Velociraptor - Knowledge (XXG)

3016: 2518:: by leaping onto their quarry, pinning it under their body weight, and gripping it tightly with the large, sickle-shaped claws. These researchers proposed that, like accipitrids, the dromaeosaur would then begin to feed on the animal while it was still alive, and prey death would eventually result from blood loss and organ failure. This proposal is based primarily on comparisons between the morphology and proportions of the feet and legs of dromaeosaurs to several groups of extant birds of prey with known predatory behaviors. Fowler found that the feet and legs of dromaeosaurs most closely resemble those of 2492: 651: 1101: 2303: 7193: 1718: 2628: 129: 1092: 1112: 1689: 1338:(serrations), each more strongly serrated on the back edge than the front. The premaxilla had 4 alveoli (meaning that 4 teeth were developed), and the maxilla had 11 alveoli. At the dentary, between 14–15 alveoli were present. All teeth present at the premaxilla were poorly curved, and the two first teeth were the longest, with the second having a characteristic large size. The maxillary teeth were more slender, recurved, and most notably, the lower end was strongly more serrated than the upper one. 3007: 1347: 1172: 633: 7182: 3242: 7188: 6309: 154: 7199: 2294: 1757: 2839: 952: 1268: 1801: 2056: 2384: 1909: 2748: 845: 1779: 7222: 1945: 1849: 6281: 1000: 6295: 1622: 3228: 1610: 6267: 1435: 4894: 1967: 1323:, located on the inner side of the surangular, was a small element that joined the quadrate of the upper skull, enabling the articulation with the lower jaw. An elongated, near oval-shaped hole was developed in the center of the lower jaw (the mandibular fenestra), and it was produced by the joint of the dentary, surangular, and angular bones. 2034: 931:, namely MPC-D 100/985 collected from the Tugrik Shireh locality in 1993, and MPC-D 100/986 collected in 1993 from the Chimney Buttes locality. The team briefly mentioned another specimen, MPC-D 100/982, which by the time of this publication remained undescribed. In 1999 Norell and Makovicky provided more insights into the anatomy of 1871: 2005: 2658:

is similar to dromaeosaurids in anatomy, feather type, bone structure and even the narrow anatomy of the nasal passages (usually a key indicator of metabolism). The kiwi is a highly active, if specialized, flightless bird, with a stable body temperature and a fairly low resting metabolic rate, making

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in combat and provides direct evidence of predatory behavior. When originally reported, it was hypothesized that the two animals drowned. However, as the animals were preserved in ancient sand dune deposits, it is now thought that the animals were buried in sand, either from a collapsing dune or in a

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was made public in 1991, but as Jody Duncan wrote about this discovery: "Later, after we had designed and built the raptor, there was a discovery of a raptor skeleton in Utah, which they labeled 'super-slasher.' They had uncovered the largest Velociraptor to date and it measured five-and-a-half-feet

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underneath. The prezygapophyses began on the tenth tail (caudal) vertebra and extended forward to brace four to ten additional vertebrae, depending on position in the tail. These were once thought to fully stiffen the tail, forcing the entire tail to act as a single rod-like unit. However, at least

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and Djadochta formations many of the same genera were present, though they varied at the species level. These differences in species composition may be due a natural barrier separating the two formations, which are relatively close to each other geographically. However, given the lack of any known

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s anatomy, such as their unusual jaw and arm morphology. The arms, which could exert a lot of force but were likely covered in long feathers, may have been used as flapping stabilizers for balance while atop a struggling prey animal, along with the stiff counterbalancing tail. The jaws, thought by

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was located just above the jugal: a stocky and strongly T-shaped bone. As a whole, the orbit or orbital fenestra (eye socket)—formed by the lacrimal, jugal, frontal, and postorbital—was large and near circular in shape, being longer than taller. When seen from above, a pair of large and markedly

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bone. It was a thin/narrow and elongated bone contributing to the top surface of the snout. Together, both premaxilla and nasal bones gave form to the naris or narial fenestra (nostril opening), which was relatively large and circular. The posterior end of the nasal was joined by the frontal and

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was nearly triangular in shape and the largest element of the snout. On its center or main body, there was a depression developing a small oval to circular-shaped hole, called maxillary fenestra. Though in front of this fenestra were two small openings, referred to as promaxillary fenestrae. The

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was rather elongated and grew up to 23 cm (9.1 in) long. It was uniquely up-curved at the snout region, concave on the upper surface, and convex on the lower surface. The snout, which occupied about 60% of the entire skull length, was notably narrow and mainly formed by the nasal,

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specimen (GIN or IGM 100/2000), represented by a complete skeleton including the skull of a young individual. It was found at the Tugriken Shireh locality of the Djadochta Formation during the context of the Mongolian-Japanese Palaeontological Expeditions. The coauthors stated that detailed

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indicate that it was able to detect and hear a wide range of sound frequencies (2,368–3,965 Hz) and could track prey with ease as a result. The endocranium examinations also further cemented the theory that the dromaeosaur was an agile, swift predator. Fossil evidence suggesting

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near the bite wounds and the overall specimen was not scavenged, this individual was likely killed by this fatal wound. In 2001 Molnar and team noted that this specimen is MPC-D 100/976 hailing from the Tugrik Shireh locality, which has also yielded the Fighting Dinosaurs specimen.

2468:, which has been cited as evidence of cooperative (pack) hunting. However, the only solid evidence for social behavior of any kind among dromaeosaurids comes from a Chinese trackway which shows six individuals of a large species moving as a group. Although many isolated fossils of 1043:

specimen (IGM 100/981), which represents an animal of estimated 1.5 m (4.9 ft) long and 15 kg (33 lb) in weight. The spacing of 6 preserved knobs suggests that 8 additional knobs may have been present, giving a total of 14 quill knobs that developed large

3495:; Eberth, David A.; Johnston, P.A.; Koster, E.H.; Zheng, J.-J. (1993). "Djadokhta Formation correlative strata in Chinese Inner Mongolia: an overview of the stratigraphy, sedimentary geology, and paleontology and comparisons with the type locality in the pre-Altai Gobi". 943:

specimens. This relatively well-preserved specimen including the skull was discovered and collected in 1995 at the Bayn Dzak locality (specifically at the "Volcano" sub-locality). Martin Kundrát in a 2004 abstract compared the neurocranium of MPC-D 100/982 to another

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Manabu Sakamoto in 2022 performed a Bayesian phylogenetic predictive modelling framework for estimating jaw muscle parameters and bite forces of several extinct archosaurs, based on skull widths and phylogenetic relationships between groups. Among studied taxa,

2419:(windpipe), rather than slashing the abdomen. The inside edge of the claw was rounded and not unusually sharp, which may have precluded any sort of cutting or slashing action, although only the bony core of the claw is preserved. The thick abdominal wall of 1525:. Several studies published during the 2010s, including expanded versions of the analyses that found support for Velociraptorinae, have failed to resolve it as a distinct group, but rather have suggested it is a paraphyletic grade which gave rise to the 3157:

tall, just like ours. So we designed it, we built it, and then they discovered it. That still boggles my mind." Spielberg's name was briefly considered for naming of the new dinosaur in exchange for funding of field work, but no agreement was reached.

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Powers, M. A.; Sullivan, C.; Currie, P. J. (2020). "Re-examining ratio based premaxillary and maxillary characters in Eudromaeosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda): Divergent trends in snout morphology between Asian and North American taxa".

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site (sublocality of the larger Bayn Dzak locality/region), while the "Fighting Dinosaurs" were found at the Tugrik Shire locality (also known as Tugrugeen Shireh and many other spellings). The latter is notorious for its exceptional

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rounded holes were present near the rear of the skull (the temporal fenestrae), whose main components were the postorbital and squamosal. Behind the jugal, an inverted T-shaped bone (also seen in other dromaeosaurids), known as the

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and this new species were ecologically separated based on their skull anatomy. The team in another 2021 abstract reinforced again the species-level separation, noting that additional differences can be found in the hindlimbs.

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consisted of the metatarsus—a large element composed of three metatarsals of which the first one was extremely reduced in size—and four digits that developed large unguals. The first digit, as in other theropods, was a small

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fossil preservation. Based on deposits (such as structureless sandstones), it has been concluded that a large number of specimens were buried alive during powerful sand-bearing events, common to these paleoenvironments.

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and similar dromaeosaurs may have captured and restrained prey. This model, known as the "raptor prey restraint" (RPR) model of predation, proposes that dromaeosaurs killed their prey in a manner very similar to extant

802:, turned up several well-preserved skeletons. One such specimen, MPC-D 100/980, was nicknamed "Ichabodcraniosaurus" by Norell's team because the fairly complete specimen was found without its skull (an allusion to the 2729:

pterosaur within its stomach cavity, was carrying or recovering from an injury sustained to one broken rib. From evidence on the pterosaur bones, which were devoid of pitting or deformations from digestion, the

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physiology of non-avian dinosaurs compared to these groups. They found that the size of the nasal cavity relative to the head size of extant endotherms is larger than those of extant ectotherms, and among taxa,

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taxa concluding that most Asian and North American eudromaeosaurs were separated by snout morphology and ecological strategies. They found the maxilla to be a reliable reference when inferring the shape of the

2615:, the latter of which was much larger. It is theorized by the authors that high bite force resistance was an adaptation towards obtaining food through scavenging more often than through active predation in 2251:

and relatives, such as picking up small, fast prey. In contrast, most North American eudromaeosaurs, mostly dromaeosaurines, feature a robust and deep maxillar morphology. However, the large dromaeosurine

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after its country of origin. Earlier that year, Osborn had informally mentioned the animal in a popular press article, under the name "Ovoraptor djadochtari" (not to be confused with the similarly named

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Li, Rihui; Lockley, M.G.; Makovicky, P.J.; Matsukawa, M.; Norell, M.A.; Harris, J.D.; Liu, M. (2007). "Behavioral and faunal implications of Early Cretaceous deinonychosaur trackways from China".

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scavenged also indicates that it was an opportunistic and actively predatory animal, feeding on carrion during times of drought or famine, if in poor health, or depending on the animal's age.

591:, considerably smaller than the approximately 2 m (6.6 ft) tall and 90 kg (200 lb) reptiles seen in the novels and films (which were based on members of the related genus 4632:

Godefroit, Pascal; Cau, Andrea; Hu, Dong-Yu; Escuillié, François; Wu, Wenhao; Dyke, Gareth (2013). "A Jurassic avialan dinosaur from China resolves the early phylogenetic history of birds".

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remains in northern China. American scientists returned to Mongolia in 1990, and a joint Mongolian-American expedition to the Gobi, led by the American Museum of Natural History and the

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lost their feathers secondarily due to larger body size. Furthermore, they noted that quill knobs are almost never found in flightless bird species today, and that their presence in

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Eberth, D. A. (1993). "Depositional environments and facies transitions of dinosaur-bearing Upper Cretaceous redbeds at Bayan Mandahu (Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China)".

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to simulate the dinosaur's prey. Though the sickle claw did penetrate the abdominal wall, it was unable to tear it open, indicating that the claw was not used to disembowel prey.

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dinosaurs. This enlarged claw, which could grow to over 6.5 cm (2.6 in) long around its outer edge, was most likely a predatory device used to restrain struggling prey.

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specimen, MPC-D 100/976. He concluded that the overall morphology of the former was more derived (advanced) than the latter, suggesting that they could represent distinct taxa.

2546:, which also has a weak bite, to finish off its prey if the kicks were not powerful enough. These predatory adaptations working together may also have implications for the 2488:

itself. Dromeosaur footprints in China suggest that a few other raptor genera may have hunted in packs, but there have been no conclusive examples of pack behavior found.

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was the anteriormost bone in the skull, and it was longer than taller. While its posterior end joined the nasal, the main body of the premaxilla touched the maxilla. The

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did, tend to be warm-blooded, since these coverings function as insulation. However, bone growth rates in dromaeosaurids and some early birds suggest a more moderate

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mainly based on cranial similarities with the holotype skull, although they stated that differences were present between the pelvic region of this specimen and other

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posterior border of the maxilla formed (predominantly) the antorbital fenestra, one of the several large holes in the skull. Both premaxilla and maxilla had several

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Examination of morphological variation across Velociraptor mongoliensis specimens reveals a new species with possible ecomorphological variation in snout dimensions

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to discuss details of the animal's possible range of behaviors and appearance. Crichton at one point apologetically told Ostrom that he had decided to use the name

4787:"Cranial Anatomy of New Specimens of Saurornitholestes langstoni (Dinosauria, Theropoda, Dromaeosauridae) from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Campanian) of Alberta" 5413:

Hone, David; Choiniere, Jonah; Sullivan, Corwin; Xu, Xing; Pittman, Michael; Tan, Qingwei (2010). "New evidence for a trophic relationship between the dinosaurs

3908:"New shallow snouted species of Velociraptor sheds light on intraspecific variation in Velociraptor mongoliensis and possible niche partitioning between species" 3733:

Evans, D.C.; Larson, D.W.; Currie, P.J. (2013). "A new dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) with Asian affinities from the latest Cretaceous of North America".

7422: 5994:"Trace fossils on dinosaur bones from Upper Cretaceous eolian deposits in Mongolia: Taphonomic interpretation of paleoecosystems in ancient desert environments" 2764:

barrier which would cause the specific faunal compositions found in these areas, it is more likely that those differences indicate a slight time difference.

5760:"New Stratigraphic Subdivision, Depositional Environment, and Age Estimate for the Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation, Southern Ulan Nur Basin, Mongolia" 2176:(presumed to have been flightless due to its relatively large size and short forelimbs) is evidence that the ancestors of dromaeosaurids could fly, making 141: 7417: 7392: 2683:

and most other non-avian dinosaurs may not have possessed a fully or well-developed nasal thermoregulation apparatus as modern endothermic animals do.

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In a 2024 study by Tse, Miller, and Pittman et al., focusing on the skull morphology and bite forces of various dromaeosaurids, it was discovered that

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and other dromaeosaurids to walk on only their third and fourth digits. It bore a relatively large, sickle-shaped claw, typical of dromaeosaurid and

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The distinctive claw, on the second digit of dromaeosaurids, has traditionally been depicted as a slashing weapon; its assumed use being to cut and

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was about 1.5–2.07 m (4.9–6.8 ft) long with a body mass around 14.1–19.7 kg (31–43 lb). It nevertheless shared many of the same

4372:"A large, short-armed, winged dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China and its implications for feather evolution" 1183:

The back or anterior region of the skull was built by the frontal, lacrimal, postorbital, jugal, parietal, quadrate, and quadratojugal bones. The

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Norell, Mark A.; Makovicky, Peter J. (1999). "Important features of the dromaeosaurid skeleton II: information from newly collected specimens of

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Molnar, R.E. (2001). "Theropod Paleopathology: A Literature Survey". In Carpenter, Kenneth; Skrepnick, Michael William; Tanke, Darren H (eds.).

1386:(fingers), which ended up in strongly curved unguals (claw bones) that were similar in construction and flexibility to the wing bones of modern 874:(the main tooth-bearing bones of the upper jaw, and the bone that forms the anterior margin of the eye socket, respectively) recovered from the 7412: 1295:. It had a small hole near its posterior end, called surangular foramen or fenestra. Both bones were the largest elements of the lower jaw of 6127: 6097: 6049: 5823: 5648: 5400: 4769: 4733: 3961: 3292: 2923:

is known from both members, represented by numerous specimens. The Bayn Dzak Member (mainly Bayn Dzak locality) has yielded the oviraptorid

2380:, active throughout the day during short intervals, suggesting that the fight may have occurred at twilight or during low-light conditions. 2180:

and other large members of this family secondarily flightless, though it is possible the large wing feathers inferred in the ancestors of

5008:"Estimating bite force in extinct dinosaurs using phylogenetically predicted physiological cross-sectional areas of jaw adductor muscles" 4836:"New Dromaeosaurid Dinosaur (Theropoda, Dromaeosauridae) from New Mexico and Biodiversity of Dromaeosaurids at the end of the Cretaceous" 974:

analyses to compare several dromaeosaurid maxillae, and found the maxilla of MPC-D 100/982 to strongly differ from specimens referred to

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may have been used for display, for covering their nests while brooding, or for added speed and thrust when running up inclined slopes.

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was a very long, weakly curved, and narrow element that developed several alveoli on its top surface. On its posterior end, it meet the

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died shortly after, possibly from the earlier injury. Nevertheless, the team noted that this broken ribs shows signs of bone healing.

1507:." However, dromaeosaurid classification is highly variable. Originally, the subfamily Velociraptorinae was erected solely to contain 668: 3465: 2701:

skull bearing two parallel rows of small punctures on its frontal bones that, upon closer examination, match the spacing and size of

1546:, functioned as a sort of 'wastebin' taxon, where many unrelated species were grouped together). As dinosaur discoveries multiplied, 5621: 3604: 1191:

was large element, having a vaguely rectangular shape when seen from above. On its posterior end, this bone was in contact with the

6318: 1219:(often called cheek bone), which was a large, sub-triangular-shaped element. Its lower border was notably straight/horizontal. The 962:

Mark J. Powers in his 2020 master thesis fully described MPC-D 100/982, which he concluded to represent a new and third species of

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to some degree, as it required a significant amount of energy to hunt. Modern animals that possess feathery or furry coats, like

2437: 1048:("wing" feathers stemming from the forearm). However, the specimen number has been corrected to IGM 100/3503 and its referral to 5367: 3573:

Norell, Mark A.; Makovicky, Peter J. (1997). "Important features of the dromaeosaur skeleton: information from a new specimen".

5935:"First Ornithomimid (Theropoda, Ornithomimosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation of Tögrögiin Shiree, Mongolia" 5840: 2491: 7192: 2679:

was recovered below the extant endotherms level by reconstructing its nasal respiratory cavity. Tada with team suggested that

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was given quill-like structures along the back of the head and neck, but these structures do not resemble the feathers that

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to separate dromaeosaurid maxillae, most notably finding that MPC-D 100/982 falls outside the instraspecific variability of

742: 5551:"Evolutionary process toward avian-like cephalic thermoregulation system in Theropoda elucidated based on nasal structures" 2578:

before biting in the jaw area. The evidence was seen as supporting the inference from the "Fighting Dinosaurs" fossil that

2344:. Burial must have been extremely rapid, judging from the lifelike poses in which the animals were preserved. Parts of the 978:. They indicated that this specimen, based on these results, represents a different species. In 2021 Powers with team used 779:. It is considered a national treasure of Mongolia, and in 2000 it was loaned to the American Museum of Natural History in 6368: 3907: 3167: 2808: 2772: 799: 20: 7198: 7407: 5492:"Morphological disparity and structural performance of the dromaeosaurid skull informs ecology and evolutionary history" 1399: 1317: 1309: 1301: 1289: 1281: 1254: 1246: 1238: 1230: 1221: 1213: 1205: 1193: 1185: 1161: 1144: 1136: 979: 7187: 5064: 153: 766: 650: 2975:

has been found at many of the most famous and prolific Djadochta localities. The type specimen was discovered at the

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Fowler and colleagues to be comparatively weak, would have been useful for row saw motion bites like the modern day

5555: 4254:"Intestinal preservation in a birdlike dinosaur supports conservatism in digestive canal evolution among theropods" 3216:, along with other changes such as stiffening the tail to account for ossified tendons and de-pronating the hands. 3029: 2570:

in the Bayan Mandahu Formation. The authors concluded that the find represented "late-stage carcass consumption by

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In 2010, Hone and colleagues published a paper on their 2008 discovery of shed teeth of what they believed to be a

1390:. The second digit was the longest of the three digits present, while the first was shortest. The structure of the 4436:

Sues, H.-D. (1977). "The skull of Velociraptor mongoliensis, a small Cretaceous theropod dinosaur from Mongolia".

4118: 3926: 2484:, there is only limited fossil evidence to support this theory for dromaeosaurids in general and none specific to 6144: 5459:

Hone, D.; Tsuihiji, T.; Watabe, M.; Tsogtbaatr, K. (2012). "Pterosaurs as a food source for small dromaeosaurs".

2830:. Sediments across the formation indicate a similar depositional environment to that of the Djadochta Formation. 2710: 5774: 573:(commonly referred to as "raptor") is one of the dinosaur genera most familiar to the general public due to its 7397: 6472: 6361: 5839:

Dingus, L.; Loope, D. B.; Dashzeveg, D.; Swisher III, C. C.; Minjin, C.; Novacek, M. J.; Norell, M. A. (2008).

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lies underneath, with one of its sickle claws apparently embedded in the throat of its prey, while the beak of

1335: 6200: 4608: 4031:"Body mass estimation in non-avian bipeds using a theoretical conversion to quadruped stylopodial proportions" 3711: 2627: 6271: 5096:

Schmitz, L.; Motani, R. (2011). "Nocturnality in Dinosaurs Inferred from Scleral Ring and Orbit Morphology".

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of large prey species would have been difficult to slash without a specialized cutting surface. The slashing

1252:. The latter was of great importance for the articulation with the lower jaw. The posteriormost bone was the 769:

100/25; formerly IGM, GIN, or GI SPS), discovered by a Polish-Mongolian team in 1971. The fossil preserves a

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fossil known to science—a crushed but complete skull, associated with one of the raptorial second toe claws (

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Godefroit, Pascal; Currie, Philip J.; Li, Hong; Shang, Chang Yong; Dong, Zhi-ming (2008). "A new species of

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Paleontologists Mark A. Norell and Peter J. Makovicky in 1997 described new and well preserved specimens of

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Tada, S.; Tsuihiji, T.; Matsumoto, R.; Hanai, T.; Iwami, Y.; Tomita, N.; Sato, H.; Tsogtbaatar, K. (2023).

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sockets) on their bottom surfaces. Above the maxilla and making contact with the premaxilla, there was the

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with additional specimens. Among these, MPC-D 100/982 was partially described and figured, and referred to

7242: 4313:"The Extent of the Preserved Feathers on the Four-Winged Dinosaur Microraptor gui under Ultraviolet Light" 2937: 2547: 2526:, especially in terms of having an enlarged second claw and a similar range of grasping motion. The short 1717: 1688: 692: 286: 6228: 7364: 7225: 3055: 2931: 1494: 1346: 3355: 3006: 5677:"A new oviraptorid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Bayan Mandahu, Inner Mongolia" 1267: 7299: 6526: 6005: 5946: 5897: 5725: 5688: 5564: 5503: 5464: 5430: 5324: 5255: 5105: 4972: 4847: 4683:

DePalma, Robert A.; Burnham, David A.; Martin, Larry D.; Larson, Peter L.; Bakker, Robert T. (2015).

4641: 4565: 4499: 4445: 4383: 4324: 4265: 4149: 4042: 3990: 3872: 3742: 3504: 3161: 3064: 3034: 2874: 2867: 2458:, a closely related dromaeosaurid, have commonly been found in aggregations of several individuals. 6943: 6177: 5815: 4753: 3247: 2881: 2855: 2472:

have been found in Mongolia, none were closely associated with other individuals. Therefore, while

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is commonly perceived as a vicious and cunning killer thanks to their portrayal in the 1990 novel

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was later recognized as a dromaeosaurid. All dromaeosaurids have also been referred to the family

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King, J. Logan; Sipla, Justin S.; Georgi, Justin A.; Balanoff, Amy M.; Neenan, James M. (2020).

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The Djadochta Formation is separated into a lower Bayn Dzak Member and upper Turgrugyin Member.

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Chinzorig, T.; Kobayashi, Y.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Currie, P. J.; Watabe, M.; Barsbold, R. (2017).

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Dashzeveg, D.; Dingus, L.; Loope, D. B.; Swisher III, C. C.; Dulam, T.; Sweeney, M. R. (2005).

5291:(Dinosauria: Theropoda) in the Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous: Aptian-Albian) of Oklahoma" 3664: 7351: 7343: 7140: 7031: 6967: 6863: 6656: 6205: 6123: 6093: 6045: 6041: 6035: 5974: 5915: 5819: 5654: 5644: 5617: 5592: 5531: 5396: 5340: 5286: 5220: 5121: 5060: 5039: 4944: 4883: 4865: 4808: 4765: 4729: 4657: 4527: 4411: 4352: 4293: 4226: 4165: 4101: 4008: 3957: 3949: 3808: 3758: 3600: 3336: 3288: 3177: 2913: 2897: 1756: 1683: 1551: 1517: 1470:-shape, suggesting that there was considerably more horizontal flexibility than once thought. 1261: 803: 478: 7356: 5841:"The Geology of Ukhaa Tolgod (Djadokhta Formation, Upper Cretaceous, Nemegt Basin, Mongolia)" 4595:

Norell, M. A.; Clark, J. M.; Turner, A. H.; Makovicky, P. J.; Barsbold, R.; Rowe, T. (2006).

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during production. They portrayed the animals with the size, proportions, and snout shape of

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sub-group of the larger family Dromaeosauridae. It is often placed within its own subfamily,

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scientists, in collaboration with Mongolian colleagues, recovered several more specimens of

481:. Two species are currently recognized, although others have been assigned in the past. The 356: 266: 4196:

Napoli, J. G.; Ruebenstahl, A. A.; Bhullar, B.-A. S.; Turner, A. H.; Norell, M. A. (2021).

3440:"Saurornithoididae, a new family of theropod dinosaurs from Central Asia and North America" 3119:

because the former name was "more dramatic." According to Ostrom, Crichton stated that the

2838: 1800: 951: 632: 7124: 6978: 6881: 6594: 6572: 6538: 6457: 6384: 6347: 6240: 4717: 3469: 3108: 3079: 2943: 2878: 2527: 2231: 2055: 1737: 1669: 1526: 1482: 1451: 1383: 1375: 1152: 898:) in 2008. However, the 2013 study noted that while "the elongate shape of the maxilla in 848: 474: 253: 237: 37: 6330: 5808: 6299: 6009: 5950: 5901: 5729: 5692: 5587: 5568: 5550: 5526: 5507: 5491: 5468: 5434: 5328: 5259: 5109: 4976: 4851: 4645: 4569: 4503: 4449: 4387: 4328: 4269: 4153: 4046: 3994: 3876: 3746: 3508: 2947:. The younger Turgrugyin Member (mainly Tugriken Shireh locality) has produced the bird 2506:

In 2011, Denver Fowler and colleagues suggested a new method by which dromaeosaurs like

2383: 1908: 970:

species in having a shallow maxilla morphology. Powers and colleagues also in 2020 used

6782: 5969: 5934: 5271: 5215: 5190: 5034: 5007: 4939: 4912: 4878: 4835: 4722: 4581: 4522: 4483: 4406: 4371: 4347: 4312: 4288: 4253: 3192: 3040: 2976: 2820: 2790: 2747: 2499: 2412: 2353: 2293: 1778: 1537: 1045: 844: 672: 639: 5244:"Taphonomy and paleobiological implications of Tenontosaurus-Deinonychus associations" 4017: 2243:. For instance, most Asian species have elongated snouts based on the maxilla (namely 1944: 1279:

comprised mainly the dentary, splenial, angular, surangular, and articular bones. The

7386: 7103: 7017: 6909: 6894: 6833: 6826: 6819: 6809: 6744: 6737: 6666: 5870: 5806:

Jerzykiewicz, T. (1997). "Djadokhta Formation". In Currie, P. J.; Padian, K. (eds.).

5701: 5676: 5611: 5175: 4992: 4820: 4596: 4465: 4238: 4113: 3892: 3820: 3719: 3638: 3280: 2543: 2515: 2464: 2335: 2270: 2265: 1999: 1795: 1649: 1503: 1466:

one specimen has preserved a series of intact tail vertebrae curved sideways into an

1407: 1367: 1211:

was a T-shaped bone and its main body was thin and delicated. Its lower end meet the

1017: 966:. This species, which he considered distinct, was stated to mainly differ from other 871: 807: 780: 775: 696: 615: 588: 579: 463: 79: 5792: 5352: 5133: 4177: 3770: 1848: 1540:, as was the case with most carnivorous dinosaurs at the time (Megalosauridae, like 1423:

is most famous, was highly modified and held retracted off the ground, which caused

7073: 6994: 6987: 6952: 6931: 6916: 6855: 6722: 6715: 6708: 6698: 6645: 6630: 6149: 5267: 4757: 4685:"The First Giant Raptor (Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae) from the Hell Creek Formation" 4669: 4577: 2826: 2814: 2802: 2726: 2725:

specimen (MPC-D 100/54, roughly a sub-adult individual) found with the bones of an

2714: 2643: 2512: 2408: 1751: 1542: 1497:, Velociraptorinae is usually defined as "all dromaeosaurs more closely related to 1486: 1459: 1074: 971: 750: 602: 528: 482: 295: 4684: 3934:. Virtual Meeting Conference. The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. p. 211. 3618: 1231: 6017: 5476: 5442: 4984: 4512: 4337: 3884: 3837:

The Evolution of Snout Shape in Eudromaeosaurians and its Ecological Significance

7325: 7274: 7117: 7095: 7046: 7002: 6959: 6924: 6902: 6841: 6752: 6687: 6511: 6201:"Jurassic World explains its featherless dinos while poking fun at blockbusters" 5239: 5147: 4545: 4198:"A New Dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Coelurosauria) from Khulsan, Central Mongolia" 3492: 3104: 3083: 2784: 2655: 2477: 2454: 2407:

may have used its sickle claw to pierce vital organs of the throat, such as the

2276: 2169: 2153: 1903: 1843: 1712: 1222: 1068: 1024: 999: 908: 680: 593: 522: 54: 6280: 5959: 5516: 5189:

Manning, P. L.; Payne, D.; Pennicott, J.; Barrett, P. M.; Ennos, R. A. (2006).

4898: 4860: 4764:(Second ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 196–209. 4278: 1621: 1290: 1264:: a rounded and bulbous protuberance that meet the first vertebra of the neck. 1137: 1052:

may require reevaluation, pending further study. Nevertheless, there is strong

7110: 7087: 7039: 6790: 6759: 6637: 6615: 6423: 6414: 6117: 6113: 5884:

Turner, A. H.; Pol, D.; Clarke, J. A.; Erickson, G. M.; Norell, M. A. (2007).

5336: 4697: 3754: 3223: 3206: 3152: 2796: 2778: 2651: 2594: 2446: 2428: 2392: 2377: 2341: 2236: 1961: 1773: 1654: 1428: 1318: 1255: 1239: 1200: 1056:

from other dromaeosaurid relatives that indicates the presence of feathers in

695:

designated the skull and claw (which he assumed to come from the hand) as the

211: 99: 64: 5658: 4869: 4724:

Dinosaurs of the Air: The Evolution and Loss of Flight in Dinosaurs and Birds

4230: 1302: 1247: 1206: 1194: 1179:

individual), in lateral (A-C), top (B), bottom (D-E), and posterior (E) views

836:

descriptions of this and other specimens would be published at a later date.

7148: 7080: 6775: 6767: 6673: 6484: 6432: 6325: 6294: 5910: 5885: 5117: 5079: 4161: 4055: 4030: 4003: 3978: 3698:(Dinosauria: Dromaeosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of northern China". 3665:"The skull of Velociraptor (Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia" 3340: 2925: 2889: 2871: 2667: 2663: 2597: 2369: 2349: 2028: 1939: 1645: 1395: 1310: 1282: 1186: 1145: 913: 816: 791: 730: 720: 556: 555:

on each hindfoot, which is thought to have been used to tackle and restrain

548: 224: 165: 104: 48: 41: 7265: 5978: 5919: 5596: 5535: 5344: 5224: 5206: 5125: 5043: 4948: 4887: 4812: 4661: 4531: 4415: 4356: 4297: 4169: 4105: 4080:"The accuracy and precision of body mass estimation in non-avian dinosaurs" 4012: 3843:(Master Thesis). Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta. 3812: 3762: 3619:"A New Dromaeosaurid from the Late Cretaceous Khulsan Locality of Mongolia" 1299:, contributing to virtually its entire length. Below them were the smaller 7291: 6266: 5285:

Brinkman, Daniel L.; Cifelli, Richard L.; Czaplewski, Nicholas J. (1998).

3977:

Turner, A.H.; Pol, D.; Clarke, J.A.; Erickson, G.M.; Norell, M.A. (2007).

3466:"Fighting Dinosaurs: New Discoveries from Mongolia: Exhibition Highlights" 3171:

were released before the discovery that dromaeosaurs had feathers, so the

2659:

it a good model for the metabolism of primitive birds and dromaeosaurids.

1609: 1434: 1214: 1162: 878:

in 1999 by the Sino-Belgian Dinosaur Expeditions were found to pertain to

7259: 7132: 7053: 7024: 6798: 6608: 6408: 5638: 3848: 2949: 2859: 2551: 2227: 1455: 1331: 1062: 746: 500: 466: 198: 185: 94: 89: 74: 69: 59: 5577: 5167: 5024: 4653: 2607:

had high bite force resistance compared to other dromaeosaurids such as

2534:. The RPR method of predation would be consistent with other aspects of 1652:

conducted by James G. Napoli and team in 2021 during the description of

1558:

a flightless bird). In the past, other dromaeosaurid species, including

810:). While Norell and Makovicky provisionally considered it a specimen of 7317: 7155: 6441: 4893: 4457: 4064: 3804: 3088: 2982: 2909: 2893: 2403:

is clamped down upon the right forelimb of its attacker. This suggests

2193: 1966: 1865: 1416: 1363: 1032: 1006:

specimens compared in size to a 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) tall

867: 545: 537: 109: 84: 7330: 4929: 4396: 4096: 4079: 2033: 6730: 6622: 6402: 5861: 5783: 4803: 4786: 4617: 4221: 3582: 3552: 3389:

Transactions of the Joint Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition

3331: 3127:

in almost every detail, and that only the name had been changed. The

2905: 2705:

teeth. They suggested that the wound was likely inflicted by another

2424: 1462: 1391: 1236:, was developed. While the upper end of the quadratojugal joined the 492: 175: 7236: 5993: 5737: 4597:"A New Dromaeosaurid Theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod (Ömnögov, Mongolia)" 4482:

Fowler, D.W.; Freedman, E.A.; Scannella, J.B.; Kambic, R.E. (2011).

4029:

Campione, N. E.; Evans, D. C.; Brown, C. M.; Carrano, M. T. (2014).

3516: 3087:. Paleontologists in both the novel and film excavate a skeleton in 2530:

and foot strength, however, would have been more similar to that of

1382:, like other dromaeosaurids, had a large manus with three elongated 4752:

Norell, Mark A.; Makovicky, Peter J. (2004). "Dromaeosauridae". In

4212: 3630: 2574:" as the predator would have eaten other parts of a freshly killed 2197:, Napoli and team have noted that the referral of this specimen to 2152:

In 2007 Alan H. Turner and colleagues reported the presence of six

1870: 563:

can be distinguished from other dromaeosaurids by its long and low

6353: 5852: 4913:"The endocranium and trophic ecology of Velociraptor mongoliensis" 2837: 2746: 2626: 2600:

in its gut. This was interpreted as showing scavenging behaviour.

2519: 2490: 2382: 2240: 2191:

Because of the presence of another dromaeosaurid in Ukhaa Tolgod,

2004: 1620: 1433: 1345: 1170: 1156: 1007: 998: 950: 843: 787: 704: 564: 541: 514: 459: 5886:"A Basal Dromaeosaurid and Size Evolution Preceding Avian Flight" 4897:

Material was copied from this source, which is available under a

3979:"A Basal Dromaeosaurid and Size Evolution Preceding Avian Flight" 7304: 2901: 2885: 2654:, compared with most modern warm-blooded mammals and birds. The 2589:

In 2012, Hone and colleagues published a paper that described a

2523: 2420: 2184:

had a purpose other than flight. The feathers of the flightless

2164:. Turner and colleagues interpreted the presence of feathers on 1387: 1371: 1036: 1028: 688: 552: 470: 7240: 6395: 6357: 5992:

Saneyoshi, M.; Watabe, M.; Suzuki, S.; Tsogtbaatar, K. (2011).

5613:

Discovering Dinosaurs In the American Museum of Natural History

5490:

Tse, Yuen Ting; Miller, Case Vincent; Pittman, Michael (2024).

3411:"Narrative of the Polish-Mongolian Paleontological Expeditions" 2662:

In 2023, Seishiro Tada and team examined the nasal cavities of

5675:

Nicholas R. Longrich; Philip J. Currie; Dong Zhi-Ming (2010).

4252:

Wang, X.; Cau, A.; Guo, B.; Ma, F.; Qing, G.; Liu, Y. (2022).

3954:

Predatory Dinosaurs of the World: A Complete Illustrated Guide

3131:

filmmakers also requested all of Ostrom's published papers on

2531: 2432: 434: 395: 5154:, an unusual theropod from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana". 2462:

has also been found in association with the large ornithopod

2160:

specimen (IGM 100/981) from the Ukhaa Tolgod locality of the

5368:"Dinosaurs behaving badly: Did velociraptors hunt in packs?" 3190:

would have had in reality due to reasons of continuity. The

2268:, which was lower than that of other dromaeosaurids such as 1123:

holotype skull (right), rostrum (left), and dentary (bottom)

986:, arguing for a distinct species. They considered that both 5775:

10.1206/0003-0082(2005)498[0001:NSSDEA]2.0.CO;2

4311:

Hone, D. W. E.; Tischlinger, H.; Xu, X.; Zhang, F. (2010).

3319:"Three new Theropoda, Protoceratops zone, central Mongolia" 3175:

in both films were depicted as scaled and featherless. For

2566:

near a tooth-marked jaw bone of what they believed to be a

2256:

is a unique exception to Asian taxa with its deep maxilla.

1511:. Other analyses have often included other genera, usually 723:

nature and carnivorous diet. Osborn named the type species

404: 362: 413: 371: 4609:

10.1206/0003-0082(2006)3545[1:ANDTFU]2.0.CO;2

3712:

10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[432:ANSOVD]2.0.CO;2

2168:

as evidence against the idea that the larger, flightless

1244:, an irregularly-shaped element, its inner side meet the 425: 419: 386: 377: 6173:"T. Rex at 20: How 'Jurassic Park' science has evolved" 4133:

Turner, A. H.; Makovicky, P. J.; Norell, M. A. (2007).

3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3382:"Carnivorous dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of Mongolia" 1582:. As of 2008, the only currently recognized species of 683:, on 11 August 1923, Peter Kaisen discovered the first 5065:"Evidence of predatory behavior by theropod dinosaurs" 4899:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

4747: 4745: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3150:

began before the discovery of the large dromaeosaurid

2900:(wind) processes in arid settings with fields of sand 1574:

was the first to be named, these species were renamed

1398:

of the wrist and forced the manus to be held with the

4834:

Jasinski, S. E.; Sullivan, R. M.; Dodson, P. (2020).

4550:"New information on the anatomy and relationships of 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 2877:(between 75 million and 71 million years ago) of the 2721:

In 2012 David Hone and team reported another injured

2441:. The producers of the program created an artificial 1554:

by at least one author (which would, in effect, make

1454:(long bony projections) on the upper surfaces of the 719:('robber' or 'plunderer') and refers to the animal's 416: 374: 365: 16:

Dromaeosaurid dinosaur genus from the Late Cretaceous

3409:

Kielan-Jaworowska, Zofia; Barsbold, Rinchen (1972).

431: 428: 422: 410: 401: 392: 389: 383: 368: 359: 325: 302: 7249: 7063: 6977: 6942: 6880: 6808: 6697: 6655: 6592: 6537: 6510: 6483: 6456: 3925:Powers, M. J.; Norell, M A.; Currie, P. J. (2021). 3906:Powers, M. J.; Norell, M A.; Currie, P. J. (2021). 407: 380: 5610:Norell, M. A.; Gaffney, E. S.; Dingus, L. (1995). 4721: 4135:"Feather Quill Knobs in the Dinosaur Velociraptor" 3786:"Two Morphotypes of the Velociraptor Neurocranium" 3617:Turner, A.H.; Montanari, S.; Norell, M.A. (2021). 906:," phylogenetic analysis found it to be closer to 5998:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 5670: 5668: 5461:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 5423:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 5156:Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 4965:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 3865:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2670:(warm-blooded) species, in order to evaluate the 5753: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5395:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 5055: 5053: 3404: 3402: 3078:were actually modeled after the closely related 2395:prey. In the "Fighting Dinosaurs" specimen, the 2348:are missing, which has been seen as evidence of 1199:, and such elements were the main bodies of the 605:, with over a dozen described fossil skeletons. 509:, was named in 2008 for skull material from the 3956:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 370. 2364:, and modern birds and reptiles indicates that 2226:In 2020, Powers and colleagues re-examined the 551:with a long tail and an enlarged sickle-shaped 4128: 4126: 3464:American Museum of Natural History (c. 2000). 3433: 3431: 3375: 3373: 2896:—of the Djadochta Formation were deposited by 2713:. Because its bone structure shows no sign of 1644:Below are the results for the Eudromaeosauria 1566:, have sometimes been classified in the genus 958:specimen MPC-D 100/982, possibly a new species 6369: 6083: 6081: 5191:"Dinosaur killer claws or climbing crampons?" 4728:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 4477: 4475: 4191: 4189: 4187: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 8: 2697:Norell with colleagues in 1995 reported one 741:While North American teams were shut out of 495:of this species have been discovered in the 5454: 5452: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4425: 3943: 3941: 3912:Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology 3099:range. Crichton met with the discoverer of 2631:3D scan and nasal cavity reconstruction of 714: 708: 660:holotype skull and associated manual ungual 443: 142:Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences 7237: 6886: 6600: 6589: 6516: 6489: 6462: 6453: 6392: 6376: 6362: 6354: 2352:by other animals. Comparisons between the 127: 27: 5968: 5958: 5909: 5860: 5782: 5700: 5643:. Indiana Univ. Press. pp. 337–363. 5586: 5576: 5525: 5515: 5391:Long, John, and Schouten, Peter. (2008). 5214: 5033: 5023: 4938: 4928: 4877: 4859: 4802: 4696: 4616: 4521: 4511: 4405: 4395: 4346: 4336: 4287: 4277: 4220: 4095: 4054: 4002: 3330: 2912:(river-deposited) sedimentation, under a 2387:Size comparison of the Fighting Dinosaurs 1315:, closely articulated to each other. The 5393:Feathered Dinosaurs: The Origin of Birds 1608: 1266: 7428:Multispecific non-avian dinosaur genera 6336:at Dr. Scott Hartman's Skeletal Drawing 3356:"The discovery of an unknown continent" 3272: 3196:sequel trilogy ignored the feathers of 2329:" specimen, found in 1971, preserves a 2201:is currently subject to reexamination. 1594:. However, several studies have found " 920:might not actually belong to the genus 520:Smaller than other dromaeosaurids like 6040:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 5814:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 4078:Campione, N. E.; Evans, D. C. (2020). 3091:, far from the central Asian range of 6145:"Director Loses Utahraptor Name Game" 6122:. New York: Bantam Books. p. 4. 2311:The "Fighting Dinosaurs" specimen of 2247:), indicating a selective feeding in 1035:covering—have been reported from the 1031:" feathers and direct indicator of a 7: 7423:Taxa named by Henry Fairfield Osborn 6092:. London: Titan Books. p. 175. 4785:Currie, P. J.; Evans, D. C. (2019). 4488:and the Origin of Flapping in Birds" 2264:was scored with a bite force of 304 1617:(2) compared with other dromaeosaurs 6340:Videos about the Fighting Dinosaurs 5298:Oklahoma Geological Survey Bulletin 3663:Barsbold, R.; Osmólska, H. (1999). 2209:Examinations of the endocranium of 2020: 1991: 1931: 1924: 1895: 1835: 1828: 1743: 1733: 1704: 1675: 1665: 1134:premaxilla, and maxilla bones. The 1060:, including dromaeosaurids such as 6344:American Museum of Natural History 5718:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 5248:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4558:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3700:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3497:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 3261:Timeline of dromaeosaurid research 2445:leg with a sickle claw and used a 761:. The most famous is part of the " 669:American Museum of Natural History 14: 7418:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia 7393:Campanian genus first appearances 6313:Wikijunior Dinosaurs/Velociraptor 2870:is estimated to date back to the 2858:(also spelled Djadokhta), in the 2770:lived alongside the ankylosaurid 1334:(equal in shape) and had several 890:and colleagues named these bones 691:6515). In 1924, museum president 7221: 7220: 7197: 7191: 7186: 7180: 6307: 6293: 6279: 6265: 5702:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00968.x 4892: 4035:Methods in Ecology and Evolution 3285:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 3240: 3226: 3038:(left), and the design from the 3014: 3005: 2782:; closely related dromaeosaurid 2593:specimen with a long bone of an 2438:The Truth About Killer Dinosaurs 2301: 2292: 2054: 2032: 2003: 1965: 1943: 1907: 1869: 1847: 1799: 1777: 1755: 1716: 1687: 1271:Isolated tooth of ZPAL MgD-I/97a 1110: 1099: 1090: 814:, it was named as a new species 703:. This name is derived from the 649: 631: 607:One particularly famous specimen 355: 152: 5366:Switek, Brian (29 March 2011). 4370:Lü, J.; Brusatte, S.L. (2015). 3597:Dinosaurs of the Flaming Cliffs 3200:, adhering to the designs from 786:Between 1988 and 1990, a joint 738:during its formal description. 675:(Bayn Dzak or Bayanzag) of the 491:, named and described in 1924. 5268:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011256 4578:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011250 3028:used for creating some of the 2997:Velociraptors in Jurassic Park 2908:, as indicated by very sparse 2846:in the arid Djadochta settings 1625:Comparison of some members of 1532:When first described in 1924, 1419:. The second digit, for which 882:, but not to the type species 477:epoch, about 75 million to 71 1: 7413:Fossil taxa described in 1924 4689:Paleontological Contributions 3672:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 3168:The Lost World: Jurassic Park 2854:have been recovered from the 2809:Protoceratops hellenikorhinus 2773:Pinacosaurus mephistocephalus 800:Mongolian Academy of Sciences 21:Velociraptor (disambiguation) 6227:Katwala, A. (10 June 2022). 6018:10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.07.024 5477:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.02.021 5443:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.03.028 4985:10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109704 4760:; Osmólska, Halszka (eds.). 4513:10.1371/journal.pone.0028964 4438:Paläontologische Zeitschrift 4338:10.1371/journal.pone.0009223 3914:. CSVP Online Abstracts: 31. 3885:10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109704 3595:Novacek, Michael J. (1996). 3024:The "Dinosaur Input Device" 1016:was a small to medium-sized 980:Principal Component Analysis 783:for a temporary exhibition. 583:films. In reality, however, 6331:Skeletal reconstruction of 3204:. However, the dromaeosaur 1602:to be distantly related to 1564:Saurornitholestes langstoni 1438:Skeletal reconstruction of 1350:Line diagram of the pes of 924:and requires reassessment. 894:(for Polish paleontologist 734:), eventually changed into 7444: 6143:Adams, B. (15 June 1993). 5960:10.1038/s41598-017-05272-6 5556:Royal Society Open Science 5517:10.1186/s12862-024-02222-5 4861:10.1038/s41598-020-61480-7 4484:"The Predatory Ecology of 4279:10.1038/s41598-022-24602-x 4018:Supporting Online Material 3599:. New York: Anchor Books. 3438:Barsbold, Rinchen (1974). 3380:Barsbold, Rinchen (1983). 3287:(3 rd ed.). Longman. 3123:of the novel was based on 3095:but characteristic of the 3044:trilogy, Hong Kong (right) 2994: 2690: 2476:is commonly depicted as a 2156:in the ulna of a referred 1658:, showing the position of 1446:As in other dromaeosaurs, 587:was roughly the size of a 567:, with an upturned snout. 18: 7210: 7178: 6889: 6603: 6588: 6569: 6519: 6492: 6465: 6452: 6391: 6333:Velociraptor mongoliensis 6321:Velociraptor mongoliensis 6199:Polo, S. (10 June 2015). 6171:Dhar, M. (17 June 2013). 5845:American Museum Novitates 5810:Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs 5767:American Museum Novitates 5616:. Knopf Inc. p. 43. 5496:BMC Ecology and Evolution 5337:10.1007/s00114-007-0310-7 5078:: 135–144. Archived from 4698:10.17161/paleo.1808.18764 4601:American Museum Novitates 4552:Dromaeosaurus albertensis 4205:American Museum Novitates 3755:10.1007/s00114-013-1107-5 3623:American Museum Novitates 3575:American Museum Novitates 3545:American Museum Novitates 3541:Velociraptor mongoliensis 3323:American Museum Novitates 2884:. The abundant sediments— 2852:Velociraptor mongoliensis 2431:was tested during a 2005 2331:Velociraptor mongoliensis 2047: 2025: 2018: 1996: 1989: 1958: 1936: 1929: 1922: 1900: 1893: 1862: 1840: 1833: 1826: 1792: 1770: 1748: 1741: 1731: 1709: 1702: 1680: 1673: 1536:was placed in the family 1481:is a member of the group 812:Velociraptor mongoliensis 322: 317: 307:Velociraptor mongoliensis 301: 294: 149:Scientific classification 147: 135: 126: 30: 5640:Mesozoic Vertebrate Life 4554:(Dinosauria: Theropoda)" 2711:fight within the species 2582:was part of the diet of 1576:Velociraptor antirrhopus 1394:(wrist) bones prevented 613:locked in combat with a 6231:Jurassic World Dominion 6229:"The Real Story Behind 5911:10.1126/science.1144066 5317:Die Naturwissenschaften 5289:Deinonychus antirrhopus 5152:Deinonychus antirrhopus 5118:10.1126/science.1200043 4162:10.1126/science.1145076 4056:10.1111/2041-210X.12226 4004:10.1126/science.1144066 3950:"Birdlike Avetheropods" 3795:(Conference Abstract). 3447:Paleontologica Polonica 3418:Paleontologica Polonica 3213:Jurassic World Dominion 3073:"raptors" portrayed in 2751:Restoration of related 2743:Bayan Mandahu Formation 2693:Theropod paleopathology 2319:and restoration of same 1560:Deinonychus antirrhopus 1402:surface facing inward ( 1260:and its projection the 1175:Skull of MPC-D 100/25 ( 876:Bayan Mandahu Formation 511:Bayan Mandahu Formation 6298:Quotations related to 5207:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0395 5150:(1969). "Osteology of 4119:Supporting Information 3834:Powers, M. J. (2020). 3491:Jerzykiewicz, Tomasz; 3354:Osborn, H. F. (1924). 3317:Osborn, H. F. (1924). 2967:Protoceratops andrewsi 2965:; and protoceratopsid 2938:Protoceratops andrewsi 2904:and only intermittent 2847: 2756: 2636: 2503: 2388: 2336:Protoceratops andrewsi 2317:Protoceratops andrewsi 1641: 1618: 1443: 1355: 1272: 1180: 1010: 959: 902:is similar to that of 864: 715: 709: 693:Henry Fairfield Osborn 7365:Paleobiology Database 5287:"First occurrence of 5274:on 27 September 2007. 5238:Maxwell, W. Desmond; 5006:Sakamoto, M. (2022). 4791:The Anatomical Record 3793:Journal of Morphology 2991:Cultural significance 2932:Pinacosaurus grangeri 2841: 2750: 2630: 2502:with its sickle claws 2494: 2386: 1650:phylogenetic analysis 1624: 1612: 1495:phylogenetic taxonomy 1437: 1406:), not downward. The 1374:(forearm bones), and 1349: 1270: 1174: 1054:phylogenetic evidence 1027:—attachment site of " 1002: 954: 863:(known parts in gray) 847: 6276:at Wikimedia Commons 4754:Weishampel, David B. 4584:on 17 November 2007. 3948:Paul, G. S. (1988). 3849:10.7939/r3-hz8e-5n76 3784:Kundrát, M. (2004). 2868:geological formation 1521:, and more recently 1342:Postcranial skeleton 851:skulls, B, D, E are 831:reported a juvenile 773:in battle against a 623:History of discovery 503:. A second species, 19:For other uses, see 7408:Feathered dinosaurs 6944:Saurornitholestinae 6178:The Washington Post 6088:Duncan, J. (2006). 6010:2011PPP...311...38S 5951:2017NatSR...7.5835C 5902:2007Sci...317.1378T 5896:(5843): 1378–1381. 5730:1993CaJES..30.2196E 5693:2010Palgy..53..945L 5578:10.1098/rsos.220997 5569:2023RSOS...1020997T 5508:2024BMCEE..24...39T 5469:2012PPP...331...27H 5435:2010PPP...291..488H 5329:2008NW.....95..185L 5260:1995JVPal..15..707M 5168:10.2307/j.ctvqc6gzx 5110:2011Sci...332..705S 5025:10.7717/peerj.13731 4977:2020PPP...54709704P 4852:2020NatSR..10.5105J 4654:10.1038/nature12168 4646:2013Natur.498..359G 4570:1995JVPal..15..576C 4504:2011PLoSO...628964F 4450:1977PalZ...51..173S 4388:2015NatSR...511775L 4329:2010PLoSO...5.9223H 4270:2022NatSR..1219965W 4154:2007Sci...317.1721T 4047:2014MEcEv...5..913C 3995:2007Sci...317.1378T 3989:(5843): 1378–1381. 3877:2020PPP...54709704P 3747:2013NW....100.1041E 3735:Naturwissenschaften 3509:1993CaJES..30.2180J 3472:on 23 November 2010 3248:Paleontology portal 3107:, several times at 2856:Djadochta Formation 2850:Known specimens of 2834:Djadochta Formation 2800:; protoceratopsids 2755:in paleoenvironment 2558:Scavenging behavior 2162:Djadochta Formation 912:, making the genus 677:Djadochta Formation 540:features. It was a 497:Djadochta Formation 6319:3D skull model of 6090:The Winston Effect 5939:Scientific Reports 5061:Carpenter, Kenneth 4971:(109704): 109704. 4917:Journal of Anatomy 4840:Scientific Reports 4458:10.1007/BF02986567 4376:Scientific Reports 4258:Scientific Reports 4084:Biological Reviews 3871:(109704): 109704. 3805:10.1002/jmor.10224 3256:Fighting Dinosaurs 3210:was feathered for 2935:; protoceratopsid 2848: 2812:; and troodontids 2757: 2666:(cold-blooded) or 2637: 2635:skull MPC-D 100/54 2548:origin of flapping 2504: 2389: 2327:Fighting Dinosaurs 2284:Predatory behavior 1642: 1619: 1444: 1410:(foot) anatomy of 1366:(upper arm bone), 1362:was formed by the 1356: 1273: 1181: 1177:Fighting Dinosaurs 1011: 960: 865: 840:Additional species 763:Fighting Dinosaurs 743:communist Mongolia 699:of his new genus, 671:expedition to the 638:Photograph of the 7380: 7379: 7352:Open Tree of Life 7243:Taxon identifiers 7234: 7233: 7206: 7205: 7176: 7175: 7172: 7171: 7141:Saurornitholestes 7032:Saurornitholestes 6968:Saurornitholestes 6657:Halszkaraptorinae 6584: 6583: 6580: 6579: 6565: 6564: 6561: 6560: 6557: 6556: 6270:Media related to 6129:978-0-553-57561-3 6099:978-1-84576-365-7 6066:Yale's legacy in 6051:978-0-394-58816-2 5825:978-0-12-226810-6 5724:(10): 2196–2213. 5650:978-0-253-33907-2 5401:978-0-19-537266-3 4930:10.1111/joa.13253 4771:978-0-520-24209-8 4735:978-0-8018-6763-7 4640:(7454): 359–362. 4546:Currie, Philip J. 4397:10.1038/srep11775 4097:10.1111/brv.12638 3963:978-0-671-61946-6 3503:(10): 2180–2195. 3493:Currie, Philip J. 3294:978-1-4058-8118-0 3178:Jurassic Park III 2941:; and troodontid 2914:semi-arid climate 2139: 2138: 2130: 2129: 2121: 2120: 2112: 2111: 2103: 2102: 2094: 2093: 2085: 2084: 2076: 2075: 2067: 2066: 1978: 1977: 1882: 1881: 1812: 1811: 1684:Saurornitholestes 1552:Archaeopterygidae 1518:Saurornitholestes 1275:The lower jaw of 1262:occipital condyle 804:Washington Irving 749:, expeditions by 601:is well known to 479:million years ago 346: 345: 340: 290: 7435: 7373: 7372: 7360: 7359: 7347: 7346: 7334: 7333: 7321: 7320: 7308: 7307: 7295: 7294: 7285: 7284: 7283: 7270: 7269: 7268: 7238: 7224: 7223: 7201: 7195: 7190: 7184: 7065:Velociraptorinae 7011:Dromaeosauroides 6887: 6871:Zhongjianosaurus 6849:Sinornithosaurus 6601: 6590: 6517: 6490: 6463: 6454: 6447: 6446: 6393: 6378: 6371: 6364: 6355: 6311: 6297: 6284:Data related to 6283: 6269: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6236:s Dino Feathers" 6235: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6196: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6168: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6085: 6076: 6062: 6056: 6055: 6028: 6022: 6021: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5972: 5962: 5930: 5924: 5923: 5913: 5881: 5875: 5874: 5864: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5813: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5786: 5764: 5755: 5742: 5741: 5713: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5672: 5663: 5662: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5590: 5580: 5546: 5540: 5539: 5529: 5519: 5487: 5481: 5480: 5456: 5447: 5446: 5429:(3–4): 488–492. 5410: 5404: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5363: 5357: 5356: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5295: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5270:. Archived from 5235: 5229: 5228: 5218: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5093: 5087: 5086: 5085:on 19 July 2011. 5084: 5069: 5057: 5048: 5047: 5037: 5027: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4942: 4932: 4908: 4902: 4896: 4891: 4881: 4863: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4806: 4804:10.1002/ar.24241 4782: 4776: 4775: 4749: 4740: 4739: 4727: 4718:Paul, Gregory S. 4714: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4580:. Archived from 4542: 4536: 4535: 4525: 4515: 4479: 4470: 4469: 4444:(3–4): 173–184. 4433: 4420: 4419: 4409: 4399: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4350: 4340: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4291: 4281: 4264:(19965): 19965. 4249: 4243: 4242: 4224: 4202: 4193: 4182: 4181: 4139: 4130: 4121: 4117: 4099: 4090:(6): 1759–1797. 4075: 4069: 4068: 4058: 4026: 4020: 4016: 4006: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3945: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3842: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3790: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3691: 3680: 3679: 3669: 3660: 3643: 3642: 3614: 3608: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3570: 3557: 3556: 3536: 3521: 3520: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3468:. Archived from 3461: 3455: 3454: 3444: 3435: 3426: 3425: 3415: 3406: 3397: 3396: 3386: 3377: 3368: 3367: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3334: 3314: 3299: 3298: 3277: 3250: 3245: 3244: 3243: 3236: 3234:Dinosaurs portal 3231: 3230: 3229: 3069:Steven Spielberg 3061:Michael Crichton 3018: 3009: 2962:Aepyornithomimus 2953:; dromaeosaurid 2776:; alvarezsaurid 2738:Paleoenvironment 2672:thermoregulatory 2540: 2305: 2296: 2245:velociraptorines 2058: 2036: 2021: 2007: 1992: 1969: 1947: 1932: 1925: 1911: 1896: 1873: 1851: 1836: 1829: 1823:Velociraptorinae 1803: 1781: 1759: 1744: 1734: 1720: 1705: 1691: 1676: 1666: 1627:Velociraptorinae 1491:Velociraptorinae 1320: 1312: 1304: 1292: 1284: 1257: 1249: 1241: 1233: 1224: 1216: 1208: 1196: 1188: 1168:lacrimal bones. 1164: 1147: 1139: 1114: 1103: 1094: 896:Halszka Osmólska 888:Pascal Godefroit 829:Halszka Osmólska 825:Rinchen Barsbold 794:team discovered 718: 712: 656:Line diagram of 653: 635: 457: 454: 451: 448: 445: 441: 440: 437: 436: 433: 430: 427: 424: 421: 418: 415: 412: 409: 406: 403: 398: 397: 394: 391: 388: 385: 382: 379: 376: 373: 370: 367: 364: 361: 334: 327: 304: 285: 278: 267:Velociraptorinae 265: 252: 236: 157: 156: 131: 121: 51: 36:Temporal range: 28: 7443: 7442: 7438: 7437: 7436: 7434: 7433: 7432: 7398:Djadochta fauna 7383: 7382: 7381: 7376: 7368: 7363: 7355: 7350: 7342: 7337: 7329: 7324: 7316: 7311: 7303: 7298: 7290: 7288: 7279: 7278: 7273: 7264: 7263: 7258: 7245: 7235: 7230: 7202: 7168: 7125:Luanchuanraptor 7059: 6979:Dromaeosaurinae 6973: 6938: 6882:Eudromaeosauria 6876: 6804: 6693: 6651: 6597: 6595:Dromaeosauridae 6576: 6573:Dromaeosauridae 6553: 6539:Dromaeosauridae 6533: 6506: 6479: 6473:Avemetatarsalia 6458:Avemetatarsalia 6448: 6398: 6397: 6387: 6385:Dromaeosauridae 6382: 6348:Wayback Machine 6262: 6257: 6256: 6246: 6244: 6233: 6226: 6225: 6221: 6211: 6209: 6198: 6197: 6193: 6183: 6181: 6170: 6169: 6165: 6155: 6153: 6142: 6141: 6137: 6130: 6112: 6111: 6107: 6100: 6087: 6086: 6079: 6075:, 18 June 2015. 6063: 6059: 6052: 6030: 6029: 6025: 5991: 5990: 5986: 5932: 5931: 5927: 5883: 5882: 5878: 5838: 5837: 5833: 5826: 5805: 5804: 5800: 5762: 5757: 5756: 5745: 5738:10.1139/e93-191 5715: 5714: 5710: 5674: 5673: 5666: 5651: 5636: 5635: 5631: 5624: 5609: 5608: 5604: 5548: 5547: 5543: 5489: 5488: 5484: 5463:. 331–332: 27. 5458: 5457: 5450: 5412: 5411: 5407: 5390: 5386: 5376: 5374: 5365: 5364: 5360: 5314: 5313: 5309: 5293: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5240:Ostrom, John H. 5237: 5236: 5232: 5195:Biology Letters 5188: 5187: 5183: 5148:Ostrom, John H. 5146: 5145: 5141: 5104:(6030): 705–8. 5095: 5094: 5090: 5082: 5067: 5059: 5058: 5051: 5005: 5004: 5000: 4961: 4960: 4956: 4910: 4909: 4905: 4833: 4832: 4828: 4784: 4783: 4779: 4772: 4751: 4750: 4743: 4736: 4716: 4715: 4706: 4682: 4681: 4677: 4631: 4630: 4626: 4594: 4593: 4589: 4544: 4543: 4539: 4481: 4480: 4473: 4435: 4434: 4423: 4369: 4368: 4364: 4310: 4309: 4305: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4200: 4195: 4194: 4185: 4137: 4132: 4131: 4124: 4077: 4076: 4072: 4028: 4027: 4023: 3976: 3975: 3971: 3964: 3947: 3946: 3939: 3931: 3924: 3923: 3919: 3905: 3904: 3900: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3840: 3833: 3832: 3828: 3788: 3783: 3782: 3778: 3732: 3731: 3727: 3693: 3692: 3683: 3667: 3662: 3661: 3646: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3594: 3590: 3572: 3571: 3560: 3538: 3537: 3524: 3517:10.1139/e93-190 3490: 3489: 3485: 3475: 3473: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3442: 3437: 3436: 3429: 3413: 3408: 3407: 3400: 3384: 3379: 3378: 3371: 3360:Natural History 3353: 3352: 3348: 3316: 3315: 3302: 3295: 3279: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3246: 3241: 3239: 3232: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3165:and its sequel 3109:Yale University 3065:film adaptation 3048: 3047: 3046: 3045: 3021: 3020: 3019: 3011: 3010: 2999: 2993: 2973:V. mongoliensis 2959:: ornithomimid 2944:Saurornithoides 2929:; ankylosaurid 2921:V. mongoliensis 2879:Late Cretaceous 2844:V. mongoliensis 2842:Restoration of 2836: 2788:; oviraptorids 2745: 2740: 2699:V. mongoliensis 2695: 2689: 2633:V. mongoliensis 2625: 2560: 2538: 2498:restraining an 2496:V. mongoliensis 2323: 2322: 2321: 2320: 2313:V. mongoliensis 2308: 2307: 2306: 2298: 2297: 2286: 2224: 2207: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2131: 2122: 2113: 2104: 2095: 2086: 2077: 2068: 1979: 1883: 1813: 1738:Dromaeosaurinae 1670:Eudromaeosauria 1604:V. mongoliensis 1588:V. mongoliensis 1527:Dromaeosaurinae 1483:Eudromaeosauria 1476: 1452:prezygapophyses 1440:V. mongoliensis 1354:(MPC-D 100/985) 1352:V. mongoliensis 1344: 1322: 1314: 1306: 1294: 1286: 1259: 1251: 1243: 1235: 1226: 1218: 1210: 1198: 1190: 1166: 1149: 1141: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1121:V. mongoliensis 1117: 1116: 1115: 1106: 1105: 1104: 1096: 1095: 1084: 997: 988:V. mongoliensis 984:V. mongoliensis 937:V. mongoliensis 929:V. mongoliensis 904:V. mongoliensis 884:V. mongoliensis 853:V. mongoliensis 849:Velociraptorine 842: 736:V. mongoliensis 725:V. mongoliensis 665: 664: 663: 662: 661: 658:V. mongoliensis 654: 645: 644: 643: 636: 625: 603:paleontologists 488:V. mongoliensis 475:Late Cretaceous 455: 452: 449: 446: 400: 358: 354: 333: 313: 310: 284: 276: 263: 254:Eudromaeosauria 250: 238:Dromaeosauridae 234: 151: 138:V. mongoliensis 122: 120: 119: 118: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 46: 45: 38:Late Cretaceous 34: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7441: 7439: 7431: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7403:Eudromaeosaurs 7400: 7395: 7385: 7384: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7374: 7361: 7348: 7335: 7322: 7309: 7296: 7286: 7271: 7255: 7253: 7247: 7246: 7241: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7228: 7218: 7211: 7208: 7207: 7204: 7203: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7173: 7170: 7169: 7167: 7166: 7159: 7152: 7145: 7137: 7129: 7121: 7114: 7107: 7100: 7092: 7084: 7077: 7069: 7067: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7057: 7050: 7043: 7036: 7028: 7021: 7014: 7007: 6999: 6991: 6983: 6981: 6975: 6974: 6972: 6971: 6964: 6956: 6948: 6946: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6936: 6928: 6921: 6913: 6906: 6899: 6890: 6884: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6874: 6867: 6860: 6852: 6845: 6838: 6830: 6823: 6815: 6813: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6802: 6795: 6787: 6783:Unquillosaurus 6779: 6772: 6764: 6756: 6749: 6741: 6734: 6727: 6719: 6712: 6704: 6702: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6691: 6684: 6677: 6670: 6662: 6660: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6649: 6642: 6634: 6627: 6619: 6612: 6604: 6598: 6593: 6586: 6585: 6582: 6581: 6578: 6577: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6563: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6551: 6550: 6549: 6543: 6541: 6535: 6534: 6532: 6531: 6530: 6529: 6520: 6514: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6504: 6503: 6502: 6493: 6487: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6477: 6476: 6475: 6466: 6460: 6450: 6449: 6445: 6444: 6435: 6426: 6417: 6411: 6405: 6396: 6389: 6388: 6383: 6381: 6380: 6373: 6366: 6358: 6352: 6351: 6337: 6328: 6316: 6305: 6291: 6290:at Wikispecies 6277: 6261: 6260:External links 6258: 6255: 6254: 6219: 6191: 6163: 6135: 6128: 6105: 6098: 6077: 6068:Jurassic World 6064:Cummings, M. " 6057: 6050: 6023: 6004:(1–2): 38–47. 5984: 5945:(5835): 5835. 5925: 5876: 5847:(3616): 1–40. 5831: 5824: 5798: 5769:(3498): 1–31. 5743: 5708: 5687:(5): 945–960. 5664: 5649: 5629: 5622: 5602: 5541: 5482: 5448: 5405: 5384: 5358: 5323:(3): 185–191. 5307: 5277: 5254:(4): 707–712. 5230: 5201:(1): 110–112. 5181: 5139: 5088: 5049: 4998: 4954: 4923:(5): 861–869. 4903: 4826: 4797:(4): 691–715. 4777: 4770: 4762:The Dinosauria 4741: 4734: 4704: 4675: 4624: 4603:(3545): 1–51. 4587: 4564:(3): 576–591. 4537: 4498:(12): e28964. 4471: 4421: 4362: 4303: 4244: 4213:10.1206/3982.1 4207:(3982): 1–47. 4183: 4148:(5845): 1721. 4122: 4070: 4041:(9): 913–923. 4021: 3969: 3962: 3937: 3917: 3898: 3854: 3826: 3776: 3741:(11): 1041–9. 3725: 3706:(2): 432–438. 3681: 3644: 3631:10.1206/3965.1 3625:(3965): 1–48. 3609: 3588: 3577:(3215): 1–28. 3558: 3547:(3282): 1–45. 3522: 3483: 3456: 3427: 3398: 3391:(in Russian). 3369: 3346: 3300: 3293: 3281:Wells, John C. 3271: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3263: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3237: 3221: 3218: 3193:Jurassic World 3146:Production on 3067:, directed by 3041:Jurassic World 3023: 3022: 3013: 3012: 3004: 3003: 3002: 3001: 3000: 2995:Main article: 2992: 2989: 2977:Flaming Cliffs 2835: 2832: 2821:Papiliovenator 2791:Machairasaurus 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2691:Main article: 2688: 2687:Paleopathology 2685: 2624: 2621: 2559: 2556: 2500:oviraptorosaur 2413:carotid artery 2376:may have been 2368:may have been 2310: 2309: 2300: 2299: 2291: 2290: 2289: 2288: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2223: 2220: 2206: 2203: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2137: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2127: 2124: 2123: 2119: 2118: 2115: 2114: 2110: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2101: 2100: 2097: 2096: 2092: 2091: 2088: 2087: 2083: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2074: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2065: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2024: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2010: 2009: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1976: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1935: 1930: 1928: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1899: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1880: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1839: 1834: 1832: 1827: 1825: 1819: 1818: 1815: 1814: 1810: 1809: 1806: 1805: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1747: 1742: 1740: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1708: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1679: 1674: 1672: 1664: 1538:Megalosauridae 1475: 1474:Classification 1472: 1442:(MPC-D 100/25) 1343: 1340: 1316: 1308: 1300: 1288: 1280: 1256:occipital bone 1253: 1245: 1237: 1229: 1220: 1212: 1204: 1192: 1184: 1160: 1143: 1135: 1119: 1118: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1098: 1097: 1089: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1083: 1080: 996: 993: 859:sp., and F is 841: 838: 713:('swift') and 673:Flaming Cliffs 655: 648: 647: 646: 640:Flaming Cliffs 637: 630: 629: 628: 627: 626: 624: 621: 575:prominent role 469:that lived in 344: 343: 342: 341: 320: 319: 318:Other species 315: 314: 311: 299: 298: 292: 291: 274: 270: 269: 261: 257: 256: 248: 241: 240: 232: 228: 227: 222: 215: 214: 209: 202: 201: 196: 189: 188: 183: 179: 178: 173: 169: 168: 163: 159: 158: 145: 144: 133: 132: 124: 123: 115: 114: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 52: 35: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7440: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7390: 7388: 7371: 7366: 7362: 7358: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7287: 7282: 7276: 7272: 7267: 7261: 7257: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7239: 7227: 7219: 7217: 7213: 7212: 7209: 7200: 7196: 7194: 7189: 7183: 7165: 7164: 7160: 7158: 7157: 7153: 7151: 7150: 7146: 7143: 7142: 7138: 7135: 7134: 7130: 7127: 7126: 7122: 7120: 7119: 7115: 7113: 7112: 7108: 7106: 7105: 7104:Kansaignathus 7101: 7098: 7097: 7093: 7090: 7089: 7085: 7083: 7082: 7078: 7076: 7075: 7071: 7070: 7068: 7066: 7062: 7056: 7055: 7051: 7049: 7048: 7044: 7042: 7041: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7029: 7027: 7026: 7022: 7020: 7019: 7018:Dromaeosaurus 7015: 7013: 7012: 7008: 7005: 7004: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6992: 6990: 6989: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6976: 6970: 6969: 6965: 6962: 6961: 6957: 6955: 6954: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6941: 6934: 6933: 6929: 6927: 6926: 6922: 6919: 6918: 6914: 6912: 6911: 6910:Dineobellator 6907: 6905: 6904: 6900: 6897: 6896: 6892: 6891: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6879: 6873: 6872: 6868: 6866: 6865: 6861: 6858: 6857: 6853: 6851: 6850: 6846: 6844: 6843: 6839: 6836: 6835: 6834:Hesperonychus 6831: 6829: 6828: 6827:Graciliraptor 6824: 6822: 6821: 6820:Changyuraptor 6817: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6810:Microraptoria 6807: 6801: 6800: 6796: 6793: 6792: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6780: 6778: 6777: 6773: 6770: 6769: 6765: 6762: 6761: 6757: 6755: 6754: 6750: 6747: 6746: 6745:Ornithodesmus 6742: 6740: 6739: 6738:Neuquenraptor 6735: 6733: 6732: 6728: 6725: 6724: 6720: 6718: 6717: 6713: 6711: 6710: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6696: 6690: 6689: 6685: 6683: 6682: 6678: 6676: 6675: 6671: 6669: 6668: 6667:Halszkaraptor 6664: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6654: 6648: 6647: 6643: 6640: 6639: 6635: 6633: 6632: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6620: 6618: 6617: 6613: 6611: 6610: 6606: 6605: 6602: 6599: 6596: 6591: 6587: 6575: 6574: 6568: 6547: 6546: 6545: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6536: 6528: 6524: 6523: 6522: 6521: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6509: 6501: 6497: 6496: 6495: 6494: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6482: 6474: 6470: 6469: 6468: 6467: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6443: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6412: 6410: 6406: 6404: 6400: 6399: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6379: 6374: 6372: 6367: 6365: 6360: 6359: 6356: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6338: 6335: 6334: 6329: 6327: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6296: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6282: 6278: 6275: 6274: 6268: 6264: 6263: 6259: 6243: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6223: 6220: 6208: 6207: 6202: 6195: 6192: 6180: 6179: 6174: 6167: 6164: 6152: 6151: 6146: 6139: 6136: 6131: 6125: 6121: 6120: 6115: 6109: 6106: 6101: 6095: 6091: 6084: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6069: 6061: 6058: 6053: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6038: 6037:Jurassic Park 6033: 6027: 6024: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5988: 5985: 5980: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5929: 5926: 5921: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5880: 5877: 5872: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5854: 5853:10.1206/442.1 5850: 5846: 5842: 5835: 5832: 5827: 5821: 5817: 5812: 5811: 5802: 5799: 5794: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5761: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5744: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5712: 5709: 5703: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5681:Palaeontology 5678: 5671: 5669: 5665: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5646: 5642: 5641: 5633: 5630: 5625: 5623:9780520225015 5619: 5615: 5614: 5606: 5603: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5563:(4). 220997. 5562: 5558: 5557: 5552: 5545: 5542: 5537: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5486: 5483: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5455: 5453: 5449: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5419:Protoceratops 5416: 5409: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5388: 5385: 5373: 5369: 5362: 5359: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5311: 5308: 5303: 5299: 5292: 5290: 5281: 5278: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5234: 5231: 5226: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5185: 5182: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5143: 5140: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5092: 5089: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5066: 5062: 5056: 5054: 5050: 5045: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5002: 4999: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4958: 4955: 4950: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4907: 4904: 4900: 4895: 4889: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4830: 4827: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4781: 4778: 4773: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4758:Dodson, Peter 4755: 4748: 4746: 4742: 4737: 4731: 4726: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4705: 4699: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4679: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4628: 4625: 4619: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4591: 4588: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4538: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4487: 4478: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4417: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4366: 4363: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4307: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4248: 4245: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4199: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4136: 4129: 4127: 4123: 4120: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4074: 4071: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4014: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3973: 3970: 3965: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3944: 3942: 3938: 3930: 3929: 3921: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3902: 3899: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3858: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3838: 3830: 3827: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3780: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3729: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3682: 3678:(2): 189–219. 3677: 3673: 3666: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3613: 3610: 3606: 3605:0-385-47774-0 3602: 3598: 3592: 3589: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3487: 3484: 3471: 3467: 3460: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3441: 3434: 3432: 3428: 3423: 3419: 3412: 3405: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3383: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3366:(2): 133–149. 3365: 3361: 3357: 3350: 3347: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3325:(144): 1–12. 3324: 3320: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3301: 3296: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3276: 3273: 3266: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3238: 3235: 3224: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3214: 3209: 3208: 3203: 3202:Jurassic Park 3199: 3195: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3169: 3164: 3163: 3162:Jurassic Park 3158: 3155: 3154: 3149: 3148:Jurassic Park 3144: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3129:Jurassic Park 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3080:dromaeosaurid 3077: 3076: 3075:Jurassic Park 3070: 3066: 3063:and its 1993 3062: 3058: 3057: 3056:Jurassic Park 3052: 3043: 3042: 3037: 3036: 3035:Jurassic Park 3031: 3027: 3017: 3008: 2998: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2984: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2968: 2964: 2963: 2958: 2957: 2952: 2951: 2946: 2945: 2940: 2939: 2934: 2933: 2928: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2880: 2876: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2845: 2840: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2828: 2823: 2822: 2817: 2816: 2811: 2810: 2805: 2804: 2799: 2798: 2793: 2792: 2787: 2786: 2781: 2780: 2775: 2774: 2769: 2765: 2762: 2761:Bayan Mandahu 2754: 2749: 2742: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2694: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2634: 2629: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2609:Dromaeosaurus 2606: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2580:Protoceratops 2577: 2576:Protoceratops 2573: 2569: 2568:Protoceratops 2565: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2544:Komodo dragon 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2516:birds of prey 2514: 2509: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2482:Jurassic Park 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2466: 2465:Tenontosaurus 2461: 2457: 2456: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2439: 2435:documentary, 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2401:Protoceratops 2398: 2394: 2385: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2374:Protoceratops 2371: 2367: 2363: 2362:Protoceratops 2359: 2355: 2354:scleral rings 2351: 2347: 2346:Protoceratops 2343: 2338: 2337: 2332: 2328: 2318: 2314: 2304: 2295: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2278: 2273: 2272: 2271:Dromaeosaurus 2267: 2263: 2257: 2255: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2232:eudromaeosaur 2229: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2212: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2195: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2170:maniraptorans 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2147: 2142: 2135: 2134: 2126: 2125: 2117: 2116: 2108: 2107: 2099: 2098: 2090: 2089: 2081: 2080: 2072: 2071: 2063: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2052: 2045: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2030: 2023: 2022: 2016: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2002: 2001: 1994: 1993: 1987: 1986: 1983: 1982: 1974: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1963: 1956: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1941: 1934: 1933: 1927: 1926: 1920: 1919: 1916: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1905: 1898: 1897: 1891: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1878: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1867: 1860: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1845: 1838: 1837: 1831: 1830: 1824: 1821: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1808: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1797: 1796:Dromaeosaurus 1790: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1775: 1768: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1753: 1746: 1745: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1729: 1728: 1725: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1714: 1707: 1706: 1700: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1685: 1678: 1677: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1656: 1651: 1648:based on the 1647: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1544: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1519: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1505: 1504:Dromaeosaurus 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1464: 1461: 1458:, as well as 1457: 1453: 1449: 1441: 1436: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1353: 1348: 1341: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1326:The teeth of 1324: 1321: 1313: 1305: 1298: 1293: 1285: 1278: 1269: 1265: 1263: 1258: 1250: 1242: 1234: 1232:quadratojugal 1225: 1217: 1209: 1202: 1197: 1189: 1178: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1158: 1154: 1148: 1140: 1132: 1129:The skull of 1122: 1113: 1102: 1093: 1081: 1079: 1077: 1076: 1071: 1070: 1065: 1064: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1019: 1018:dromaeosaurid 1015: 1009: 1005: 1001: 994: 992: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 957: 953: 949: 947: 942: 938: 934: 930: 925: 923: 919: 915: 911: 910: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 839: 837: 834: 830: 826: 821: 819: 818: 813: 809: 808:Ichabod Crane 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 784: 782: 781:New York City 778: 777: 776:Protoceratops 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 739: 737: 733: 732: 726: 722: 717: 711: 706: 702: 698: 697:type specimen 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 659: 652: 641: 634: 622: 620: 618: 617: 616:Protoceratops 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 595: 590: 586: 582: 581: 580:Jurassic Park 576: 572: 568: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 530: 525: 524: 518: 516: 512: 508: 507: 502: 498: 494: 490: 489: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 465: 464:dromaeosaurid 461: 439: 352: 351: 338: 332: 331: 330:V.? osmolskae 324: 323: 321: 316: 309: 308: 300: 297: 293: 288: 283: 282: 275: 272: 271: 268: 262: 259: 258: 255: 249: 246: 243: 242: 239: 233: 230: 229: 226: 223: 220: 217: 216: 213: 210: 207: 204: 203: 200: 197: 194: 191: 190: 187: 184: 181: 180: 177: 174: 171: 170: 167: 164: 161: 160: 155: 150: 146: 143: 139: 134: 130: 125: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 50: 43: 39: 33: 29: 26: 22: 7281:Velociraptor 7251:Velociraptor 7250: 7185: 7163:Velociraptor 7162: 7161: 7154: 7147: 7139: 7131: 7123: 7116: 7109: 7102: 7094: 7086: 7079: 7074:Acheroraptor 7072: 7052: 7045: 7038: 7030: 7023: 7016: 7009: 7001: 6995:Dakotaraptor 6993: 6988:Achillobator 6986: 6966: 6958: 6953:Atrociraptor 6951: 6932:Zhenyuanlong 6930: 6923: 6917:Tianyuraptor 6915: 6908: 6901: 6893: 6869: 6862: 6856:Tianyuraptor 6854: 6847: 6840: 6832: 6825: 6818: 6797: 6789: 6781: 6774: 6766: 6758: 6751: 6743: 6736: 6729: 6723:Dakotaraptor 6721: 6716:Buitreraptor 6714: 6709:Austroraptor 6707: 6699:Unenlagiinae 6686: 6679: 6672: 6665: 6646:Zhenyuanlong 6644: 6636: 6631:Tianyuraptor 6629: 6621: 6614: 6607: 6571: 6437: 6428: 6419: 6332: 6320: 6315:at Wikibooks 6304:at Wikiquote 6301:Velociraptor 6300: 6287:Velociraptor 6286: 6273:Velociraptor 6272: 6245:. Retrieved 6239: 6230: 6222: 6210:. Retrieved 6204: 6194: 6182:. Retrieved 6176: 6166: 6154:. Retrieved 6150:Deseret News 6148: 6138: 6118: 6114:Bakker, R.T. 6108: 6089: 6072: 6067: 6060: 6036: 6032:Crichton, M. 6026: 6001: 5997: 5987: 5942: 5938: 5928: 5893: 5889: 5879: 5844: 5834: 5809: 5801: 5766: 5721: 5717: 5711: 5684: 5680: 5639: 5632: 5612: 5605: 5560: 5554: 5544: 5499: 5495: 5485: 5460: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5415:Velociraptor 5414: 5408: 5392: 5387: 5377:17 September 5375:. 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