871:
applications of oil. Polyurethane may also be applied over a straight oil finish, but because of the relatively slow curing time of oils, the emission of certain chemical byproducts, and the need for exposure to oxygen from the air, care must be taken that the oils are sufficiently cured to accept the polyurethane. One of the disadvantages of a polyurethane-based varnish is the tendency to yellow over time. This is because the hydroxyl groups of a regular alkyd are reacted with
847:
532:
4403:
3264:
43:
1008:
components are usually referred to as Part A and Part B. All two-part epoxies have a pot-life or working time during which the mixed material can be used. Usually the pot-life is a matter of a few hours or less, but this is highly temperature dependent. Both water-borne and solvent-based epoxies are used. Epoxies do have a tendency to yellow over a fairly short period of time.
414:. The advantage to finishes in previous centuries was that resin varnishes had a very rapid cure rate compared to oils; in most cases they are cured practically as soon as the solvent has fully evaporated. By contrast, untreated or "raw" oils may take weeks or months to cure, depending on ambient temperature and other environmental factors. In modern terms, boiled or partially
3274:
150:
4413:
3284:
716:
shellac is available as refined flakes, "sticklac," "button lac," or "seedlac." "White pigmented" shellac primer paint is widely available in retail outlets, billed as a fast-drying interior primer "problem solver", in that it adheres to a variety of surfaces and seals off odors and smoke stains. Shellac clean-up may be done either with pure alcohol or with
142:
578:(egg white and gum arabic) as a sealer or ground. There is also evidence that finely powdered minerals, possibly volcanic ash, were used in some grounds. Some violins made in the late 18th century used ox blood to create a very deep-red coloration. Today this varnish would have faded and currently be a very warm, dark orange.
426:) have cure times of less than 24 hours. However, certain non-toxic by-products of the curing process are emitted from the oil film even after it is dry to the touch and over a considerable period of time. It has long been a tradition to combine drying oils with resins to obtain favourable features of both substances.
984:
of all finishes and high transparency. They resist yellowing. Acrylics have the advantage of water clean-up and lack of solvent fumes, but typically do not penetrate into wood as well as oils. They sometimes lack the brushability and self-leveling qualities of solvent-based varnishes. Generally they
738:
for producing a protective film. Alkyds have good solvent, moisture and UV light resistance. Alkyds are chemically modified vegetable oils which operate well in a wide range of conditions and can be engineered to speed up the cure rate and thus harden faster. Usually this is by the use of metal salt
542:
varnishing is a multi-step process involving some or all of the following: primer, sealer, ground, color coats, and clear topcoat. Some systems use a drying oil varnish as described below, while others use spirit varnish made of resin(s) dissolved in alcohol. Touchup in repair or restoration is only
360:
Environmental factors such as heat and humidity play a large role in the drying and curing times of varnishes. In classic varnish the cure rate depends on the type of oil used and, to some extent, on the ratio of oil to resin. The drying and curing time of all varnishes may be sped up by exposure to
306:
process. Thus, oil-soaked rags and paper can smolder and ignite into flames, even several hours after use if proper precautions are not taken. Therefore, many manufacturers list proper disposal practices for rags and other items used to apply the finish, such as disposal in a water filled container.
715:
Prepared shellac is typically available in "clear" and "amber" (or "orange") varieties, generally as "three-pound cut" or three pounds dry shellac to one US gallon of alcohol. Other natural color shades such as ruby and yellow are available from specialty pigment or woodworker's supply outlets. Dry
1007:
resin systems have been formulated as varnishes or floor finishes whereby two components are mixed directly before application. Sometimes, the two parts are of equal volume and referred to as 1:1 but not always, as 2:1, 3:1, 4:1 and even 5:1 mixing ratios are commercially available. The individual
918:
in paints and stains protect against UV damage. UV-absorbers are added to polyurethane and other varnishes (e.g. spar varnish) to work against UV damage but are decreasingly effective over the course of 2–4 years, depending on the quantity and quality of UV-absorbers added, as well as the severity
870:
sealer, or "oil-modified" polyurethane designed for the purpose. Polyurethane varnish may also lack the "hand-rubbed" lustre of drying oils such as linseed or tung oil; in contrast, however, it is capable of a much faster and higher film build, accomplishing in two coats what may require multiple
988:
In the art world, varnishes offer dust-resistance and a harder surface than bare paint – they sometimes have the benefit of ultraviolet light resistors, which help protect artwork from fading in exposure to light. Acrylic varnish should be applied using an isolation coat (a permanent, protective
861:
floors but are considered by some wood finishers to be difficult or unsuitable for finishing furniture or other detailed pieces. Polyurethanes are comparable in hardness to certain alkyds but generally form a tougher film. Compared to simple oil or shellac varnishes, polyurethane varnish forms a
566:
is prepared by heating oil at high temperature without oxygen. The refined resin is sometimes available as a translucent solid and is then "run" by cooking or melting it in a pot over heat without solvents. The thickened oil and prepared resin are then cooked together and thinned with turpentine
1016:
Used when a fast-curing, tough, hard finish is desired, such as for kitchen cabinets and office furniture. Comes in two parts: a resin and an acid catalyst. The first is a blend of an amino resin and an alkyd. The acid catalyst is added right before application in a set ratio determined by the
862:
harder, decidedly tougher and more waterproof film. However, a thick film of ordinary polyurethane may de-laminate if subjected to heat or shock, fracturing the film and leaving white patches. This tendency increases with long exposure to sunlight or when it is applied over soft woods like
685:
Shellac is a very widely used single-component resin varnish that is alcohol-soluble. It is not used for outdoor surfaces or where it will come into repeated contact with water, such as around a sink or bathtub. The source of shellac resin is a brittle or flaky secretion of the female
989:
barrier between the painting and the varnish, preferably a soft, glossy gel medium) to make varnish removal and overall conservation easier. Acrylic varnishes used for such a final removable art protection layer are typically mineral-spirit–based acrylic, rather than water-based.
809:
as "Spar varnish" and sold on the virtue of their weather- and UV-resistance. These claims may be more or less realistic, depending on individual products. Only relatively recently have spar varnishes been available that can offer both effective elasticity and UV-resistance.
783:, so as to remain adhering as the spars flexed. Elasticity was a pre-condition for weatherproofing too, as a finish that cracked would then allow water through, even if the remaining film was impermeable. Appearance and gloss was of relatively low value. Modified
671:. These were believed to impart special tonal qualities to musical instruments and thus were sometimes carefully guarded secrets. The interaction of different ingredients is difficult to predict or reproduce, so expert finishers were often prized professionals.
351:
and waterborne varnishes dry by evaporation of the water but will experience an extended curing period for evaporation of organic solvents absorbed on the latex particles, and possibly chemical curing of the particles. Oil, polyurethane, and
890:
from the air. Certain polyurethane products are "hybrids" and combine different aspects of their parent components. "Oil-modified" polyurethanes, whether water-borne or solvent-borne, are currently the most widely used wood floor finishes.
866:. This is also in part due to polyurethane's lesser penetration into the wood. Various priming techniques are employed to overcome this problem, including the use of certain oil varnishes, specified "dewaxed" shellac, clear penetrating
331:
plus a metal drier to accelerate the drying. However, different types of varnish have different components. After being applied, the film-forming substances in varnishes either harden directly, as soon as the solvent has fully
798:-resistance. Even after more modern synthetic resins did become resistant, a true spar varnish maintained its elasticity above other virtues, even if this required a compromise in its UV-resistance. Spar varnishes are thus
968:
Lacquer may be considered different from varnish because it can be re-dissolved later by a solvent (such as the one it was dissolved in when it was applied) and does not chemically change to a solid like other varnishes.
747:-absorbers; this improves gloss-retention and extends the lifetime of the finish. Various resins may also be combined with alkyds as part of the formula for typical "oil" varnishes that are commercially available.
964:
The rule of thumb is that a clear wood finish formulated to be sprayed is a lacquer, but if it is formulated to be brushed on then it is a varnish. Thus, by far most pieces of wooden furniture are lacquered.
356:
varnishes remain liquid even after evaporation of the solvent but quickly begin to cure, undergoing successive stages from liquid or syrupy, to tacky or sticky, to dry gummy, to dry to the touch, to hard.
571:. The ingredients and processes of violin varnish are very diverse, with some highly regarded old examples showing defects (e.g. cracking, crazing) associated with incompatible varnish components.
708:, which for centuries has been the preferred finish for fine furniture. Specified "dewaxed" shellac has been processed to remove the waxy substances from original shellac and can be used as a
3157:
3320:
1036:
779:, to protect the timber from the effects of sea and weather. Spars bend under the load of their sails. The primary requirements were water resistance and also
410:
from the air. Originally, the term "varnish" referred to finishes that were made entirely of resin dissolved in suitable solvents, either ethanol (alcohol) or
878:
Unlike drying oils and alkyds which cure after evaporation of the solvent and upon reaction with oxygen from the air, true polyurethane coatings cure after
3147:
1611:
1346:
1180:
Science and
Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 4, Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Apparatus, Theories and Gifts
216:
in Libya, where the first varnishes in the
Mediterranean area were supposedly used and where resins from the trees of now-vanished forests were sold.
3313:
1017:
manufacturer. Most produce minimal yellowing. There are, however, two downsides to this finish. The first is that as the finish cures, it gives off
1592:
258:
used medieval chemistry experiments to produce a varnish for clothes and weapons, employing complex chemical formulas applied to silk clothes of
1373:"Evaluation of varnish and paint films using digital image processing, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, and chemometric tools"
1639:
231:
and applying them with a brush to get the golden and hardened effect one sees in today's varnishes. Varnishing was a technique well known in
274:
as they are flammable, and materials used to apply the varnishes may spontaneously combust. Many varnishes contain plant-derived oils (e.g.
3277:
4417:
1408:
4406:
3306:
3132:
1216:
937:
refers to quick-drying, solvent-based varnishes or paints. Although their names may be similarly derived, lacquer is not the same as
4469:
3162:
1201:
126:
943:
and is not dissolved in alcohol. Lacquer is dissolved in lacquer thinner, which is a highly flammable solvent typically containing
919:
and duration of sun exposure. Water exposure, humidity, temperature extremes, and other environmental factors affect all finishes.
667:
Over centuries, many recipes were developed which involved the combination of resins, oils, and other ingredients such as certain
3137:
179:
where, stained or not, the distinctive tones and grains in the wood are intended to be visible. Varnish finishes are naturally
704:
and harvested from the bark of the trees where she deposits it to provide a sticky hold on the trunk. Shellac is the basis of
4464:
3830:
3142:
270:
Because of flammability concerns, many product containers list safety precautions for storage and disposal for varnishes and
64:
490:. A varnish formula might not contain any added resins at all since drying oils can produce a varnish effect by themselves.
3152:
2862:
1880:
2489:
4454:
4449:
4444:
894:
Exterior use of polyurethane varnish may be problematic due to its heightened susceptibility to deterioration through
180:
107:
586:
Most resin or gum varnishes consist of a natural, plant- or insect-derived substance dissolved in a solvent, called
79:
4217:
2339:
1021:, which is toxic and carcinogenic. The second is that the finish can crack or craze if too many coats are applied.
1605:
53:
3329:
3167:
2305:
1632:
282:) or resins as their binder in combination with organic solvents. These are flammable in their liquid state. All
805:
Despite this, the widespread perception of "marine products" as "tough" led to domestic outdoor varnishes being
743:
salts. Better (and more expensive) exterior varnishes employ alkyds made from high performance oils and contain
1496:
86:
60:
31:
1296:
1234:
3937:
3485:
2519:
1667:
1662:
3287:
502:
was used to dissolve the resin and thin the drying oils. The invention of petroleum distillates has led to
168:. It usually has a yellowish shade due to the manufacturing process and materials used, but it may also be
4363:
3820:
3244:
2325:
2295:
2290:
1996:
875:
to produce a urethane-alkyd. This introduces a high degree of aromaticity and hence tendency to yellow.
93:
4459:
4308:
3974:
3872:
3455:
2310:
2159:
2021:
1933:
1151:
1125:
503:
434:
Many different kinds of resins may be used to create a varnish. Natural resins used for varnish include
324:
161:
4044:
3902:
3877:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3435:
3267:
3172:
3056:
2947:
2441:
2121:
2101:
2041:
1625:
872:
780:
639:
568:
471:
602:-based. Some resins are soluble in both alcohol and turpentine. Generally, petroleum solvents, i.e.
75:
3687:
3657:
3647:
2897:
2892:
2426:
2411:
2391:
2386:
2262:
2144:
712:
and sanding-sealer substrate for other finishes such as polyurethanes, alkyds, oils, and acrylics.
403:
4439:
3984:
3892:
3636:
3512:
2955:
2465:
2401:
2026:
1981:
1753:
1713:
1477:
1400:
1107:
657:
337:
303:
1078:
Söğütlü, Cevdet; Nzokou, Pascal; Koc, Ismail; Tutgun, Rahmi; Döngel, Nihat (1 September 2016).
846:
3907:
3887:
3631:
3576:
3249:
3106:
3086:
2937:
2917:
2504:
2247:
1971:
1813:
1562:
1544:
1523:"Mechanism of Yellowing: Carbonyl Formation during Hygrothermal Aging in a Common Amine Epoxy"
1469:
1392:
1197:
1099:
259:
857:
varnishes are typically hard, abrasion-resistant, and durable coatings. They are popular for
4378:
4368:
4353:
3979:
3800:
3616:
3586:
3566:
3522:
3400:
2907:
2882:
2857:
2827:
2484:
2066:
1961:
1728:
1552:
1534:
1461:
1384:
1091:
981:
243:
562:. Traditionally the oil is prepared by cooking or exposure to air and sunlight, but modern
518:. Modern synthetic varnishes may be formulated with water instead of hydrocarbon solvents.
4318:
4239:
4004:
3916:
3756:
3598:
3517:
3239:
2852:
2788:
2562:
2282:
2252:
2212:
2126:
1828:
635:
603:
396:
802:
necessarily the best choice for outdoor woodwork that does not need to bend in service.
4383:
4349:
4222:
4181:
3949:
3852:
3677:
3621:
3581:
3571:
3561:
3534:
3475:
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3208:
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3076:
2872:
2867:
2832:
2783:
2758:
2748:
2738:
2552:
2315:
2011:
1833:
1818:
1803:
1738:
1703:
1557:
1522:
1371:
Pereira, FabĂola Manhas Verbi; Bueno, Maria Izabel
Maretti Silveira (1 December 2009).
1271:
1047:
788:
776:
709:
661:
575:
515:
206:, meaning amber or amber-colored glass. A false etymology traces the word to the Greek
176:
1321:
832:, are not true varnishes though often in modern terms they accomplish the same thing.
4433:
4358:
4139:
4114:
4059:
3815:
3784:
3611:
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3450:
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100:
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3001:
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2728:
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2557:
2529:
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2461:
2131:
2111:
1848:
1823:
1808:
1768:
1733:
1347:"Development of Low-Color Alkyd Resins with High Content of Biobased Succinic Acid"
1018:
895:
854:
841:
756:
692:
507:
487:
341:
295:
279:
255:
1612:
Instructions for Making an
Acoustically Proven Varnish Using only Five Ingredients
850:
A table green wood-stained and varnished with three layers of polyurethane varnish
1255:
1080:"The effects of surface roughness on varnish adhesion strength of wood materials"
4264:
4154:
4149:
4124:
4107:
4097:
4088:
3954:
3805:
3700:
3440:
3223:
3213:
3101:
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2713:
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2625:
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2187:
1903:
1853:
1648:
957:
879:
825:
795:
744:
439:
415:
399:
384:
366:
347:
Resin varnishes dry by evaporation of the solvent and harden quickly on drying.
283:
275:
271:
42:
4234:
4229:
4186:
4169:
4159:
4129:
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2733:
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819:
411:
392:
378:
333:
316:
299:
165:
3298:
1548:
1473:
1396:
1103:
546:
Drying oil such as walnut oil or linseed oil may be used in combination with
340:
processes, primarily chemical reaction between oils and oxygen from the air (
4313:
4164:
4034:
4009:
3897:
3882:
3867:
3862:
3721:
3652:
3642:
3539:
3529:
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3410:
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2300:
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1843:
1778:
1723:
1718:
1708:
1372:
1079:
687:
599:
563:
455:
419:
254:
work, a species of varnish application, was known at a very early date. The
1566:
1539:
664:
may be employed as a secondary component in certain varnishes and paints.
149:
4054:
4019:
3927:
3912:
3810:
3766:
3751:
3741:
3726:
3716:
3470:
3395:
3026:
3006:
2996:
2650:
2615:
2351:
2227:
2154:
2096:
2061:
2056:
1953:
1872:
1783:
1748:
1743:
887:
883:
858:
829:
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627:
459:
423:
388:
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213:
208:
17:
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4039:
4029:
4014:
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3682:
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3546:
3425:
3203:
3198:
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3021:
2965:
2819:
2798:
2690:
2645:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2577:
2547:
2542:
2416:
2320:
2257:
2202:
2091:
2046:
2001:
1923:
1913:
1898:
1793:
1773:
1481:
1449:
952:
939:
928:
915:
911:
903:
717:
680:
651:
647:
595:
499:
475:
328:
262:, a cream designated for polishing bronze mirrors, and other formulas.
251:
238:
Varnishing is also recorded in the history of East and South Asia; in
228:
169:
1580:
Understanding Wood
Finishing: How to Select and Apply the Right Finish
4339:
4323:
4301:
4286:
4249:
4207:
4202:
4102:
3857:
3761:
3430:
3390:
3193:
2922:
2670:
2421:
2371:
2267:
2237:
2177:
2051:
1976:
1938:
1891:
1758:
1676:
1430:
948:
740:
643:
615:
539:
463:
443:
407:
1465:
898:
light exposure. All clear or translucent varnishes, and indeed all
141:
4269:
4144:
4064:
4049:
3996:
3746:
3705:
3497:
3375:
3350:
3071:
2980:
2975:
2960:
2381:
2172:
2165:
2136:
2116:
2086:
2071:
2031:
2016:
2006:
1991:
1986:
1966:
1943:
1918:
1838:
1030:
1004:
998:
867:
845:
806:
735:
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697:
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631:
623:
619:
611:
559:
555:
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547:
530:
483:
467:
451:
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435:
353:
320:
291:
287:
220:
192:
148:
140:
4276:
4259:
4244:
3489:
2970:
2499:
2436:
2361:
2242:
2197:
2192:
1928:
1672:
899:
863:
773:
769:
3302:
1621:
1521:
Krauklis, Andrey E.; Echtermeyer, Andreas T. (September 2018).
961:
that evacuates overspray and minimizes the risk of combustion.
164:
hard protective coating or film. It is not to be confused with
4084:
3789:
3345:
3096:
2587:
2356:
2182:
2076:
1908:
1617:
980:
varnishes are typically water-borne varnishes with the lowest
36:
1257:
882:
of the solvent and then either by a variety of reactions of
478:. Varnish may also be created from synthetic resins such as
344:) and chemical reactions between components of the varnish.
1450:"The Influence of Varnishes on the Appearance of Paintings"
914:, etc.) are susceptible to this damage in varying degrees.
734:
Modern commercially produced varnishes employ some form of
198:, meaning odorous resin, perhaps derived from Middle Greek
1260:. Edinburgh: William & Roberts Chambers. p. 430.
383:
There are many different types of drying oils, including
172:
as desired. It is sold commercially in various shades.
183:, but satin/semi-gloss and flat sheens are available.
3158:
International
Federation of Building and Wood Workers
336:, or harden after evaporation of the solvent through
1194:
Marine Fire
Prevention, Firefighting and Fire Safety
610:, can substitute for turpentine. The resins include
4332:
4195:
4083:
3995:
3780:
3696:
3597:
3484:
3371:
3336:
3232:
3181:
3125:
3039:
2989:
2946:
2818:
2811:
2699:
2586:
2528:
2338:
2281:
1952:
1871:
1862:
1686:
1655:
406:between the polyunsaturated portion of the oil and
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1497:"Understanding the Pros and Cons of Epoxy Floors"
1037:The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques
1152:"Sherwin Williams varnish Technical Data Sheet"
3314:
1633:
886:within the original mix, or by reaction with
8:
1272:"Alkyd - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
955:. Lacquer is typically sprayed on, within a
794:When first developed, no varnishes had good
315:Varnish is traditionally a combination of a
1606:Varnish for Violins and similar instruments
1377:Journal of Coatings Technology and Research
1322:"Cobalt Drier for Paints | Cobalt Cem-All®"
1084:Journal of Coatings Technology and Research
3321:
3307:
3299:
2815:
2344:
1868:
1640:
1626:
1618:
1495:Blue & Green Tomorrow (4 March 2016).
1182:(Taipei: Caves Books Ltd., 1986), pp. 452.
27:Transparent hard protective finish or film
1556:
1538:
1297:"Driers for Alkyd Coatings - an Overview"
219:Early varnishes were developed by mixing
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
3148:Building and Wood Workers' International
567:(away from open flame) into a brushable
191:The word "varnish" comes from Mediaeval
1223:, East Sussex Fire & Rescue Service
1217:"Spontaneous combustion of linseed oil"
1070:
768:) was originally intended for use on
7:
4412:
3283:
65:adding citations to reliable sources
3273:
3133:American Association of Woodturners
1411:from the original on 14 March 2023
574:Some violin finishing systems use
25:
3163:National Wood Carvers Association
1235:"Make Your Own Oil/Varnish Blend"
1168:Merriam-Webster dictionary entry.
543:done with solvent based varnish.
4411:
4402:
4401:
3282:
3272:
3263:
3262:
3138:Architectural Woodwork Institute
41:
1600:Varnish for musical instruments
395:. These contain high levels of
175:Varnish is primarily used as a
52:needs additional citations for
3143:British Woodworking Federation
402:. Drying oils cure through an
1:
3153:Caricature Carvers of America
212:, the ancient name of modern
1254:Patrick, David, ed. (1892).
1130:Popular Woodworking Magazine
1582:. Rodale Press: Emmaus, PA.
1448:de la Rie, E. René (1987).
1196:, DIANE, 1994, p. 91,
1126:"The Many Faces of Varnish"
4486:
3330:Non-timber forest products
996:
926:
839:
817:
727:
696:, found in the forests of
678:
498:Originally, turpentine or
376:
29:
4397:
3258:
3168:Society of Wood Engravers
2347:
1389:10.1007/s11998-009-9165-5
1096:10.1007/s11998-016-9805-5
985:have good UV-resistance.
361:an energy source such as
4470:Wood finishing materials
1192:"Paints and Varnishes",
278:), synthetic oils (e.g.
250:, where the practice of
32:Varnish (disambiguation)
1501:Blue and Green Tomorrow
1454:Studies in Conservation
418:drying oils with added
4344:(Iberian agroforestry)
3582:Pacific mountain onion
3245:Frameless construction
2326:Wood-plastic composite
1431:"Finishing Solid Pine"
906:coatings (e.g. paint,
851:
536:
504:turpentine substitutes
154:
146:
145:Varnish on wood stairs
4465:Visual arts materials
4364:Indian forest produce
3835:Hydnocarpus wightiana
1593:Tung and Linseed Oils
1540:10.3390/polym10091017
1276:www.sciencedirect.com
849:
824:Drying oils, such as
650:, and a multitude of
534:
311:Components of varnish
302:reaction) during the
227:, for example—with a
152:
144:
3607:Bare-toothed russula
3173:Timber Framers Guild
2027:Australian Blackwood
1578:Bob Flexner (1993).
422:or dryers (chemical
61:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
4218:musical instruments
3476:Woodland strawberry
2893:Hammer-headed tenon
2412:Janka hardness test
1595:by Steven D. Russel
910:, epoxy, synthetic
594:The solvent may be
404:exothermic reaction
153:Varnished oak floor
4455:Printing materials
4450:Painting materials
4445:Chinese inventions
1754:Japanese carpentry
852:
537:
155:
147:
4427:
4426:
3296:
3295:
3250:Green woodworking
3107:Wood preservation
3035:
3034:
2938:Tongue and groove
2918:Mortise and tenon
2807:
2806:
2505:Warrington hammer
2334:
2333:
2022:African Blackwood
1814:Segmented turning
1435:www.johnsankey.ca
1060:– print finishing
598:, turpentine, or
298:produce heat (an
260:underwater divers
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
4477:
4415:
4414:
4405:
4404:
4379:Resin extraction
4369:Mushroom hunting
4345:
4091: / etc.
3945:
3838:
3673:Saffron milk cap
3663:Parasol mushroom
3503:Fiddlehead ferns
3323:
3316:
3309:
3300:
3286:
3285:
3276:
3275:
3266:
3265:
2816:
2485:Thickness planer
2345:
2139:(lime, basswood)
1869:
1729:Chainsaw carving
1642:
1635:
1628:
1619:
1571:
1570:
1560:
1542:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1189:
1183:
1178:Joseph Needham,
1176:
1170:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1075:
982:refractive index
791:are often used.
592:solvent varnish.
535:Varnished violin
458:or pine resin),
369:light, or heat.
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4393:
4343:
4328:
4319:Vegetable ivory
4191:
4079:
3991:
3939:
3832:
3794:
3776:
3710:
3692:
3658:Oyster mushroom
3648:Meadow mushroom
3593:
3577:Twincrest onion
3480:
3384:
3367:
3338:Animal products
3332:
3327:
3297:
3292:
3254:
3240:Frame and panel
3228:
3177:
3121:
3031:
2990:Surface piecing
2985:
2942:
2863:Crown of thorns
2803:
2789:Smoothing plane
2695:
2582:
2524:
2427:Milling machine
2330:
2291:Cross-laminated
2277:
1948:
1858:
1829:Spindle turning
1819:Shingle weaving
1789:Pallet crafting
1682:
1651:
1646:
1589:
1575:
1574:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1466:10.2307/1506186
1447:
1446:
1442:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1330:
1328:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1305:
1303:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1280:
1278:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1135:
1133:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1027:
1014:
1001:
995:
975:
931:
925:
844:
838:
822:
816:
789:phenolic resins
753:
739:driers such as
732:
726:
683:
677:
660:resins such as
604:mineral spirits
584:
529:
524:
496:
432:
397:polyunsaturated
381:
375:
313:
268:
189:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4483:
4481:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4432:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4409:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4384:Rubber tapping
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4350:Forest farming
4347:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4205:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4172:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4100:
4094:
4092:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4001:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3986:Vateria indica
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:Shorea robusta
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3634:
3632:Honey mushroom
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3603:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3515:
3513:Mahuwa flowers
3510:
3505:
3500:
3494:
3492:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3348:
3342:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3303:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3280:
3270:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3219:Quarter sawing
3216:
3211:
3209:Wood splitting
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3117:Wood finishing
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3077:Paint stripper
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2952:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2784:Shoulder plane
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2759:Moulding plane
2756:
2751:
2749:Japanese plane
2746:
2741:
2739:Grooving plane
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2553:Flooring clamp
2550:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2510:Winding sticks
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2490:Timber-framing
2487:
2482:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2316:Particle board
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2296:Glue laminated
2293:
2287:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1958:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1877:
1875:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1834:Timber framing
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1804:Relief carving
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1704:Bush carpentry
1701:
1696:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1609:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1587:External links
1585:
1584:
1583:
1573:
1572:
1513:
1487:
1440:
1422:
1383:(4): 445–455.
1363:
1351:www.pcimag.com
1338:
1313:
1301:www.pcimag.com
1288:
1263:
1246:
1240:
1226:
1208:
1202:
1184:
1171:
1160:
1143:
1117:
1090:(5): 863–870.
1069:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1055:
1050:
1048:Desert varnish
1045:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1013:
1010:
997:Main article:
994:
993:Two-part epoxy
991:
974:
971:
927:Main article:
924:
921:
840:Main article:
837:
834:
818:Main article:
815:
812:
762:marine varnish
752:
749:
728:Main article:
725:
722:
679:Main article:
676:
673:
662:phenolic resin
588:spirit varnish
583:
580:
576:vernice bianca
528:
525:
523:
520:
516:mineral spirit
495:
492:
431:
428:
377:Main article:
374:
371:
312:
309:
267:
264:
188:
185:
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4482:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4420:
4419:
4410:
4408:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4359:Honey hunting
4357:
4355:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4271:
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4267:
4266:
4263:
4261:
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4256:
4253:
4251:
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4241:
4238:
4236:
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4231:
4228:
4224:
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4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4176:
4173:
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4166:
4163:
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4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4115:Coconut sugar
4113:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4086:
4082:
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4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
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4056:
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4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
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3126:Organizations
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3082:Steam bending
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2923:Rabbet/Rebate
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2908:Mason's mitre
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2754:Jointer plane
2752:
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2727:
2725:
2724:Compass plane
2722:
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2719:Chamfer plane
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2709:Bedrock plane
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2223:Red Quebracho
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1699:Bow and arrow
1697:
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1694:Boat building
1692:
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1624:
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1620:
1614:by Keith Hill
1613:
1610:
1608:(archive.org)
1607:
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1241:
1237:. 8 May 2007.
1236:
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1203:9780788104787
1199:
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983:
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978:Acrylic resin
972:
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966:
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954:
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946:
945:butyl acetate
942:
941:
936:
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797:
792:
790:
786:
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778:
775:
771:
767:
766:yacht varnish
763:
760:(also called
759:
758:
750:
748:
746:
742:
737:
731:
723:
721:
719:
713:
711:
707:
706:French polish
703:
699:
695:
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689:
682:
674:
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665:
663:
659:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
608:paint thinner
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
581:
579:
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572:
570:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
544:
541:
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521:
519:
517:
513:
512:paint thinner
509:
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477:
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318:
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308:
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297:
296:polyurethanes
293:
289:
285:
281:
280:polyurethanes
277:
273:
265:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
236:
234:
233:ancient Egypt
230:
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194:
186:
184:
182:
178:
173:
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131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
4460:Tang dynasty
4416:
4389:Wildcrafting
4374:Naval stores
4352: /
4340:
4309:Tendu leaves
4265:Natural dyes
4135:Gutta-percha
4087: /
4074:
4025:Frankincense
3985:
3941:
3898:Mango butter
3843:Cocoa butter
3834:
3831:Chaulmoogra
3801:Allanblackia
3732:Black pepper
3617:Birch bolete
3567:Canada onion
3552:Wild ginseng
3547:Saw palmetto
3488: /
3378: /
3091:
3057:Heat bending
3002:Edge banding
2774:Router plane
2769:Rebate plane
2729:Finger plane
2460:
2164:
2158:
2138:
2132:Lignum vitae
1890:
1884:
1849:Wood carving
1824:Shipbuilding
1809:Root carving
1769:Log building
1734:Chip carving
1579:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1504:. Retrieved
1500:
1490:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1434:
1425:
1413:. Retrieved
1380:
1376:
1366:
1354:. Retrieved
1350:
1341:
1329:. Retrieved
1325:
1316:
1304:. Retrieved
1300:
1291:
1279:. Retrieved
1275:
1266:
1256:
1249:
1243:
1229:
1221:Black Museum
1220:
1211:
1193:
1187:
1179:
1174:
1163:
1146:
1134:. Retrieved
1132:. 4 May 2007
1129:
1120:
1087:
1083:
1073:
1035:
1019:formaldehyde
1015:
1002:
987:
976:
967:
963:
956:
938:
934:
932:
896:ultra-violet
893:
877:
855:Polyurethane
853:
842:Polyurethane
836:Polyurethane
823:
804:
799:
793:
765:
761:
757:Spar varnish
755:
754:
751:Spar varnish
733:
714:
693:Kerria lacca
691:
684:
666:
656:
591:
587:
585:
573:
545:
538:
508:white spirit
497:
488:polyurethane
433:
382:
359:
346:
342:autoxidation
314:
294:), and many
269:
256:Tang Chinese
237:
218:
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
174:
157:
156:
138:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
4324:Willow bark
4155:Maple syrup
4150:Maple sugar
4125:Fruit syrup
4108:chewing gum
4098:Birch syrup
3955:Shea butter
3627:Chanterelle
3572:Crow garlic
3562:Bear garlic
3557:Wild onions
3535:filé powder
3456:Lingonberry
3441:Huckleberry
3278:WikiProject
3224:Rift sawing
3214:Flat sawing
3102:Wood drying
2779:Scrub plane
2764:Razee plane
2714:Block plane
2568:Mitre clamp
2515:Wood scribe
2466:Combination
2208:Purpleheart
1904:Douglas fir
1854:Woodturning
1687:Occupations
1649:Woodworking
1533:(9): 1017.
1460:(1): 1–13.
958:spray booth
880:evaporation
814:Drying oils
720:cleansers.
416:polymerized
400:fatty acids
385:linseed oil
367:ultraviolet
290:(including
284:drying oils
276:linseed oil
272:drying oils
177:wood finish
162:transparent
160:is a clear
117:August 2024
4434:Categories
4235:Birch beer
4230:Birch bark
4187:Spruce gum
4170:akpeteshie
4160:Palm sugar
4130:Gum arabic
4120:Date sugar
4070:Turpentine
3950:Sandalwood
3853:Eucalyptus
3848:Eucalyptol
3737:Brazil nut
3612:Bay bolete
3466:Strawberry
3421:Cocoa bean
3416:Breadfruit
3406:Blackberry
3380:tree fruit
3233:Techniques
3182:Conversion
3112:Wood stain
3040:Treatments
2828:Birdsmouth
2794:Spokeshave
2744:Jack plane
2734:Fore plane
2573:Pipe clamp
2538:Band clamp
2462:Carpenters
2283:Engineered
2233:Rubberwood
2082:Eucalyptus
1886:Calocedrus
1799:Pyrography
1764:Kohlrosing
1065:References
1058:UV coating
1053:Tack cloth
1043:Brightwork
1012:Conversion
820:Drying oil
781:elasticity
420:siccatives
412:turpentine
393:walnut oil
379:Drying oil
373:Drying oil
334:evaporated
317:drying oil
300:exothermic
286:, certain
166:wood stain
87:newspapers
4440:Varnishes
4354:gardening
4314:Thatching
4165:Palm wine
4010:Birch tar
3938:Sal-seed
3863:Japan wax
3816:Candlenut
3757:Malva nut
3722:Areca nut
3643:Matsutake
3599:Mushrooms
3540:root beer
3530:Sassafras
3518:Sago palm
3461:Raspberry
3446:Jackfruit
3411:Blueberry
3363:Wild game
3022:Parquetry
3017:Oystering
3012:Marquetry
2853:Butterfly
2520:Workbench
2452:Sandpaper
2432:Mitre box
2377:Drawknife
2367:Burnisher
2352:Abrasives
2301:Hardboard
1962:Afromosia
1844:Whittling
1794:Parquetry
1779:Marquetry
1724:Certosina
1719:Carpentry
1709:Cabinetry
1656:Overviews
1549:2073-4360
1474:0039-3630
1405:136875063
1397:1935-3804
1112:138416281
1104:1935-3804
933:The word
884:chemicals
658:Synthetic
600:petroleum
564:stand oil
558:or other
456:colophony
440:kauri gum
424:catalysts
200:berĹŤnikĂłn
170:pigmented
76:"Varnish"
18:Varnishes
4407:Category
4223:textiles
4055:Pine tar
4020:Creosote
3970:Tea-tree
3965:Tea-seed
3933:Pongamia
3923:Phulwara
3908:Nagkesar
3903:Murumuru
3878:Kpangnan
3826:Carnauba
3767:Pine nut
3752:Hazelnut
3742:Cinnamon
3727:Bay leaf
3717:Allspice
3639:(reishi)
3471:Tamarind
3436:Gambooge
3396:Bilberry
3268:Category
3047:Adhesive
3027:Purfling
3007:Intarsia
2948:Profiles
2873:Dovetail
2812:Geometry
2651:Hand saw
2636:Crosscut
2621:Circular
2616:Chainsaw
2563:Holdfast
2228:Rosewood
2160:American
2155:Mahogany
2127:Jelutong
2097:Hornbeam
2062:Cocobolo
2057:Chestnut
1972:Andiroba
1784:Millwork
1749:Intarsia
1744:Fretwork
1739:Ébéniste
1668:Glossary
1567:30960942
1527:Polymers
1415:14 March
1409:Archived
1356:12 April
1326:Borchers
1306:12 April
1281:12 April
1025:See also
1003:Various
916:Pigments
888:moisture
859:hardwood
830:tung oil
785:tung oil
702:Thailand
690:insect,
652:lacquers
628:sandarac
569:solution
506:such as
460:sandarac
389:tung oil
363:sunlight
323:, and a
214:Benghazi
209:Berenice
204:beronĂkÄ“
4418:Commons
4333:Related
4297:Tanbark
4292:Shellac
4282:Quinine
4255:Gambier
4175:ogogoro
4075:Varnish
4040:Lacquer
4030:Gamboge
4015:Camphor
4005:Benzoin
3915: (
3821:Capuacu
3806:Babassu
3772:Vanilla
3683:Truffle
3668:Red cap
3637:Lingzhi
3426:Coconut
3401:Binukaw
3376:Berries
3288:Commons
3204:Whipsaw
3199:Sawmill
3092:Varnish
3087:Thermal
3062:Lacquer
2997:Binding
2966:Chamfer
2833:Biscuit
2799:Surform
2691:Whipsaw
2661:Keyhole
2646:Fretsaw
2626:Compass
2611:Bucksaw
2601:Bandsaw
2596:Backsaw
2578:Sawbuck
2548:F-clamp
2543:C-clamp
2417:Jointer
2321:Plywood
2273:Zebrano
2213:Ovankol
2178:Meranti
2166:African
2137:Linden
2092:Hickory
2047:Cedrela
2042:Camphor
2037:Bubinga
2032:Boxwood
2012:Bilinga
1997:Avodire
1914:Juniper
1899:Cypress
1774:Luthier
1663:History
1558:6403735
1482:1506186
1157:. 2005.
973:Acrylic
953:toluene
940:shellac
935:lacquer
929:Lacquer
923:Lacquer
912:plastic
904:polymer
826:linseed
807:branded
718:ammonia
681:Shellac
675:Shellac
648:shellac
636:benzoin
596:alcohol
500:alcohol
494:Solvent
480:acrylic
476:shellac
349:Acrylic
329:solvent
325:thinner
252:lacquer
229:solvent
187:History
158:Varnish
101:scholar
4341:Dehesa
4302:tannin
4287:Rattan
4250:Forage
4213:edible
4208:Bamboo
4203:Amadou
4182:Rubber
4103:Chicle
4045:Mastic
3997:Resins
3980:Ucuuba
3975:Tucuma
3960:Tamanu
3917:kernel
3888:Mafura
3858:Illipe
3811:Bacuri
3762:Nutmeg
3706:spices
3431:Durian
3391:Banana
3194:Hewing
2933:Splice
2888:Halved
2883:Groove
2878:Finger
2858:Coping
2843:Bridle
2820:Joints
2701:Planes
2686:Veneer
2676:Scroll
2671:Ripsaw
2656:Jigsaw
2631:Coping
2530:Clamps
2457:Square
2447:Shaper
2442:Router
2422:Mallet
2397:Gimlet
2372:Chisel
2268:Willow
2258:Walnut
2248:Totara
2238:Sapele
2203:Poplar
2188:Padauk
2150:Merbau
2122:Jarrah
2107:Imbuia
2102:Idigbo
2067:Cumaru
2052:Cherry
1977:Anigre
1939:Spruce
1892:Cedrus
1759:Khatam
1714:Caning
1677:lumber
1565:
1555:
1547:
1506:14 May
1480:
1472:
1403:
1395:
1331:15 May
1200:
1136:14 May
1110:
1102:
949:xylene
741:cobalt
710:primer
644:balsam
640:mastic
616:dammar
560:resins
540:Violin
527:Violin
514:, and
474:, and
472:mastic
464:balsam
444:dammar
408:oxygen
391:, and
338:curing
304:curing
292:paints
288:alkyds
266:Safety
223:—pine
196:vernix
181:glossy
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
4270:henna
4245:Ferns
4196:Other
4145:Latex
4065:Rosin
4060:Pitch
4050:Myrrh
4035:Kauri
3893:Mahua
3883:Kusum
3873:Kombo
3868:Kokum
3790:waxes
3747:Clove
3653:Morel
3587:Ramps
3523:queen
3498:Betel
3490:roots
3351:Honey
3072:Paint
2981:Ovolo
2976:Ogive
2961:Bevel
2928:Scarf
2913:Miter
2681:Table
2666:Miter
2641:Frame
2558:Gripe
2474:Speed
2470:Miter
2402:Gauge
2392:Float
2387:Fence
2382:Drill
2340:Tools
2263:Wenge
2253:Utile
2218:Ramin
2173:Maple
2145:Lovoa
2117:Iroko
2087:Hazel
2072:Ebony
2017:Birch
2007:Beech
2002:Balsa
1992:Aspen
1987:Apple
1967:Alder
1924:Kauri
1919:Larch
1881:Cedar
1864:Woods
1839:Treen
1478:JSTOR
1401:S2CID
1155:(PDF)
1108:S2CID
1031:Alkyd
1005:epoxy
999:Epoxy
908:stain
868:epoxy
777:spars
736:alkyd
730:Alkyd
724:Alkyd
698:Assam
669:waxes
632:elemi
624:rosin
620:copal
612:amber
582:Resin
556:rosin
552:copal
548:amber
522:Types
486:, or
484:alkyd
468:elemi
452:rosin
448:copal
436:amber
430:Resin
354:epoxy
321:resin
248:Japan
244:China
240:India
225:pitch
221:resin
193:Latin
108:JSTOR
94:books
4277:Peat
4260:Moss
4240:Cork
4140:Kino
3928:Pilu
3913:Palm
3701:Nuts
3356:pine
3346:Furs
2971:Ogee
2956:Bead
2898:Knee
2868:Dado
2848:Butt
2588:Saws
2500:Vise
2437:Rasp
2362:Adze
2243:Teak
2198:Plum
2193:Pear
1954:Hard
1934:Rimu
1929:Pine
1873:Soft
1673:Wood
1563:PMID
1545:ISSN
1508:2021
1470:ISSN
1417:2023
1393:ISSN
1358:2022
1333:2021
1308:2022
1283:2022
1198:ISBN
1138:2021
1100:ISSN
947:and
900:film
864:pine
828:and
787:and
774:boat
770:ship
700:and
319:, a
246:and
80:news
4089:gum
4085:Sap
3785:Oil
3622:Cep
3097:Wax
3067:Oil
2903:Lap
2838:Box
2606:Bow
2478:Try
2357:Axe
2311:OSB
2306:MDF
2183:Oak
2112:IpĂŞ
2077:Elm
1982:Ash
1944:Yew
1909:Fir
1553:PMC
1535:doi
1462:doi
1385:doi
1092:doi
951:or
873:TDI
800:not
772:or
764:or
688:lac
606:or
590:or
327:or
202:or
63:by
4436::
2476:,
2472:,
2468:,
2464:,
2163:,
1889:,
1561:.
1551:.
1543:.
1531:10
1529:.
1525:.
1499:.
1476:.
1468:.
1458:32
1456:.
1452:.
1433:.
1407:.
1399:.
1391:.
1379:.
1375:.
1349:.
1324:.
1299:.
1274:.
1219:,
1128:.
1106:.
1098:.
1088:13
1086:.
1082:.
796:UV
745:UV
654:.
646:,
642:,
638:,
634:,
630:,
626:,
622:,
618:,
614:,
554:,
550:,
510:,
482:,
470:,
466:,
462:,
450:,
446:,
442:,
438:,
387:,
365:,
242:,
235:.
3944:)
3940:(
3919:)
3837:)
3833:(
3322:e
3315:t
3308:v
2481:)
2459:(
2169:)
2157:(
1895:)
1883:(
1679:)
1675:(
1641:e
1634:t
1627:v
1569:.
1537::
1510:.
1484:.
1464::
1437:.
1419:.
1387::
1381:6
1360:.
1335:.
1310:.
1285:.
1140:.
1114:.
1094::
902:-
454:(
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
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