valerian
1170:See also
1151:’s play
1002:Aurelian
923:previous
856:Valerian
703:usurpers
674:Bishapur
670:Shapur I
649:Shapur I
548:Narbonne
488:ravaged
473:threat.
467:Shapur I
459:Sassanid
450:augustus
425:Shapur I
378:. Under
298:Shapur I
296:emperor
230:Valerian
223:Valerian
131:Bishapur
81:Aemilian
42:Valerian
7058:Licinii
6844:Carinus
6825:Tacitus
6783:Quietus
6626:Hadrian
6310:Khabash
6141:Wahibre
6121:Necho I
6115:Nekauba
6103:Ammeris
6046:Dynasty
5984:Taharqa
5979:Shabaka
5916:Rudamun
5895:Iuput I
5740:Herihor
5692:Smendes
5592:Twosret
5582:Seti II
5426:female)
5411:Dynasty
5307:Rahotep
5204:Semenre
5174:Djehuti
5156:Khamudi
5145:Yanassi
5128:Salitis
5080:Yakareb
5073:Khamure
5004:Sehebre
4926:Merkare
4574:Intef I
4513:Dynasty
4422:Imhotep
4382:Iytjenu
4368:Khuiqer
4280:Menkare
4231:Neferka
4215:Pepi II
4137:Userkaf
4031:Sanakht
3854:Anedjib
3834:Hor-Aha
3767:Iry-Hor
3761:Shendjw
3733:Pen-Abu
3617:Hat-Hor
3539:Dynasty
3445:Eastern
3345:Matthew
3239:Alexios
3087:Stephen
3049:Basil I
2934:Leo III
2809:Maurice
2752:Marcian
2735:395–610
2659:Joannes
2618:395–480
2572:Gratian
2445:284–610
2427:Carinus
2407:Tacitus
2283:235–285
2203:Hadrian
2021:254–255
1864:Zosimus
1816:Sources
1363:Zonaras
1207::
1007:270-275
1005:Emperor
985:268-270
983:Emperor
957:253-268
955:Emperor
929:Emperor
861:253-260
859:Emperor
584:Eugenia
576:Cyprian
568:Pontius
544:Prudent
532:equites
471:Persian
463:Armenia
455:Antioch
396:Raetian
294:Persian
219:Dynasty
141:Spouses
93:(alone)
6984:Argead
6831:Probus
6751:Decius
6746:Philip
6621:Trajan
6349:Argead
6258:Muthis
6211:XXVIII
6191:Xerxes
6059:female
6037:Period
5746:Piankh
5717:Siamun
5587:Siptah
5562:Seti I
5402:Period
5354:Kamose
5288:Snaaib
5258:Abydos
5114:Semqen
5107:Sharek
5059:Sheneh
5039:'Apepi
5034:Bebnum
4989:Nehesy
4809:Sebkay
4729:Sonbef
4526:female
4504:Period
4315:Nikare
4205:Pepi I
4142:Sahure
4095:Khafre
4080:Snefru
4049:Sedjes
4021:Djoser
3947:Senedj
3825:Narmer
3784:Narmer
3666:Wazner
3631:Hsekiu
3603:Ny-Hor
3552:female
3530:Period
3207:&
3183:&
3090:&
3061:Leo VI
3037:Thekla
2993:&
2960:Leo IV
2882:&
2821:Phocas
2777:Marcus
2762:Leo II
2678:Avitus
2595:Victor
2560:Valens
2550:Jovian
2545:Julian
2417:Probus
2352:&
2332:Decius
2280:Crisis
2198:Trajan
1980:With:
1928:
1894:
1803:
1795:
1754:
1729:
1697:
1625:
1553:
1500:
1469:
1421:
1326:
1301:
1240:no. 50
1201:
1093:caesar
709:Family
592:Troyes
580:others
572:Cimiez
498:plague
494:Edessa
433:Shiraz
372:censor
368:Decius
362:, and
346:consul
270:-ee-ən
164:Detail
53:Bust,
6837:Carus
6616:Nerva
6606:Titus
6584:Galba
6551:XXXIV
6536:Roman
6315:Arses
6242:Hakor
6161:XXVII
5871:XXIII
5461:XVIII
5421:(male
5151:Apepi
5139:Khyan
5052:Wazad
4820:Wegaf
4754:Iufni
4608:Nubia
4416:Setut
4238:Nefer
4085:Khufu
4043:Khaba
4037:Nebka
3901:Nebra
3829:Menes
3788:Menes
3740:Stork
3703:Upper
3659:Neheb
3652:Thesh
3638:Khayu
3587:Lower
3003:Leo V
2970:Irene
2757:Leo I
2422:Carus
2193:Nerva
2183:Titus
2163:Galba
2115:Roman
2062:with
2024:with
1948:, at
1801:S2CID
614:Cameo
564:Denis
486:Goths
482:Syria
275:Latin
192:Names
158:Issue
69:Reign
6670:Geta
6589:Otho
6579:Nero
6297:XXXI
6282:Teos
6229:XXIX
6094:XXVI
6079:Late
6056:male
6016:Late
5969:Piye
5938:XXIV
5844:Pami
5794:XXII
5383:and
5299:XVII
5045:Nuya
4714:XIII
4523:male
4485:and
4375:Khui
4272:VIII
4195:Teti
4177:Unas
4062:Huni
3864:Qa'a
3844:Djet
3839:Djer
3747:Bull
3726:Fish
3692:Wash
3673:Mekh
3549:male
3359:(w.
3342:(w.
3290:(w.
3261:John
3258:(w.
3236:(w.
3224:(w.
3195:(w.
3177:(w.
3078:(w.
3051:(w.
3034:(w.
3022:(w.
3005:(w.
2987:(w.
2948:(w.
2909:(w.
2876:(w.
2859:(w.
2811:(w.
2774:(w.
2767:Zeno
2634:(w.
2591:(w.
2382:(w.
2346:(w.
2334:(w.
2322:(w.
2255:(w.
2248:Geta
2168:Otho
2158:Nero
2117:and
1926:ISBN
1905:2017
1892:ISBN
1793:ISSN
1752:ISBN
1727:ISBN
1708:2017
1695:ISBN
1623:ISBN
1551:ISBN
1498:ISBN
1467:ISBN
1419:ISBN
1324:ISBN
1299:ISBN
969:(2)
950:(1)
688:Susa
578:and
437:Iran
268:LEER
125:Died
112:Born
6269:XXX
6018:to
5961:XXV
5684:XXI
5549:XIX
5166:XVI
4946:XIV
4794:Hor
4635:XII
4268:VII
4013:III
3849:Den
3645:Tiu
3511:to
3180:Leo
3125:Zoe
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