252:
home", "I'm going to Hayao's place", "I'm going to the mayor's place", "I'm going to my mother's place" or "I'm going to my mother's friend's place". Functionally, deictic classifiers not only indicate that the referenced person or thing has a spatial position or an interactional role but also classify it to some extent. In addition, Japanese pronouns are restricted by a situation type (register): who is talking to whom about what and through which medium (spoken or written, staged or in private). In that sense, when a male is talking to his male friends, the pronoun set that is available to him is different from those available when a man of the same age talks to his wife and, vice versa, when a woman talks to her husband. These variations in pronoun availability are determined by the register.
8539:[My mother’s character can be described most easily as that of an affectionate mother. From my point of view, she is certainly a woman who was born for the sake of those two words and who will die for them. Actually, that makes me feel sorry for her, yet since her one satisfaction in life is concentrated on this one point, I realize that as long as I do what I should as a good son, she’ll find no greater delight than that.]
9295:[Yet observed from behind, her body and mood were well balanced, both being quieter now than they had been before. Unlike a short while ago, she now gave no indication that she was going to begin to walk slowly away or stand up against a shop window, nor did she show any sign of being chilled, standing as she was at the edge of the elevated pavement in a way that could only be described as elegant.]
35:
5987:
The
Japanese words corresponding to the personal pronouns of European languages are simply nouns whose original significations are in most cases perfectly clear, and which are indeed still often used with those significations. They answer to such English expressions as "your humble servant" (meaning
1547:
The kanji are very rarely used. The only second person pronoun comparable to
English "you", yet still not used as often in this universal way by native speakers, as it can be considered having a condescending undertone, especially towards superiors. For expressing "you" in formal contexts, using the
6025:
The distinction of person which holds so prominent a place in the Aryan languages has little place in
Japanese. The verb has no grammatical inflections to indicate person, and although there are words which correspond in meaning to the personal pronouns of other languages, their grammar is the same
251:
In contrast to present people and things, absent people and things can be referred to by naming; for example, by instantiating a class, "the house" (in a context where there is only one house) and presenting things in relation to the present, named and sui generis people or things can be "I'm going
1158:
Used by males of all ages; very often used by boys; can be used by females but then carries tomboyish or feminist connotations. Perceived as humble, but can also carry an undertone of "feeling young" when used by males of older age. Also used when casually giving deference; "servant" uses the same
1123:
Frequently used by men. Establishes a sense of "masculinity". Can be seen as rude depending on the context. Emphasises one's own status when used with peers and with those who are younger or of lesser status. Among close friends or family, its use conveys familiarity rather than "masculinity" or
1552:
may be used when having no information about the addressed person; also often used as "you" in commercials, when not referring to a particular person. Furthermore, commonly used by women to address their husband or lover, in a way roughly equivalent to the
English "dear".
1687:, is more rude. Used when the speaker is very angry. Originally used for a humble first person. The Kanji are seldom used with this meaning, as unrelated to its use as a pronoun, 手前 can also mean "before", "this side", "one's standpoint" or "one's appearance".
421:(猫を欲しがっている) "seems to want a cat," when referring to others. Thus, the first-person pronoun is usually not used unless the speaker wants to put a special stress on the fact that they are referring to themselves or if it is necessary to make it clear.
949:
The list is incomplete, as there are numerous
Japanese pronoun forms, which vary by region and dialect. This is a list of the most commonly used forms. "It" has no direct equivalent in Japanese (though in some contexts the demonstrative pronoun それ
2688:
in response to thanks or an apology means literally "this side is the one" but idiomatically "no, I (or we) thank/apologise to you"; especially common on the telephone, analogous to phrases like "on this end" and "on your end" in
English.
6006:
The
Japanese substitutes for the Personal Pronouns of Western languages are merely nouns which by process of time have become pronominal, and their discussion as separate parts of speech is merely to suit the convenience of the foreign
1044:
The most formal personal pronoun. Outdated curriculums did not provide for any other kind of pronoun in everyday speech for foreigners, except for watakushi. However, in modern student books, such a pronoun has been withdrawn from use.
2639:
Originally a mesial deictic pronoun meaning "that side; that way; that direction"; used as a lightly respectful second person pronoun in previous eras, but now used when speaking to an inferior in a pompous and old-fashioned tone.
330:
The common
English personal pronouns, such as "I", "you", and "they", have no other meanings or connotations. However, most Japanese personal pronouns do. Consider for example two words corresponding to the English pronoun "I": 私
158:
used to address or refer to present people or things, where present means people or things that can be pointed at. The position of things (far away, nearby) and their role in the current interaction (goods, addresser,
11092:
382:(は) is used, but it is not required when the topic can be inferred from context. Also, there are frequently used verbs that imply the subject and/or indirect object of the sentence in certain contexts:
436:
also create another challenge, as men and women refer to themselves with different pronouns. Social standing also determines how people refer to themselves, as well as how they refer to other people.
397:
In
Japanese, a speaker may only directly express their own emotions, as they cannot know the true mental state of anyone else. Thus, in sentences comprising a single adjective (often those ending in
1222:
Literally "oneself"; used as either reflexive or personal pronoun. Can convey a sense of distance when used in the latter way. Also used as casual second person pronoun in the Kansai dialect.
1292:
A feminine pronoun that strains from わたし ("watashi"). Rarely used in written language, but common in conversation, especially among younger women. It was formerly used by male members of the
369:, 貴方) are used in formal contexts (however the latter can be considered rude). In many sentences, pronouns that mean "I" and "you" are omitted in Japanese when the meaning is still clear.
424:
In some contexts, it may be considered uncouth to refer to the listener (second person) by a pronoun. If it is required to state the second person, the listener's surname, suffixed with
3507:
came to be used as a gender-neutral third-person personal pronoun, and eventually used to translate masculine third-person pronouns specifically in
European languages ("he/him"), while
354:
and should be understood within that context. Pronoun choice depends on the speaker's social status (as compared to the listener's) as well as the sentence's subjects and objects.
394:(あげる) also means "give", but in the sense that "someone gives something to someone other than me." This often makes pronouns unnecessary, as they can be inferred from context.
10662:
5533:
as referring to persons or things physically far away from both the 1st and 2nd persons, rather than the abstract pronomimal usage of such expression as "that female person."
2547:
Second person pronoun, used mostly by males. Used among peers to denote light respect, and by a superior addressing his subjects and retainers in a familiar manner. Like 君
1022:
In formal or polite contexts, this is gender neutral; in casual speech, it is typically only used by women. Use by men in casual contexts may be perceived as stiff.
10513:
9408:
298:
Japanese has a large number of pronouns, differing in use by formality, gender, age, and relative social status of speaker and audience. Further, pronouns are an
10709:
10756:
9456:
2515:, as well as the kanji used to transcribe it, literally means "oneself". It is humble when used as a first person pronoun and hostile (on the level of てめえ
6326:
10508:
2286:
Used by samurai during the feudal ages (and often also by ninja in fictionalised portrayals). From a Sino-Japanese word meaning "one who is clumsy".
2362:
Literally "child". Mainly used by women in samurai families. Today, it is used in fictional settings to represent archaic noble female characters.
1647:, but used by men with more frequency. Expresses the speaker's higher status or age, or a very casual relationship among peers. Often used with おれ
10899:
10135:
6430:
6376:
5021:
2487:
Used as a universal first-person pronoun in ancient times. Today, it is used in fictional settings to represent Court noble male characters.
433:
186:, since they behave grammatically just like nouns. Among Japanese grammarians, whether nouns should be considered a distinct part of speech
11118:
10130:
1709:
Historically very formal, but has developed in an ironic sense to show the speaker's extreme hostility / outrage towards the addressee.
327:
to include the subject in a sentence. That means that pronouns can seldom be translated from English to Japanese on a one-to-one basis.
3814:
across various pronunciation dictionaries for elementary students during the Meiji era. The earliest exception was the 1876 dictionary
52:
9614:
6356:
6336:
6288:
6044:
Japanese pronouns are a class of nouns. Thus, the rules governing the use of pronouns are the same as those of nouns as shown below:
280:
118:
10015:
6283:
Maynard, Senko K: "An Introduction to Japanese Grammar and Communication Strategies", page 45. The Japan Times, 4th edition, 1993.
3250:
in limited circumstances; in contrast, modern Japanese pronouns (many of which were originally nouns) and nouns only combine with
1579:. Can express contempt, anger or familiarity towards a person. Generally seen as rude or uneducated when used in formal contexts.
10721:
10440:
6401:
1986:
Denotes a person or (less frequently) material far from both the speaker and the listener. Analogous to "he/she" or "that one".
99:
10785:
10749:
10394:
10389:
9915:
9449:
3911:. This unique pronunciation was listed in a few later dictionaries. The same aforementioned dictionaries and more also listed
71:
11087:
10810:
10563:
6253:
56:
3137:
9621:
6026:
as that of nouns, and the idea of placing them in a separate class has not even suggested itself to the native grammarians.
4084:) rose to prominence due to Meiji writers' need to translate third-person feminine pronouns in European languages, such as
2693:
is often translated as "me/us, too" or "likewise" – it is certainly a reciprocation gesture, but sometimes a little more.)
1864:, but with the same kanji. 方 means "direction," and is more formal by avoiding referring to the actual person in question.
1651:. Very rude if said to elders. Commonly used by men to address their wife or lover, paralleling the female use of "anata".
11128:
10800:
10780:
10404:
10120:
409:(寂しい) can represent a complete sentence that means "I am lonely." When speaking of another person's feelings or emotions,
78:
11133:
11113:
10923:
10835:
10795:
10535:
10374:
9933:
1350:
Means "one's own". Often used in western dialects especially the Kansai dialect. Generally written in kana. Plural form
351:
2310:
Literally "my fellows; my class; my cohort", but used in a somewhat pompous manner as a first-person singular pronoun.
2048:
Originally created in the 19th century as an equivalent to female pronouns in European languages. Initially pronounced
10268:
10248:
10052:
10005:
172:
4100:
in French, which they eventually incorporated into their own writings. An 1871 French-Japanese dictionary translated
3133:
forms, they are not necessarily considering spatial distance, but also psychological, temporal and topical distance.
388:(くれる) means "give" in the sense that "somebody other than me gives something to me or to somebody very close to me."
10790:
10742:
10384:
10258:
9442:
160:
85:
45:
11123:
10940:
10894:
10856:
10669:
10647:
10435:
10913:
10704:
10642:
10632:
10596:
10494:
10445:
10369:
10344:
9953:
4903:
3908:
2135:
1601:
A polite way of saying "your house", also used as a pronoun to address a person with slight sense of distance.
1188:
Often used in western dialects and fictional settings to stereotypically represent characters of old age. Also
272:
10010:
7283:] (in French and Japanese). Translated by 好樹堂. Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press. p. 217.
7262:] (in French and Japanese). Translated by 好樹堂. Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press. p. 216.
7136:] (in French and Japanese). Translated by 好樹堂. Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press. p. 147.
1737:. Informal to subordinates; can also be affectionate; formerly very polite. Among peers typically used with 僕
1166:). Can also be used as a second-person pronoun toward male children (English equivalent – "kid" or "squirt").
239:'s model, which does not recognize pronouns as a distinct part of speech, but merely a subclass of nouns (see
67:
10935:
10820:
10805:
10088:
3368:
1354:
is used by both genders. Singular form is also used by both sexes when talking about the household, e.g., "
1244:"My esteemed self", "Mr. I". Used in fiction by very self-important or arrogant characters, or humorously.
302:, with existing nouns being used as new pronouns with some frequency. This is ongoing; a recent example is
236:
10105:
260:
10586:
10475:
9948:
9494:
9484:
6568:
3216:
4521:
10637:
10460:
10364:
10238:
10040:
9975:
9489:
6172:(Doctor of Philosophy in Education thesis) (in Japanese). University of Tsukuba. 10.15068/0002000707.
1124:
superiority. It was used also by women until the late Edo period and still is in some dialects. Also
9424:
2885:
Used with informal pronouns. Frequently used with hostile words. Sometimes used for light humble as
11055:
10992:
10967:
10686:
10568:
10540:
10455:
10035:
9980:
7835:] (in Japanese). Translated by Ochiai, Kingo; Goldstein, Sanford. Shun'yōdō. pp. 301–302.
5026:
4994:
4952:
440:
373:
10657:
6164:
11029:
10962:
10863:
10769:
10716:
10578:
10465:
10399:
10289:
10284:
9997:
9739:
6200:
5522:
4703:
4525:
3403:
Genitive forms, when combining with a noun that began in a vowel, may fuse with it. For example,
3219:
2940:
2018:
1501:
168:
10545:
9985:
9821:
9770:
6474:
6458:
9349:
2615:
Used by elders and samurai to talk to people of equal or lower rank. Literally means "master".
92:
10480:
10253:
10072:
10057:
10030:
10025:
9963:
9901:
9876:
9811:
9729:
9685:
9528:
9523:
9513:
9504:
9465:
9313:
8560:] (in Japanese). Translated by Ochiai, Kingo; Goldstein, Sanford. Shun'yōdō. p. 162.
6436:
6426:
6372:
6352:
6332:
6284:
6249:
4692:
4338:
4137:
3160:
324:
320:
155:
10734:
11039:
11034:
11024:
10972:
10930:
10851:
10674:
10652:
10430:
10226:
10067:
9869:
9859:
9854:
9842:
9790:
9734:
9695:
9631:
9587:
9572:
6192:
4628:
2456:
2017:
was its equivalent, but this now always means "boyfriend". Literally meaning "that one", in
240:
10195:
343:) carries a masculine impression; it is typically used by males, especially those in their
11071:
10908:
10868:
10699:
10359:
10354:
10349:
10062:
9835:
9746:
9646:
9607:
9602:
9563:
9543:
6405:
5702:
4960:
4808:
eventually acquired its status as a lexicalized noun meaning "girlfriend" during the late
4674:
4278:
1732:
1510:
935:
923:
912:
906:
883:
877:
866:
845:
841:
815:
809:
803:
792:
786:
780:
769:
763:
757:
737:
726:
720:
570:
561:
546:
540:
523:
517:
500:
486:
9828:
6300:
3187:
means "one's self" and may be used for human beings or some animals. It is not used for
1362:" ("my father"); also used in less formal business speech to mean "our company", e.g., "
267:
as such, since, unlike pronouns in most other languages that have them, these words are
10694:
10045:
10020:
9943:
9923:
9896:
9847:
9799:
9763:
9717:
9661:
9656:
9636:
4865:
3651:, literally simply means "that female person," and is composed of the genitive form of
1960:
Denotes a person or material nearby the listener. Analogous to "he/she" or "that one".
1197:
1129:
299:
179:
6398:
1934:
Denotes a person or material nearby the speaker. Analogous to "he/she" or "this one".
167:, especially when referring to oneself and speaking in the first person, vary between
11107:
10485:
10231:
10210:
9928:
9780:
9724:
9592:
9582:
9558:
9548:
9538:
6649:
6527:
6204:
4884:
4809:
4129:
3734:
3668:
2904:
1297:
1067:
Used in literary style writing. Also used as rude second person in western dialects.
439:
Japanese first-person pronouns by speakers and situations according to Yuko Saegusa,
204:
has varied. Some considered them distinct, others thought they were only nouns. The
10470:
10299:
9864:
9758:
9702:
9671:
9666:
9479:
3204:
2773:
Also can be attached to names to indicate that person and the group they are with (
2460:
403:), it is often assumed that the speaker is the subject. For example, the adjective
256:
4831:
1414:, but more casual. Evokes a person with a rural background, a "country bumpkin".
350:
Japanese words that refer to other people are part of the encompassing system of
10525:
9753:
6351:
Nechaeva L.T. «Japanese for beginners», 2001, publishing house «Moscow Lyceum»,
4460:
4151:
1741:. Often seen as rude or assuming when used with superiors, elders or strangers.
1293:
929:
900:
889:
862:
856:
835:
829:
746:
714:
673:
667:
653:
647:
633:
627:
616:
610:
604:
590:
584:
550:
529:
506:
477:
430:
or some other title (like "customer", "teacher", or "boss"), is generally used.
34:
323:
in the Japanese language than in many other languages, mainly because there is
10554:
10520:
10329:
10324:
10319:
10314:
10309:
10200:
2394:
2259:
957:
6440:
10334:
10263:
10243:
10185:
7294:
5906:
that (far from both the 1st and 2nd persons); that (close to the 2nd person)
3671:
sense, this phrase can be used pronominally like modern expressions such as
3573:
3569:
3366:
is sometimes used for literary effect, for example in the Japanese title of
3188:
2908:
1778:
very formal, used to address government officials, military personnel, etc.
10205:
10190:
3799:
for "she/her." The pronunciation of this phrase was consistently listed as
3605:(locationally, someone or something far from both the 1st and 2nd persons))
9429:
6196:
4792:
still occurs in reference to a different woman. At this point, the phrase
10614:
10499:
10180:
10175:
10170:
10097:
9938:
9336:
6612:
6581:
6147:
4464:
2961:
2715:
2445:
2211:
979:
264:
7826:
7646:
7274:
7253:
7232:
7211:
7190:
7169:
7148:
7093:
6113:
6096:
4921:
is composed of the aforementioned demonstrative-turned-personal pronoun
4691:
came to be used for female family members in literature, for example by
317:, which is now used by some young men as a casual first-person pronoun.
10765:
10591:
10530:
10147:
8551:
7767:
7471:
7313:
7127:
7110:
7076:
7059:
7042:
7025:
7008:
6991:
6974:
6957:
6940:
6923:
6906:
6855:
6719:
6702:
6685:
3223:
3192:
2847:
2816:
164:
17:
6889:
6872:
6838:
6821:
6804:
6787:
6770:
6753:
6736:
6668:
6541:
6492:
6130:
1384:
Used by small children and young women; considered cute and childish.
1160:
10609:
10142:
10110:
6368:
6183:
Noguchi, Tohru (1997). "Two types of pronouns and variable binding".
5952:
2956:
2912:
2710:
2386:
2206:
1302:
974:
268:
9434:
163:, bystander) are features of the meaning of those words. The use of
7241:] (in English and Japanese). Ōsaka: Shosekikaisha. p. 249.
7220:] (in English and Japanese). Ōsaka: Shosekikaisha. p. 244.
7199:] (in English and Japanese). Ōsaka: Shosekikaisha. p. 459.
7178:] (in English and Japanese). Ōsaka: Shosekikaisha. p. 248.
7157:] (in English and Japanese). Ōsaka: Shosekikaisha. p. 247.
6367:
Maidonova S.V. «Complete Japanese course», 2009, Publishing house «
3503:
These demonstratives largely survived intact into modern Japanese.
2927:
indicate separation from the speaker or closeness to the listener (
2684:, are still sometimes used to mean roughly "you" and "I, we", e.g.
178:
According to some Western grammarians, pronouns are not a distinct
11093:
Gender neutrality in languages with gendered third-person pronouns
10604:
10152:
10115:
5957:
3019:
that thing / those things (far from both the 1st and 2nd persons)
2966:
2720:
2390:
2216:
1614:
984:
344:
442:
Concerning the First Personal Pronoun of Native Japanese Speakers
10162:
5525:
is very literal in that it conveys the demonstrative meaning of
2842:
Casts some aspersion on the mentioned group, so it can be rude.
2052:, it literally means "that female". Can also mean "girlfriend".
1548:
person's name with an honorific is more typical. More commonly,
276:
183:
10738:
9438:
8550:
Natsume, Sōseki (1912). "停留所" [At the Streetcar Stop].
3258:
and in compounds, while the long forms are used independently.
2555:), in which case it's equivalent to "lord/lady" or "sir/dame".
4864:. Its first written attestation as a pronoun is attributed to
956:) is translatable as "it"). Also, Japanese does not generally
28:
6425:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 226.
3884:. It has been suggested that the editor may have simply used
288:
6325:
Hatasa, Yukiko Abe; Hatasa, Kazumi; Makino, Seiichi (2014).
4955:
to names, mostly male names, and can be translated as "Mr."
5981:
Chamberlain, Basil Hall (1886). "Chapter IV. The Pronoun".
2551:, this can also be used as an honorific (pronounced as きょう
2082:
Mostly used when speaking on behalf of a company or group.
1731:
The kanji means "lord" (archaic) and is also used to write
1089:
Means "my" or "our". Used in speeches and formalities; 我が社
6423:
Fluid orality in the discourse of Japanese popular culture
3610:彼女 started out as a mere shortened spelling of the phrase
7825:
Natsume, Sōseki (1912). "須永の話" [Sunaga’s Story].
4463:
pronoun, was first attested in literature in its written
2334:
Literally "So-and-so", a nameless expression. Similar to
1328:
A feminine pronoun that strains from わたくし ("watakushi").
449:
First-person pronouns by elementary school pupils (2008)
6271:
Diachronic Perspectives on Personal Pronouns in Japanese
3576:. Prior to this, the third-person demonstrative pronoun
413:(寂しそう) "seems lonely" would be used instead. Similarly,
6625:
Frellesvig, Bjarke (2010). "Part IV: Modern Japanese".
4804:
coexisted with different usages even in the same work.
1799:
formal, used to the listener representing your company
284:
3400:
in fixed expressions, such as 我が国 ("my/our country").
3095:
that / there (far from both the 1st and 2nd persons)
6475:"Language Log » Japanese first person pronouns"
4687:
referred to female non-relatives, but as a pronoun,
3003:
that thing / those things (close to the 2nd person)
2987:
this thing / these things (close to the 1st person)
2704:
Suffixes are added to pronouns to make them plural.
686:
First-person pronouns by university students (2009)
11080:
11064:
11048:
11017:
11001:
10985:
10955:
10884:
10877:
10844:
10831:
10685:
10625:
10577:
10419:
10277:
10219:
10161:
10096:
10087:
9996:
9962:
9914:
9887:
9810:
9684:
9512:
9503:
9472:
7013:(in Japanese). Vol. 4 and 5. 濱本三郎. p. 21.
6594:Frellesvig, Bjarke (2010). "Part I: Old Japanese".
6301:"The many ways to say "I" in Japanese | nihonshock"
3222:, the short forms of personal pronouns, as well as
2919:indicate something close to the speaker (so-called
1495:Used among academic colleagues. Lit. "your pupil".
1440:Dialect in Kanto and further north. Similar to おいら
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3877:THAT FEMALE-PERSON: The girl who is way over there
6273:(Ph.D.). State University of New York at Buffalo.
4963:way; compare the masculine and self-aggrandizing
4200:; an 1885 English-Japanese dictionary translated
2950:Demonstratives are normally written in hiragana.
2134:Used when representing one's own company. From a
2060:(see also list of pluralising suffixes, below) –
263:suggest that the Japanese language does not have
241:Japanese grammar § Different classifications
6328:Nakama 1: Japanese Communication Culture Context
6060:
6058:
6056:
6054:
6052:
3515:and to translate feminine pronouns ("she/her").
1613:turned into a slang term referring to a type of
6065:Yamaguchi, Akiho; 秋山, 守英, eds. (1 March 2001).
5921:
5883:
5809:
5735:
5653:
5630:
5606:
5591:
5567:
5543:
5507:
5492:
5453:
5429:
5414:
5390:
5368:
5350:
5332:
5305:
5287:
5269:
5251:
5233:
5206:
5188:
5170:
5145:
5129:
5111:
5086:
5070:
5054:
4998:
4979:
4964:
4937:
4922:
4907:
4888:
4869:
4850:
4835:
4816:
4755:
4717:
4709:
4632:
4620:
4571:
4529:
4506:
4468:
4439:
4424:
4356:
4296:
4205:
4170:
4105:
4020:
3966:
3912:
3893:
3830:
3815:
3800:
3769:
3738:
3703:
3672:
3611:
3607:was used as a gender-neutral personal pronoun.
3577:
3531:
3488:Distal (far from both the 1st and 2nd persons)
3380:
3180:
2168:(see also list of pluralising suffixes, below)
1679:Literal meaning "the one in front of my hand".
303:
205:
195:
175:, dialect and region where Japanese is spoken.
145:
9425:Japan Reference: Personal pronouns in Japanese
5928:
5890:
5816:
5742:
5660:
5637:
5613:
5598:
5574:
5550:
5514:
5499:
5460:
5436:
5421:
5397:
5362:
5344:
5326:
5299:
5281:
5263:
5245:
5227:
5200:
5182:
5164:
5139:
5123:
5105:
5080:
5064:
5048:
5005:
4986:
4971:
4944:
4929:
4914:
4895:
4876:
4857:
4842:
4823:
4762:
4724:
4701:
4639:
4614:
4578:
4536:
4513:
4475:
4446:
4431:
4363:
4303:
4212:
4177:
4112:
4027:
3973:
3919:
3900:
3837:
3822:
3807:
3776:
3745:
3710:
3679:
3618:
3584:
3538:
3374:
2915:, fall into four groups. Words beginning with
1366:" ("we (our company) have three tow-trucks").
951:
425:
404:
398:
389:
383:
377:
364:
358:
338:
332:
310:
212:
189:
139:
10750:
9450:
7655:] (in Japanese). Tōkyō: 正文堂. p. 214.
7480:] (in Japanese). Tōkyō: 正文堂. p. 79.
5983:A Simplified Grammar of the Japanese Language
4834:as an alternative to the once-gender-neutral
8:
6928:(in Japanese). Akashi Chūshichi. p. 10.
6454:
6452:
6450:
4716:, where a character refers to his mother as
3568:, had not existed until sometime around the
3159:Japanese has only one word corresponding to
1830:Only used in written language as opposed to
283:point out, however, these words function as
9409:Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary
7081:(in Japanese). Vol. 5. 有斐堂. p. 7.
6673:(in Japanese). Akashi Chūshichi. p. 3.
6394:
6392:
6390:
6388:
6386:
6384:
6038:Matsuoka McClain, Yoko (1981). "Pronouns".
5896:
5847:
5773:
5691:
5466:
5385:
5383:
4656:
4553:
4380:
4321:
4243:
4207:ka-no wonna. ka-no wonna-ni. ka-no wonna-wo
4183:
4118:
4056:
4002:
3948:
3867:
3782:
3751:
3716:
3685:
3590:
2583:in the most ancient texts and later as なんち
2138:meaning "low company" or "humble company".
2042:formal (neutral) and informal (girlfriend)
218:
10881:
10841:
10757:
10743:
10735:
10093:
9968:
9509:
9457:
9443:
9435:
6239:
6237:
6235:
6233:
6231:
6229:
6021:A Grammar of the Japanese Written Language
6019:Aston, William George (1904). "Pronouns".
6000:Weintz, Henry John (1904). "The Pronoun".
4403:. In contrast, masculine pronouns such as
3143:Other interrogative pronouns include 何 なに
2160:Used when representing one's own company.
2007:formal (neutral) and informal (boyfriend)
970:
376:of the sentence for clarity, the particle
295:, just as pronouns do in other languages.
4679:published in the same year. As a phrase,
337:) also means "private" or "personal". 僕 (
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
9308:
9306:
9304:
9302:
6769:Sugiyama, Yoshitoshi, ed. (March 1879).
3439:
3260:
2952:
2907:words, whether functioning as pronouns,
2900:Demonstrative and interrogative pronouns
2706:
2523:) when used as a second person pronoun.
2202:
1617:, as they often addressed each other as
1520:formality depends on the honorific used
684:
447:
6644:
6642:
6640:
6638:
6636:
6244:Akiyama, Nobuo; Akiyama, Carol (2002).
6220:日本語に主語はいらない Nihongo ni shugo wa iranai
5973:
5038:
3207:pronoun has a "long" form that ends in
3075:that / there (close to the 2nd person)
2429:Archaic first-person singular pronoun.
2013:Can also mean "boyfriend". Formerly 彼氏
363:, 私) and second-person pronouns (e.g.,
9331:
9329:
9327:
7281:Nouveau dictionnaire français-japonais
7260:Nouveau dictionnaire français-japonais
7134:Nouveau dictionnaire français-japonais
6607:
6605:
6563:
6561:
6559:
3055:this / here (close to the 1st person)
2923:demonstratives). Those beginning with
2187:common in spoken Japanese and writing
417:(猫が欲しい) "I want a cat," as opposed to
9430:sci.lang.japan FAQ: Japanese pronouns
7231:Taki, Hichizō, ed. (September 1885).
7210:Taki, Hichizō, ed. (September 1885).
7189:Taki, Hichizō, ed. (September 1885).
7168:Taki, Hichizō, ed. (September 1885).
7147:Taki, Hichizō, ed. (September 1885).
7092:Nishino, Kokai, ed. (February 1876).
6905:Nishino, Kokai, ed. (November 1875).
6701:Nishino, Kokai, ed. (February 1876).
6684:Nishino, Kokai, ed. (November 1875).
5506:would be spelt in modern Japanese as
5022:Gender differences in spoken Japanese
3667:). Although not being a pronoun in a
3138:Japanese demonstratives on Wiktionary
434:Gender differences in spoken Japanese
7:
6922:師範学校; Ban, Genpei, eds. (May 1875).
6667:師範学校; Ban, Genpei, eds. (May 1875).
6042:. The Hokuseido Press. p. 191.
4978:, which also consists of a pronoun (
4883:; as a noun meaning "boyfriend," to
4849:and as the opposite to the feminine
4107:ka-no wonna-ha. ka-no wonna-ni. tuma
3242:) and inanimate nouns combined with
2021:it could mean "he", "she", or "it".
1908:A thing (very informal), dude, guy.
57:adding citations to reliable sources
6973:Emoto, Kahee, ed. (November 1878).
6752:Emoto, Kahee, ed. (November 1878).
6517:. Columbia University Press. p. 256
6040:Handbook of Modern Japanese Grammar
6004:. Hirschfeld Brothers. p. 16.
4815:The third-person masculine pronoun
3530:The third-person feminine pronoun,
3460:Proximal (close to the 1st person)
7239:An English and Japanese Dictionary
7218:An English and Japanese Dictionary
7197:An English and Japanese Dictionary
7176:An English and Japanese Dictionary
7155:An English and Japanese Dictionary
7115:(in Japanese). 伊勢安右衞門. p. 48.
7030:(in Japanese). 伊勢安右衞門. p. 49.
6979:(in Japanese). 𮎰川藤兵衛. p. 12.
6627:A History of the Japanese Language
6596:A History of the Japanese Language
6118:(in Japanese). Fuzanbō. p. 7.
3625:, which could be spelt in full as
3226:nouns, notably combined only with
945:List of Japanese personal pronouns
25:
7047:(in Japanese). 田中宋榮堂. p. 12.
6996:(in Japanese). 藤森平五郎. p. 24.
6758:(in Japanese). 𮎰川藤兵衛. p. 3.
6331:. Cengage Learning. p. 314.
3474:Mesial (close to the 2nd person)
1364:uchi wa sandai no rekkāsha ga aru
1300:and continues to be used by male
372:When it is required to state the
357:The first-person pronouns (e.g.,
321:Pronouns are used less frequently
8558:To the Spring Equinox and Beyond
7833:To the Spring Equinox and Beyond
7772:(in Japanese). 金港堂. p. 38.
7318:(in Japanese). 晩青堂. p. 15.
6860:(in Japanese). 藤森平五郎. p. 7.
4697:To the Spring Equinox and Beyond
3358:, whose genitive form is simply
3254:. The short forms are used with
2943:, used in questions, begin with
2571:you, often translated as "thou"
1980:very informal, implies contempt
1954:very informal, implies contempt
1928:very informal, implies contempt
33:
7098:(in Japanese). 萬笈閣. p. 82.
7064:(in Japanese). 竹田肇. p. 19.
6962:(in Japanese). 森本太助. p. 5.
6945:(in Japanese). 甘泉堂. p. 32.
6939:Fujii, Suiben, ed. (May 1876).
6911:(in Japanese). 弘成堂. p. 40.
6894:(in Japanese). 濱本三郎. p. 6.
6843:(in Japanese). 内藤半七. p. 3.
6826:(in Japanese). 正文書堂. p. 3.
6741:(in Japanese). 森本太助. p. 5.
6724:(in Japanese). 甘泉堂. p. 18.
6718:Fujii, Suiben, ed. (May 1876).
6690:(in Japanese). 弘成堂. p. 20.
6464:. Retrieved on October 21, 2007
6163:Morita, Shingo (26 July 2021).
3262:Old Japanese personal pronouns
2668:. Literally means "that way". (
182:in Japanese, but a subclass of
44:needs additional citations for
11088:Austronesian personal pronouns
7041:大塚, 宇三郎, ed. (December 1889).
7007:森口, 永太, ed. (September 1882).
6877:(in Japanese). 文海堂. p. 5.
6871:伊藤, 頴男, ed. (September 1882).
6837:田中, 𦤺知, ed. (December 1876).
6809:(in Japanese). 池善平. p. 7.
6786:藤井, 幸三郎, ed. (November 1882).
6775:(in Japanese). 東崖堂. p. 3.
6707:(in Japanese). 萬笈閣. p. 6.
6146:Matsushita, Daizaburō (1927).
3832:KA-NO ZYO Mukau-ni wiru musume
3817:Kaisei Syougaku Tokuhon Zibiki
3396:is often used in fiction, and
2931:), while those beginning with
1805:Only used in spoken language.
1757:informal, to a younger person
292:
1:
7544:Sudō, Mitsuaki (1887). "第十二回
6629:. Cambridge University Press.
6598:. Cambridge University Press.
6515:Classical Japanese: A Grammar
6459:Personal pronouns in Japanese
6411:Retrieved on October 21, 2007
6112:Hashimoto, Shinkichi (1935).
6080:Tsurumine, Shigenobu (1831).
5655:kare-ga. kare-ha. karehito-ga
3907:was still commonly used as a
3768:for "he/him," and of course,
3570:end of the Tokugawa shogunate
3211:, and a "short" form without
3121:When a Japanese speaker uses
639:First name, nickname 1% each
10601:Kanji pronunciation sources
10375:Katakana Phonetic Extensions
7666:Futabatei, Shimei (1887). "
7357:Sudō, Mitsuaki (1887). "第五回
6023:(3rd ed.). p. 49.
5224:Of the eight parts of speech
5102:Of the seven parts of speech
4951:, the latter of which is an
4830:was coined during the early
4423:, etc. were translated with
3441:Old Japanese demonstratives
1294:merchant and artisan classes
10710:Speculative fiction writers
10269:Transcription into Japanese
7075:原, 鐵城, ed. (October 1876).
6888:北川, 正兵衛, ed. (March 1884).
6101:(in Japanese). Vol. 2.
6084:(in Japanese). Vol. 1.
6069:(in Japanese). Meiji Shoin.
6002:Hossfeld's Japanese Grammar
5922:
5884:
5810:
5736:
5654:
5631:
5607:
5592:
5568:
5544:
5508:
5493:
5454:
5430:
5415:
5391:
5369:
5351:
5333:
5323:Of the five parts of speech
5306:
5288:
5270:
5252:
5234:
5207:
5189:
5171:
5161:Of the nine parts of speech
5146:
5130:
5112:
5087:
5071:
5055:
5045:Of the nine parts of speech
4999:
4980:
4965:
4938:
4923:
4908:
4889:
4870:
4851:
4836:
4817:
4756:
4718:
4710:
4633:
4621:
4572:
4530:
4507:
4469:
4440:
4425:
4357:
4297:
4206:
4171:
4106:
4021:
3967:
3913:
3894:
3831:
3816:
3801:
3770:
3739:
3704:
3673:
3612:
3578:
3532:
3381:
3181:
2935:indicate greater distance (
1703:extremely hostile and rude
1469:Dated Kansai dialect. Also
304:
206:
196:
146:
11150:
11119:Japanese words and phrases
9628:Nagano-Yamanashi-Shizuoka
6820:朝野, 泰彥, ed. (March 1886).
6421:Maynard, Senko K. (2016).
6095:Tanaka, Yoshikado (1874).
2777:= "Ryuichi and friends").
325:no grammatical requirement
10776:
9971:
9384:
9372:
9359:
9281:
9268:
9255:
9243:
9230:
9218:
9205:
9193:
9180:
9168:
9155:
9143:
9130:
9117:
9105:
9092:
9079:
9066:
9053:
9040:
9027:
9015:
9003:
8990:
8977:
8964:
8951:
8939:
8927:
8915:
8902:
8889:
8877:
8864:
8852:
8839:
8826:
8813:
8800:
8788:
8775:
8762:
8749:
8737:
8724:
8712:
8700:
8688:
8676:
8663:
8651:
8638:
8626:
8613:
8600:
8587:
8575:
8562:
8525:
8512:
8500:
8487:
8474:
8461:
8449:
8436:
8424:
8411:
8399:
8386:
8373:
8361:
8348:
8335:
8322:
8310:
8297:
8285:
8272:
8259:
8246:
8233:
8220:
8208:
8195:
8182:
8169:
8156:
8143:
8130:
8117:
8104:
8091:
8078:
8066:
8053:
8040:
8027:
8014:
8001:
7989:
7976:
7964:
7951:
7939:
7926:
7913:
7900:
7887:
7875:
7862:
7850:
7837:
7801:
7788:
7775:
7754:
7742:
7730:
7717:
7704:
7692:
7680:
7667:
7633:
7621:
7608:
7596:
7583:
7570:
7557:
7545:
7520:
7507:
7494:
7482:
7458:
7445:
7433:
7420:
7408:
7395:
7383:
7370:
7358:
7333:
7320:
7312:Tsubouchi, Shōyō (1885).
7058:竹田, 肇, ed. (March 1893).
6956:三宅, 秀一, ed. (June 1876).
6803:名和, 喜七, ed. (June 1884).
6792:(in Japanese). p. 5.
6735:三宅, 秀一, ed. (June 1876).
6479:languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu
6218:Kanaya, Takehiro (2002).
6129:Ōtsuki, Fumihiko (1897).
5929:
5891:
5831:
5818:
5817:
5757:
5744:
5743:
5675:
5662:
5661:
5638:
5614:
5599:
5575:
5551:
5515:
5500:
5461:
5437:
5422:
5398:
5363:
5345:
5327:
5300:
5282:
5264:
5246:
5228:
5201:
5183:
5165:
5140:
5124:
5106:
5081:
5065:
5049:
5006:
4987:
4972:
4945:
4930:
4915:
4896:
4877:
4868:'s 1929 essay collection
4858:
4843:
4824:
4776:
4764:
4763:
4738:
4726:
4725:
4702:
4641:
4640:
4615:
4592:
4580:
4579:
4538:
4537:
4514:
4489:
4477:
4476:
4447:
4432:
4365:
4364:
4305:
4304:
4227:
4214:
4213:
4178:
4113:
4041:
4029:
4028:
3987:
3975:
3974:
3933:
3921:
3920:
3901:
3851:
3839:
3838:
3823:
3808:
3777:
3746:
3711:
3680:
3639:
3626:
3619:
3585:
3572:and the beginning of the
3552:
3540:
3539:
3375:
2676:, sometimes shortened to
2199:Archaic personal pronouns
2164:
2056:
2025:
1990:
1886:Literally "that person".
1837:
1673:rude and confrontational
1499:
1241:mainly (fictional) males
999:
861:
822:
707:
577:
545:
470:
311:
213:
190:
140:
10495:Sino-Japanese vocabulary
9954:Yokohama Pidgin Japanese
7273:Nugent, M., ed. (1871).
7252:Nugent, M., ed. (1871).
7126:Nugent, M., ed. (1871).
6269:Ishiyama, Osamu (2008).
6248:. Barron's Educational.
6166:「学校文法」成立過程における指導内容の生成と収斂
3892:) for novelty back when
3230:, while demonstratives (
3215:. When combining with a
2568:汝, less commonly also 爾
2104:Used in literary style.
1289:females (but see notes)
10441:Godan and ichidan verbs
10259:Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai
7653:The Ladies of New Style
7478:The Ladies of New Style
7109:木村, 敏, ed. (May 1883).
7024:木村, 敏, ed. (May 1883).
5341:, there were only nouns
5242:, there were only nouns
4610:The Ladies of New Style
3829:by 田中𦤺知, which listed
3369:For Whom the Bell Tolls
3175:in English. The word 自分
1615:geek/obsessive hobbyist
1444:, but more rural. Also
6990:濱眞砂, ed. (July 1879).
6854:濱眞砂, ed. (July 1879).
5147:daimeishi/kaharikotoba
4526:Sudō Nansui (Mitsuaki)
952:
897:To an unknown visitor
777:To an unknown visitor
644:To an unknown visitor
537:To an unknown visitor
426:
419:neko wo hoshigatte iru
405:
399:
390:
384:
378:
365:
359:
339:
333:
235:of today has followed
10546:Court lady language (
10016:Southern Amami Ōshima
9949:Yilan Creole Japanese
6569:Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
6513:Haruo Shirane (2005)
6404:22 March 2018 at the
6197:10.1353/lan.1997.0021
5956:pronunciation of the
4754:; the regular phrase
4396:female-person; female
4080:(and its alternative
3437:in modern Japanese).
3199:Old Japanese pronouns
1860:Sometimes pronounced
1473:(somewhat feminine).
1266:Slang version of あたし
1192:, a slang version of
1093:(our company) or 我が国
920:To the class teacher
800:To the class teacher
664:To the class teacher
558:To the class teacher
11129:Pronouns by language
10365:Small Kana Extension
9976:Eastern Old Japanese
9615:Northern Izu Islands
5811:kare-no. karehito-no
5494:Mukau-ni wiru musume
5377:were their subclass.
5314:were their subclass.
5260:, while proper nouns
5088:daimeigen/kahekotoba
4959:was often used in a
4508:Tousei Syosei Katagi
4298:ka-no wonna zisin-ni
4259:female-person; that-
3519:The modern pronouns
3386:Tame-ni Kane-wa Naru
3354:evolved into modern
3189:cold-blooded animals
3136:For more forms, see
2744:informal; examples:
53:improve this article
11134:Japanese honorifics
11114:Japanese vocabulary
9916:Pidgins and creoles
5027:Japanese honorifics
4337:female-person self-
3511:was used to create
3442:
3263:
2941:Interrogative words
2807:More polite than 達
2108:is never used with
1821:formal, similar to
1575:Contraction of あなた
1358:" ("my/our cat"), "
687:
450:
285:personal references
68:"Japanese pronouns"
10717:Classical Japanese
10564:Gender differences
10400:Extended shinjitai
5509:mukō-ni iru musume
5476:that daughter/girl
5179:, there were nouns
5120:, there were nouns
5072:zittaigen/wikotoba
5061:, there were nouns
4695:in his 1912 novel
4608:in his 1887 novel
4505:in the 1885 novel
3792:that female person
3733:for the singular "
3440:
3261:
3161:reflexive pronouns
2866:informal (ex. 彼ら,
2800:formal (ex. あなた方,
2136:Sino-Japanese word
2128:formal and humble
2019:classical Japanese
1448:in some dialects.
1360:uchi no chichi-oya
685:
448:
11101:
11100:
10981:
10980:
10951:
10950:
10770:world's languages
10732:
10731:
10436:Verb conjugations
10415:
10414:
10083:
10082:
9964:Japonic languages
9910:
9909:
9902:Okinawan Japanese
9466:Japanese language
6432:978-90-272-6713-9
6377:978-5-17-100807-9
4467:-glossed form as
4358:ka-no wonna. mesu
3501:
3500:
3348:
3347:
3193:inanimate objects
3147:"what?" and 誰 だれ
3119:
3118:
2897:
2896:
2835:humble (ex. 私ども,
2697:
2696:
2653:其方 (rarely used)
2628:其方 (rarely used)
2455:Used only by the
2254:Slang version of
2196:
2195:
1683:, a reduction of
964:is equivalent to
942:
941:
683:
682:
247:Use and etymology
237:Iwabuchi Etsutarō
156:Japanese language
154:are words in the
129:
128:
121:
103:
16:(Redirected from
11141:
11124:Japanese grammar
11065:other East Asian
10882:
10842:
10759:
10752:
10745:
10736:
10675:Polivanov system
10536:Honorific speech
10431:Japanese grammar
10094:
9969:
9510:
9459:
9452:
9445:
9436:
9412:
9405:
9399:
9398:
9395:
9383:
9370:
9346:
9340:
9333:
9322:
9321:
9310:
9297:
9296:
9292:
9279:
9266:
9254:
9241:
9229:
9216:
9204:
9191:
9179:
9166:
9154:
9141:
9128:
9116:
9103:
9090:
9077:
9064:
9051:
9038:
9026:
9014:
9001:
8988:
8975:
8962:
8950:
8938:
8926:
8913:
8900:
8888:
8875:
8863:
8850:
8837:
8824:
8811:
8799:
8786:
8773:
8760:
8748:
8735:
8723:
8711:
8699:
8687:
8674:
8662:
8649:
8637:
8624:
8611:
8598:
8586:
8573:
8547:
8541:
8540:
8536:
8523:
8511:
8498:
8485:
8472:
8460:
8447:
8435:
8422:
8410:
8397:
8384:
8372:
8359:
8346:
8333:
8321:
8308:
8296:
8283:
8270:
8257:
8244:
8231:
8219:
8206:
8193:
8180:
8167:
8154:
8141:
8128:
8115:
8102:
8089:
8077:
8064:
8051:
8038:
8025:
8012:
8000:
7987:
7975:
7962:
7950:
7937:
7924:
7911:
7898:
7886:
7873:
7861:
7848:
7822:
7816:
7815:
7812:
7799:
7786:
7765:
7753:
7741:
7728:
7715:
7703:
7691:
7678:
7663:
7657:
7656:
7644:
7632:
7619:
7607:
7594:
7581:
7568:
7556:
7541:
7535:
7534:
7531:
7518:
7505:
7493:
7469:
7456:
7444:
7431:
7419:
7406:
7394:
7381:
7369:
7354:
7348:
7347:
7344:
7331:
7309:
7303:
7302:
7291:
7285:
7284:
7270:
7264:
7263:
7249:
7243:
7242:
7228:
7222:
7221:
7207:
7201:
7200:
7186:
7180:
7179:
7165:
7159:
7158:
7144:
7138:
7137:
7123:
7117:
7116:
7106:
7100:
7099:
7089:
7083:
7082:
7072:
7066:
7065:
7055:
7049:
7048:
7038:
7032:
7031:
7021:
7015:
7014:
7004:
6998:
6997:
6987:
6981:
6980:
6970:
6964:
6963:
6953:
6947:
6946:
6936:
6930:
6929:
6919:
6913:
6912:
6902:
6896:
6895:
6885:
6879:
6878:
6868:
6862:
6861:
6851:
6845:
6844:
6834:
6828:
6827:
6817:
6811:
6810:
6800:
6794:
6793:
6783:
6777:
6776:
6766:
6760:
6759:
6749:
6743:
6742:
6732:
6726:
6725:
6715:
6709:
6708:
6698:
6692:
6691:
6681:
6675:
6674:
6664:
6658:
6657:
6646:
6631:
6630:
6622:
6616:
6609:
6600:
6599:
6591:
6585:
6578:
6572:
6565:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6549:
6538:
6532:
6531:
6524:
6518:
6511:
6505:
6504:
6502:
6500:
6489:
6483:
6482:
6471:
6465:
6456:
6445:
6444:
6418:
6412:
6396:
6379:
6365:
6359:
6349:
6343:
6342:
6322:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6311:
6297:
6291:
6281:
6275:
6274:
6266:
6260:
6259:
6246:Japanese Grammar
6241:
6224:
6223:
6215:
6209:
6208:
6180:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6160:
6154:
6153:
6143:
6137:
6136:
6126:
6120:
6119:
6109:
6103:
6102:
6092:
6086:
6085:
6077:
6071:
6070:
6062:
6047:
6046:
6035:
6029:
6028:
6016:
6010:
6009:
5997:
5991:
5990:
5978:
5961:
5941:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5931:
5925:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5904:
5901:
5898:
5894:
5893:
5887:
5881:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5862:
5861:
5855:
5852:
5849:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5829:
5813:
5807:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5794:
5793:
5788:
5787:
5781:
5778:
5775:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5755:
5739:
5737:kare-wo. kare-ni
5733:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5719:
5714:
5713:
5707:
5706:
5699:
5696:
5693:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5673:
5657:
5651:
5645:
5643:
5641:
5640:
5634:
5627:
5621:
5619:
5617:
5616:
5610:
5604:
5602:
5601:
5595:
5588:
5582:
5580:
5578:
5577:
5571:
5564:
5558:
5556:
5554:
5553:
5547:
5540:
5534:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5511:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5496:
5490:
5484:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5474:
5471:
5468:
5464:
5463:
5457:
5450:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5433:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5418:
5411:
5405:
5403:
5401:
5400:
5394:
5387:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5372:
5366:
5365:
5359:, while pronouns
5358:
5357:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5340:
5339:
5336:
5330:
5329:
5321:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5309:
5303:
5302:
5295:
5294:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5277:
5276:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5259:
5258:
5255:
5249:
5248:
5241:
5240:
5237:
5231:
5230:
5222:
5216:
5214:
5213:
5210:
5204:
5203:
5196:
5195:
5192:
5186:
5185:
5178:
5177:
5174:
5168:
5167:
5159:
5153:
5151:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5135:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5109:
5108:
5100:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5084:
5083:
5076:
5074:
5068:
5067:
5060:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5043:
5011:
5009:
5008:
5002:
4995:honorific suffix
4992:
4990:
4989:
4983:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4968:
4953:honorific suffix
4950:
4948:
4947:
4941:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4926:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4911:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4892:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4873:
4863:
4861:
4860:
4854:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4839:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4820:
4796:and the pronoun
4791:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4775:
4759:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4737:
4721:
4715:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4658:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4636:
4629:Futabatei Shimei
4626:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4591:
4575:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4533:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4510:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4488:
4472:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4443:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4428:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4360:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4300:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4257:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4225:
4209:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4181:
4180:
4174:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4134:
4133:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4109:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4040:
4024:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3986:
3970:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3958:that male person
3956:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3932:
3916:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3897:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3850:
3834:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3819:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3804:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:that male person
3759:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3742:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3676:
3650:
3637:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3615:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3587:
3581:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3551:
3535:
3443:
3391:
3389:
3378:
3377:
3264:
3186:
3184:
3179:
3035:which thing(s)?
2953:
2725:Level of speech
2707:
2459:, mostly before
2224:Level of speech
2203:
1541:formal/informal
1489:formal, written
1424:
1423:
1394:
1393:
1182:formal/informal
1152:formal/informal
1142:
1141:
1107:
1106:
1016:formal/informal
989:Level of speech
971:
955:
688:
451:
429:
408:
402:
393:
387:
381:
368:
362:
352:honorific speech
342:
336:
316:
314:
313:
307:
255:In linguistics,
234:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
216:
215:
209:
203:
202:
199:
193:
192:
153:
152:
149:
143:
142:
124:
117:
113:
110:
104:
102:
61:
37:
29:
21:
11149:
11148:
11144:
11143:
11142:
11140:
11139:
11138:
11104:
11103:
11102:
11097:
11076:
11060:
11044:
11013:
10997:
10977:
10947:
10900:auxiliary verbs
10873:
10833:
10827:
10772:
10763:
10733:
10728:
10681:
10626:Transliteration
10621:
10597:Sound symbolism
10573:
10555:Role language (
10514:from Portuguese
10446:Irregular verbs
10424:
10422:
10411:
10360:Kana Supplement
10355:Kana Extended-B
10350:Kana Extended-A
10273:
10249:Historical kana
10215:
10157:
10136:by stroke count
10127:Kanji radicals
10121:by stroke count
10079:
9992:
9958:
9934:Hawaiian Creole
9906:
9883:
9806:
9680:
9499:
9468:
9463:
9421:
9416:
9415:
9406:
9402:
9348:
9347:
9343:
9334:
9325:
9312:
9311:
9300:
8549:
8548:
8544:
7824:
7823:
7819:
7665:
7664:
7660:
7543:
7542:
7538:
7356:
7355:
7351:
7311:
7310:
7306:
7293:
7292:
7288:
7272:
7271:
7267:
7251:
7250:
7246:
7230:
7229:
7225:
7209:
7208:
7204:
7188:
7187:
7183:
7167:
7166:
7162:
7146:
7145:
7141:
7125:
7124:
7120:
7108:
7107:
7103:
7091:
7090:
7086:
7074:
7073:
7069:
7057:
7056:
7052:
7040:
7039:
7035:
7023:
7022:
7018:
7006:
7005:
7001:
6989:
6988:
6984:
6972:
6971:
6967:
6955:
6954:
6950:
6938:
6937:
6933:
6921:
6920:
6916:
6904:
6903:
6899:
6887:
6886:
6882:
6870:
6869:
6865:
6853:
6852:
6848:
6836:
6835:
6831:
6819:
6818:
6814:
6802:
6801:
6797:
6785:
6784:
6780:
6768:
6767:
6763:
6751:
6750:
6746:
6734:
6733:
6729:
6717:
6716:
6712:
6700:
6699:
6695:
6683:
6682:
6678:
6666:
6665:
6661:
6648:
6647:
6634:
6624:
6623:
6619:
6610:
6603:
6593:
6592:
6588:
6579:
6575:
6566:
6557:
6547:
6545:
6544:. Kanjidict.com
6540:
6539:
6535:
6526:
6525:
6521:
6512:
6508:
6498:
6496:
6495:. Kanjidict.com
6491:
6490:
6486:
6473:
6472:
6468:
6462:Japan Reference
6457:
6448:
6433:
6420:
6419:
6415:
6409:sf.airnet.ne.jp
6406:Wayback Machine
6397:
6382:
6366:
6362:
6350:
6346:
6339:
6324:
6323:
6319:
6309:
6307:
6299:
6298:
6294:
6282:
6278:
6268:
6267:
6263:
6256:
6243:
6242:
6227:
6217:
6216:
6212:
6182:
6181:
6177:
6169:
6162:
6161:
6157:
6145:
6144:
6140:
6128:
6127:
6123:
6111:
6110:
6106:
6094:
6093:
6089:
6079:
6078:
6074:
6064:
6063:
6050:
6037:
6036:
6032:
6018:
6017:
6013:
5999:
5998:
5994:
5980:
5979:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5964:
5942:
5938:
5926:
5920:
5916:
5908:
5905:
5902:
5899:
5888:
5882:
5878:
5870:
5865:
5864:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5850:
5814:
5808:
5804:
5796:
5791:
5790:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5776:
5740:
5734:
5730:
5722:
5717:
5716:
5711:
5710:
5704:
5703:
5700:
5697:
5694:
5658:
5652:
5648:
5635:
5628:
5624:
5611:
5596:
5589:
5585:
5572:
5565:
5561:
5548:
5541:
5537:
5512:
5497:
5491:
5487:
5478:
5475:
5472:
5469:
5458:
5451:
5447:
5434:
5419:
5412:
5408:
5395:
5388:
5381:
5373:
5360:
5355:
5342:
5337:
5324:
5322:
5318:
5310:
5297:
5292:
5279:
5274:
5261:
5256:
5243:
5238:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5211:
5198:
5193:
5180:
5175:
5162:
5160:
5156:
5137:
5131:meishi/nakotoba
5121:
5116:
5103:
5101:
5097:
5078:
5062:
5046:
5044:
5040:
5035:
5018:
5003:
4984:
4969:
4961:tongue-in-cheek
4942:
4927:
4912:
4904:Morphologically
4893:
4874:
4855:
4840:
4821:
4760:
4722:
4711:Higan Sugi-made
4699:
4668:
4665:
4662:
4659:
4637:
4622:Sinsou no Kazin
4612:
4576:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4534:
4522:Tsubouchi Shōyō
4511:
4473:
4444:
4429:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4361:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4301:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4210:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4175:
4160:
4153:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4110:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4059:
4025:
4014:
4012:that individual
4011:
4008:
4005:
3971:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3917:
3898:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3835:
3820:
3805:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3774:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3743:
3728:
3726:that individual
3725:
3722:
3719:
3708:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3677:
3659:, and the noun
3616:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3582:
3536:
3528:
3431:
3424:
3372:
3343:
3335:
3326:
3311:
3303:
3293:
3285:
3201:
3177:
3176:
3157:
2902:
2793:
2786:
2702:
2664:Similar to そなた
2579:Spelled as なむち
2201:
1666:
1595:formal, polite
1421:
1420:
1391:
1390:
1347:mostly females
1139:
1138:
1104:
1103:
1097:(our country).
947:
308:
273:morphologically
249:
230:
227:
224:
221:
210:
200:
187:
150:
137:
125:
114:
108:
105:
62:
60:
50:
38:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11147:
11145:
11137:
11136:
11131:
11126:
11121:
11116:
11106:
11105:
11099:
11098:
11096:
11095:
11090:
11084:
11082:
11078:
11077:
11075:
11074:
11068:
11066:
11062:
11061:
11059:
11058:
11052:
11050:
11046:
11045:
11043:
11042:
11037:
11032:
11027:
11021:
11019:
11015:
11014:
11012:
11011:
11005:
11003:
10999:
10998:
10996:
10995:
10989:
10987:
10986:other European
10983:
10982:
10979:
10978:
10976:
10975:
10970:
10965:
10959:
10957:
10953:
10952:
10949:
10948:
10946:
10945:
10944:
10943:
10938:
10928:
10927:
10926:
10918:
10917:
10916:
10906:
10905:
10904:
10903:
10902:
10888:
10886:
10879:
10875:
10874:
10872:
10871:
10866:
10861:
10860:
10859:
10848:
10846:
10839:
10836:proto-language
10829:
10828:
10826:
10825:
10824:
10823:
10818:
10813:
10808:
10803:
10798:
10788:
10783:
10777:
10774:
10773:
10764:
10762:
10761:
10754:
10747:
10739:
10730:
10729:
10727:
10726:
10725:
10724:
10714:
10713:
10712:
10702:
10697:
10691:
10689:
10683:
10682:
10680:
10679:
10678:
10677:
10667:
10666:
10665:
10660:
10655:
10650:
10645:
10640:
10629:
10627:
10623:
10622:
10620:
10619:
10618:
10617:
10612:
10607:
10599:
10594:
10589:
10583:
10581:
10575:
10574:
10572:
10571:
10566:
10561:
10552:
10543:
10538:
10533:
10528:
10523:
10518:
10517:
10516:
10511:
10497:
10492:
10486:Native words (
10483:
10478:
10473:
10468:
10463:
10458:
10453:
10448:
10443:
10438:
10433:
10427:
10425:
10420:
10417:
10416:
10413:
10412:
10410:
10409:
10408:
10407:
10402:
10397:
10392:
10387:
10379:
10378:
10377:
10372:
10367:
10362:
10357:
10352:
10347:
10339:
10338:
10337:
10332:
10327:
10322:
10317:
10312:
10304:
10303:
10302:
10294:
10293:
10292:
10281:
10279:
10275:
10274:
10272:
10271:
10266:
10261:
10256:
10251:
10246:
10241:
10236:
10235:
10234:
10223:
10221:
10217:
10216:
10214:
10213:
10208:
10203:
10198:
10193:
10188:
10183:
10178:
10173:
10167:
10165:
10159:
10158:
10156:
10155:
10150:
10145:
10140:
10139:
10138:
10133:
10125:
10124:
10123:
10113:
10108:
10102:
10100:
10091:
10089:Writing system
10085:
10084:
10081:
10080:
10078:
10077:
10076:
10075:
10070:
10065:
10060:
10050:
10049:
10048:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10023:
10018:
10013:
10002:
10000:
9994:
9993:
9991:
9990:
9989:
9988:
9978:
9972:
9966:
9960:
9959:
9957:
9956:
9951:
9946:
9944:Pseudo-Chinese
9941:
9936:
9931:
9926:
9924:Bamboo English
9920:
9918:
9912:
9911:
9908:
9907:
9905:
9904:
9899:
9897:Amami Japanese
9893:
9891:
9885:
9884:
9882:
9881:
9874:
9873:
9872:
9867:
9862:
9857:
9852:
9851:
9850:
9833:
9832:
9831:
9818:
9816:
9808:
9807:
9805:
9804:
9797:
9796:
9795:
9794:
9793:
9785:
9784:
9783:
9768:
9767:
9766:
9761:
9756:
9744:
9743:
9742:
9737:
9732:
9727:
9715:
9714:
9713:
9712:
9711:
9708:
9692:
9690:
9682:
9681:
9679:
9678:
9677:
9676:
9675:
9674:
9669:
9664:
9659:
9651:
9650:
9649:
9641:
9640:
9639:
9634:
9619:
9618:
9617:
9612:
9611:
9610:
9605:
9597:
9596:
9595:
9590:
9585:
9570:
9569:
9568:
9567:
9566:
9561:
9553:
9552:
9551:
9546:
9541:
9526:
9520:
9518:
9507:
9501:
9500:
9498:
9497:
9492:
9487:
9482:
9476:
9474:
9470:
9469:
9464:
9462:
9461:
9454:
9447:
9439:
9433:
9432:
9427:
9420:
9419:External links
9417:
9414:
9413:
9400:
9394:
9391:
9388:
9382:
9379:
9376:
9369:
9366:
9363:
9341:
9323:
9298:
9291:
9288:
9285:
9278:
9275:
9272:
9265:
9262:
9259:
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9225:
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9215:
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9060:
9057:
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9037:
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9025:
9022:
9019:
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9007:
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8779:
8772:
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8403:
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8332:
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8320:
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8304:
8301:
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8289:
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8279:
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8269:
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8256:
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8202:
8199:
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8057:
8050:
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8024:
8021:
8018:
8011:
8008:
8005:
7999:
7996:
7993:
7986:
7983:
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7974:
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7968:
7961:
7958:
7955:
7949:
7946:
7943:
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7923:
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7917:
7910:
7907:
7904:
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7894:
7891:
7885:
7882:
7879:
7872:
7869:
7866:
7860:
7857:
7854:
7847:
7844:
7841:
7817:
7811:
7808:
7805:
7798:
7795:
7792:
7785:
7782:
7779:
7764:
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7752:
7749:
7746:
7740:
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7734:
7727:
7724:
7721:
7714:
7711:
7708:
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7699:
7696:
7690:
7687:
7684:
7677:
7674:
7671:
7658:
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7637:
7631:
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7625:
7618:
7615:
7612:
7606:
7603:
7600:
7593:
7590:
7587:
7580:
7577:
7574:
7567:
7564:
7561:
7555:
7552:
7549:
7536:
7530:
7527:
7524:
7517:
7514:
7511:
7504:
7501:
7498:
7492:
7489:
7486:
7468:
7465:
7462:
7455:
7452:
7449:
7443:
7440:
7437:
7430:
7427:
7424:
7418:
7415:
7412:
7405:
7402:
7399:
7393:
7390:
7387:
7380:
7377:
7374:
7368:
7365:
7362:
7349:
7343:
7340:
7337:
7330:
7327:
7324:
7304:
7286:
7265:
7244:
7223:
7202:
7181:
7160:
7139:
7118:
7101:
7084:
7067:
7050:
7033:
7016:
6999:
6982:
6965:
6948:
6931:
6914:
6897:
6880:
6863:
6846:
6829:
6812:
6795:
6778:
6761:
6744:
6727:
6710:
6693:
6676:
6659:
6632:
6617:
6601:
6586:
6573:
6555:
6533:
6519:
6506:
6484:
6466:
6446:
6431:
6413:
6380:
6360:
6344:
6337:
6317:
6305:nihonshock.com
6292:
6276:
6261:
6254:
6225:
6210:
6191:(4): 770–797.
6175:
6155:
6152:(in Japanese).
6138:
6135:(in Japanese).
6121:
6104:
6087:
6072:
6048:
6030:
6011:
5992:
5985:. p. 13.
5972:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5936:
5914:
5876:
5863:; that-person-
5841:
5838:
5835:
5828:
5825:
5822:
5802:
5767:
5764:
5761:
5754:
5751:
5748:
5728:
5715:; that-person-
5685:
5682:
5679:
5672:
5669:
5666:
5646:
5622:
5583:
5559:
5535:
5485:
5445:
5406:
5379:
5316:
5217:
5154:
5095:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5024:
5017:
5014:
4890:Hikage-no Hana
4887:'s 1934 novel
4866:Tokugawa Musei
4786:
4783:
4780:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4748:
4745:
4742:
4736:
4733:
4730:
4693:Natsume Sōseki
4651:
4648:
4645:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4315:
4312:
4309:
4277:female-person-
4265:female-person-
4237:
4234:
4231:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4150:female-person-
4136:female-person-
4092:in English or
4051:
4048:
4045:
4039:
4036:
4033:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3527:
3517:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3455:Genitive form
3453:
3450:
3447:
3429:
3422:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3337:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3276:Genitive form
3274:
3271:
3268:
3200:
3197:
3156:
3153:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3097:
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2901:
2898:
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2894:
2883:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2840:
2837:watakushi-domo
2833:
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2805:
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2028:
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2023:
2022:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1962:
1961:
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1952:
1949:
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1936:
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1932:
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1835:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1653:
1652:
1641:
1638:
1637:very informal
1635:
1632:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1506:
1505:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1416:
1415:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1264:
1261:
1260:very informal
1258:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1198:Kansai dialect
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1134:
1133:
1130:Kyushu dialect
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1099:
1098:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1002:
1001:
997:
996:
993:
990:
987:
982:
977:
946:
943:
940:
939:
933:
927:
921:
917:
916:
910:
904:
898:
894:
893:
887:
881:
875:
871:
870:
860:
854:
853:In the family
850:
849:
839:
833:
827:
824:
820:
819:
813:
807:
801:
797:
796:
790:
784:
778:
774:
773:
767:
761:
755:
751:
750:
744:
743:First name 27%
741:
735:
734:In the family
731:
730:
724:
718:
712:
709:
705:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
681:
680:
679:First name 3%
677:
671:
665:
661:
660:
659:First name 4%
657:
651:
645:
641:
640:
637:
631:
625:
621:
620:
614:
608:
602:
601:In the family
598:
597:
596:First name 4%
594:
588:
582:
579:
575:
574:
568:
567:First name 13%
565:
559:
555:
554:
549:, first name,
544:
538:
534:
533:
527:
521:
515:
511:
510:
504:
498:
497:First name 33%
495:
494:In the family
491:
490:
484:
483:First name 26%
481:
475:
472:
468:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
415:neko ga hoshii
289:demonstratives
281:functionalists
261:structuralists
248:
245:
228:school grammar
180:part of speech
127:
126:
41:
39:
32:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11146:
11135:
11132:
11130:
11127:
11125:
11122:
11120:
11117:
11115:
11112:
11111:
11109:
11094:
11091:
11089:
11086:
11085:
11083:
11079:
11073:
11070:
11069:
11067:
11063:
11057:
11054:
11053:
11051:
11049:Austroasiatic
11047:
11041:
11038:
11036:
11033:
11031:
11028:
11026:
11023:
11022:
11020:
11016:
11010:
11007:
11006:
11004:
11000:
10994:
10991:
10990:
10988:
10984:
10974:
10971:
10969:
10966:
10964:
10961:
10960:
10958:
10954:
10942:
10939:
10937:
10934:
10933:
10932:
10929:
10925:
10922:
10921:
10919:
10915:
10912:
10911:
10910:
10907:
10901:
10898:
10897:
10896:
10893:
10892:
10890:
10889:
10887:
10883:
10880:
10876:
10870:
10867:
10865:
10862:
10858:
10855:
10854:
10853:
10850:
10849:
10847:
10843:
10840:
10837:
10832:Indo-European
10830:
10822:
10819:
10817:
10814:
10812:
10809:
10807:
10804:
10802:
10799:
10797:
10794:
10793:
10792:
10789:
10787:
10786:Orthographies
10784:
10782:
10779:
10778:
10775:
10771:
10767:
10760:
10755:
10753:
10748:
10746:
10741:
10740:
10737:
10723:
10720:
10719:
10718:
10715:
10711:
10708:
10707:
10706:
10703:
10701:
10698:
10696:
10693:
10692:
10690:
10688:
10684:
10676:
10673:
10672:
10671:
10670:Cyrillization
10668:
10664:
10661:
10659:
10658:Wāpuro rōmaji
10656:
10654:
10651:
10649:
10646:
10644:
10641:
10639:
10636:
10635:
10634:
10631:
10630:
10628:
10624:
10616:
10613:
10611:
10608:
10606:
10603:
10602:
10600:
10598:
10595:
10593:
10590:
10588:
10585:
10584:
10582:
10580:
10576:
10570:
10567:
10565:
10562:
10560:
10558:
10553:
10551:
10549:
10544:
10542:
10539:
10537:
10534:
10532:
10529:
10527:
10524:
10522:
10519:
10515:
10512:
10510:
10507:
10506:
10505:
10503:
10498:
10496:
10493:
10491:
10489:
10488:yamato kotoba
10484:
10482:
10479:
10477:
10476:Counter words
10474:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10464:
10462:
10459:
10457:
10454:
10452:
10449:
10447:
10444:
10442:
10439:
10437:
10434:
10432:
10429:
10428:
10426:
10418:
10406:
10403:
10401:
10398:
10396:
10393:
10391:
10388:
10386:
10383:
10382:
10380:
10376:
10373:
10371:
10368:
10366:
10363:
10361:
10358:
10356:
10353:
10351:
10348:
10346:
10343:
10342:
10340:
10336:
10333:
10331:
10328:
10326:
10323:
10321:
10318:
10316:
10313:
10311:
10308:
10307:
10305:
10301:
10298:
10297:
10295:
10291:
10288:
10287:
10286:
10283:
10282:
10280:
10276:
10270:
10267:
10265:
10262:
10260:
10257:
10255:
10252:
10250:
10247:
10245:
10242:
10240:
10237:
10233:
10230:
10229:
10228:
10225:
10224:
10222:
10218:
10212:
10211:Kana ligature
10209:
10207:
10204:
10202:
10199:
10197:
10194:
10192:
10189:
10187:
10184:
10182:
10179:
10177:
10174:
10172:
10169:
10168:
10166:
10164:
10160:
10154:
10151:
10149:
10146:
10144:
10141:
10137:
10134:
10132:
10129:
10128:
10126:
10122:
10119:
10118:
10117:
10114:
10112:
10109:
10107:
10106:Script reform
10104:
10103:
10101:
10099:
10095:
10092:
10090:
10086:
10074:
10071:
10069:
10066:
10064:
10061:
10059:
10056:
10055:
10054:
10051:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10009:
10008:
10007:
10004:
10003:
10001:
9999:
9995:
9987:
9984:
9983:
9982:
9979:
9977:
9974:
9973:
9970:
9967:
9965:
9961:
9955:
9952:
9950:
9947:
9945:
9942:
9940:
9937:
9935:
9932:
9930:
9929:Bonin English
9927:
9925:
9922:
9921:
9919:
9917:
9913:
9903:
9900:
9898:
9895:
9894:
9892:
9890:
9886:
9880:
9879:
9875:
9871:
9868:
9866:
9863:
9861:
9858:
9856:
9853:
9849:
9846:
9845:
9844:
9841:
9840:
9839:
9838:
9834:
9830:
9827:
9826:
9825:
9824:
9820:
9819:
9817:
9815:
9814:
9809:
9803:
9802:
9798:
9792:
9789:
9788:
9786:
9782:
9779:
9778:
9776:
9775:
9774:
9773:
9769:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
9751:
9750:
9749:
9745:
9741:
9738:
9736:
9733:
9731:
9728:
9726:
9723:
9722:
9721:
9720:
9716:
9709:
9706:
9705:
9704:
9701:
9700:
9699:
9698:
9694:
9693:
9691:
9689:
9688:
9683:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9654:
9652:
9648:
9645:
9644:
9642:
9638:
9635:
9633:
9630:
9629:
9627:
9626:
9625:
9624:
9620:
9616:
9613:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9600:
9598:
9594:
9591:
9589:
9586:
9584:
9581:
9580:
9578:
9577:
9576:
9575:
9571:
9565:
9562:
9560:
9557:
9556:
9554:
9550:
9547:
9545:
9542:
9540:
9537:
9536:
9534:
9533:
9532:
9531:
9527:
9525:
9522:
9521:
9519:
9517:
9516:
9511:
9508:
9506:
9502:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9488:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9477:
9475:
9473:Earlier forms
9471:
9467:
9460:
9455:
9453:
9448:
9446:
9441:
9440:
9437:
9431:
9428:
9426:
9423:
9422:
9418:
9411:
9410:
9404:
9401:
9397:
9392:
9389:
9386:
9380:
9377:
9374:
9367:
9364:
9361:
9355:
9351:
9345:
9342:
9339:
9338:
9332:
9330:
9328:
9324:
9319:
9315:
9309:
9307:
9305:
9303:
9299:
9294:
9289:
9286:
9283:
9276:
9273:
9270:
9263:
9260:
9257:
9251:
9248:
9245:
9238:
9235:
9232:
9226:
9223:
9220:
9213:
9210:
9207:
9201:
9198:
9195:
9188:
9185:
9182:
9176:
9173:
9170:
9163:
9160:
9157:
9151:
9148:
9145:
9138:
9135:
9132:
9125:
9122:
9119:
9113:
9110:
9107:
9100:
9097:
9094:
9087:
9084:
9081:
9074:
9071:
9068:
9061:
9058:
9055:
9048:
9045:
9042:
9035:
9032:
9029:
9023:
9020:
9017:
9011:
9008:
9005:
8998:
8995:
8992:
8985:
8982:
8979:
8972:
8969:
8966:
8959:
8956:
8953:
8947:
8944:
8941:
8935:
8932:
8929:
8923:
8920:
8917:
8910:
8907:
8904:
8897:
8894:
8891:
8885:
8882:
8879:
8872:
8869:
8866:
8860:
8857:
8854:
8847:
8844:
8841:
8834:
8831:
8828:
8821:
8818:
8815:
8808:
8805:
8802:
8796:
8793:
8790:
8783:
8780:
8777:
8770:
8767:
8764:
8757:
8754:
8751:
8745:
8742:
8739:
8732:
8729:
8726:
8720:
8717:
8714:
8708:
8705:
8702:
8696:
8693:
8690:
8684:
8681:
8678:
8671:
8668:
8665:
8659:
8656:
8653:
8646:
8643:
8640:
8634:
8631:
8628:
8621:
8618:
8615:
8608:
8605:
8602:
8595:
8592:
8589:
8583:
8580:
8577:
8570:
8567:
8564:
8559:
8555:
8554:
8546:
8543:
8538:
8533:
8530:
8527:
8520:
8517:
8514:
8508:
8505:
8502:
8495:
8492:
8489:
8482:
8479:
8476:
8469:
8466:
8463:
8457:
8454:
8451:
8444:
8441:
8438:
8432:
8429:
8426:
8419:
8416:
8413:
8407:
8404:
8401:
8394:
8391:
8388:
8381:
8378:
8375:
8369:
8366:
8363:
8356:
8353:
8350:
8343:
8340:
8337:
8330:
8327:
8324:
8318:
8315:
8312:
8305:
8302:
8299:
8293:
8290:
8287:
8280:
8277:
8274:
8267:
8264:
8261:
8254:
8251:
8248:
8241:
8238:
8235:
8228:
8225:
8222:
8216:
8213:
8210:
8203:
8200:
8197:
8190:
8187:
8184:
8177:
8174:
8171:
8164:
8161:
8158:
8151:
8148:
8145:
8138:
8135:
8132:
8125:
8122:
8119:
8112:
8109:
8106:
8099:
8096:
8093:
8086:
8083:
8080:
8074:
8071:
8068:
8061:
8058:
8055:
8048:
8045:
8042:
8035:
8032:
8029:
8022:
8019:
8016:
8009:
8006:
8003:
7997:
7994:
7991:
7984:
7981:
7978:
7972:
7969:
7966:
7959:
7956:
7953:
7947:
7944:
7941:
7934:
7931:
7928:
7921:
7918:
7915:
7908:
7905:
7902:
7895:
7892:
7889:
7883:
7880:
7877:
7870:
7867:
7864:
7858:
7855:
7852:
7845:
7842:
7839:
7834:
7830:
7829:
7821:
7818:
7814:
7809:
7806:
7803:
7796:
7793:
7790:
7783:
7780:
7777:
7771:
7770:
7762:
7759:
7756:
7750:
7747:
7744:
7738:
7735:
7732:
7725:
7722:
7719:
7712:
7709:
7706:
7700:
7697:
7694:
7688:
7685:
7682:
7675:
7672:
7669:
7662:
7659:
7654:
7650:
7649:
7641:
7638:
7635:
7629:
7626:
7623:
7616:
7613:
7610:
7604:
7601:
7598:
7591:
7588:
7585:
7578:
7575:
7572:
7565:
7562:
7559:
7553:
7550:
7547:
7540:
7537:
7533:
7528:
7525:
7522:
7515:
7512:
7509:
7502:
7499:
7496:
7490:
7487:
7484:
7479:
7475:
7474:
7466:
7463:
7460:
7453:
7450:
7447:
7441:
7438:
7435:
7428:
7425:
7422:
7416:
7413:
7410:
7403:
7400:
7397:
7391:
7388:
7385:
7378:
7375:
7372:
7366:
7363:
7360:
7353:
7350:
7346:
7341:
7338:
7335:
7328:
7325:
7322:
7317:
7316:
7308:
7305:
7300:
7296:
7290:
7287:
7282:
7278:
7277:
7269:
7266:
7261:
7257:
7256:
7248:
7245:
7240:
7236:
7235:
7227:
7224:
7219:
7215:
7214:
7206:
7203:
7198:
7194:
7193:
7185:
7182:
7177:
7173:
7172:
7164:
7161:
7156:
7152:
7151:
7143:
7140:
7135:
7131:
7130:
7122:
7119:
7114:
7113:
7105:
7102:
7097:
7096:
7088:
7085:
7080:
7079:
7071:
7068:
7063:
7062:
7054:
7051:
7046:
7045:
7037:
7034:
7029:
7028:
7020:
7017:
7012:
7011:
7003:
7000:
6995:
6994:
6986:
6983:
6978:
6977:
6969:
6966:
6961:
6960:
6952:
6949:
6944:
6943:
6935:
6932:
6927:
6926:
6918:
6915:
6910:
6909:
6901:
6898:
6893:
6892:
6884:
6881:
6876:
6875:
6867:
6864:
6859:
6858:
6850:
6847:
6842:
6841:
6833:
6830:
6825:
6824:
6816:
6813:
6808:
6807:
6799:
6796:
6791:
6790:
6782:
6779:
6774:
6773:
6765:
6762:
6757:
6756:
6748:
6745:
6740:
6739:
6731:
6728:
6723:
6722:
6714:
6711:
6706:
6705:
6697:
6694:
6689:
6688:
6680:
6677:
6672:
6671:
6663:
6660:
6655:
6651:
6645:
6643:
6641:
6639:
6637:
6633:
6628:
6621:
6618:
6615:
6614:
6608:
6606:
6602:
6597:
6590:
6587:
6584:
6583:
6577:
6574:
6571:
6570:
6564:
6562:
6560:
6556:
6543:
6537:
6534:
6529:
6523:
6520:
6516:
6510:
6507:
6494:
6488:
6485:
6480:
6476:
6470:
6467:
6463:
6460:
6455:
6453:
6451:
6447:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6428:
6424:
6417:
6414:
6410:
6407:
6403:
6400:
6399:8.1. Pronouns
6395:
6393:
6391:
6389:
6387:
6385:
6381:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6364:
6361:
6358:
6357:5-7611-0291-9
6354:
6348:
6345:
6340:
6338:9781285981451
6334:
6330:
6329:
6321:
6318:
6306:
6302:
6296:
6293:
6290:
6289:4-7890-0542-9
6286:
6280:
6277:
6272:
6265:
6262:
6257:
6251:
6247:
6240:
6238:
6236:
6234:
6232:
6230:
6226:
6221:
6214:
6211:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6179:
6176:
6168:
6167:
6159:
6156:
6151:
6150:
6142:
6139:
6134:
6133:
6125:
6122:
6117:
6116:
6108:
6105:
6100:
6099:
6091:
6088:
6083:
6076:
6073:
6068:
6061:
6059:
6057:
6055:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6034:
6031:
6027:
6022:
6015:
6012:
6008:
6003:
5996:
5993:
5989:
5984:
5977:
5974:
5967:
5959:
5955:
5954:
5949:
5945:
5940:
5937:
5924:
5918:
5915:
5886:
5880:
5877:
5839:
5836:
5833:
5826:
5823:
5820:
5812:
5806:
5803:
5765:
5762:
5759:
5752:
5749:
5746:
5738:
5732:
5729:
5708:
5683:
5680:
5677:
5670:
5667:
5664:
5656:
5650:
5647:
5633:
5626:
5623:
5609:
5594:
5587:
5584:
5570:
5563:
5560:
5546:
5539:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5510:
5495:
5489:
5486:
5456:
5449:
5446:
5432:
5417:
5410:
5407:
5393:
5386:
5384:
5380:
5371:
5353:
5335:
5320:
5317:
5308:
5290:
5272:
5254:
5236:
5221:
5218:
5209:
5191:
5173:
5158:
5155:
5148:
5132:
5114:
5099:
5096:
5089:
5073:
5057:
5042:
5039:
5032:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5015:
5013:
5001:
4996:
4982:
4967:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4940:
4925:
4910:
4905:
4891:
4886:
4872:
4867:
4853:
4838:
4833:
4819:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4758:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4720:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4677:
4673:in his novel
4649:
4646:
4643:
4635:
4630:
4623:
4611:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4588:
4585:
4582:
4574:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4532:
4527:
4524:. Meanwhile,
4523:
4509:
4497:
4494:
4491:
4485:
4482:
4479:
4471:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4442:
4427:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4359:
4354:
4344:
4313:
4310:
4307:
4299:
4294:
4284:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4222:
4219:
4216:
4208:
4203:
4173:
4168:
4157:
4143:
4135:
4108:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4074:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4023:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3977:
3969:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3915:
3910:
3896:
3891:
3887:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3833:
3818:
3803:
3772:
3741:
3736:
3706:
3675:
3670:
3669:lexicographic
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3614:
3608:
3580:
3575:
3571:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3534:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3415:"my sister";
3414:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3341:
3338:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3327:"his/her(s)"
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3309:
3306:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3139:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3115:what / where
3114:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2905:Demonstrative
2899:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2791:
2789:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2775:Ryuichi-tachi
2772:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2756:
2755:watashi-tachi
2752:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2699:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1838:– he / she –
1836:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1706:mainly males
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1676:mainly males
1675:
1672:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1410:Similar to 俺
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1219:mainly males
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1185:mainly males
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
998:
994:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
972:
969:
967:
963:
960:by case, so,
959:
954:
944:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
918:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
895:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
872:
868:
864:
858:
855:
852:
851:
847:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
821:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
798:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
775:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
752:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
732:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
706:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
689:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
662:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
642:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
622:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
599:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
576:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
556:
552:
548:
542:
539:
536:
535:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
512:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
492:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
469:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
452:
446:
444:
443:
437:
435:
431:
428:
422:
420:
416:
412:
407:
401:
395:
392:
386:
380:
375:
370:
367:
361:
355:
353:
348:
346:
341:
335:
328:
326:
322:
318:
306:
301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
275:identical to
274:
270:
269:syntactically
266:
262:
258:
257:generativists
253:
246:
244:
242:
238:
208:
198:
185:
181:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
157:
148:
136:
133:
123:
120:
112:
109:February 2023
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70: –
69:
65:
64:Find sources:
58:
54:
48:
47:
42:This article
40:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
11018:Sino-Tibetan
11008:
10815:
10811:Prepositions
10663:In Esperanto
10633:Romanization
10587:Pitch accent
10569:Dictionaries
10556:
10548:nyōbō kotoba
10547:
10501:
10500:Loan words (
10487:
10471:Topic marker
10450:
10385:ARIB STD B24
10131:by frequency
10011:Amami Ōshima
9888:
9877:
9836:
9822:
9812:
9800:
9787:East San'in
9771:
9747:
9718:
9696:
9686:
9622:
9573:
9529:
9514:
9495:Early Modern
9485:Early Middle
9407:
9403:
9357:
9353:
9344:
9335:
9317:
8561:
8557:
8552:
8545:
7836:
7832:
7827:
7820:
7773:
7768:
7661:
7652:
7647:
7539:
7481:
7477:
7472:
7352:
7319:
7314:
7307:
7298:
7289:
7280:
7275:
7268:
7259:
7254:
7247:
7238:
7233:
7226:
7217:
7212:
7205:
7196:
7191:
7184:
7175:
7170:
7163:
7154:
7149:
7142:
7133:
7128:
7121:
7111:
7104:
7094:
7087:
7077:
7070:
7060:
7053:
7043:
7036:
7026:
7019:
7009:
7002:
6992:
6985:
6975:
6968:
6958:
6951:
6941:
6934:
6924:
6917:
6907:
6900:
6890:
6883:
6873:
6866:
6856:
6849:
6839:
6832:
6822:
6815:
6805:
6798:
6788:
6781:
6771:
6764:
6754:
6747:
6737:
6730:
6720:
6713:
6703:
6696:
6686:
6679:
6669:
6662:
6653:
6626:
6620:
6611:
6595:
6589:
6580:
6576:
6567:
6546:. Retrieved
6536:
6522:
6514:
6509:
6497:. Retrieved
6487:
6478:
6469:
6461:
6422:
6416:
6408:
6363:
6347:
6327:
6320:
6308:. Retrieved
6304:
6295:
6279:
6270:
6264:
6245:
6219:
6213:
6188:
6184:
6178:
6165:
6158:
6148:
6141:
6131:
6124:
6114:
6107:
6097:
6090:
6081:
6075:
6066:
6043:
6039:
6033:
6024:
6020:
6014:
6005:
6001:
5995:
5986:
5982:
5976:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5917:
5879:
5805:
5731:
5649:
5625:
5586:
5562:
5538:
5530:
5526:
5488:
5448:
5409:
5319:
5296:and numerals
5220:
5197:and pronouns
5157:
5136:and pronouns
5113:shichihinshi
5098:
5077:and pronouns
5041:
4956:
4814:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4696:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4675:
4609:
4456:
4455:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4352:
4292:
4201:
4166:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4075:
3914:ka-no wotoko
3889:
3885:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3609:
3529:
3524:
3520:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3502:
3434:
3433:"my house" (
3427:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3402:
3397:
3393:
3383:
3382:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3349:
3312:"thy/thine"
3304:"thou/thee"
3255:
3251:
3247:
3246:, only with
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3212:
3208:
3205:Old Japanese
3202:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3148:
3144:
3142:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3120:
3104:
3100:
3084:
3080:
3064:
3060:
3044:
3040:
3024:
3008:
2992:
2976:
2949:
2944:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2903:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2855:
2843:
2836:
2824:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2787:
2782:
2774:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2733:
2703:
2691:Kochira koso
2690:
2686:kochira koso
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2645:
2620:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2560:
2552:
2548:
2528:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2492:
2468:
2461:World War II
2434:
2410:
2402:
2398:
2367:
2343:
2335:
2315:
2291:
2267:
2255:
2235:
2176:
2169:
2165:
2143:
2117:
2109:
2105:
2087:
2065:
2057:
2049:
2031:
2014:
1996:
1969:
1965:
1943:
1939:
1917:
1913:
1891:
1869:
1861:
1854:very formal
1843:
1831:
1822:
1810:
1788:
1767:
1746:
1738:
1733:
1714:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1660:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1626:
1618:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1584:
1576:
1558:
1549:
1530:
1478:
1470:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1419:
1411:
1389:
1363:
1359:
1356:uchi no neko
1355:
1351:
1333:
1311:
1306:performers.
1301:
1275:
1267:
1249:
1227:
1205:
1193:
1189:
1171:
1163:
1137:
1125:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1083:very formal
1072:
1061:very formal
1050:
1038:very formal
1027:
1005:
965:
961:
948:
441:
438:
432:
423:
418:
414:
410:
396:
371:
356:
349:
329:
319:
297:
254:
250:
177:
134:
131:
130:
115:
106:
96:
89:
82:
75:
63:
51:Please help
46:verification
43:
26:
10920:Portuguese
10801:Determiners
10781:Phonologies
10643:Nihon-shiki
10526:Wasei-kango
10461:Possessives
10421:Grammar and
10254:Modern kana
10239:Punctuation
10220:Orthography
10041:Tokunoshima
9653:Gifu-Aichi
9623:Tōkai–Tōsan
9490:Late Middle
7044:畵入尋常小𭓕讀本字引
6222:. Kodansha.
5593:ka-no otoko
5569:a-no wotoko
5545:ka-no otoko
5455:a-no musume
4794:ka-no wonna
4757:ka-no wonna
4681:ka-no wonna
4573:ka-no wonna
4461:lexicalized
4078:ka-no wonna
4076:The phrase
4066:that person
3802:ka-no wonna
3695:that person
3613:ka-no wonna
3452:Short form
3411:"sister" →
3273:Short form
3151:"who(m)?".
2761:anata-tachi
2397:. Also あちき
2258:. From the
1643:Similar to
1538:貴方, 貴男, 貴女
1371:(own name)
874:In a class
826:To friends
754:In a class
711:To friends
624:In a class
581:To friends
514:In a class
474:To friends
207:gakkō bunpō
11108:Categories
11056:Vietnamese
10993:Circassian
10968:Macedonian
10796:Adjectives
10687:Literature
10557:yakuwarigo
10541:Honorifics
10521:Wasei-eigo
10509:from Dutch
10456:Adjectives
10423:vocabulary
10201:Hentaigana
10196:Man'yōgana
10036:Okinoerabu
9740:Okuyoshino
8976:めるでもなく、そろ〱
7800:したのぢやアないのか
7095:地理初歩小學讀本字引
6908:小學入門小學讀本字引
6704:地理初歩小學讀本字引
6687:小學入門小學讀本字引
6310:17 October
6255:0764120611
5968:References
5950:) was the
5885:kare; sore
5416:ka-no onna
5392:a-no wonna
5278:, pronouns
5271:koyūmeishi
5141:代名詞／カハリコトバ
4885:Nagai Kafū
4810:Taishō era
4239:。彼ノ女ニ。彼ノ女ヲ
4022:ka-no hito
3968:ka-no mono
3740:a-no otoko
3449:Long form
3426:"house" →
3350:Of these,
3294:"my/mine"
3270:Long form
3173:themselves
3109:どちら / どっち
3089:あちら / あっち
3069:そちら / そっち
3049:こちら / こっち
2909:adjectives
2891:watashi-ra
2802:anata-gata
2767:kimi-tachi
2749:boku-tachi
2395:Edo period
2260:Edo period
1509:(name and
300:open class
293:reflexives
259:and other
79:newspapers
11030:Cantonese
10963:Bulgarian
10864:Colognian
10579:Phonology
10466:Particles
10405:Half/Full
10335:Shift JIS
10264:Yotsugana
10244:Kanazukai
10186:Okurigana
10098:Logograms
9710:Shiramine
9555:Southern
9535:Northern
8537:びはないのである。
8385:してゐるのだから、
7061:尋常小𭓕讀本字引
6925:改正小𭓕讀本字引
6670:改正小𭓕讀本字引
6493:"old boy"
6441:944246641
6205:143722779
6115:新文典別記 上級用
5632:a-no mono
5501:ムカウニヰルムスメ
5370:daimeishi
5289:daimeishi
5235:happinshi
5208:daimeishi
5172:kyūhinshi
5082:代名言／カヘコトバ
4993:) and an
4991:, "I/me")
4871:Mandanshū
4832:Shōwa era
4685:ka-no zyo
4114:彼女ハ。彼女ニ。夫
4082:ka-no zyo
3909:free noun
3886:ka-no zyo
3863:ムカウニヰルムスメ
3771:a-no onna
3735:they/them
3705:a-no mono
3674:a-no hito
3579:kare, are
3574:Meiji era
3376:誰がために鐘は鳴る
3336:"who(m)"
3155:Reflexive
2889:(ex. 私ら,
2511:The word
2503:I or you
2316:soregashi
2098:informal
2066:ware-ware
2050:kano onna
1974:あいつ, あやつ
1948:そいつ, そやつ
1922:こいつ, こやつ
1902:informal
1725:informal
1569:informal
1511:honorific
1463:informal
1434:informal
1404:informal
1378:informal
1344:informal
1322:informal
1286:informal
1238:informal
1117:informal
1095:waga-kuni
1028:watakushi
1000:– I/me –
694:Situation
457:Situation
411:sabishisō
173:formality
161:addressee
147:daimeishi
11040:Mandarin
11009:Japanese
10941:personal
10924:personal
10914:personal
10895:personal
10891:Catalan
10857:personal
10845:Germanic
10816:Pronouns
10791:Grammars
10766:Pronouns
10502:gairaigo
10481:Numerals
10451:Pronouns
10390:Enclosed
10370:Katakana
10345:Hiragana
10341:Unicode
10296:ISO/IEC
10278:Encoding
10181:Furigana
10176:Katakana
10171:Hiragana
10073:Yonaguni
10053:Southern
10031:Okinawan
10026:Kunigami
10006:Northern
9998:Ryukyuan
9939:Kyowa-go
9870:Tsushima
9860:Nagasaki
9855:Kumamoto
9843:Chikuzen
9707:Kanazawa
9697:Hokuriku
9632:Shizuoka
9599:Eastern
9588:Kanagawa
9579:Western
9524:Hokkaidō
9505:Dialects
9337:Daijisen
7532:でもあるまいから
7112:新撰小學讀本字引
7027:新撰小學讀本字引
7010:画入小學讀本字引
6993:改正小學讀本字引
6976:改正小學讀本字引
6857:改正小學讀本字引
6840:改正小學讀本字引
6789:改正小學讀本字引
6772:改正小學讀本字引
6755:改正小學讀本字引
6613:Daijirin
6582:Daijirin
6402:Archived
6185:Language
6149:改撰標凖日本文法
6067:日本語文法大辞典
6007:student.
5334:gohinshi
5066:實體言／ヰコトバ
5016:See also
4966:ore-sama
4465:furigana
4311:カノヲンナジシン
4158:; spouse
3824:改正小學讀本字引
3344:"whose"
3220:particle
3217:genitive
3169:yourself
3163:such as
2971:Meaning
2962:Hiragana
2921:proximal
2880:aitsu-ra
2878:. あいつら,
2876:yatsu-ra
2716:Hiragana
2700:Suffixes
2401:and わっち
2385:Used by
2382:females
2359:females
2299:我が輩, 吾輩
2221:Meaning
2212:Hiragana
2144:waga-sha
2026:– she –
1880:neutral
1870:ano hito
1844:ano kata
1502:singular
1325:females
1312:atakushi
1298:Edo area
1263:females
1228:ore-sama
1216:neutral
1091:waga-sha
980:Hiragana
869:5% each
848:2% each
553:8% each
406:sabishii
265:pronouns
165:pronouns
135:pronouns
132:Japanese
11035:Hokkien
11025:Burmese
11002:Japonic
10973:Slovene
10931:Spanish
10885:Romance
10852:English
10768:of the
10705:Writers
10638:Hepburn
10592:Rendaku
10531:Engrish
10227:Braille
10148:Ryakuji
10068:Yaeyama
9986:grammar
9981:Hachijō
9878:Satsugū
9837:Hichiku
9823:Hōnichi
9777:San'yō
9772:Chūgoku
9748:Shikoku
9687:Western
9647:Nagaoka
9643:Echigo
9608:Tochigi
9603:Ibaraki
9564:Nairiku
9544:Tsugaru
9515:Eastern
9350:"ひかげの花"
8232:ない。まことに
6959:小𫝯讀本字引
6942:小𫝯讀本字引
6738:小𫝯讀本字引
6721:小𫝯讀本字引
5923:kare-ra
5900:
5851:
5789:; that-
5777:
5709:; that-
5695:
5605:. Also
5521:. This
5516:向こうにいる娘
5470:
5428:. Also
5125:名詞／ナコトバ
4957:Kareshi
4909:kareshi
4818:kareshi
4802:kanodyo
4719:kanodyo
4676:Ukigumo
4660:
4557:
4470:kanozyo
4459:, as a
4441:kare-ra
4384:
4371:カノヲンナメス
4325:
4293:herself
4271:; that-
4247:
4187:
4172:kare-ra
4144:; that-
4122:
4060:
4006:
3952:
3871:
3786:
3755:
3720:
3689:
3594:
3525:kareshi
3428:wa-gipe
3413:wa-gimo
3407:"my" +
3360:dare-no
3292:(w)a-ga
3286:"I/me"
3267:Person
3224:animate
3101:dochira
3061:sochira
3041:kochira
2913:adverbs
2848:rendaku
2846:is the
2817:rendaku
2815:is the
2674:kochira
2670:Sochira
2604:御主, お主
2587:or なんぢ
2581:namuchi
2519:or てまえ
2457:Emperor
2368:wachiki
2292:wagahai
2256:watashi
2227:Gender
2177:kare-ra
2154:formal
2118:hei-sha
2088:ware-ra
2076:formal
2015:kareshi
1991:– he –
1944:soyatsu
1918:koyatsu
1862:ano hou
1592:お宅, 御宅
1500:– you (
1401:俺等, 己等
1352:uchi-ra
1296:in the
1196:in the
1164:shimobe
1159:kanji (
1006:watashi
992:Gender
958:inflect
936:watashi
913:watashi
878:watashi
842:watashi
804:watashi
781:watashi
758:watashi
727:watashi
708:Female
691:Speaker
562:watashi
541:watashi
518:watashi
471:Female
454:Speaker
445:(2009)
360:watashi
334:watashi
315:, self)
222:
93:scholar
18:Watashi
11081:others
11072:Korean
10956:Slavic
10936:object
10909:French
10878:Italic
10869:German
10700:Poetry
10648:Kunrei
10610:Kan-on
10381:Other
10290:EUC-JP
10206:Sōgana
10191:Gojūon
10143:Kokuji
10111:Kanbun
10063:Tarama
10058:Miyako
9848:Hakata
9813:Kyūshū
9801:Umpaku
9764:Sanuki
9730:Banshū
9719:Kansai
9662:Mikawa
9657:Nagoya
9637:Narada
9530:Tōhoku
9078:ふでもなく、
9002:すでもなく、
8013:さへすれば、
7645:すべし".
7470:るべし".
7315:當世書生気質
7276:官許佛和辭典
7255:官許佛和辭典
7129:官許佛和辭典
7078:小學讀本字引
6891:小學讀本字引
6874:小學讀本字引
6823:小學讀本字引
6806:小學讀本字引
6528:"彼女とは"
6439:
6429:
6375:
6369:Astrel
6355:
6335:
6287:
6252:
6203:
6098:小學日本文典
5953:kan'on
5590:Spelt
5542:Spelt
5413:Spelt
5352:meishi
5253:meishi
5190:meishi
5056:kyūhin
4852:kanojo
4806:Kanojo
4798:kanojo
4689:kanojo
4627:; and
4515:當世書生気質
4457:Kanojo
4351:, and
4165:, and
3890:kanojo
3533:kanojo
3521:kanojo
3513:kanojo
3497:ka-no
3483:so-no
3469:ko-no
3435:wa-gie
3284:(w)are
3165:myself
3105:dotchi
3081:achira
3065:sotchi
3045:kotchi
2957:Romaji
2937:distal
2929:medial
2874:. 奴ら,
2872:ore-ra
2870:. 俺ら,
2868:karera
2850:form.
2819:form.
2759:あなた達,
2728:Notes
2711:Romaji
2682:kotchi
2678:sotchi
2666:sonata
2621:sonata
2597:onushi
2585:nanchi
2544:males
2508:males
2484:males
2476:麻呂, 麿
2426:males
2403:wacchi
2399:achiki
2387:geisha
2344:warawa
2336:sessha
2331:males
2307:males
2283:males
2268:sessha
2251:males
2230:Notes
2207:Romaji
2166:– they
2110:-tachi
2032:kanojo
1970:ayatsu
1940:soitsu
1914:koitsu
1832:onsha.
1811:ki-sha
1789:on-sha
1693:kisama
1607:otakki
1492:males
1483:しょうせい
1479:shōsei
1407:males
1303:rakugo
1276:atashi
1268:atashi
1155:males
1120:males
995:Notes
975:Romaji
810:atashi
787:atashi
764:atashi
738:atashi
721:atashi
571:atashi
547:atashi
524:atashi
501:atashi
487:atashi
385:kureru
291:, and
197:hinshi
169:gender
95:
88:
81:
74:
66:
10821:Verbs
10806:Nouns
10722:texts
10695:Books
10615:Tō-on
10605:Go-on
10232:Kanji
10153:Ateji
10116:Kanji
10046:Yoron
10021:Kikai
9889:Other
9791:Inshū
9781:Bingo
9735:Kishū
9725:Awaji
9593:Tokyo
9583:Gunma
9574:Kantō
9559:Kesen
9549:Akita
9539:Nanbu
9318:コトバンク
9217:をして、一
8556:[
8258:であるが、
8039:さてゐる。
7831:[
7651:[
7648:新粧之佳人
7506:もまんざら
7476:[
7473:新粧之佳人
7339:くわつぱつ
7299:コトバンク
7279:[
7258:[
7237:[
7234:英和正辭典
7216:[
7213:英和正辭典
7195:[
7192:英和正辭典
7174:[
7171:英和正辭典
7153:[
7150:英和正辭典
7132:[
6654:コトバンク
6548:7 May
6499:7 May
6201:S2CID
6170:(PDF)
6132:廣日本文典
5988:"I").
5958:kanji
5946:(now
5857:that-
5783:that-
5701:that-
5674:ガ。彼ハ。
5629:Also
5608:hinan
5600:カノオトコ
5576:アノヲトコ
5566:Also
5552:カノオトコ
5531:ka-no
5523:gloss
5462:アノムスメ
5452:Also
5431:hizyo
5423:カノオンナ
5399:アノヲンナ
5389:Also
5307:sūshi
5033:Notes
5000:-sama
4897:ひかげの花
4631:used
4616:新粧之佳人
4528:used
4390:that-
4331:that-
4253:that-
4193:those
4167:elles
4128:that-
4098:elles
3888:(now
3809:カノヲンナ
3663:(now
3661:wonna
3657:ka-no
3620:かのをんな
3509:ka-no
3491:kare
3477:sore
3463:kore
3446:Type
3417:wa-ga
3405:wa-ga
3398:wa-ga
3384:Ta-ga
3364:Ta-ga
3342:ta-ga
3325:si-ga
3310:na-ga
3289:(w)a
3203:Each
3182:jibun
3171:, or
3085:atchi
2967:Kanji
2809:tachi
2734:tachi
2721:Kanji
2661:both
2646:sochi
2636:both
2612:both
2589:nanji
2576:both
2561:nanji
2521:temae
2517:temee
2513:onore
2493:onore
2452:both
2418:余, 予
2391:oiran
2320:それがし
2296:わがはい
2272:せっしゃ
2236:asshi
2217:Kanji
2190:both
2157:both
2148:わがしゃ
2131:both
2122:へいしゃ
2101:both
2079:both
2070:われわれ
2045:both
2036:かのじょ
2010:both
1983:both
1966:aitsu
1957:both
1931:both
1905:both
1892:yatsu
1883:both
1874:あのひと
1857:both
1848:あのかた
1827:both
1823:onsha
1802:both
1793:おんしゃ
1781:both
1768:kikan
1760:both
1728:both
1685:temae
1661:temae
1640:both
1619:otaku
1603:Otaku
1598:both
1585:otaku
1577:anata
1572:both
1550:anata
1544:both
1531:anata
1523:both
1466:both
1437:both
1381:both
1341:家, 内
1316:あたくし
1232:おれさま
1206:jibun
1194:washi
1172:washi
1086:both
1064:both
1058:我, 吾
1041:both
1032:わたくし
1019:both
985:Kanji
924:jibun
907:jibun
884:jibun
867:jibun
846:jibun
823:Male
816:jibun
793:jibun
770:jibun
578:Male
400:-shii
391:Ageru
374:topic
366:anata
345:youth
305:jibun
279:. As
277:nouns
184:nouns
100:JSTOR
86:books
10330:0213
10325:0212
10320:0211
10315:0208
10310:0201
10306:JIS
10300:2022
10163:Kana
9865:Saga
9829:Ōita
9759:Tosa
9703:Kaga
9672:Hida
9667:Mino
9396:……。」
9354:青空文庫
9314:"彼氏"
9293:てゐた。
9242:くなつた
9129:もなく、
9104:ぎかねる
8851:はれた。
8825:れてゐる
8553:彼岸過迄
7828:彼岸過迄
7769:新扁浮雲
7766:上".
7326:かのじよ
6650:"彼女"
6550:2012
6542:"he"
6501:2012
6437:OCLC
6427:ISBN
6373:ISBN
6353:ISBN
6333:ISBN
6312:2016
6285:ISBN
6250:ISBN
6082:語學新書
5897:lit.
5848:lit.
5837:カレヒト
5774:lit.
5692:lit.
5681:カレヒト
5639:アノモノ
5529:and
5527:kare
5467:lit.
5265:固有名詞
4939:-shi
4936:and
4924:kare
4837:kare
4704:彼岸過迄
4666:that
4657:lit.
4570:and
4554:lit.
4438:and
4426:kare
4381:lit.
4366:彼女。雌
4322:lit.
4306:彼女自身
4244:lit.
4184:lit.
4119:lit.
4102:elle
4096:and
4094:elle
4088:and
4057:lit.
4019:and
4003:lit.
3949:lit.
3868:lit.
3783:lit.
3752:lit.
3717:lit.
3686:lit.
3665:onna
3653:kare
3600:that
3591:lit.
3523:and
3505:Kare
3394:Ware
3356:dare
3352:tare
3334:tare
3317:3rd
3302:nare
3299:2nd
3281:1st
3240:(k)a
3149:dare
3145:nani
3129:and
3025:dore
2993:sore
2977:kore
2887:domo
2844:domo
2825:domo
2813:gata
2788:gata
2783:kata
2765:君達,
2753:私達,
2747:僕達,
2680:and
2672:and
2656:you
2631:you
2625:そなた
2607:you
2601:おぬし
2565:なんじ
2553:kyou
2549:kimi
2539:you
2497:おのれ
2469:maro
2435:chin
2389:and
2372:わちき
2348:わらわ
2240:あっし
2181:かれら
2151:我が社
2106:ware
2092:われら
2058:– we
1997:kare
1877:あの人
1851:あの方
1815:きしゃ
1772:きかん
1747:kika
1739:boku
1734:-kun
1715:kimi
1697:きさま
1681:Temē
1667:てまえ
1665:てめえ,
1657:temē
1645:anta
1631:おまえ
1627:omae
1589:おたく
1563:あんた
1559:anta
1535:あなた
1504:) –
1454:wate
1442:oira
1398:おいら
1392:oira
1334:uchi
1280:あたし
1254:あたい
1250:atai
1210:じぶん
1140:boku
1073:waga
1051:ware
1010:わたし
953:sore
938:22%
930:boku
915:22%
901:boku
892:22%
890:boku
863:boku
836:uchi
749:18%
747:uchi
729:22%
715:uchi
668:boku
648:boku
628:boku
617:uchi
611:boku
591:boku
551:uchi
530:uchi
509:23%
507:uchi
489:15%
478:uchi
427:-san
340:boku
271:and
219:lit.
214:学校文法
72:news
10653:JSL
10395:EIS
10285:EUC
9754:Iyo
9480:Old
9371:さんの
9192:したい
9167:とでも
9033:しやう
8970:あらた
8914:つて、
8870:をんな
8768:あひだ
8743:りやう
8675:といひ
8650:といひ
8619:をんな
8593:うしろ
8568:ところ
8531:よろこ
8473:れば、
8379:ちゆう
8360:にのみ
8303:くわつ
8226:つかへ
8207:つても
7963:といふ
7906:むかし
7813:らね」
7686:くわい
7582:くしき
7526:をんな
7519:のない
7513:こ〱ろ
7295:"彼"
6371:»,
6193:doi
5944:Dyo
5892:彼。其
5866:GEN
5860:GEN
5792:DAT
5786:ACC
5718:NOM
5712:TOP
5705:NOM
5615:ヒナン
5438:ヒジヨ
5364:代名詞
5328:五品詞
5283:代名詞
5229:八品詞
5202:代名詞
5166:九品詞
5107:七品詞
5012:).
4981:ore
4878:漫談集
4782:をんな
4634:are
4598:をんな
4563:she
4520:by
4421:ils
4413:his
4409:him
4393:GEN
4355:as
4353:she
4341:INS
4334:GEN
4295:as
4281:ACC
4274:GEN
4268:DAT
4262:GEN
4256:GEN
4233:ヲンナ
4204:as
4202:her
4169:as
4154:DAT
4147:GEN
4140:TOP
4132:GEN
4104:as
4090:her
4086:she
3939:ヲトコ
3778:あの女
3747:あの男
3737:,"
3712:あの者
3702:or
3681:あの人
3645:をんな
3494:ka
3480:so
3466:ko
3421:ipe
3409:imo
3339:ta
3322:si
3307:na
3213:-re
3209:-re
3191:or
3127:so-
3123:ko-
3112:何方
3103:or
3092:彼方
3083:or
3072:其方
3063:or
3052:此方
3043:or
3032:何れ
3029:どれ
3016:彼れ
3013:あれ
3009:are
3000:其れ
2997:それ
2984:此れ
2981:これ
2945:do-
2939:).
2925:so-
2917:ko-
2911:or
2893:).
2829:ども
2794:がた
2792:かた,
2738:たち
2650:そち
2533:けい
2529:kei
2473:まろ
2439:ちん
2393:in
2275:拙者
2184:彼等
2125:弊社
2095:我等
2073:我々
2039:彼女
2001:かれ
1977:彼奴
1951:其奴
1925:此奴
1896:やつ
1818:貴社
1796:御社
1775:貴官
1754:貴下
1751:きか
1719:きみ
1700:貴様
1670:手前
1649:ore
1634:お前
1611:ota
1566:貴方
1486:小生
1471:ate
1458:わて
1446:ura
1431:俺等
1428:おら
1422:ora
1412:ore
1338:うち
1235:俺様
1213:自分
1190:wai
1176:わし
1146:ぼく
1128:in
1111:おれ
1105:ore
1080:我が
1077:わが
1055:われ
932:29%
926:38%
909:29%
903:36%
886:28%
880:48%
859:88%
857:ore
832:87%
830:ore
818:7%
812:17%
806:77%
795:6%
789:10%
783:81%
772:3%
760:89%
740:28%
723:30%
717:39%
676:27%
674:ore
670:67%
656:26%
654:ore
650:64%
636:13%
634:ore
630:85%
619:6%
613:23%
607:62%
605:ore
593:19%
587:72%
585:ore
573:9%
564:66%
543:75%
532:6%
520:86%
503:29%
480:49%
243:).
141:代名詞
55:by
11110::
9378:かれ
9365:かあ
9356:.
9352:.
9326:^
9316:.
9301:^
9287:たつ
9274:はし
9261:だう
9249:じん
9236:たか
9224:だん
9199:やう
9186:よう
9174:けい
9149:かん
9142:んど
9136:ほと
9123:ぜい
9098:しの
9091:さを
9085:さむ
9046:まど
9021:せき
9009:はう
8983:ある
8957:せい
8933:だん
8921:べつ
8908:ちが
8883:さつ
8858:かの
8845:おも
8832:やう
8794:てう
8781:うま
8755:はう
8736:して
8730:せい
8718:ちん
8706:てき
8694:かく
8669:ぶん
8632:から
8599:から
8581:いま
8518:ぢよ
8506:かの
8499:した
8480:これ
8442:かう
8430:かう
8417:べん
8405:じう
8398:さへ
8392:ぼく
8367:しふ
8354:てん
8341:この
8328:ぞく
8316:まん
8291:せい
8278:はゝ
8271:でも
8265:それ
8252:どく
8214:さし
8194:ぬと
8175:ため
8149:この
8142:れて
8136:うま
8123:ため
8097:この
8084:ぢよ
8072:かの
8065:ると
8052:から
8046:ぼく
8020:それ
8007:よう
7995:けい
7970:こと
7938:れた
7919:もち
7912:から
7881:われ
7868:かく
7856:せい
7843:はゝ
7794:なに
7781:あれ
7776:彼女
7760:いり
7748:みね
7736:はつ
7723:こひ
7716:りな
7710:かわ
7698:ふう
7673:だい
7627:てん
7620:なく
7614:がい
7602:ばう
7589:たま
7576:うつ
7563:たく
7551:てう
7451:せい
7439:しん
7432:なる
7414:めい
7407:には
7389:れい
7376:さう
7364:いう
7345:だ。
7334:活潑
7321:彼女
7297:.
6652:.
6635:^
6604:^
6558:^
6477:.
6449:^
6435:.
6383:^
6303:.
6228:^
6199:.
6189:73
6187:.
6051:^
5960:女.
5948:jo
5930:彼等
5895:,
5846:,
5832:彼人
5830:ノ。
5824:カレ
5772:,
5763:カレ
5756:ヲ。
5750:カレ
5690:,
5687:ガ。
5676:彼人
5668:カレ
5465:,
5382:^
5367:,
5349:,
5346:名詞
5331:,
5304:,
5301:數詞
5286:,
5268:,
5250:,
5247:名詞
5232:,
5205:,
5187:,
5184:名詞
5169:,
5144:,
5128:,
5110:,
5085:,
5069:,
5053:,
5050:九品
4973:俺様
4916:彼氏
4906:,
4902:.
4859:彼女
4825:彼氏
4812:.
4770:かの
4744:ぢよ
4732:かの
4708:,
4655:,
4647:あれ
4642:彼女
4619:,
4586:かの
4552:,
4544:シー
4539:彼女
4531:sī
4495:じよ
4483:かの
4453:.
4448:彼等
4417:il
4415:,
4405:he
4379:,
4320:,
4291:,
4242:,
4182:,
4179:彼等
4117:,
4073:.
4055:,
4047:ヒト
4035:カノ
4001:,
3993:モノ
3981:カノ
3965:,
3947:,
3927:カノ
3895:jo
3866:,
3857:ジヨ
3845:カノ
3781:,
3750:,
3715:,
3684:,
3655:,
3589:,
3558:じょ
3546:かの
3419:+
3392:.
3379:,
3362:.
3256:ga
3252:no
3248:ga
3244:no
3238:,
3236:so
3234:,
3232:ko
3228:ga
3195:.
3167:,
3140:.
3131:a-
3125:,
2947:.
2933:a-
2882:)
2863:等
2860:ら
2856:ra
2839:)
2832:共
2811:.
2804:)
2797:方
2741:達
2591:.
2536:卿
2500:己
2479:I
2463:.
2446:We
2442:朕
2421:I
2415:よ
2411:yo
2405:.
2377:I
2354:I
2351:妾
2338:.
2326:I
2323:某
2302:I
2278:I
2262:.
2246:I
2243:私
2112:.
2004:彼
1968:,
1942:,
1916:,
1899:奴
1722:君
1659:,
1621:.
1513:)
1319:私
1283:私
1270:.
1257:私
1200:.
1179:儂
1149:僕
1132:.
1126:oi
1114:俺
1035:私
1013:私
968:.
966:me
865:,
844:,
838:4%
766:7%
703:3
526:7%
466:3
379:wa
347:.
312:自分
287:,
217:,
194:,
191:品詞
171:,
144:,
10838:)
10834:(
10758:e
10751:t
10744:v
10559:)
10550:)
10504:)
10490:)
9458:e
9451:t
9444:v
9393:）
9390:し
9387:（
9385:氏
9381:）
9375:（
9373:彼
9368:）
9362:（
9360:母
9358:「
9320:.
9290:）
9284:（
9282:立
9280:に
9277:）
9271:（
9269:端
9267:の
9264:）
9258:（
9256:道
9252:）
9246:（
9244:人
9239:）
9233:（
9231:高
9227:）
9221:（
9219:段
9214:）
9211:す
9208:（
9206:子
9202:）
9196:（
9194:樣
9189:）
9183:（
9181:容
9177:）
9171:（
9169:形
9164:）
9161:が
9158:（
9156:雅
9152:）
9146:（
9144:閑
9139:）
9133:（
9131:殆
9126:）
9120:（
9118:情
9114:）
9111:ふ
9108:（
9106:風
9101:）
9095:（
9093:凌
9088:）
9082:（
9080:寒
9075:）
9072:そ
9069:（
9067:添
9065:り
9062:）
9059:よ
9056:（
9054:寄
9052:へ
9049:）
9043:（
9041:窓
9039:の
9036:）
9030:（
9028:商
9024:）
9018:（
9016:石
9012:）
9006:（
9004:寶
8999:）
8996:だ
8993:（
8991:出
8989:き
8986:）
8980:（
8978:步
8973:）
8967:（
8965:改
8963:を
8960:）
8954:（
8952:勢
8948:）
8945:し
8942:（
8940:姿
8936:）
8930:（
8928:段
8924:）
8918:（
8916:別
8911:）
8905:（
8903:違
8901:と
8898:）
8895:き
8892:（
8890:刻
8886:）
8880:（
8878:先
8876:は
8873:）
8867:（
8865:女
8861:）
8855:（
8853:彼
8848:）
8842:（
8840:思
8838:に
8835:）
8829:（
8827:樣
8822:）
8819:と
8816:（
8814:取
8812:が
8809:）
8806:し
8803:（
8801:子
8797:）
8791:（
8789:調
8787:く
8784:）
8778:（
8776:旨
8774:に
8771:）
8765:（
8763:間
8761:の
8758:）
8752:（
8750:方
8746:）
8740:（
8738:兩
8733:）
8727:（
8725:靜
8721:）
8715:（
8713:沈
8709:）
8703:（
8701:的
8697:）
8691:（
8689:較
8685:）
8682:ひ
8679:（
8677:比
8672:）
8666:（
8664:分
8660:）
8657:き
8654:（
8652:氣
8647:）
8644:だ
8641:（
8639:體
8635:）
8629:（
8627:身
8625:は
8622:）
8616:（
8614:女
8612:た
8609:）
8606:み
8603:（
8601:見
8596:）
8590:（
8588:後
8584:）
8578:（
8576:今
8574:が
8571:）
8565:（
8563:所
8534:）
8528:（
8526:喜
8524:の
8521:）
8515:（
8513:女
8509:）
8503:（
8501:彼
8496:）
8493:こ
8490:（
8488:越
8486:に
8483:）
8477:（
8475:是
8470:）
8467:き
8464:（
8462:來
8458:）
8455:で
8452:（
8450:出
8448:が
8445:）
8439:（
8437:行
8433:）
8427:（
8425:孝
8423:の
8420:）
8414:（
8412:分
8408:）
8402:（
8400:充
8395:）
8389:（
8387:僕
8382:）
8376:（
8374:注
8370:）
8364:（
8362:集
8357:）
8351:（
8349:點
8347:一
8344:）
8338:（
8336:此
8334:を
8331:）
8325:（
8323:足
8319:）
8313:（
8311:滿
8309:の
8306:）
8300:（
8298:活
8294:）
8288:（
8286:生
8284:は
8281:）
8275:（
8273:母
8268:）
8262:（
8260:夫
8255:）
8249:（
8247:毒
8245:の
8242:）
8239:き
8236:（
8234:氣
8229:）
8223:（
8221:支
8217:）
8211:（
8209:差
8204:）
8201:い
8198:（
8196:云
8191:）
8188:し
8185:（
8183:死
8181:に
8178:）
8172:（
8170:爲
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